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MAN U A L. 


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COMPILED AND PEN-WRITTEN BY 

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ABBREVIATIONS. 

Address, Forms oF.. 

Album Verses.,...... 

Allusions, Dictionary oF Familiar... 

Anniversary Calendar... 

Asteroids. 

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.. .... 

Board and. Plank Measure... 

Book-Keeping....... 

Bushels, Weight oF in Pou-nds. 

Bushels in Bins, Cribs, etc. 

Business Arithmetic, Dictionary oF.. 

Business Forms, Dictionary oF . 

Business Terms, Dictionary oF... 

Business Time Tables.... 

CALENDAR, PERPETUAI__ 

Calendar, Perpetual, Notes on... 

Capital Letters, Rules For Use oF.. 

Cards and Notes oF Ceremony.. 

Cemetery, In the.. 

Chronology... 

Civil Government. .. 

Comets, Description oF.. 

Commercial Law... . 

Common Law..... 

Comparative Time Chart oFthe United States 
Comparative Time Chart oFthe World 

Computation Table Based on 2000. . 

Computation Table Based on 1000. . . 

Computation Table Based on 100. 

Computation Table Based on I . 

Constellations... 

Correspondence. 

Cotton Calculator. 

DATES, DICTIONARY OF. 

Day, Length oF... 

Dipper, The Great... 

Distances,Table oF.... 

Division oF Whole Numbers. 

EASTER SUNDAY TABLE . 

Eclipses.... 

Epacts, Table oF.., .. . 

Epitaphs, Classi/ied List oF.. 

Eras Compared.. .. . 

Etiquette, Dictionary oF. 

FESTIVALS, MOVABLE. 

Festivals, Fixed.. 

Foreign Words and Phrases. 

Fractional Multiplication Table . ... 

GAUGER S TABLE,THE. 

Geography oF the Heavens. 

Greek Alphabet..... 

HISTORICAL EVENTS.. 

Hoiidays, Legal. .... ..... . . 

H ol idays, Jewish. 

INTER EST, LEGAL RATES OF. . 

Interest Tables, Compound.. 

Interest Tables, Simple. 

Invitations, Forms of.... _ .. .. 


50 

17 2 
. 4-4- 
.34-8 


I 7 
I 6 
4- 
I 8 8 
268 
I 5 
268 
26 8 
I 
I 

5 

5 

6 
6 
4- 

I 7 
I 


.I 8 8 

... . II 

. 4-8 

. SO 

.. 7 3 

. 16 

. I 5 

. 2 I 

.. 4-3 

. 16 

.2 3 

.. l 


...3 


l 

6 
6 
3 
4- 8 
4-8 
I 8 
I 

1 
4- 
4- 

2 

6 


JEWISH CALENDAR. 

LAW DICTIONARY. 

Letters, Business. 

Letters, Domestic... 

Letters, Love and Courtship.. - 

Letters, Application.... 

Letters, Recommendation. 

Letters, Miscellaneous. 

Logs Reduced to Inch Board Measure .. 

Lumber,To Compute Price oF.. 

Lumber Tables___ ... . . . 

MAP OF UNITED STATES. 

Map oF World...,—.. . 

Marriage Laws in DiFFerent States. 

Marriage Ceremony, Form of..: . 

Mean Annual Temperature... ....... 

Mean Annual Rain-Fall. 

Meteors,Number o/.... 

Milky Way..... 

Mont-hs,H istory of ... .. 

Moon, Description oF...... 

Moonlight Chart, Perpetual. .. 

Multiplication oF Whole Numbers . 

Multiplication of Fractions. 

NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN. 

Notes and Cards oF Ceremony.. 

PARLIAMENTARY LAW.. 

Perpetual Calendar.. .. 

Perpetual Calendar, Notes on... 

Perpetual Sunrise and Sunset Table. 

Perpetual Moonlight Chart.... 

Planets, Various Facts about.. 

Political Economy... 

Portraits oF Great Men and Women. 

Punctuation Points...... 

RAINFALL, AVERAGE ANNUAL.... 

Recommendation, Letters oF.,. 

Round Timber, Contents oF in Cubic Feet. 

SEASONS,THEORY OF.. . 

Scantling and Timber Measure,.. 

Signs,Monetary and Commercial. 

Solar System,The.. 

Stars, Magnitude oF____ 

Star Groups._... 

States of the U.S., Facts about. 

Statistical Bureau oFthe United States. 

Sun,Facts about.... 

Sun, Slow or Fast,..... 

Sunset and Sunrise Table, Perpetual. 

TEMPERATURE, MEAN ANNUAL. 

Tides, Theory oF.... 

Twilight Table........ . ..... 

Ton-Rate Computation Table. 

UNITED STATES MAP. 

WAGES TABLES.. . 

Weather Wisdom_.____ 

Wedding Anniversaries........ 

Weights and Measures, Dictionary oF. 

World, Map oF......... 


.... I 4- 

_26 8 

.I 8 2 

. ... I 7 4- 

.I 7 6 

... I 7 8 

..17 9 

. ...180 

. 5 5 

. 5 8 

.... . 53 

. I 2 

. . .. 13 

. 4-6 

.I 7 6 

. 2 0 

. 2 0 

_ I 5 

. 4- 9 

. 5 

15 

. 2 1 

... 6 9 

. 7 9 

-.3 82 

.I 66 

.2 18 

. ... 6 
. .. . 9 

. II 

_ 2 I 

. ... 15 

.26 8 

I 58,3 4-8 
..... I 7 3 

. 2 0 

.17 9 

. 53 

. 15 

.. 5 4- 

.I 7 3 

. I 5 

.. 4-9 

_ 4- 9 

. 4-6 

. 4-6 

. I 5 

_ . II 

- II 

. . . 2 0 

.. 15 

. 2 7 

. 5 6 

.. 12 

. 2 2 

... . 2 7 

.16 6 

. I 3 8 

_ I 3 


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—JANUARY— 




3 


*s- 


January is Armed from the Roman Javus, who was 
the PoTteT of heaven. He presided oveT the beginning ot 
opening of everything,hence,the first month of the 
•gear was named after him. Jammy was added to the 
list of months by Numa Pompilius, 612 B.C. Among the 
Romans, on the first of this month all enmities were 
suspended, presents weTe exchanged, officers were 
installed, etc. Thus anctentwas the origin of NewYearsfteserls 


May is probably derived from Maia, a feminine di¬ 
vinity worshipped at Rome, to whom sanifices were 
offered on the first day of May. The custom of ob¬ 
serving May-day, ot the first day of May, with florai 
and festive ceremonies,is oldeT than the Middle Ages. 
The May-Pole was once general in England, the young peo¬ 
ple going out before sunrise to gather flowers to adorn it. 

■■ ■*%* 






44- 


** 


—OCTOBER — 




t 


JUNE 







-FEBRUARY— 




"*rtr 




February is derived from Febnia,tht Roman festival 
of general expiation and lustration, which was celebra¬ 
ted during the latter paTfc of this month. It was add 
ed to the list of months by Numa,672 B.C. Every 
fourth yeaT February has 29 days instead of 28, 
and such yeaTS aTe called 'bissextile’ or'IeapyeaTs’. 
In this month the Lupercalia were held among the 
Romans. It is the month of harvest in UppeT Egypt 


June has commonly been traced to Juno, worship' 
ped at Rome as the queen of heaven. The connection 
is found in the fact that the month of June was 
considered the most favorable period for marrying, 
and Juno was believed to preside over marriage. 
The summer solstice occurs in this month,and 
in the north temperate zone ills the most pleas¬ 
ant month of the year. Harvest month in South d.S. 

, - JU 


October was the eighth month of the Roman 
calendar, which has given rise to the following: 
"October has its name from octo, eight; 
Though ’tis the truth, perhaps ’tis well to state, 
Such sixes and such sevens the months were knocked to 
Thai ten became translated into octo?' 

The changing of the forests to the gorgeous and 
many-colored hues of autumn i s c haracteristic of October. 

. i -a asa ?-.. ,t. 




JULY 






MARCH 






March is named from Mars, the Roman god 
of wan It was the first month in the eaTly calen¬ 
dar, and the legal year began with MaTch25th 
until the change from Old to New Style in the year 
1752. The value of March weather is expressed 
in the sayings, ff A peck of March dust is worth 
a king’s Tansom.” "MaTch comes in like a lion 
and goes out like a lamb’.’HaTvest mon^i in India 

- 


July derives its name from Julius Caesar, who 
was bom on the 12th of the month. It was original¬ 
ly called Q.uinh'Hs,hom its having been the fifth month 
in the original Latin year,which began with March. 
This is the month of "dog days” reckoned as com¬ 
mencing on the 3d,and ending on the Nth of 
August, during which period the extreme heat of 
summer prevails. Harvest month in most countries inN.Tem.7ow 


—NOVEMBER— » 

- 

November was formerly the ninth month, now 
the eleventh. From vovem, nine. This month is re¬ 
deemed almost every year from its cold and bluster¬ 
ing character, by the delightful weather known as 1 
Indian Summer, when for days or weeks the sun 
poms its rays mildly through a haze, rendering the 
aiT soft and genial. This month is also noted for 
its time-honored festival known as Thanksgiving. 






.-DECEMBER- 

MH8 8 



—AUGUST 







APRIL 


tj 


‘tMm 




The derivation of April is unknown, yet there 
is a traditional etymology, omnia aper/t,"\t opens 
everything’’ as spring and the buds generally open 
in this month. All-Fools’ Daij (ApTil 1) is traced 
through every country of Europe to the Hindoos, 
and even faTtheT back—to the mistake of Noah in 
sending the dove out of the ark before the walerhad 
abated, cn the Hebrew fitstday of the month. 


Auqusf owes its name to Augustus Caesar, who 
followed his illustrious predecessor by appropriating a 
month to himself. In the original Latin yeaT it was 
called Sexli/is, from its being the sixth month. It orig¬ 
inally contained 30days, but to gratify the vanity 
of Augustus, one day was taken from February and 
added to August, so as to make his month equal in 
extent and dignity tothe month of Julius Caesar—Ju I y. 

« ■ ...... . 


December is derived from decern, ten, as 
it was formerly the tenth month. The longest 
nights and shortest days occur during this 
month, the winter solstice falling on the 21st. 
As the month of the Christmas holidays, which con- 1 
tirmefrom Decern. 24 to Jan. 2, its cold winds 
and gloomy atmosphere aTe enlivened with the joy¬ 
ousness and charity of the greatest festival in the year. 





If 




YEAR-DAY -j^ 

Uagga L'- -y * 




-SEPTEMBER- 

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September is so called from the Latin Septem, sev¬ 
en, because it was the 7th month of the Roman year. 
This is the harvest month throughout large areas of 
the globe. Harvest moon is the full moon nearest 
the autumnal equinox($ept. 21), so called because it 
enables farmers to prolong the day’s work during 
the autumnal harvest; especially favoublein the north. 


The Year is the period of lime in which the 
earth performs a revolution in its OTbit around 
the sun. It consists of 365 days 5 houTs48min- 
utes, and 46 seconds of mean solaT time. The Day 
is the interval of time which elapses between two 
consecutive returns of the same terrestrial merid¬ 
ian to the sun. The Week is a period of seven days,, 
having no reference to the celestial molions-a ci'tv 
cumstance to which it owes its unalterable uniformity. 

* - t » 




<TJ 


— WEEK ABOVE 










5 






































































































































































m 



CALENDAR FOR 


ALL PEOPLE AND ' 
FOR ALL TIM 


wm 




goodykoont 

a 



npiete and correct calendar /or an y 
be/ore or a/ter Christ, way be 


year, either old ornev» 
instantly /oitnd. 


style, 


COPYRIGHT, 1892 AND 1893, BY JASPER GOOOYKOONTZ. 


PHOTO-ENGRAVED FROM PEN COPY MADE BY THE AUTHOR. 


100 


£ 


cc 


4100 
4000 
3900 
3800 
3700 
3600 
3500 
3400 
3300 
32 00 
3 I 00 
3000 
2900 
2800 
27 00 
2600 
2500 
2400 
2300 
2200 
2 I 00 
2000 
I 900 


• 700 
l 600 

I 500 
I 400 
1300 
I 200 
I 100 
I 000 

t oo 
00 
700 
600 
500 
400 
• 300 
? 200 

Li°o 

1 I 0 0 

4 188 

i°o°o 
600 
700 
600 
900 
1 000 
i 100 
1200 
i 300 
l 400 
1500 
1600 
i 700 
I 800 
I 900 
2000 
2 I 00 
2200 
2300 
2400 
5? 00 
2600 
.2700 
2800 
2900 
3000 
3 I 00 
3200 
3300 
3400 
3500 
3600 
3700 
3800 
3900 
4000 
41 00 
420 0 


£ 


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YEARS OF THE CENTURIES. 


.A. 


QS. 14-00 ♦ 5A, 


N.S.1700 • 6 


1a 


6 84 


O.S. 1600 * 3A 


N.S 


1800 

"5 




99 • i 


O.S. 1800 • IA 


N.S. 1900 


50 


O.S. 1900 *7A 


N.S 


2000 

T 


7A 


O.S. 1700 -2A 


2 A !? 


SO 


O.S. 1500 • 4A! 


O.S. 1300 • 6A 


6 


3A70 


IA 74 
3 75 


6A78 


19 


Observations and e\ampIes. 


any year, 
Furies at the 


To find the calendar for an 

look i-n the column of centi. _.... 

left Tor the required century, at the 
riyht of which is the Cantuns Letter 
(or New Style (si-nee Sept. 3,1752),and 
at Fhe left, the Ccnturw Letter /orOld 
Style. These letters direct to corre- 
spotidiny leFFers at Fhe Fops of Fhe 
double columns, i-n which ate yiven 
Fhe year s of Fhe centuries. At the 
riyht of each year in Fhe double col¬ 
umns is Fhe Calendar Nutti be-r.direcF- 
tny Fo Fhe correspondiny number of 
Fhe calendars which follow. All Fhe 
pears of 1800 are yiven in Fhe second 
double column under 8', all Fhe years I 


Examples. 

I.—Find Fhe calendar for l89S.-Uoli 
in Fhe column of centuries for 1800;at 
its riyht is B, directiny Fo B aF Fhe Fop 
of Fhe second double column; aF Fhe 
riyht of 95 in FHis column is3 ,direct- 
iny to Calendar Number 3, which is 
Fhe correct calendar for 1895. 

St.—On what day was WashinyFon 
inauy urated President, April 30,1789? 
At the riohF of 1700 (in cenFury column) 
is A; under A in Fhe firsF double col - 
umn,aF Fhe riohF of 89 is 5; in cal¬ 
endar number 5 April 30th is Thursday. 

3 .— On what day did Columbus dis¬ 
cover America, OcFober 12,14927 —Af 
Fhe lef F of 1400 (Old SFy It) is A; under 
A at Fhe riyht o/92 is J A; in calendar 


of 1900, in Fhe Fhird double column, eFc.j number )A Fhe I2tb of October is Friday 


^-.-On what day was ChrisF bom, 
April 5th of Fhe year 4 B.C.?-The years 
B.C.beiny reckoned backward,it is neces¬ 
sary to take the year of the century from 
100,and use the century letter of Fhe prx- 
cediny century ; thus,4(year of century) 
from 100 leaves 96 ; century letter for 100 
(New Style) is C ; under C in Fhe third doub¬ 
le column-at the riyht of 96 is 2 A; in 
calendar number 2A Fhe 5th of April 
is Friday. 

5.-Assuminy that time has been reck¬ 
oned according to the present system, On 
what day did Noah’s deluye beoin, Dec. 1, 
2348 B.C.f —48 fromlOO leaves 52; cen¬ 
tury letter for 2400(preceding centum) is 
D; calendar number for 52 under Of i s 
2 A; Fhe 7th of Oecember was Saturday. 
a\ Vnu c\os» oV caNentv, nuw.'oer'Vk. 




6 































































































7 


1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 






























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































1898 1897 



8 

















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































NOTES ON THE CALENDAR. 

he century letters, it the right of the col 
- umn of centuries, are given both A.D. 
and B.C. in New Style in order to rep¬ 
resent regular succession of time from 
the advent of man on the earth,4-004 
B.C., until the present, and all future 
time. 

To find the century letter for any 
century beyond those given in the col¬ 
umn of centuries, it is only necessary to reme-m 
ber that every centesimal leap-year (every centes¬ 
imal year divisible by 400) has D for its centu¬ 
ry letter; then the ne*t century,A; then B and 



C, and so on forever; thus, 8400 has Dj 8500, A; 
8600, B; 8700, C; 8800,0; etc. 

If it be desirable to use the Old Style century 
letters beyond those given at the left of the column 
of centuries, repeat them in the same order as given. 

There are two methods of reckoning the yeaTsB.C. 
known as the^Aslronomers’ Method!’ and the"Chro- 
nologers’Method!’ The former method is used in 
this Calendar, as it represents regular succession 
of years from B.C. to A.D., while the latter does 
not. The difference between the two methods 
may be seen from the following illustration: 

&.c. | /t.a. 

5-43 2 I 0 I 2 3 4 5=AstTonomers* Method. 

5432 1 12345 =ChrouologeTs’ Method. 


The years B.C. and A.D. are reckoned from the 
point OCO-year) the same as the degrees on the 
scale of a thermometer are reckoned above and 
below 0(0-degree). 

There have been two defects in Perpetual Cal¬ 
endars that have heretofore rendered them 
impracticable for general use; viz., The lia¬ 
bility to find the incorrect date, and the time 
required to point out any given date. 

Should any one feel disposed to discredit the ac¬ 
curacy of this calendar, If he will furnish proof 
of such, he will be amply rewarded for his 
trouble. 

The calendar for any year may be found with 
in the limit of six seconds. 


9 





























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































_ COFYRrGHr. -- - --_ 

AS TRONOMLi^aS 





EXPLANATI ON. 

The calculations in this Chart are expressed in x 
local mean time. In the first column headed by 
the letter A are given the Constellations or 
Zodiacal Signs, as Aries, Taurus, etc. In the 
second column headed by B is given the - 
Declination of the Sun; thus, on the 
28th of Sept, the declination is 2° 7-'^ / 
south. In the third column headed by %V 
C is given the time the Sun arrives ' 
on the Meridian ; thus, on t h e 
1st of Nov. the Sun is on the me¬ 
ridian at 11.4-4- A.M., and on 
the 21st of March at 12.07 P.M. 

In the fourth column headed by 
D is given certain Days of 
the Months , every day not 
being given from lack of 
room; yet by approximation 
the various calculations for 
any days not given may be 
obtained. ^ In the columns E, 

F,Ct, and H, is given the 
time of Sunset and Sunrise 
for all States between 28° 
and 4-8° north latitude; thus 
on the 21st of Dec. in lati¬ 
tude from 4-3° to 4*8° north, 
the Sun rises about 7.27A.M. 
and sets about 4-.30 P.M. ( For 
the latitude of the different States 
see the U.S.Map elsewhere in this 
Manual .) Except for the motions 
of the Planets, the variations in time 
from year to year are so slight,that, 
for general use, the Chart may be re¬ 
garded as Perpetual. Looking down ^ 
upon the Solar System from the north 

side, the Earth and Planets move round ^ 
the Sun from West to East. The direction \ 
of their motions is shown on the Chart by use 
of arrows. Phases of the Moon. — At No. 1 in ** 
the Earth’s Orbit is given the positions of the Earth 
and Moon’with respect to the Sun at NewMoon; at 
No. 2, First Quarter; at No. 3, Full Moon; and at No-h^v^^ 

Last Quarter Eclipses. —At No.l is the position of the • 

Earth and Moon at a solar eclipse, and at No. 3, of a lunar eclipse. 
Tides.-At Nos. 1 and 3 are the positions of the Earth and Moon 


k 

T 

I 

s 

Days 

of 

Month, 

/ Q 

1 

r~cA 

Sun on 
Merid 

T— 

Sun'ste 

filiation 


Con. 


10 


































































CHART. 


at spring tide, and at Nos.2 and 4, at neap tide.Da y and Ni ght 
At No.7, R. is sunrise; N.,noon; S.,sunset; and M.,midnight 
ssX Circles. — At No. 6, A is theArctic Circle: B,the 
Tropic of Cancer; C, the Equator; and D, the 
Tropic of Capricorn. The Sun. —The Sun is a 
star, which, if removed as far froijn us as Alpha 
Centauri (the nearest star), would appear as 
a staT of the second magnitude. Sirius (the 
brightest of all the stars),is 3,000 times 
larger than the Sun. The Sun is in¬ 
clined on its axis, rotates once in 
about 27 days, is 852,584- miles in 
diameter, and is distant from the 
Earth about 91,000,000 miles. Its 
surface presents many irregular 
spots. The Earth. —The Earth 
is inclined 23^° on its ixis, ro¬ 
tates in 24 hours, Tevolves round 
the Sun in 365.2563 days, has 
an equatorial diameter of 7,901 
miles, and is distant from the 
Sun 91,000,000miles. TheMoon. 


The Moon rotates on its ax¬ 
is in about 29a days, is 2,153 
miles in diameter,and is dis¬ 
tant from the Earth 238,793 
miles. The Planets. -The 
positions of the Planets given 
on the Chart are the apparent 
positions for Jan. 1,1899.Their 
ordeT from the Sun is shown, 
but not their distance. MercuT y. 
(Me.) Nearest the Sun, has a pale 
red light, appears as a 3d magnitude 
star, is 2,962 miles in diameter, revolves 
round the Sun in 87.9692 days, and is 
35,393,000 miles from the Sun. "Venus, (V) 
2d from Sun,distant 66,131,000 miles,bright 
est of all the Planets, diameter is 7,510 miles, 
and revolves round the Sun in 224.7007 days. 
Mars. (Ma) 4-th from Sun, it being distant 
139,312,000 miles,has fiery red light, seasons like the Earth, 
diameter 4,920 miles, revolution 686.9794 days. Jupiter. 
(j) Largest Planet, distant 475,693,000 miles,appears as 
1st magnitude staT, diam.85,390miles,revolution 11.86 years. 
Saturn. (S) Surrounded by rings, appears as 2nd magnitude star, 

dist.872,135,000 mi., diam.71,904 mi., rev. 29s yrs. Uranus .fU.) Ap¬ 
pears as 6th mag. star, dist.1,753,851,000 mi., diam.33,024 mi.,rev. in 84 years 
Neptune (N) Invisible to naked eye,dist.2,746,271,OOOmi.,diam.36,620mi., rev. I65years 


































































HI »CARS »N 

\\Ss^n Fvatweisco 


fOPEKA 


Pu-Cb o* 


-r»**SHVH.L£ 


,L ( -U b A1 


|S inta Ba rbara 
^ LosA igeles 


Dallas 


“art Ant 


S8CJS 




The United States is divided inio /oar sections by the /oar Siandar 


R 1 PQR£ 


PROVIDENCE 


/vrb 

£$bveft 

0E1J. 

'WASHING*! 

Ml). 


ON 


BO 

AM 


10.Q0 

A M 


10.30 
A M 


10.4-0 

A M 


n.ao 

A M 


11.30 
A M 


11 - 4-0 
A M 


11.50 

AM 


12.10 
P M 


12.20 

P M 


12.30 
P M 


12.4-0 
P M 


12.50 
P M 


1.20 
P M 


10.10 
A M 


1.40 


A NT 


A M 


P M 


P M 


12. f0 

P M 


6.50 

AM 


10.30 10.40 10.50 

AM AM AM 


11.20 
A M 


M.30 
A M 


1.40 
A M 


M.50 


12.30 


A M 


i\ M 


9.30 

A M 


9 20 

A M 


9.40 

A M 


10.20 

AM 


10.30 

AM 


10.40 

AM 


7.40 

AM 


9.10 
A M 


11.20 
A M 


11-30 

AM 


11.40 

AM 


10.40 


6.50 

A M 


6.40 

AM 


9.10 

AM 


9.20 

AM 


9.40 

AM 


9.50 

A M 


BO 

AM 


10.10 
A M 


10.20 

AM 


10.30 
A M 


*ZL 


8.10 

AM 


8.20 

AM 


8.30 

A M 


8.40 

AM 


9.20 

AM 


9.30 

AM 


9.40 

AM 


7.10 

A M 


7.30 

AM 


7.20 

AM 


7.40 

AM 


7.50 

AM 


15 


8.10 

AM 


8.20 
A M 


8-30 
A M 


AM 


6.10 

AM 


7.10 

AM 


7.20 

AM 


7.30 
A M 


8.10 


40 


f / g// r, !&97, fiy JASPER GOODY KQQNTZ. _-■ -■ 

COMPARATIVE TIME CHART OF THE UNITED STATES 


-fciffr- 

P M 

4.50 

P M 

5 

PM. 

5.10 

PM 

5.20 

P M 

5.30 

PM 

5.40 

P M 

5.50 

P M 


6.20 

P M 

6.30 
P M 

6.40 

PM 

6.50 
P M 

PM 

7.10 

PM 

7.20 
P M 

7.30 
P M 

7.HO 

P M 

7.50 
P M 

B 

PM 

8.10 

P M 

8.20 
P M 

8.30 

P M 

8.40 

P M 

3.40 

P M 

3.50 
P M 

*+■ 

PM 

4.10 

P M 

4.20 

P M 

4.30 
p M 

4.40 
P M 

4.50 
P M 

5 

PM 

5.10 

P M 

5.20 

P M 

5.30 

PM 

5.40 
P M 

5.50 
P M 


tiKS 

haul 

6.20 
P M 

6.30 
P M 

6.40 

P M 

6.50 
P M 

*y 

RM 

7.10 

P M 

7.20 
P M 

7.30 

P M 

7.40 

P M 

2.40 
P M 

2.50 

PM 

a 

PM 

3.10 
P M 

3.20 

P M 

3.30 

PM 

3.40 
P M 

3.50 
P M 

M- 

PM 

4.10 
P M 

4.20 

P M 

4.30 
P M 

4.40 
P M 

4.50 

P M 


5.10 

P M 

5.20 
P M 

5.30 

P M 

5.40 

P M 

5.50 
P M 

pm! 

\m 

Em 

6.30 

P M 

6.40 

P M 

1.40 

P M 

1.50 

P M 

as 

PM 

2.10 

P M 

2.20 

P M 

2.30 

P M 

2.40 

P M 

2.50 

P M 

3 

PM 

3.10 

P M 

3.20 

P M 

3.30 

P M 

3.40 

P M 

3.50 

P M 


4.10 

P M 

4.20 

p rvi 

4.30 

P rvi 

4.40 

P M 

4.50 

P M 

5 

PM 

5.10 

P rvi 

5.20 

P rvi 

5.30 

P M 

5.40 

P M 

12.40 

P M 

12.50 
P M 

■ 

PM 

1.10 

P M 

1.20 

P M 

1 .30 

P M 

1.40 

P M 

1.50 

P M 

s 

PM 

2.10 

P M 

2.20 

P M 

2.30 
P M 

2.40 

P M 

2.50 

P M 

3 

PM 

3.10 

P M 

3.20 

P M 

3.30 

P M 

3.40 

P M 

3.50 

P M 

M- 

PM 

4.10 

P M 

4.20 

P rvi 

4.30 

P M 

4.40 

P M 

• 1.40 

A M 

H.50 

A M 

3BL. 

12.10 

P M 

12.20 

P M 

12.30 

P M 

12.40 

P M 

12.50 

P M 

■ 

PM 

1.10 

P M 

1.20 

P M 

1.30 
P M 

1.40 
P M 

1.50 
P M 

z? 

2.10 

P M 

2.20 

P M 

2.30 

P M 

2.40 

P rvi 

2.50 

P M 

3 

PM 

3.10 

P M 

3.20 

P M 

3.30 
p rvi 

3.40 

P M 

10.40 

A M 

10.50 
A M 

■ ■ 

AM 

11.10 

A M 

11.20 
A M 

11.30 

A M 

11.40 
A M 

11-50' 

A M 

A- 

- - 

12.10 

P M 

13.20 

P M 

12.30 
P M 

12.40 

P M 

12.50 
P M 

■ 

PM 

1.10 

P M 

1.20 

p M 

1.30 

P M 

1.40 

P M 

1.50 

P M 

3 

PM 

2.10 

p rvi 

2.20 

P M 

2.30 

P M 

2.40 

P M 


idians numbered 75,90,11 

and 110. In the Time Chart the bold-faced type on the Standard Meridians show the inteyral hours throughout the day and nijiht, a n d t 
small type on the interveniti 9 meridians the time at intervals often minutes corresponding to the time shown by the heavy type.EXAMPi 
When it is 6 p.M. at Denver,Col., what is the time at Washinyton, D.C.? Solution.- From Denver on the 105th meridian descei 
to the intersection of 6 p.m., then pass to the riyht to the intersection of the meridian numbered 77^, where is shown 7.50 p.m 


12 




































































































































COMPARATIVE TIME CHART OF THE WORLD 



CHART SHOWINO LOCAL. TIME 

FOR EACH OF THE 2,-4- HOURS. 

120 I >5 90v^.7S^^60 ov 15cv> tyv.0Nfr.l5s.fcyt30 ov 45(>ftu60^w\75cv\ 90 105 120 135 150 165 |8Q 


165 150 135 



ICJU IDJ IJV I 1 , v 1 Y-' , _ r : l 1 I l.l.i .1 . i . I 1 

7 ~n //cjc THE OtfAXT D/FSCE/VO ON YOUX i.OOAL AT£XiO/AN TO THE R 6 QC//PEO HOUX OT TWF OAV <9/? SY/CH T, THEN PASS TO 

mxilxr ox tern thosYwhe" Yr ,s splat, at hew ro*?« /r /s Wa.at. the western o/= austxal/a. 

f'~t c /f/Cr rf _^- i —--—--- ~ ^ f y r /v c., pr m/\ fj£ tit T£i£. au.2lm_qa ... .1 


13 


JSJA4 P/O&J S/X V Si/ A/O SSI Y106/ C77SO/Y1 S//S 































































































































































































he Jewish yeaT is luni-solaT, and is ordina¬ 
ry ot embolismic, consistir$ of twelve or 
thirteen lunar months, each of which has 29 
ot30 days. The length of the ordinary yeaT 
is 354 days, and of the embolismic, 384 days; 

f in either case, it is sometimes made a day 
more or a day less, in order that certain 
festivals may fall. on proper daysof the week. 
The distribution of the embolismic yeaTS 
in each cycle of 19 yeaTS, is determined according 
to the following rule: The number of aJewishyeaT 
having its commencement in a Gregorian yeaT is ob¬ 
tained by addinq 3761; divide the Jewish yeaT by 19; 
then the quotient is the numbeT of the completed cy¬ 
cle, and the TemaindeT i$ the yeaT of the current cy¬ 
cle; if the Temainder be 3,6, 8,11,14,17, or 19(0), 
the year is embolismic; if any other, the year is or¬ 
dinary. 

The calendar is constructed on the assump- 
tion that the mean lunation is 29 days 12hours 


14- minutes 3£ seconds, and that the yeaT commen¬ 
ces on, ot immediately afteT, the new moon fol¬ 
lowing the autumnal equinox. The mean solar 
year is also assumed to be 365days 5hours55 
minutes 25|f seconds, so that a cycle of nineteen 
such years, is the exact measure of 235 of the 
assumed lunations. 

AfteT the dates of tbe commencement, of the suc¬ 
cessive years are adjusted, an estimation of the 
consecutive intervals, by taking the difference,will 
show the duration and character of the years that 
respectively intervene. According to the number 
of days thus found to be contained in the differ¬ 
ent years, the days of the several months are dis¬ 
tributed as in the table of months. The signs+ 
and — are respectively annexed to Hesvin and 
Kislev to indicate that the foTmeT of these months 
may sometimes require to have one day moTe, 
and the latteT, one day less, than the numbeT of 
days shown in the table,— the result, in every 


case, being at once determined by the total numbeT 
of days that the yeaT may happen to contain. 


JEWISH MONTHS. 


HEBREVv 

MONTHS 

OROINA 

ay ran 

EMRni iQ- 

M 1C YEAR 

•TISRI 

30 

30 

HESVAN 

29+ 

29 + 

KISLEV 

30- 

30- 

TEBAT 

29 

29 

SEBAT 

30 

30 

ADAR 

29 

30 

(VEAOAR) 

(••) 

(29) 

NISAN 

30 

30 

YIAR 

29 

29 

SI VAN 

30 

30 

TAMUZ 

29 

29 

AB 

30 

30 1 

ELUL 

29 

29 A 


PRINCIPAL OAYS OF THE 
HEBREW CALENDAR. 


TISRI 


I, NewYeiTjFeastofTnrmpefe 
3, Fast of G-vedaliah. 

10, fast of Expiation. 
15, Feist of Tabernacles. 


it 21, Last Day of the Festival. 


uaj ui mtrwiiYin 

,Feast of the QtkOay. 
23, Rejoicing of the Law. 


13, Fist of Esther. 

14, PuTim. 


9, Destruction ot Temple. 


TABLE OF HEBREW YEARS. (FROM WOOLHOUSE’S WEI&HTS, MEASURES, ETC.) 


JEWISH 

YEAR. 

NUM- 

BEROF 

DAYS 

COMMENCEMENT 
(1ST OF TISRI). 

JEWISH 

YEAR. 

NUM¬ 
BER OF 
DAYS. 

COMMENCEMENT 
(1ST OF TISRI). 

JEWISH 

YEAR. 

NUM¬ 
BER OF 
DAYS. 

COMMENCEMENT 
-- (1ST OF TISRI) 

JEWISH 

YEAR 

NUM-I 

BER OF 
DAYS. 

5606 

354 

THUR 

2 

OCT. 

1845 

5663 

355 

THUR. 

2 

OCT. 

1902 

5720 

355 

SAT. 

3 

OCT. 1959 

5777 

353 

07 

355 

MCN. 

21 

SEPT. 

1846 

64 

354 

TUES. 

22 

SEPT. 

1903 

21 

354 

THUR. 

22 

SEPT. I960 

78 

354 

08 

383 

SAT. 

1 1 

SEPT. 

1847 

65 

385 

SAT. 

10 

SEPT. 

1904 

22 

383 

MON. 

1 1 

SEPT. 1961 

79 

365 

09 

354 

THUR. 

28 

SEPT. 

1848 

66 

355 

SAT. 

30 

SEPT. 

1905 

23 

355 

SAT. 

29 

SEPT. 1962 

■ 80 

335 

10 

355 

MON. 

1 1 

SEPT. 

1849 

67 

354 

THUR. 

20 

SEPT. 

1906 

24 

354 

THUR. 

19 

SEPT. 1963 

8 1 

353 

j 1 1 

385 

SAT. 

7 

SEPT. 1850 

u! 68 

383 

MON. 

9 

SEPT. 

1907 

• 25 

385 

MON. 

7 

SEPT. 1964 

M 82 

384 

" 12 

353 

SAT. 

27 

SEPT. 

1851 

2 69 

355 

SAT. 

26 

SEPT. 

1908 

“ 26 

353 

MON. 

27 

SEPT. I 965 

2 83 

355 

o 13 

384 

TUES. 

14 

SEPT. 

1852 

O 70 

383 

THUR. 

16 

SEPT. 

1909 

o -7 

385 

THUR. 

15 

SEPT. 1966 

o 84 

383 

“ M 

355 

MON. 

3 

OCT. 

1853 

“ 71 

354 

TUES. 

4 

OCT. 

1910 

“ 28 

354 

THUR. 

5 

OCT. 1967 

“ 85 

355 

o 15 

355 

SAT. 

23 

SEPT. 

1854 

o 72 

355 

SAT. 

23 

SEPT. 

191 1 

2 29 

•355 

MON. 

23 

SEPT. 1968 

o 86 

354 

16 

383 

THUR. 

13 

SEPT. 

1855 

73 

385 

THUR. 

12 

SEPT. 

1912 

30 

383 

SAT. 

13 

SEPT. 1969 

87 

385 

17 

354 

TUES. 

30 

SEPT. 1656 

_ 74 

^76 

354 

THUR. 

2 

OCT. 

1913 

H 31 

354 

THUR. 

1 

OCT. 1970 

88 

355 

£ 18 

355 

SAT. 

19 

SEPT. 

1857 

353 

MON. 

21 

SEPT. 

1914 

355 

MON. 

20 

SEPT. 1971 

2 89 

354 

2 19 
20 

385 

THUR. 

9 

SEPT. 

1858 

385 

THUR. 

9 

SEPT. 

1915 

° 33 

383 

SAT. 

9 

SEPT. 1972 

° 90 

383 

354 

THUR. 

29 

SEPT. 

1859 

77 

354 

THUR. 

28 

SEPT. 

1916 

34 

355 

THUR. 

27 

SEPT. 1973 

w 91 

355 

21 

353 

MON. 

17 

SEPT. 

I860 

78 

355 

MON. 

17 

SEPT. 

1917 

35 

354 

TUES. 

17 

SEPT. 1974 

92 

354 

22 

385 

THUR. 

5 

SEPT. 1861 

79 

383 

SAT. 

7 

SEPT. 

1918 

36 

385 

SAT. 

6 

SEPT. 1975 

93 

383 

23 

354 

THUR. 

25 

SEPT. 

1862 

80 

354 

THUR. 

25 

SEPT. 

1919 

37 

353 

SAT. 

25 

SEPT. 1976 

94 

355 

24 

383 

MON. 

14 

SEPT. 1863 

81 

385 

MON. 

13 

SEPT. 

1920 

38 

384 

TUES. 

13 

SEPT. 1977 

95 

385 

5625 

355 

SAT. 

1 

OCT. 

1864 

5682 

355 

MON. 

3 

OCT. 

1921 

5739 

355 

MON. 

2 

OCT. 1978 

5796 

354 

26 

354 

THUR. 

21 

SEPT. 

1865 

83 

353 

SAT. 

23 

SEPT. 

1922 

40 

355 

SAT. 

22 

SEPT. 1979 

97 

353 

27 

385 

MON. 

10 

SEPT. 

1866 

84 

384 

TUES. 

1 1 

SEPT. 

1923 

41 

383 

THUR. 

11 

SEPT. 1980 

98 

385 

28 

353 

MON. 

30 

SEPT. 

1867 

85 

355 

MON. 

|29 

SEPT. 

1924 

42 

354 

TUES. 

29 

SEPT. 1981 

99 

354 

29 

354 

THUR. 

17 

SEPT. 1 868 

86 

355 

SAT. 

19 

SEPT. 

1925 

43 

355 

SAT. 

18 

SEPT. 1982 

5800 

355 

j 30 

385 

MON. 

6 

SEPT. 

1869 

u3 8 7 

383 

THUR. 

9 

SEPT. 

1926 

• 44 

385 

THUR. 

6 

SEPT. 1983 

• 0 l 

383 

" 31 

355 

MON. 

26 

SEPT. 

1870 

" 88 

354 

TUES. 

27 

SEPT. 

1927 

2 4 5 

354 

THU.R. 

27 

SEPT. 1984 

2 02 

354 

» 32 

383 

SAT. 

16 

SEPT. 

1871 

o 89 

385 

SAT. 

15 

SEPT. 

1928 

o 4 6 

383 

MON. 

16 

SEPT. 1985 

2 03 

385 

" 33 

354 

THUR. 

3 

OCT. 

1872 

> 9° 

353 

SAT. 

5 

OCT. 

1929 

v 47 

355 

SAT. 

4 

OCT. 1986 

04 

353 

o 34 

355 

MON. 

22 

SEPT. 

1873 

o 9' 

354 

TUES. 

23 

SEPT. 

1930 

2 48 

354 

THUR. 

24 

SEPT. 1987 

2 05 

355 

35 

383 

SAT. 

12 

SEPT. 

1874 

92 

385 

SAT. 

12 

SEPT. 

1931 

49 

383 

MON. 

12 

SEPT. 1988 

06 

384 


355 

THUR. 

30 

SEPT. 

1875 

o 9 3 

355 

SAT. 

1 

OCT. 

1932 

„ 50 

355 

SAT. 

30 

SEPT. 1989 

07 

355 

£ 37 

354 

TUES. 

19 

SEPT. 

1876 

o 94 

354 

THUR. 

21 

SEPT. 

1933 

2 51 

354 

THUR. 

20 

SEPT. 1990 

O 08 

353 

385 

SAT. 

8 

SEPT. 

1877 

° 95 

383 

MON. 

10 

SEPT. 

1934 

® 52 

■385 

MON. 

9 

SEPT. 1991 

® 09 

384 

^ 39 

355 

SAT. 

28 

SEPT. 

1878 

96 

355 

SAT. 

28 

SEPT. 

1935 

53 

353 

MON. 

28 

SEPT. 1992 

" 10 
a 1 l 

355 

40 

354 

THUR. 

18 

SEPT. 

1879 

97 

354 

THUR. 

17 

SEPT. 

1936 

54 

355 

THUR. 

16 

SEPT. 1993 

355 

41 

383 

MON. 

6 

SEPT. 

1880 

98 

385 

MON. 

6 

SEPT. 

1937 

55 

384 

TUES. 

6 

SEPT. 1994 

' l 2 

383 

42 

355 

SAT. 

24 

SEPT. 

1881 

99 

353 

MON. 

26 

SEPT. 

1938 

56 

355 

MON. 

25 

SEPT. 1995 

■ 1 3 

354 

43 

383 

THUR. 

14 

SEPT. 

1882 

5700 

385 

THUR. 

14 

SEPT. 

1939 

37 

383 

SAT. 

14 

SEPT. 1996 

i 4 

385 

5644 

354 

IUES. 

2 

OCT. 

1883 

5/0 1 

354 

I HUH. 

3 

OCT. 

1940 

5758 

354 

THUR. 

2 

OCT. 1997 

5815 

355 

45 

355 

SAT. 

20 

SEPT. 

1884 

02 

355 

MON. 

22 

SEPT. 

1941 

59 

355 

MON. 

21 

11 

SEP-T. 1998 

1 6 

354 1 

46 

385 

THUR. 

1 0 

SEPT. 

1985 

03 

383 

[SAT. 

12 

SEPT. 

1942 

60 

385 

SAT. 

SEPT: 1999 

1 7 

383 

47 

354 

THUR. 

30 

SEPT. 

1886 

04 

354 

THUR. 

30 

SEPT. 

1943 

61 

353 

SAT. 

30 

SEPT. 2000 

.i | 8 

355 

48 

353 

MON. 

19 

SEPT. 

1887 

05 

355 

MON. 

18 

SEPT. 

1944 

62 

354 

TUES. 

18 

SEPT. 2001 

1 9 

354 

uJ 49 

385 

THUR. 

6 

SEPT. 

1888 

u3 06 

383 

SAT. 

8 

SEPT. 

1945 

• 63 

385 

SAT. 

7 

SEPT. 2002 

. 20 

383 


354 

THUR. 

26 

SEPT. 

1889 

2 O 7 

354 

THUR. 

26 

SEPT. 

1946 

2 84 

355 

SAT. 

27 

SEPT. 2003 

“ 2 | 

355 

385 1 

o § ’ 

383 

MON. 

15 

SEPT. 

1890 

o 08 

385 

MON. 

15 

SEPT. 

1947 

O 65 

383 

THUR. 

16 

SEPT. 2004 

“* 22 


355 

sa r* 

3 

OCT. 

1891 

“ 09 

355 

MON. 

4 

OCT. 

1948 

“ 66 

354 

TUES 

4 

OCT. 2005 

° 23 

754 

o 53 

354 

THUR. 

22 

SEPT. 

1892 

o 10 

353 

SAT. 

24 

SEPT. 

1949 

o 67 

355 

SAT. 

23 

SEPT. 2006 

>■ 24 

353 

54 

385 

MON. 

1 1 

SEPT. 

1893 

1 1 

384 

TUES. 

12 

SEPT. 

1950 

68 

383 

THUR. 

13 

SEPT. 2007 

“ 25 

385 
354 1 

oo 22 

353 

MON. 

1 

OCT. 

1894 

1 2 

355 

MON. 

1 

20 

OCT. 

1951 

« 69 

354 

TUES. 

30 

SEPT. 2008 

26 

c>56 

355 

THUR. 

19 

SEPT. 

1895 

© 1 3 

355 

SAT. 

SEPT. 

1952 

o 70 

355 

SAT. 

19 

SEPT. 2009 

^ 27 

355 

£ 7 

384 

TUES. 

8 

SEPT. 

1096 

n 14 

383 

THUR. 

10 

SEPT. 

1953 

° 71 

385 

THUR. 

9 

SEPT. 2010 

° 28 


58 

59 

355 

353 

MON. 

SAT. 

27 

17 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

1897 

1898 

l 5 

1 6 

354 

355 

TUES. 

SAT. 

28 

17 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

1954 

1955 

72 

; 73 

354 

353 

THUR. 

MON. 

29 

1 7 

SEPT. 201 1 
SEPT.-2012 
SEPT. 2013 

^ 29 
30 
3J 

354 

355 
383 

60 

384 

TUES. 

5 

SEPT. 

1899 

l 7 

385 

THUR. 

6 

SEPT. 

1956 

: 74 

385 

THUR. 

5 

61 

355 

MON. 

24 

SEPT. 

1900 

1 8 

354 

THUR. 

26 

SEPT. 

1957 

? 75 

354 

THUR. 

25 

SEPT. 2014 

32 

355 T 
384 T 

62 

383 

SAT. 

14 

SEPT. 

1901 

1 9 

383 

MON. 

15 

SEPT. 

1958 

76 

385 

MON. 

14 

SEPT. 2015 

33 


COMMENCEMENT 
(1ST OF TISRI). 
OClT 

SEPT. 
SEPT. 
SEPT. 
SEPT. 
SEPT. 
SEPT. 
SEPT. 
OCT. 
SEPT. 
SEPT. 
OCT. 
SEPT. 
SEPT. 
SEPT. 
SEPT. 
SEPT. 
SEPT. 
SEPT. 


MON. 

MON. 

SAT. 


3 

21 


MON, 

SAT. 


SAT. 


SAT. 


10 

30 

19 

7 

26 

16 

3 

23 

12 

2 

21 

10 

281 

18 

6 

24! 

14 


2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 
2021 
2022| 

2023 

2024 

2025 

2026 

2027 

2028 

2029 

2030 

2031 

2032 

2033 

2034 


OCT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

OCT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

OCT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 


2035 

2036 

2037 

2038 

2039 

2040 

2041 

2042 

2043 

2044 

2045 

2046 

2047 

2048 

2049 

2050 

2051 

2052 

2053 


3 

23 


OCT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

OCT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

OCT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 

SEPT 

SEPT. 

SEPT. 


2054 

2055 

2056 

2057 

2058 

2059 

2060 
2061 
2062 

2063 

2064 

2065 

2066 

2067 

2068 

2069 

2070 

2070 

2071 


ef/Vt,?* veo 


f' OM KiAOf ffr ///f AuthoT^ 


14 













































































EARTH 




soV\\\ 

The Solar System consists of thfl 
Sun,the eight Iar 9 e p!anets,the 
names 0 / which are given at 
the left, one hundred and^ 

P* forty small planets, a. x 

ui vast number of we 

§ teoric bodies,an un- 
jjJ known number of 
ui comets, and a 
j5 ring of nebu- 
2 lows matter 

O u_o known as xo- 
°E &aca\\\cy\\V 
VV^S. 

VESTA OSft The plan- 
ets which 
wove d i - 
rectlu a- 
round the 
Sun are 
called v<\- 
maw^ \\a.tv 
«A s-, those 
which move 
around their 
primaries are \m' 
called seccnka.- 
^Nav\eXs,also 
called 'mows, or 
saXtNC\\es .The Eart h 
Has I satellite;Jupi- 
ter,4; Satum,8; Ura- 
nus.S; Neptune, I. Sat-X/^, 
urn is also surrounded by a 
circular belt.The planets move ''' 
round the Sun from west to east. 
Their orbits are elliptical, so that 
they are nearer the Sun at cer¬ 
tain times than at others. When 
nearest the Sun they are in ^erWvcY 
\w, when farthest, in -a^VeWow. 

/*■ TUEOlft OF the tid^s 


■<V^. fcyvtVspvos 

Of the Asteroids or small plan¬ 
ets, there are about 140. In 
dimensions,they are a 
yreat deal smallerthan 
Xthe others,the I ary 


/ 7";t-3IO 

85 


JUNO O 
CERES O 
PALLAS O Si 
JUPITER O <Cvi 
SATURN o =0. 
NEPTUNEo * S 
URANUS . S*- 

COMPAWiVE 

sizeoftHe 

pIAN^ts. 


est not beiny 230 
miles in diameter, 
while many are 
less than 50 miles. 

VTheir orbits 
are more el- 
A liptical than 
\ those of the 
lP\ larye plan- , , . 

^ ets,and at 

manu ola- 7"^— 






I 


many pla¬ 
ces cross 
each oth¬ 
er. They 
occupy a 
belt more 
than 2.00, 
r , OOOjOOOmiles? 
” in width, be¬ 
tween the 
orbits of Ju- 
p iter and Mars, 
theirdistance 


y from the Sun U LtiANUS ignn 
‘ from 
100 to 
300,000,000 of miles. 


105,000 
7T,050 
65,533 
53,000 
18,744 
11,111 
14,963 
11,958 

EcLiPsks. 

* SON.* 



rHEOf '' r 0F 

The mean d istance of the S un 
from the Earth is 91,000,000miles. 

Its diameter is 852,584miles. 

Its volume is 1,200,0 00 
times oreater than that 
of the Earth. It ro- ^ ^ 
tates on its axis 
once in about 25 
days.OntheSwn’s L 
disc are seen va- /ji 
rious cavities l*tr 
called ' <0 ' 1 

Meteors are 
also called 'oo-Vjw 
V\ta& or 'sVooV 
ki^ s>\v<s,. The 
number that travX^^ 
erse the atmosphere xP’ 
daily is upward of the 
number, 400,000, OOO.TheX^ 

Zodiacal Light is alenticular- 

shaped blush of Iiyht visible after sunX^^A_ o - T 

set in early spriny, and before sunrise in p ay and 

early autumn. It is supposed *0 be due to a a 

riny of meteorites revolving ground the Sun. --- 


tHe s^sotfs 



890 


</» 


IL 

O 

in 

z 



OONV^Vb. 

There are many hundreds of bod- 
Jj-v. ies called comets, and recognii- 
^ x ed as belonging to the so\ar 
system. They contain but 
little matter,and their 
^ <$>V orbits are greatly e- 
lonyated. Only a 
part of the com¬ 
ets have tails, 
and these are 
often 150,000,000 
of miles in 
length. Halley’s 
comet revolves 
in76yeaTs;Bie- 
a’s in 6 years, 
9months; Encke’s 
in 3% years; and 
Faye’s inTH years. 

*\00\V. 

The Moon’s diameter is 2, 
160 miles; its mean distance 
from the Earth is237,519 miles. 
Its volume is 76> that of the Earth. 

; period of revolution (also of rotation) 
,7 hours, 43 minutes, and 5 seconds 


15 









































ERAS 

COMPARED. 

CENTURIES OF DECLARATION 
OF INDEPENDENCE OF USA 

CENTURIES OF THE 
JEWISH FRA. 

CENTURIES OF THE 
MUNDANF FRAlikherl. 

CENTURIES OFTHE 
JULIAN PERIOD. 

CENTURIES OFTHE 

CHRISTIAN ERA. 

ULJ 

OO 

3* 

to 

b~ 

ce 

5 

o 

1 524 

7061 

7304 

8013 

3300 

A 

1424 

6961 

7204 

79 13 

3200 

D 

1324 

6861 

7 104 

78 13 

3100 

C 

1224 

67 61 

7004 

77 13 

3000 

B 

1 1 24 

6661 

69 04 

7613 

29 00 

A 

1 024 

6561 

68 04 

7513 

2800 

0 

9 24 

64 6 1 

67 04 

74 13 

27 00 

C 

8 24 

6361 

6604 

7313 

2600 

8 

7 24 

6261 

6504 

7213 

2500 

A 

624 

6161 

64 04 

7 113 

24 OC 

D 

5 24 

6061 

6304 

7013 

2300 

C 

4 24 

596 1 

6204 

6913 

2200 

8 

324 

5861 

6104 

6813 

21 00 

A 

224 

5761 

6004 

67 13 

2000 

n 

1 24 

566 1 

5904 

6613 

1900 

c 

24 

5561 

5804 

6513 

1800 

8 

• • . . 

54 61 

5704 

64 13 

17 00 

A 

.... 

5361 

5604 

6313 

1600 

D 

.... 

5261 

5504 

62 13 

1500 

C 

AMERICA 

5161 

5404 

6113 

1400 

B 


5061 

5304 

6013 

1300 

A 

. . . . 

49 61 

5204 

5913 

1200 

D 

. , . . 

4861 

51 04 

58 13 

1 1 00 

C 

WE? 

4761 

5004 

57 13 

1000 

8 

pec in 

4661 

4904 

56 13 

9 00 

A 

.... 

4561 

48 04 

5513 

1800 

D 

.... 

4461 

4704 

5413 

n 700 

C 


43 61 

4604 

5313 

600 

8 

.... 

4261 

4504 

5213 

..500 

A 

Fau or 

4 161 

44 04 

51 13 

•:4oo 

D 


4061 

43 04 

50 13 

i :9 p n 

r 

• • • • 

3961 

4204 

49 13 

6200 

B 


3861 

4104 

4813 

■dl 00 

A 

CHRIST 

3761 

4004 

47(3 

„ © 

» 


3661 

3904 

4613 

”l 00 

C 

.... 

3561 

3804 

4 513 

•200 

B 

. . . 

346 1 

3704 

4413 

S3 0 0 

A 

SOCRATES 

3361 

3604 

4313 

§400 

D 

L I V JE $ 

3261 

3504 

4213 

T500 

C 

.... 

3161 

3404 

4113 

600 

B 

ROMP 

3061 

33 04 

4013 

J/7 0 0 

A 1 


2961 

32 04 

3913 

T8 00 

D 

SOLOMON^ 

2861 

31 04 

3813 

900 

C 1 

temple 

2761 

3004 

37 13 

1000 

B i 

fall of 

2661 

29 04 

36 13 

11 00 

A 1 

TROY 

2561 

28 04 

35 13 

1200 

D 1 

• • • . 

24 61 

27 04 

34 13 

1300 

C 1 

.... 

2361 

2604 

3313 

1400 

B 1 

birth of 

2261 

25 04 

3213 

1500 

A 1 

MOSES 

2161 

2404 

31 13 

1600 

D 1 

JOSEPH 

2061 

23 04 

3013 

1700 

C 2 

SOLD 

1961 

2204 

2913 

1800 

B 2 

A 8 RAH AM 

1861 

2104 

2813 

1900 

A 2 

BOR N 

1761 

2004 

2713 

2000 

D 2 

TOWER Of 

1661 

1904 

2613 

2100 

C 2 

BA 8 EL 

1 561 

1804 

2513 

2200 

B 2 

NOAH'S 

1461 

17 04 

2413 

23 00 

A 2 

DELUGE 

1361 

1604 

2313 

2400 

D 2 

.... 

1261 

1504 

2213 

2500 

C 2 

.... 

1161 

1404 

2113 

2600 

B 2 

. • • • 

1061 

1304 

2013 

2700 

A 3 

.... 

96 1 

12 04 

1913 

2800 

D 3 

BIRTH OF 

861 

1 1 04 

1813 

29 0 0 

C 3 


761 

10 04 

17 13 

3000 

B 3 

.... 

661 

904 

1613 

3 1 00 

A 3 

«... 

561 

8 04 

1513 

32 00 

D 3 

BIRTH OF 

461 

7 04 

1413 

3300 

C 3 

MFTHUSF 

361 

6 04 

1313 

3400 

B 3 

LAH 

261 

504 

1213 

3500 

A 3 

.... 

1 6 l 

4 04 

1 1 13 

3600 

0 3 

.... 

61 

304 

1 013 

37 00 

C 4 

ABEL 

> • • • 

204 

913 

18 00 

B 4 

9 MUHDtRED 

i 04 

R | q 

tq no 

A 4 

• THf • • 

creation’ 

4- 

7 13 

6 13 

WOO 

11 oo 

0 4 

C -1 




513 f 

00 

8 4 




4 L3 4 

13 00 

A 4 




3 ip t 

L 4 oo 

n 4 




1 (3 i 

1-5 00 

C 4 




1 | § c 

1600 

a 4 < 


PERIOD 

BEGINS 

13 4 

1700 

A 5( 


NOTES ON THE ERAS. 

The Christian era commenced 
on Saturday (Old Style),January 
1st of the year I A.D. The first 
Julian Period commenced Jan¬ 
uary 1,4713 8.C., and ends Jan¬ 
uary I, 3268 A.D.,it consist - 
iny of 7980 years. If is used to 
avoid ambiguities in chronolog¬ 
ical dates.The Mundane era 
commenced with October 
4-004 8.C. The Jewish era 
commenced with October 
3761 8.C. The era o( the 
Declaration of Independence 
commenced July 4,1776 A.D. 
The Mohammedan era 
commenced on Friday, July 
16, 622 A.D. Its centuries can¬ 
not be shown with those at 
the left, owing to its differ¬ 
ent length. See Mohammedan 
Calendar e/sewhere in this book. 
To find the year of the century 
of any of the other eras corre- 
spondingto any given year of the 
Christian era, add the year of 
the century to the num ber 
of the othercentury found 
opposite to the Christian cen¬ 
tury. Thus, the year of the 
Jewish era corresponding 
to 1894 o f the Christian era 
is 55 61 (the Jewish number 
opposite to 1800)4 94=5655. 


MOVABLE FESTIVALS. 

To find the day of the month 
upon which anyofthe follow¬ 
ing festivals occurs for any giv¬ 
en year, select the date of Eas¬ 
ter for the required year from 
the table below, then select the 
calendar for the given year from 
the Perpetual Calendar. 
Septuagesima 9th Sun.beforeEastet. 
Sexagesima 8th ♦ * »* >« 

Quinquagesiwa 7th ii 
Shrove Tues. 7thTues. 

Ash Wed. 7th Wed. 

FirstSu.ii.in lent 6th Sun. 

Second ti 5th n 

Third »* 4th * 1 

Fourth ♦ » 3rd u 

Fifth >i 2nd »» 

Palm Sunday 1st j i 
& ood Friday IstFridayn 
Maundy Thur. 1st Thur. n 
EASTER SUNDAY, see Table. 

Low Sunday 1st Sun.after Easter. 
Rogation Sun. 5fh n ii i i 

Ascension Day 6th Thur. i » n 
Whit Sun. or 

Pentecost 7th Sun.» » n 
Trinity Sun. 8th n u ir 
Corpus Christi 9th Thur. 11 _ it 
First Sun.inAdv’t 4th Sun.bef.Christmas. 
Second 11 3rd i» n n 

Third > i 2nd 11 11 it 

Fourth ii 1st i ’ i ’ i» 

CHRISTMAS,December 25.(Rot-movable). 


i i 
11 


f * 
1 7 
9 9 
7 J 
1 9 


9 9 
t 9 
9 9 
» 7 
• 7 
t t 
9 9 
9 9 
9 9 
9 9 
9 9 


FIXED FESTIVALS,HOLIDAYS. 

JANUARY I, New Year’s andCir- 
cumcision; 6. Epiphany. 

FEBRUARY 2, PurificationjM.St. 
Valentine’s Day; 22 , Washington's 
Birthday; 24,St.Matthias’ Day. 

MARCH 17, St. Patrick's Day; 25, 
Annunciation.or Lady Day. 

APRIL 23. St. George's Day; 25, 
St. Mark’s Day. 

MAY I, S*. Philip’s and St. James’ 
Day; 30, Memorial Day. 

JUNE II.St. Barnabas’ Oay; 24, 
St.John Baptist’s Day; 29, St. 
Peter’s Day. 

JULY 4, Independence Day;25, 
St. James’ Day. 

AUGUST 24, St. Bartholomew’s Day. 
SEPTEMBER, first Monday,La¬ 
bor Day, 21, St. Matthew’s Day; 

29, M ichaelmas. 

OCTOBER 18, St.Luke’s Day; 

28, St. Simon’s and St. Judes’ 
Day; 31, Halloween. 

NOVEMBER I. All Saints’Day; 
first Tuesday xfter^irst Mon¬ 
day, General Election Day; last 
T hursday,Thanksgiving Day; 

30, St. Andrew’s Day. 
DECEMBER 6, St.Nicholas’ 

Day; 2l,St.Thomas’ Day; 
25, Christmas Day; 26, 
St. Stephen’s Day; 27, St. 
John Evangel ist’s Day; 28,In- 
nocents’ Day. 


EASTER SUNDAY TABLE FOR 600 YEARS. 

Previous to 1752 the dates are computed from the Old Sty le. As Easter 
can occur only in March and April,March is indicated by M and April by A. 


1500 a 19 


A II 
M 27 
A 16 
A 7 
M 23 
A 12 
A 4 
A 23 
A 8 
M 31 
A 20 
A I I 


A 12 
A 4 
A 24 
A 8 
M 31 
A 20 
A 5 
M 27 
A 16 
A I 
A 21 
A 12 


17 


51 M 29 

52 A 17 

53 A 

54 M 25 

55 A 14 

56 A 

57 A 18 

58 A 10 

59 M 26 

60 A 14 

61 A 

62 M 29 

63 A 11 

64 A 

65 A 22 

66 A 14 

67 M 30 

68 A 18 

69 A 10 

70 M 26 

71 A 15 

72 A 6 

73 M 22 

74 A 

75 A . 

76 A 22 

77 A 

78 M 30 

79 A 19 

80 A 3 


32 M 31 


9 81 M 26 


82 A 


A 13 83 M 31 


A 5 
M 28 
A 16 
A I 
A 21 
A 6 


17 

9 

25 

13 

5 
25 
10 

I 

21 

6 


84 A 19 

85 A 11 

86 A 3 

87 A 16 

88 A 7 

89 M 30 

90 A 19 

91 A 4 

92 M 26 

93 A 15 

94 M 31 

95 A 20 

96 A II 

97 M 27 

98 A 16 

99 A 8 


1600 M 23 


A 
A 

A 24 
A 

M 31 
A 20 
A 

8 M 27 

9 A I 
A 

M 24 
A 12 
A 

A 24 
A 

16 M 31 

17 A 20. 

18 A 

19 M 28 

20 A 16 

21 A 

22 A 21 

23 A 

24 M 28 
A I 

26 A 9 
M 25 

28 A I 

29 A 

30 M 28 

31 A 
5 32 A 

33 A 21 

34 A 6 

35 M 29 

36 A 17 

37 A 9 

38 M 25 

39 A 14 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 

M 29 
A 18 
A 2 

49 M 25 

50 A 14 


251 
4 52 


53 
8 54 

55 

56 

5 57 
58 

6 59 
8 60 


4 63 


9 65 


3 73 


3 25 A 17 75 


7 27 


40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 


5 

25 9 
10 
2 
21 
S 


M 30 
A 18 
A 10 
M 26 
A 15 
A 

M 29 
A II 
A 

A 22 

61 A 14 

62 M 30 
A 19 

64 A 10 
M 26 

66 A 15 

67 A 
5 68 M 22 

69 A 

70 A 3 

71 A 23 

72 A 
M 30 

74 A 19 
A 4 

76 M 26 

77 A I 
M 31 
A 20 

80 A 
A 3 

82 A 16 

83 A 8 

84 M 30 

85 A 18 

86 A 4 

87 M 27 

88 A 15 
S3 M 31 
90 A 
II A 12 

92 M 27 

93 A 16 

94 A 8 

95 M 24 

96 A 

97 A 4 
93 A 24 4 
99 A 9 


19 M 29 

20 A 17 

21 A _ 
7 22 M 25 

23 A 14 


3 78 
5 79 


0 81 
I 


20 4 


12 4 


1700 M 31 


1 A 20 

2 A 5 
M 28 
A 16 
A 8 
M 24 
A 13 
A 
A 
A 
A 

12 A 20 

13 A 5 


4 

24 

9 

I 


51 A 7 

52 M 29 

53 A 22 

54 A 14 

55 M 30 

56 A 18 

57 A 10 
59 M 26 

59 A 15 

60 A 6 

61 M 22 

62 A 11 

63 A 3 


14 M 28 64 A 22 

15 A 17 65 A 7 

16 A I 66 M 30 


17 A 21 


18 A 13 68 A 


69 M 26 

70 A 15 
9 71 MSI 

72 A 19 

73 A 11 


24 A 5 74 A 

25 M 2870 A 

26 A 10 76 A 


5 27 


A 

28 A 21 

29 A 6 

30 M 29 

31 A 18 

32 A 9 

33 M 25 

34 A 14 

35 A 6 

36 A 25 

37 A 10 

38 A 2 

39 A 22 
•0 A 6 


42 A 18 

43 A 3 

44 M 25 

45 A 14 
•6 M 30 

47 A 19 
,8 A 10 

49 M 26 

50 A 15 


67 A 


2 77 M 30 

78 A 19 

79 A 4 

80 M 26 

81 A 15 

82 M 31 

83 A 20 

84 A II 

85 M 27 

86 A 16 

87 A 8 

88 M 23 

89 A 12 

90 A 


41 M 29 91 A 24 


92 A 8 

93 M 31 

94 A 20 

95 A 5 

96 M 27 

97 A 16 

98 A 8 

99 M 24 


1800 A 13 


4 A 

5 A 


14 

6 A 6 

7 M 29 

8 A 17 
A 2 


10 A 22 

11 A 14 

12 M 29 

13 A 18 

14 A 10 

15 M 26 

16 A 14 

17 A 6 

18 M 22 

19 A 

20 A 2 

21 A 22 

22 A 7 

23 M 30 
18 

25 A 3 


5 51 A 20 
8 52 A II 
10 53 M 27 

54 A 16 

55 A 

56 M 23 

57 A 12 

58 A 4 

59 A 24 


3 24 A 
16 " 

7 


27 A 15 

28 A 21 

29 A 19 

30 A 11 

31 A 3 


60 A 8 

61 M 31 

62 A 20 

63 A 

64 M 27 

65 A 16 

66 A I 

67 A 21 

68 A 12 

69 M 28 

70 A 17 

71 A 9 

72 M 31 

73 A 13 

74 A 5 

75 M 28 


26 M 26 76 A 16 


77 A I 
73 A 21 

79 A 13 

80 M 28 

81 A 17 


32 A 2282 A 9 


4 41 


33 A 7 

34 M 30 

35 A 19 

36 A 3 

37 M 26 

38 A 15 

39 M 31 
0 A 19 

41 A II 

42 M 27 

43 A 16 

44 A 7 


46 A 12 

47 A 4 

48 A 23 

49 A 8 

50 M 31 


83 M 25 
34 A 13 

85 A 5 

86 A 25 

87 A 10 

88 A I 

89 A 21 

90 A 6 

91 M 29 

92 A 17 

93 A 2 

94 M 25 


45 M 23 95 A 14 


96 A 

97 A 

98 A 

99 A 


1900 A 15 


A 7 51 M 25 


2 M 30 

3 A 12 

4 A 3 

5 A 23 

6 A 15 

7 M 31 

8 A 19 

9 A II 

10 M 27 
.. A 16 

12 A 7 

13 M 23 

14 A 12 


10 

I 

21 


52 A 13 

53 A 

54 A 18 

55 A 

56 A 

57 A 

58 A 

59 M 29 

60 A 17 

61 A 2 

62 A 22 

63 A 14 

64 M 29 


15 A 14 65 A 18 


16 A 23 


17 A 8 67 M 26 

18 M 31 68 A 14 


19 A 20 

20 A 24 

21 M 27 

22 A 16 

23 A . 

24 A 20 

25 A 12 

26 A 4 

27 A 17 

28 A 8 

29 M 31 

30 A 20 

31 A 5 

32 M 27 

33 A 16 

34 A I 

35 A 21 

36 A 12 

37 M 28 

38 A 17 

39 A 9 

40 M 24 


41 A 1391 M 31 


42 A 5 

43 A 25 

44 A 9 

45 A I 

46 A 21 


49 A 17 
150 A 9 


66 A 10 


69 A 

70 M 29 

71 A II 

72 A 2 

73 A 22 

74 A 14 

75 M 30 

76 A 18 

77 A 10 

78 M 26 

79 A 15 

80 A 6 

81 A 19 

82 A 11 

83 A 3 

84 A 22 

85 A 7 

86 M 30 

87 A 19 

88 A 3 

89 M 26 

90 A 15 


92 A 19 

93 A I I 

94 A 3 

95 A 16 

96 A 7 


47 A 6 97 M 30 

48 M 28 98 A 12 


99 A 4 


aooo a 23 


1 A 15151 A 2 

2 M 31 52 A 21 

3 A 20 53 A 6 

4 A I I 54 M 29 

5 M 27 55 A 18 


A 

7 A 

8 M 23 

9 A 12 

10 A 4 

11 A 24 


6 56 A 2 
8 57 A 22 

58 A 14 

59 M 30 

60 A 18 

61 A 10 


12 A 8 62 M 26 


13 M 31 

14 A 20 


15 A 5 65 M 29 


4 7 


16 M 27 

17 A 

18 A 

19 A 21 

20 A 12 

21 A 

22 A 17 

23 A 9 

24 M 31 

25 A 20 

26 A 5 

27 M 28 

28 A 16 

29 A I 

30 A 21 

31 A 13 

32 M 28 

33 A 17 

34 A 9 

35 M 25 

36 A 13 

37 A 5 

38 A 25 

39 A 10 

40 A I 


41 A 21 91 A 8 

42 A 6 92 M 30 

43 M 29 93 A 12 


63 A 15 

64 A 6 


66 A 11 
I 6 67 A 3 

68 A 22 

69 A 14 

70 M 30 
A 19 

72 A 10 

73 M 26 

74 A 15 
A 7 
A 19 
A I I 
A 3 
tK 23 
A 7 

81 M 30 

82 A 19 

83 A 4 

84 M 26 

85 A 15 

86 M 31 

87 A 20 

88 A I I 

89 A 3 

90 A 16 


75 

76 

77 

78 
73 
80 


44 A 17 

45 A 9 

46 M 25 

47 A 14 

48 A 5 

49 A 25 

50 A iO 


94 

95 

96 


A 4 
A 24 
A 15 

97 M 3 I 

98 A 20 

99 A 12 


16 





























































Computing Time Tables. 


This table shows the number of days between any two dates within two years. 



1 

1 

32 

60 

91 

121 

152 

182 

213 

244 

274 

305 

335 

366 

397 

425 

456 

486 

517 

547 

578 

609 

639 

670 

+00 

a 

2 

33 

61 

92 

122 

153 

183 

214 

245 

275 

306 

336 

367 

398 

426 

457 

487 

518 

548 

579 

610 

640 

671 

701 

3 

3 

3b. 

62 

93 

123 

154 

184 

215 

246 

276 

307 

337 

368 

399 

427 

458 

488 

519 

549 

580 

611 

641 

672 

702 

4. 

4 

35 

63 

94 

124 

155 

185 

216 

247 

277 

308 

338 

369 

400 

428 

459 

489 

520 

550 

581 

612 

642 

673 

703 

5 

5 

36 

64. 

95 

125 

156 

186 

217 

248 

278 

309 

339 

370 

401 

429 

460 

490 

521 

551 

582 

613 

643 

674 

704 

G 

6 

37 

65 

96 

126 

157 

187 

218 

249 

279 

310 

340 

371 

402 

430 

461 

491 

522 

552 

583 

614 

644 

675 

705 

7 

7 

38 

66 

97 

127 

158 

188 

219 

250 

280 

311 

341 

372 

403 

431 

462 

492 

523 

553 

584 

615 

645 

676 

706 

8 

8 

39 

67 

98 

128 

159 

189 

220 

251 

281 

312 

342 

373 

404 

432 

463 

493 

524 

554 

585 

616 

646 

677 

707 

8 


40 I 

68 

99l 

129 

160 

190 

221 

252 

282 

313 

343 

374 

405 

433 

464 

494 

525 

555 

586 

617 

647 

678 

708 



The above table applies to common years. In leap-years allow for Feb.29th. J^xamp/e^.-YTom July 4-th 
to March 19th is (443—185=) 258 days. 93 days from Oct. 24th is (297 +93=390) Jan. 25th. 


This table shows the number of months (of SO days each) and the days in excess, from any day in any month to the same day in any other mo'tb 


Mos. 

| Jan. | Feb. | Mar. 

| Apr. | May | Jun. | «Jul. | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. 



[ >7an- Pc2 d. A/^ d ri. j-'ei, A 1 j>’e2 j. aTTTTB - 

J an. 
Feb. 
Mar. 

1 12-5 
1-1 
1-29 

1 1 -4- 
12-5 
0-28 

10-6 

11- 7 

12- 5 

| 9-5 

1 0-6 
111-4. 

8- 5 

9- 6 
10-4 

7- 4 

8- 5 

9- 3 

6- 4 

7- 5 

8- 3 

5- 3 

6- 4 

7- 2 

4- 2 

5- 3 

6- 1 

3- 2 

4- 3 

5- 1 

2-1 

3- 2 

4- 0 

1-1 

2-2 

3-0 


I AT pT. J\Tay ,Tudi rs 

SW Xlpr. J^tay J~udd. Apr. JVIay 

O UDJ. JH 

S Apr 

JVTay 

O uj-j. ■ 

Apr. 
M ay 
Ju n. 

| 3-0 
4.-0 
5-1 

1- 29 

2- 29 
4—0 

1-1 

2-1 

3-2 

1 12-5 
1-0 
2-1 

11- 5 

12- 5 
1-1 

10-4 

11 -4 
12-5 

9-4 

10- 4 

11- 5 

8- 3 

9- 3 

1 0-4 

7- 2 

8- 2 
9-3 

6-2 

7- 2 

8- 3 

5- 1 

6- 1 
7-2 

4- 1 

5- 1 

6- 2 

E^P^9^Rs9 <7uJ. 


s e-p. KS 

k7u 2. STop.jUBal >JuJ 

Jiuty. 

.S'ep. lEEH ’ j vj. 

Jlug-. S'ep* 

j-ul. 

Aug. 

Sep. 

6-1 

7- 2 

8- 3 

5- 0 

6- 1 
7-2 

4- 2H 

5- 3 

6- 4. 1 

3- 1 

4- 2 

5- 3 

2-1 

3- 2 

4- 3 

1-0 

2-1 

3-2 

12-5 

1-1 

2-2 

11- 4 

12- 5 
1-1 

1 0-3 

11- 4 

12- 5 

9-3 

10- 4 

11- 5 

8-2 

9-3 

10-4 

7- 2 

8- 3 

9- 4 

VK3990&M!r i oot. 

JVo v. 

H CJo t. _2Vov JZjeo.jmm 

Oot. JVov. J-Je o. JJg' 


JVov. 


^DctTn 

N ov. 

Dec. | 

9-3 
10-4- 
11 —4* 

8-2 

9-3 

1 0-3 

7- 4. 1 

8- 5 

9- 5 | 

1 1 1 
vur-co 

5- 3 

6- 4 

7- 4 

4- 2 

5- 3 

6- 3 

3- 2 

4- 3 

5- 3 

2-1 

3- 2 

4- 2 

1-0 

2-1 

3-1 

12-5 

1-1 

2-1 

11- 4 

12- 5 
1-0 

10- 4 

11- 5 

12- 5 


The above table applies to common years. In leap-years allow for Feb. 29th. To find the time 

from July 15th to the succeeding-April 15th, descend from July,at the top margin, to April, where is 
given 9 months and 4 days, the number at the left of the dash being months, and that at the right.days. 


17 






























































































































































































COPX/9/C/V7-, /gJ3, By C-OODVXOO*sr-Z. 



Obs^KvajioK 


The following 
Landmarks of Hi* 
World’s History, 
while riot the most 
important in ev¬ 
ery case, cal I to 
memory those 
events that have 
made civiliza¬ 
tion what it is 
and ever has been. 



m 



& H anni 


W ANNIVERSARY CALENDAR, h, w 





OBs^KV/vnoK- 


As it is interest¬ 
ing to know up¬ 
on what day of 
the week the e- 
vent occurred, 
the week day is 
given in each 
case. Previous 
to 1752 dates 
are reck oned 
from Old Sty le. 







January. 


Extradition Treaty with Sweden and Norway, I860,Vic6nee,Van. 

Act to prevent Slave Trade passed by Congress,l794, ‘baxwx&a'V 
I—Union Flag First unfurled by Washington at Cambridge, 1116,WionAty 23-War declared by Plymouth against the Indians,l623.S>\xvv Aa.\$. 

” «-:- e. -■ - ' r, -... ,oo, -*- ■ '’■‘-Spain acknowledges Independence of United States,1763, 

-Abolition of Slave Trade in British Empire. l807,NNe6 , vse,s^ , a-'k. 
Providence, R.I., attacked by the Indians, 1676,%wrv6a.\). 
Battle of Horse Shoe Bend, Ala., Jackson defeats Creeks, I8l4,%uv\5a.^. 
Vote of Censure passed by Senate against Pres’t Jackson, l834,EVx&a\). 
Surrender of V/era Cruz, Mexico,to General Scott,l841,^AonV»i). 


2- Accession of William I. King of Prussia, 1861, \Nedr\esda\) 

3- Martin Luther excommunicated by the Pope, 1521, T Vwvxs&a\>. 

4- Triple Alliance between France, England and Holland, nn,Vr\Aay. 

5- Rhod£ Island settled by Roger Will iams, 1636,'Eues4a\>. 

6- British Government offers to treat for peace, 1814 7Y\w\s&a\). 

7- British Orders m Counci I issued, prohibiting coast trade, 1801,VNeb'day. 

8- Battle of New Orleans — British defeated by Jackson, 1815,%wv\4a\>. 

9- Astor Library in New York City opened, 1854, WxonbaM. 

10- Penny Postage in Great Britain came info operation, l840,W\&a\,. 

11- Bill to abolish slavery in the U.S. submitted to th? Senate,l864,Vwv\Aa\». 

12- Birth of John Hancock, Revolutionary Patriot, 1737,VNei-nesdav). 

13- Plymouth Charter granted to Plymouth Company, 1630,We&’bay. 
•4-Peace with Great Britain ratified by Congress, 1184,''Nebnesba.y. 

15- Telephone.invented by Prof.&rahaw Bell, 1876, Saxwxbay. 

16- Burial of Sir John Moore, E nglish General, I 8 09, VAombay. 

• 7-Battle of the Cowpen’s— Morgan defeats Tarleton,n8l,\Nebnesba.y. 

18- German Empire re-established, I87l,vyebne^bay. 

19- Gold discovered in California at Sutter’s Mill, 1848, We.bt\e.s,bay. 

20- First English Parliament convened, 126 5, Awes bay. 

21- Louis XVI. of France beheaded—" Reign of Terror,” l793,Wvor\bay. 

22- Unitcd Parliaments of England and Ireland first meet, 1801,TVwCbay. 

23- Panama Canal, to join the two oceans, commenced, 1880, Wxbay. 

24- 0eath of Henry W. Longfellow, American Poet, l882,Awesbay. 

25- Conversion ofSt.Paul, Apostle to Gentiles, 35 A.D.,Au.esbay. 


i-Sicilian Vespers —12,000 Frenchmen r massacred,l282,7Aot\4'ay. 
-Battle of Dinwiddie Court House-Sheridan defeats Lee, 1865,FV\bay. 


26- Fxpiration of the Alien and Sedition Laws, 1801,YAonbaM. 

27- Treaty of Ghent, closing^ War of I8l2,ratified by England,l8l5,Fr\4ay. 


“ . ’ vt'i'invamy » » a > 1014, idtiiitu oy c ny la nu, ioio,r t \Qdu, 

28- Accession of Edward VI. to the Throne of E-naland, 1547 ,Vyx&'&v). 

29- UniYorni Ru.le 0 / Naturalization adopted by Congress, |795 ,TV\vC*&3l\>. 

30- Execution of Charles I. of England — Commonwealth beginsJ649^u.es 
31 - Launching of the hage ship “Great Eastern/’ 1858 

F^BRb/VRY- 

1- Amendment 13th,abolishing Slavery,passed by the House,lfl65,Vsie.& 

2- Treaty of Peace between United States and Mexico, 1847, 

3- Independence of Greece proclaimed, 1830,'Nefcwes&'av 
s s a S e Conference convened at Washington, I86L\Aorv^av>. 


8- Soi+thern Confederacy formed at Montgomery, Ala., 1861,Vr\^a.u. 

9- Roger Williams arrived at Boston from England. 1631 ,\NeV fcau. 
O-Naval Battle - U.S.Sloop^Hofnet” captures Brit. Bri<j "Resolute,”1813, WeA 
l-C.rcular Letter of Mass, against Taxation published, 1768, 


1 i-woiumoia, s.c., surrendered to Sherman, l865,^V\^a.u. 
8-Death of Martin Luther,Ger. religious reformer, 1546, 

™ ? rrcst \°A Burr, on charge of Treason, 18 OT.^Vywy^^. 

20-General Braddock (Braddock’s Defeat) arrived in Va^r/SS/Ww^**^. 

IJPatH Of . nh-Vl Q i< 1 HPu A/l-a v*ro Ql ..aa.. i O a o *•. a _x _ 1 


ot'M Tlzo T 1 ? Ter ' K '„* or V formed^by ActVf Connt'ess" W l 86$,'Tueltlu 111 ' 
25-United States Bank first chartered (capital 1*10,000,000),l79l,Yx\bau. 

In—Ho O i j K ir nrnr eti n A .-m huJaI _r» * • / .n * A a . . « ' 


26-Re.public proclaimed in France,Napoleon President.1848 Sax.’bay. 

H J gh Co ” 1 ”! ls s ,< >»i at W as hingtoti,oii Alabama Claims, 1811,W\on. 

28- YellowStorie National Park created by Congress, l87l,Twesbau. 

29- Deerfield,Mass., burned by French and Indians,I704,\wes,bay. 


MARCH- 

1- Bank of Pennsylvania chartered, first in the U.S., l788,\Neb’bau. 

2- Bureau of Education established at Washington, 1867,‘bixwv&ay. 

3- Missouri Compromise Bill passed by Congress, l820,W\bay. 

J-British House of Commons resolves to end Amer.War, l782,*Aonbay 

J - Sftr.fttlH Sr/yau in Pac>a n (( Oa.Pau a4 . . . ' 


■ A TU t -XL--- Mer'rimac”and"lronclads,” 1862 , Suniiu. 

!?~i^ HG ., L, ' / Ir' , i^. sl:0 .'” € ^ xpcd,4:,0 ' M s . aile,) (or Africa, 1858,'Nebnes.bay 

1- Oeath of Charles Sumner,eminent statesman, l874.\Nebnesbay. 

2 - Bl.zzard in New York City-(Hockade several days, 1888,YWonbay. 
a tu J'- * a l 1<,e1 ' ,l 2 °/ Ru -ssia assassinated, 1881,2.wY\ba.y• 
tniViu TiMS™ '* a 'M established, I86 I,TWys6w,. 

Cou T* H ? u se-Cornwallis defeats Greene, 1781,"Wxsbay 
d ui c! 01 - Military Academy founded.by Congress, I802.-W.sbay. 
!r The Stamp Act repealed by the British Parliament,n66,Xwes>bay. 
7-Bpston evacuated by the 8ritish soldiers. m6,9>wYibay. 
oa . T c 5 *., ^ehpse of the Moon recorded, 721 8.C. (N.S.),=iuvi 4 au. 
2 0-La Salle sh ot by one of his men m Texas, l6 87,Vur\4a\t. M 

Oc>£>y &y 7-A/£- Ac/ r tvQAf. ~ - - — . 


APRIL. 


Harvey, discoverer of Circulation of Blood, born, i5T8,T v.g.si'b.'g. 
U.S.Mint,the first,established at Philadelphia, 1792, YAoniav). 
Richmond, Va., evacuated by the Confederates,1865, . 

-Death of the President, William H. Harrison, I84l,<swn& , a.'). 

- YorLtowm,ya., besieged by General McClellan, l862,%a.Vu.v&a\>. 

- Battle of Shi I oh^Tenn.,Grant defeats Beauregard, l862,9>wv\4a.'V 
Mississippi Territory formed by Act of Congress, 1798, E>aVsw4an. 

Bill to abolish Slavery passed by the Senate, l864,4V\4av). 

Lee’s Surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House, IBoS^wnoax*. 

U.S. Bank.re-chartered (capital®35,000,000), 18 1 6,\Ne6r\es4ait. 
Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon, 1512, ^.asXe.r Suniai). 
Scotland declared incorporated with England, 1654,\Ne.6nes&a\). 
Edict of Nantes,tolerating Protestants, proclaimed,I598/W\wxs4an. 

-President Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth,l865,YV\4a\>. 
Patent Right Law first enacted by Congress, l790.TV\\xxs&a\>. 
Slavery abolished in District of Columbia, l862,'NeVx\es>6a\t. 
Columbus obtains sanction of Ferdinand and Isabella,1492,Awes4a\>. 
Corner Stone of St. Peter’s at Rome laid, I506, < bav«,r4a\). 
Battle, of Lexington-first.in Revolutionary War, ITO.'Ne.ine.s&ai) 
Expulsion of the"Rump”Parli^ment byCrotnwell, I653,we4r\es6a't. 
United States Mint e stab I ished at Denver, Col., •862.YAon6a\). 
Battle of Gran.icus, Alexander defeats Darius,334 8.C.,TV\wxs4a'), ,| R.S. 
Oeath of William Shakspeare.Eng.Dramatic Poet, 1616,7wes4a\). 
Boston News Letter, first paper published in U.S., n04,TV\or\4avt. 
New Orleans captured by Commodore Farragut, l862,YV\4a\*. 
Hostilities begin between United States and Mexico,1846, Suniai) 
Death of Ralph Waldo Emerson, American Poet, 1882,TVawxs^asi 
Charlotte Harbor,Fla„ attacked by theSeminoles,l836."Wvwvs4aY). 
Battle of Orleans, France,siege relieved by Joan of Arc, 1429, VVx&a\$. 
Washington inaugurated first President of U.S., IT89,7v\wv=,4av» 


1- 

2 - 

3- 

4- 

5- 

6 - 

7- 

8- 

9- 

10- 
II- 
1 1 - 
• 3- 

14- 

15- 

16- 

17- 

18- 

19- 

20 - 
21 - 
22 - 

23- 

24- 

25- 

26- 

27- 

28- 

29- 

30- 
31 


May. 


First International Exposition opened at London, l85l,Tnv».Ys4aYj. 
Battle of Lutzen,Ger.,Napoleon defeats the Allies, I8l3,<iw\\4a\*. 
Death of Thomas Hood, English Poet, 1 845,S>aWv 4a\». 
Anarchist Riot in Chicago-many policemen killed, I886,7wes4av*. 
Death of Napoleon Bonaparte on Isle of St. Helena, I 82l, < =axu.v4 a\). 
Death of Sir William Hamilton, Eng.Mathematician, l856,Tues.4avt. 
Battle of Baton Rouge, La., captured byFarragut, I 862,\Neiv\es4a\). 
Innocent XIII. is made Pope at Home, IT 2 l, YW on• 
Battle of Resaca de la Palma, Taylor defeats Mexicans, l846,E>«Xwr 6a\a. 
Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia opens, 1876,NNeArvesiav) 
War declared by United States against Mexico, 184 6, . 

Battle Spottsylvania C.H.,Va., Hancock captures Johnson, 1864, TYvuxsAau- 
Naturalization Treaty made with Great 8r!tain, 1870, Y r\bay . 
Vaccination discovered by Edward Jenner,of Eng., 096,9)axwv 6av> 
Protective Tariff adopted by U.S.Government, I 8 2 8,"9Y\vi.rs>4av>. 


Acquittal of President Johnoon-impeachment, 1868, 9>axw« bau. 
Great Fire in St. Lou is.Mo., much suffering, 1849,TVvwx s baq 


Napoleon Bonaparte made Emperor of the French, 1804, W\ 6aY\. 
Last of the Crusades to Palestine ended, 1291, 9axuv 4ah. 


Mecklenburg.(N.C.) Declaration of lndependence,015,5avu>&au 
Terrible Fighting in Paris (21 to 27),l87l,9>uvr6ah,TY\o , v\4au, exc 
Chas.Sumner assaulted in Senate by Rep. Brook, l»56,TVvuxs4i«. 
Jamestown,Va.,settled-first per. Eng.set’t in U.S.,l601,‘baxw<4ah- 
Missouri Compromise repealed by Congress, l854.V\le.6-v\e.s&ah• 
Gens. Howe,Burgoyne and Clinton arrive at Boston,mS,'Wwvs4ah 
Massacre of Pequods at Ft. Mystic,Conn., by Mason, 1631, if V,baa. 
First Telepraph operated in U.S.-Washington to Baltimore. 1844, NXor\6avi. 

M m U \ A /a L. o V a •. A a_.a.! . ... I...!.__■ >'.1 i a < a ’a v 7 


Noah Webster, Americari lexicographer, died , 1*843, 
Restoration of MotiaTchical Government in Ftig., 1660, 




. - - - — - - - v-vui w w * mt )■» Iiy. ( i v u , 

Col umbu-S e-nibarks on his third voyaoe of discovery, i498,\Ng,V 
Copyright Law Yirstenacted by Congress, 1730, Ho 


Xt 16 Invincible Armada” sail; from lisbon,Spam,l588,Sax«,v6au. 
Naval Battle on Lake Champlain-Brit, defeat Amer., 1813, WeV bju. 
Battle of Cold Harbor,Va.,Grant outflanks Lee, l864,NNtbnes6au. 
Treaty of Peace between U.S and Tripoli, l 8 05,Tuesba«. 
First Balloon ascension. Frotn I unviQ TVM.veXs. 


rst Balloon ascension, from Lyons, France, nB3,T\\uvsbiy. 
An American Congress first proposed by James Otis, l765,'9V«v«s,bah. 
Coronation of Louis XIV. King of France, I 6 54, \N ebviesb axx. 
Jamestown, Va., abandoned.^Starving Time,” 1610, Vr\4a.v>. 


18 














































































































































































9- Death of Charles Dickens, E nplish novelist, l810,AVuvvs &av\. 

10- Fcrdmand DeSoto landed at Tampa Bay,Fla., I539,*\wesiiav>. 

1- V/ioilance Committee formed in San Francisco, 1851, We&ncs&avx. 

12- Death of William Cullen Bryant, Amer. poet, 1 87 8,\Ne&**\e%&aA>. 
3-The Fugitive Slave Bill repealed by Covi9ress,l864,\^\o w&av). 

14 National Fla 9 ,with stars first added,adopted by Congress, 1771, Aa.\*. 

5Washington appointed Commander-in Chief, IT 7 5 ,^\aw vs A'Ztvx. 

6-Convention at Cincin nati nom. Hayes and Wheeler, 1876,T V\&a\). 
o Banket Hill,first tea\ in Revolution, 1775 , 

8 Battle of Waterloo, Belgium-Napoleon defeated, 1815,SwvvVav*. 

19- Naval Action,"Kearsarye” sinks the* t AlabamaVl864,9wn6'au. 

20- Alaska ceded by Russia to the U nited States, 1 8 61, A\>wv«v&a\). 

21- Ninth State Ratified Constitution making it binding, 1788,SaVw\ fcau. 

22- Arkansas reconstructed after secession, l 86b, VAov\&a.vy. 

22“ Battle of Springfield, N.J., Brit, defeated by G ree ne, 1780, W\Va\*. 

24 Newfoundland discovered by the C a bo ts, 1497, SaVwt &av\- 

25 Gen. Custer, U.S. A.,killed by Sioux Indians, D.T., 1876,Swn&a\>. 

26- Battle of Mechamcsville, Va.,McClellan defeats Lee, l862,^V\u.\ska\*. 

27- Joseph Smith, the Montion Prophet, murdered, I844 ,^V\\a.ys 

28- Victoria Alexandria Edward crowned ^ueen of Eng.,l838,^V\w\s^a\>. 

29- Pope Pius VII. condemns Bible Societies by his Bull, 1817, <buw^. 

30- Charles J.Guiteau, assassin of Pres’t Garfield,ha»iyed,i882,W\fc*.\>. 

JbLy. 

t-Ba»tle of Gettysburg, Pa., Meade defeats Lee, l863,''NeAx\s,<iAa'*,e*c. 

2- Presidetif Garfield sHot-fatally wounded-byGuifeag,l88l,5'&»wxAa\t. 

3- U.S.Mint established in San Francisco.Cal., 1852,‘ba'txvr Aav). 

4- independence of United States declared, m6,TV\«.x siau. 

5 -Columbian (S. A.) Declaration of Independence, 181 l,V 

6-JoFm Hass, Bohem. relit), ref ormer,burtit alive, l4l5,9a.VwxAa\>. 
(-California declared a part of the United States, 1846, AscesLay. 

8- Battle of Pultowa,Russ.,Peter theGreat defeats Chas.XII.,n09,'fv\A&v>. 

9- BradJocU defeated by French and Indians, 17 5 5,'NeAx\«.-iAa\a. 

• 0 - Bill to re-charter U.S.Bank vetoed by Pres’t Jackson, l832,T\».fsAa\). 

I 1 - Nine U.S. Senators expelled from Congress for Treason, l86l,\V\.wxs&av). 

12 - C avtada invaded by General Hull, 18 12, Swn 6av|. 

13- Draft Riots take place in New York City, 18 63,W»n4n). 

14- Fall of the Bastile,Paris - French Revolution, 1789,T u.estay. 

15- First Crusade to Palestine came to an end, 1099, VxsAaM- 

16- Era of the Hegira begins - Flight of Mohammed, 6 22,’f V\ A-ax*. • 

11- Yellow Fever E pidemic. begins at New 0rleans. 1 B78,TNeA’Aa\j. 
18 - Papal Infallibility proclaimed by Vatica n Council, l870,T>Aox\AaAF. 

19- War declared by F ranee agai nst Germany, 18 T O.Tuasiay. 

20- Confederate Capitol removed to Richmond, Va., 1861,9avwxAa\$. 

21 - Proclamat ion by Pres’t Hayes for rioters to dis perse, l877,SavwxAa9. 

22 Atlanta,Ga., besieged by Gc neral Shertnan.1864 Fr\4»\). 

23- Ex ■ Pres’t Grant died at Mi. McGregor, N .V., 1 885,1Ywvxs. Aas). 

24- The Mormons arrive at Salt Lake Valley, 1847, “iaVvc-x Aa\}. 

25- Lieut.Gen.Grant promoted to rank of General, 1866,VHeA’Aav>. 

26 Capture of Ticonderoga, N. Y., by Amherst, 17 59 ,T Yx \x.xsrAa\). 

27 - The Bank of England first chartered, 1694, ^ 

28 - Fourteenth Amend ment to Constitution adopted ,1868,T es>Aax$. 

29- Treaty of Amity and Commerce made with Japan, l858,"'iV\\c , 4ay. 

30- Great Mine underPetersburg,Va.,exploded,l864,Satwr4a\j, 
3l - LaFayette made Major General byCofigrcss, 1771, sYwexs, Aaxt* 

AUGUST. 

i - Bat tie of the N i le - Nelson defeatsFrench f leet, l798,Vxe,A v\e<sAa\v 

2- Battle of Cannae, Italy - Hannibal defeats Romans, 2)6 B.C.,Tsbox\ Aax). 

3- Colum bus set sail on his.f irst voyage of discovery, 1492,v xTAau. 

4- Abolition of.Feu.dal privileges in Western Europe, n89,'Y\ee*>Aa\>. 

5- Battle of Mobile Bay-Farragut repulses Confederates,l864,Yr\Aa\t. 

6- Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, 1 806,'Ale6v\esAa\>. 

7- Battle of Thermopylae, heroism of Leonidas,480 B.C.,9a»wx Aa\>. 

8- Wilmot Proviso, restricting Slavery, presented in House, 1846,Vav’Aax). 

9- New York passed to control of the Dutch, 167 3,SaVur4an. 

10 - Observatory at Green wich, England, founded, 1675, Tutsi a\$. 

II - First attempt to lay Atlantic Cable fails, 1 8 51, Tuts 4a\). 

12- Oeath of Geo.Stephenson, inventer of Steam Engine, l848,S>aV’4ay. 

13 Battle of Blenheim, Bavaria, Marlborough victor, l704,Sun4ay. 
l4Ki'ng’s College, London.England, i nco.r po rated, 1829,^ x\AaM* 

15- La Fayette’s second arrival in America, 18 I4,Suni»v). 

16- Detroit,Mich., surrendered to British by Hull, 1 812, S>w xx Aaxj. 

17- Death of Frederick the G reat, King of Prussia , 1 786 TYwexsAa^. 

18- Battle of Yellow Medicine,Minn., Sioux massacre WhitesJ862,N\on&a\). 

19- Paul us Hook (Jersey City) captured by Mai. Henry Lee, 1779,A Y\wxs&a\). 

20- E nd of Civi 1 War by Proclamat ion of Ffres’t Johnson, l866,TAox\Aa\>. 

21- The Puritans embark from Dartmouth.Eng., 1 620, TAox\Aa\). 

22- French'* Directory,”consistino of five,established,1795,‘iax.wxAaq. 

23 - Battle of Staten Island, 8ri*isn defeat Sullivan, 1777,q>a\u.x Aa\$. 

24- Washington City captured by British,Pub.Build’s bur’d, l8l4,'WeA’Aa\t. 

25- Montreal,Canada, sacked by Iroquois Indians, 1689, Sunday. 

26- Julius Caesar invades.the British Isles, 55 8.C.,Sun4m. 

27- Battle of Long.Island, B ritish defeat Americans, n76,Tucs4ax). 

28- Great Britain abolishes slavery, 1833.Msle4ncs4a\). 

29- St. Augustine, Fla., founded - oldest town in U.S., l565,'Ne4v\es6av)- 

30- Mail Steamer Teuton lost with 200 lives, 188 1 ,Tvces>Aa.\q. 

31- Great Charleston,S.C., earthquake commenced, l886,'Twes>4a't- 

S^PT^IVIB^R. 

1- Battle of Sedan,France, French repulsed by Ger.,l870,TV\\xxsA»\y 

2- Great London Fire,436 acres burned over, 1 66 o , Svc-wA'aM- 

3- DeafcH of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protec. Eng. Com’lth, 1658, Tx\4a\). 

4- Fulton’s first steamboat voyage on the Hudson, l807,Vx\Aav). 

5 -The Pacific Ocean d is covered by Balboa, 1513, W\ ondii^. 
6- Shakspeare Jubilee at Strat ford-on- A von, n.69,VMeAx\e<s Aas). 
T- Declaration of Independence by Empire of 8raiil,l822,9a'w.xAa\v 
8-Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus-1,100,000 Jews killed,70 A.0.,S>aV’ba^. 

9 - The. United States of America f irst so cal.led, ITT 6, TnI\ o x\ 4iq. 

10 -Commodore Perry’s Victory on Lake Erie, l8!3,^x\Aa\g. 

11 - Battle, of the Brandywine, Howe def. Washington,l77T,TV\u.xs>Aav>. 

12- Fugitive Slave Law passed by Congress, I850 ,TV\uxs4»h. 

13- Battle of Quebec - General Wolfe killed, 1 759,TVux.vs4ay. 

14- New Style Calendar adopted by England, 1752, TV\ urs4ai). 

15- Ordinance of 1787 adopted by Continen’l Cong., 1787, 9> atux Aav*. 

16- Eahrenheit, in ventor of Thermometer, died, IT36, Thuvstan- 

17- Constitution of United States passed Convention, 1781, TsA o vx A avf . 
78-Anne Hutchinson,religious enthusiast,arr.at Boston,l634,TV\wxs, Aas}. 
19-Oeath of President Garfield at Elberon, N.J., I8BI, Woniax). 

20~Kiny William’s War crick’d by treaty of Ryswick,l697, 

21- Death of Sir Walter Scott, rioted Scotch author, 1832, 

22- Arnold’s Treason at West Point d iscovered, 1 7 8 0, Vyx&zlv*. 

23- John Paul Jones 1 great naval victory, l7 7 9,TVuvxs^^. 

24- Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act in U.S.,l862,NNeAY\e < =>Aa\V 

25- Battle of Montreal, Ethcn Allen taken prisoner, 1775, 

26- Phi la del phia captured by the British army, 1777, 

27- First passenger railroad opened in England, l825,"^wesAa\). 

28- Battle ot Marathon,Drceks deteat PersiaMS,490 B.C.,NNe^r\es^av). 

29- South Sea Bubble burstIscheme to pag nat. debt), 1720,vers 

30- Treaty with France — Peace,Commerce,etc., 1800,^we^Aa^. 

October. 

1- Stanford University,PdloAlto, Cal., opened, 1891,T VvwxyAaM. 

2- E xecution of Major And re,British spy, IT8 O, YAoniav). 

3- Death of Miles Standish, great Indian fighterjieSfi.^Vxiax). 

4- lndcpendcnce of Belgium declared, 1 830, VA o v\ Aa\). 

5- Battle o/ the Thames,Can.,Harrison defeats Proctor, l8t3,Txves6a\v 

6- Forts Cli nton and Montgomery taken by Clinton, mi.NVon&ax). 

7- The Colonial, Congress m eets in New York,1165,YV\ox\&a.x». 

8- Great Chicago fire comTnenced.-Lossdb290,000,000,l8TI, < iW'n6a\y. 

9- International Postal Treaty concluded at Berne,l8T4,Vr\&a\). 

• 0-Battle of Tours,Fr.,Martel defeats Saracens,732, V r\&a.\). 

1 1 - New Netherlands gran ted to A mste rdamCo.,1 6 14,'Twes4a\). 

12- Christopher Columbus discovers America, I492,V V\ A-ax). 

13 - Death of R. E. Lee, Con federate Ge neral, 1 8 7 0,T vsvi.v < bAa\ 4 . 

14- Battle of Hastings, Duke of Normandy def. Harold,1066,9>aturia9. 

15- Death of Kosciuszko, at Solleure,Switzerland, l8n,xNe.AnesAa\$. 

16- Houses of Parliament, London, burned, 18 34, TVs vers. A a\). 

17- F irst Legislative Assembly of New York meets, 1683,'W eAwes. Aax). 

18 King George’s War ends by Treaty of Aixla Chape lie, 174 8,A\x.esAa\). 

19 Cornwallis surrenders to Washington at Yorktown,IT8l,Tr\Aa\). 

20- Battle of Sal am is, G reeks defeat Persians, 480 B.C. ,TNe.AnesAay. 

21- Great Earthquake at San Francisco,Cal., l868 > \NeAwes,Aa\t. 

22- Revocation of Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV, 1685,'TYwvr ^Aav*. 

23- First Parliament of Great Britain meets,noi.'TYwvrx.Aa'*. 

24- Death of Daniel Webster, Amer. statesman, 1 852,"own Aa\g. 

25- F rig."United States” captures Brit. Frig."Macedonia,”l8l2,8ux\Aay. 

26- Com of Safety appointed by Mass, Prov.Congress,m4,VfeA’ Aa\^. 

22-Island of Cuba discovered by ChristopherColumbuSjHST/iaV’Aav). 

28- Battle of White Plains.N.Y., Howe defeats Washington,l776,Y'AowAa'4. 

29- Infamous execution of Sir Walter Raleigh, 1 6 1 8,'TY\wx«,Aav>. 

30- Death of Edmund Cartwright, inventor of Loom,l823,'TY,uvsAa'4- 

31- Charter of Connecticut hid in famous Charter Oak, I68T, TAonAav). 

NoV^MB^R. 

1- Death of Oliver P. Morton, prominent U.S. Senator, l877,AVursAah. 

2- National Thanksgiving for the Peace, 1865,TYv wx s A . 

3- American Army is disbanded by Congress, 1783,^7x0x\Aa\^. 

4- -Penn’s Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Indians, 1682, 1 SaVuxAav). 

5- Gunp.owder Piot,London, Guy Fawkes arrested, 1605, A xve,s> Aa\). 

6- British Orders in Counci 1 passed, n93,\Nc&ms 4a\). 

7- Battle of Tippecanoe,Ind., Harrison defeats Indians, 1811,TV\wx%A»x>, 

8 -Re-election of Pres’t Lincoln to the Presidency, l864,Twes4»q. 
9-Great fire at Boston, loss,^73,000,000, 1 87 2, S-aVwx Aav*. 

1 0- Centennial Exposition.at Philadelphia closed.l8T6,?x\Aaxf. 

1 1-Gen.Sherman begins his march to the sea, 1864, ^x\Aa.x 4 . 

12- Berl in,Germany, declared in a state of siege, 1848, ‘bwxx Aa.x>. 

13- Mason and Dixon, surveyors, arr. at Philadelphia, 1163, SunAti). 

14- Chas.Carroll, last surviv. signer of Dec. l-ndepen.,died, 1832,Y'ie,4’ Aa\). 

15- The Articles of Confederation adopted, I7TT,'b'a.VwxAax). ■ 

16- Corner stone new building Edinburg Univer. laid, IT89,TAonAa9. 

17- Congress meets for first time in Washington, l800,VAox\Aa\^. 
IB-New standard railroad time adopted in U.S., I883, < 3 xv*\A»m. 

19-Nullification Ordinance passed by South Carolina,l832,YAoxvAa'». 

20-First Nat’l Encampment G.A.R.,at Indianapolis, 1866,TuesAtq. 

2 1-Berl in Decree issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, 18 0 6,^ x\ Aax). 

22- Battle Ft. Pickens, Fla., Confederates defeat Bragg, 1861, Yx'\Aa\). 

23- Battle Lookout Mountain,"above the clouds,” 1 863 ,TAox\Aaxv 

24- Discovery of Tasmania by Abel Janszen Tasman, l642,TY\wxs. 

25- Evacuation of New York City by British armg,n83,TutsAa\). 

26- 01 iver Ellsworth, Exl-U.S.Chief Justice, died, 180T,TV\wxs,Aa\). 

27- FHoosac Tunnel opened, 23,700 feet long, l8T3,TY\wxsAau. 

28- Magellan, circumnavigator, first enters Pacific Ocean, 1520,'NeA’Aa't. 

29- Death of Thos.Wolsey, Eng.Cardinal and States.man,l530,Twes.Aa\). 

30- Revolution closed by treaty with CrEat Brit., 1782,GavwxAay. 

D^C^MB^R. 

1- Por*Jupal becomes independent of S p a i h, 1 64 

2- John Brown executed afc Charlestown,Va., 1 859,^ v\^av>. 

3- Battle, of Hohetilitidcti,FT'C'nch defeat Austrians. 1 

4- Was hi no ton’s Farewell. Address to his Arttiy, 17 83,”Wvu.vs^a\). 

5- Battle of Coffeeville, M iss., Con fed. loss heavy, I862,W\ Aa\). 

6 - Amer. Ant i-Slavery Society formed at Philadel’a, 1833,^^1 

7- Noah’s Del.u.ye said to have commenced,7348 B.C.^aV&ax*. 

8- Proclamat ion of Conditional Aw«esty,Pres.Lincolr»,l863,'\u.c,sAaA*. 

9- Buffa]o,N .Y., burned by British and Indians. I813 ,^Vnwys&3.\*. 

10- Martin Luther burns the papal bull, l5 20,\Aov\^av). 

1 1 - Amer. Army yoes into winter quarters,.! 777,~\V\wTs&a\*. 

12 - kalakaua,kin 9 Hawaiian Isis.,visits Washinyton,l874,^axw«fAa\). 

13- Battle of Fredericksburq,Union Army repulsed, 1862,<b 

14- Washinyton dies at Mt. Vernon,(10 p.m.) 1799, ^av wr . 

15 -Hartford Convention (anti-war) meets. 18 I4 ,^Y\\xysA av>. 

16- Boston Tea Party,342 chests overboard,l773 ,AVawx« bkav*. 

17- M i Ian Decree (Brit. Blockade) issued by Napoleon, 1807,"^ Vwx'vc.^a.v^, 

1 8-Constitutional Amendment abolishiny slavery,1885,^AowAavy. 

19- Pres’t Lincoln calls for 300,000 volunteers, 1864,^0 niav). 

20- South Carolina first to secede from Union, 1 860,"^V\u,YsAa\). 

21- Pilgrim Fathers land at Plymouth Rock, I620JN.S.), VAov\6a\). 

22- Massacre of 100 soldiers at Ft. Kearney, 18 b ^av). 

23- Washington re.signs his commission,l783,^ue^Aav). 

24- -Treaty of G-hent siyned-endiny War of 1 8 12, 18 l4,Sa*vGT6aq. 

25- Charlemaync crowned Emperor of the West, 800, VV\&av*. 

26- Massacre of 36,000 Turks at Ismail,Russ., 1790, 

27- Erplosion oF str.* c West Point,'’ York Rlv.,Va., 1881. Tuesday. 

28- Westminster Ab bey, London, dedicated, 1 0 6 5,^ e A vNCbAa^. 

29- Battle of Narrayansett Swamp,Kiny Philip defeated, 1675, 

30- Cession o f Gadsden Purchase to United States, 1853,V v\ ba.v^. 

31- Battle of Mur frees boro,Tenn., Union victory, i8B2,>NeA‘’ 




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COPrmCHT, /'a 37. Hr JASPER UOOOYMOQ/vrZ • 



WEEK-RATE WAGES TABLES. 

The Week-Rate Wayes Table is based on six days per 
week, and shows the amount from $\ up to #30 per week, 
with the proportional amount for one or more days of 
a week, or one or more hours of a day, with separate ta¬ 
bles for different hours per day basis. Example.- Find the 

amount due for S-Vks, 4d’s and 5hrs.,at #18 per w’k, 8 hrs. per day basis. 

For 3 weeks.#54.00 

For 4 days. 12.00 

For 5 Hou.rsl8hrs.peT day basis). 1.88 

t°xa.\.: /. .#67.88 


MONTH-RATE WAGES TABLES. 

The Month-Rate VJages Table is based on twenty-six 
days per month, and shows the amount From# i u p t o 
#250 per month, with the proportional amount for one 
Or more days Of a month. ( For the 30 days per month ba¬ 
sis, subtract % 0 of the imounl ylven for days Exarnp/e. -Find the 

amount due fori months and 19 days, at #35 per month. 

For 7 months.#245.00 

For 19 days. 35-58 

TotaN. ..#270.58 


WEEK-RATE WAGES TABLE. 


AMOUNT PER WEEK IN DOLLARS 


1 

a 

5 

M- 

~5~ 

6 

7 

ft 

9 

»o 

II 

19 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

13 

EtH 

ai 

aa 

as 

94, 

25 

ac 

37 

as 

*9 

ED 

* ' 



TT 

* 5 

0 6 

# 7 

# 8 

* 3 

iTTo 

777 

777 

* 13 

* 14 

71? 

777 

* '7 

777 

s 19 

*20 

■% 21 

*22 

*23 

* 5* 

las 

5n!7 

77? 

Tw 

*29 

*30 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

3ft 

40 

42 

44 

46 

48 

50 

52 

54 

56 

58 

60 

3 

6 

9 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

60 

63 

66 

69 

72 

75 

78 

81 

84 

87 

90 

4- 

8 

12 

16 

ao 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

64 

68 

72 

76 

80 

84 

88 

92 

96 

too 

104 

108 

! (2 

1 1 6 

120 

T 

10 

”nr 

20 


30 

35 

*0 

45 

56 

To 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

1 00 

105 

l l 0 

1 15 

120 

•*? 

130 

135 

1 no 

145 

)50 

6 

12 

18 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

do 

96 

102 

108 

1 1 4 

l 20 

126 

132 

138 

144 

150 

156 

162 

168 

174 

1 80 

7 

14 

21 

28 

35 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

77 

84 

91 

98 

105 

112 

1 19 

126 

133 

140 

147 

154 

161 

168 

175 

i 82 

189 

196 

203 

210 

a 

16 

24 

32 

•to 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

104 

1 12 

190 

128 

136 

144 

152 

160 

i 68 

176 

184 

192 

200 

208 

216 

224 

232 

2 40 

9 

18 

27 

36 

45 

54 

63 

72 

81 

90 

89 

108 

117 

126 

135 

144 

153 

162 

171 

180 

189 

198 

207 

21 6 

285 

234 

,243 

252 

261 

270 


K 

BASIS. 






13.50 

3.67 

333 

4.00 

*17 

4.33 

450 

4.67 

4.8315.00 


17.00 

7.33 

7.67 

8.00 

8.55 

8.67 

9.00 

3.33 

9.67110.00 


B 10.50 

11.00 

11.50 

12.00 

12.50 

13.00 

13.50 

14.00 

14.50 ■ 15.00 


114.00 

14.67 

15.33 

16.00 

1667 

17.33 

18.00 

18.67 

19-33120.00 





D’i 


il7 

.33 

.50 

.67 


.33 

.67 

1.00 

1.33 


.50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 


.67 

1.33 

2.00 

2.67 


ON 


83 

1.67 

830 

3.33 


■8311.67 2.50 3733 » 17 5.00 5.83 6.67 


1.00 

ZOO 

3.00 

4.00 


THE 0 DRYS PER 

1.17 1.33 l.50|l.67||.83 2.00 217 2.33 250 2.67 2.83 
2.33 2.67 3.00|3.33 83.67 4.00 4.33 4.67 5.00 5.33 5.67 
3.50 4.00 4.50|5.00|5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 
4,67 5.33 6-0QH6-67B 7.33 8.00 8.67 8.33 10.00 10.87 11.33 


7.5088.3319.17 10.00 10.83 11.67 19.50 13.33 


16.17 


3.00 

6.00 

9.00 

12.00 


15.00 


3.1 7 13.331 
S.3316.671 
9.50|l0J)0l 
H.67|i3.33| 


I5.83ll6.67 


HOURS* 


hrs 


6 HOURS PER DAY BASIS. 


1 

a 

5 

4 

.03 
.06 
.08 
.11 

.06 

.11 

.17 

.22 

.08 

.17 

.25 

.33 

.1 1 
.22 
.33 
.44 

.14 

.38 

.48 

.56 

.17 

.33 

.50 

.67 

.19 

.39 

-.58 

.78 

.22 

.44 

.67 

.89 

.251 

.50 

.75 

1.00 

|!| 

I. 31 
.61 
.92 

I I . 22 

.33 

.67 

1.00 

1.33 

.36 

.72 

1.08 

1.44 

.39 

.78 

1.17 

1.56 

.42 

.85 

1.25 

1.67 

.44 

.89 

1.33 

1.78 

.47 

.94 

1.42 

1.83 

.50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

.53 
1.06 
1.58 
2.11 

l,:5f 

p 

I .58 
Il.l7 
11.75 
12.33 

.61 

1.22 

1.83 

2.44 

.64 

t.28 

1.92 

256 

.67 

1.33 

2.00 

2.67 

69 

1.53 

2.08 

2.78 

.72 

1.44 

2.17 

2.89 

.75 

1.50 

2.25 

3.00 

.78 

1.56 

2.33 

3.11 

.81 

1.61 

2.42 

3.22 

.83 
1.67 
2.50 
.3 33 

~s 

.14 

.28 

.42 

.56 

.66 

.83 

.97 

JLLL 

1.251 


|i.34 

1.67 

|.8l 

1.94 

208 

2.22 

2.36 

2.50 

2.64 

fc-78, 

12.92 

To? 

3.13 

3.33 

J.47 

5357 

i.7S 

3.89 

4 . 0 a I 

| U.I7 


Hrs 


7 HOURS PER DAY BASIS. 


• 

.02 

.05 

.07 

.10 

J9 

.14 

.17 

.19 

.21 

.24 

.26 

.29 

.91 

.33 

.56 

.38 

.40 

.43 

.45 

.48 

.50 

.52 

.55 

.57 

.60 

.62 

.64 

.67 

.69 

.71 

a 

.05 

.10 

.14 

.19 

•»4 

.29 

.33 

.38 

.43 

.48 

.52 

.57 

.62 

.67 

.71 

.76 

.81 

.86 

.30 

.95 

1.00 

1.05 

1.10 

1.14 

1.19 

1.24 

1.29 

1.33 

1.38 

1.43 

5 

.07 

.14 

.21 

.29 

.36 

.43 

.50 

.57 

.64 

.71 

.79 

.86 

.93 

1.00 

1.07 

1.14 

1.21 

1.29 

1.36 

1.43 

1.50 

1.57 

1.64 

1.7 1 

1.7ft 

1.86 

1.93 

2.00 

2.07 

2.14 

* 

.10 

.19 

.29 

.38 

.48 

.57 

.67 

.76 

.8 6 

.95 

1.05 

l.l 4 

1.24 

1.33 

1.45 

1.52 

1.62 

1.71 

1.81 

1.90 

2.Q0 

2.10 

2.19 

2.29. 

SL58 

2.48 

2.57 

2.67 

2.76 

2.86 


.12 

.24 

.36 

.48 

.«© 

.7 1 

■83 

.95 

1.07 

1.19 

1.31 

1.43 

1.55 

1.67 

179 

1.90 

2.02 

2.14 

2.26 

2.36 

2.50 

2.62 

2.74 

2.86 

*98 

3.10 

TaTj 

3.33 

3.45 

3.57 

$ 

.14 

.29 

.43 

.57 

.71 

T86 

lLOO 

1.14 

1.29 

1.43 

1.57 

1.71 

L86l 

2.00 

2.14 

2.29 

2.43 

2.57 

2.71 

2.86 

3.00 

3.14 

3.29 

X43 1 

557 

3.71 

X86 1 

4.60 

4.14 

|4~2§ 

hrs 








3 

HOURS 

PI 

ER 

DAY 

BASIS. 








1 

.02 

.04 

.06 

.08 

.10 

.13 

.15 

.17 

.19 

.21 

.23 

.25 

.27 

.29 

.31 

.33 

.35 

.38 

.40 

.42 

.441 

.46 

.48 

.50 

5» 

.54 

.56 

.58 

.60 

.63 

a 

.04 

.08 

•■3 

.17 

ai 

.25 

.29 

.33 

.38 

.42 

.46 

.50 

.54 

.58 

.63 

.67 

.71 

.75 

.79 

.83 

.88 

.92 

.96 

1.00 

1.0* 

1.08 

1.19 

1.17 

1.21 

1.25 

5 

.06 

.13 

.19 

.25 

51 

.38 

.44 

.50 

.56 

.63 

.69 

.75 

.81 

.88 

.94 

1.00 

1.06 

1.13 

I.i9 

1.25 

1.31 

1.38 

1.44 

1.50 

1.56 

1.63 

1.69 

1.75 

1.81 

1.88 

4 

.08 

.17 

.25 

.33 

.42 

.50 

.58 

.6 7 

.75 

.83 

.92 

1.00 

1.08 

1.17 

125 

1.33 

1.42 

1.50 

1.58 

1.67 

1.75 

1.83 

1.92 

2.00 

2.08 

2.17 

2.25 

2.33 

2.42 

2.50 

5 

.\o 

.21 

.31 

.4-2 

.5* 

.63 

.73 

.83 

.94 

I .04 

8 T 

1.25 

1.35 

)-46 

• 56 

1.67 

1.77 

1.68 

1.98 

2 .08 

2.19 

2.29 

3.40 

2.50 

5T55 

2.11 

a.§i 

2-92 

3.02 

3.13 

6 

.13 

.25 

.38 

.50 

.65 

.75 

.88 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

1.38 

1.50 

1.63 

1.75 

188 

2.00 

2.13 

2.25 

2.3b 

2.50 

2.63 

2.75 

2.88 

3.00 

3.15 

3.25 

3.38 

3.50 

3.63 

3.75 

7 

.15 

.29 

.44 

.58 

.73 

.88 

1.02 

LIT 

LSI 

1.46 

1.60 

1.75 

1.90 

2.04 

tt.is 

2.33 

2.48 

2.63 

2.77 

2.92 

3.06 

3.21 

3.35 

3.50 

3.65 

3.79 

3.94 

4.08 

4.23 

4.30 

Htj. 








9 

HOURS 

PER - 

DAY 

BASIS. 








H 

.02 

.04 

1 .06 

.07 

03 

.11 

.13 

| .15 

.17 

.19 

.20 

.22 

.24 

.26 

28 

.30 

.31 

.33 

.35 

.37 

.39 

.41 

.43 

.44 

.*6 

.48 

.50' 

.52 

.54 

.56 

ti 

.04 

.07 

.1 1 

.15 

.19 

.22 

.26 

.30 

.33 

.37 

.41 

.44 

.48 

.52 

56 

.59 

.63 

.67 

.70 

.74 

.78 

.81 

.85 

.89 

95 

.36 

1.00 

1.04 

1.07 

l.l 1 

id 

.06 

.11 

.17 

.22 

.98 

.33 

.39 

44 

.50 

.56 

.61 

.67 

.72 

.78 

.83 

.89 

.94 

1.00 

1.06 

1.11 

1.17 

1.22 

1.28 

1.33 

1.39 

1.44 

1.50 

1 56 

1 6 1 

1 67 

El 

.07 

.09 

.15 

.19 

.22 

.28 

.30 

■ 37 

*37 

.46 

.44 

.56 

.52 

.65 

.59 

.74 

.67 

.!> 3 

.74 

.93 

.81 

J. 02 

.89 

(. I 1 

.96 

f-20 

1.04 

1 30 

III 

| iA 

\L11 

1 u u 

r.28 

U *» *7 

L33 

1 C7 

1.41 

1 tC 

1 48 

1.56 

1.63 

1.70 

1.78 

I.8S 

1.93 

2.00 

2.07 

2.15 

2.2 2 


.11 

.22 

.33 

.44 

~56 

.67 

.78 

.89 

1.00 

1 11 

1.22 

1.33 

1.44 

7756 

1.67 

1.78 

1-0 1 

1.89 

1.0 • 

2.00 

1.7 to 

2.11 

1 • 85 

2.22 

i-$4 

2.33 

2.OH 

2.44 

2.13 

2.56 

2.22 

2.67 

131 

a 78 

a .41 

2.89 

2.50 

3.00 

2.59 

3.11 

Mil 

3.22 

2.78 

3.33 


.1 3 

.26 

.39 

.52 

.65 

.78 

.91 

1.04 

1.17 

1.30 

1.43 

1.56 

1.69 

1.61 

1.84 

2.07 

2.20 

2.33 

2.46 

2.59 

2.72 

2.85 

2.98 

3.11 

3.24 

3.37 

3.50 

3.63 

3.76 

3.89 

B 

.15 

.30 

■44 

»59 

.74- 

.89 

1.04 

1.19 

1.33 

1.48 

1.63 

1.78 

1.99 

zxn 

swa 

2J7 

2.52 

T-67 

2.91 

2.96 

3.M 

X26 

3.41 

3.56 

3.70 

3.85 

4.00 

4.15 

4.30 

4.44 


22 















































































































































































































































































































23 




























































































































































































































































































MONTH-RATE WAGES TABLE. 


V' M O N T M S » 


AMOUNT PER MOl 

N1 

rH 

IN DOL 

L? 

XRS. 

aT 

#23 

46 

69 

92 


Mon. 

1 

a 

3 

4 

s 

6 

7 

8 

9 

IO 

II 

ia 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

LU 

HII.LI 

EirUr-Tii 

1 

§ 

If 

# 1 

2 

3 

4 

*2 

e 

8 

# 3 
6 
9 
IQ 

# 4 
8 
|2 
16 

* 5 

10 

15 

QO 

# £ 
12 

18 

24 

# 7 
14 
21 
28 

# 8 
16 
24 
32 

# 9 

18 

27 

36 

#10 

20 

30 

40 

#11 

22 

33 

44 

#12 

24 

36 

48 

# i3 

26 

39 

52 

#14 

28 

42 

56 

#15 

30 

45 

60 

a# i6 

32 

48 

64 

#17 

34 

51 

68 

#18 

36 

54 

72 

#19 

38 

57 

76 

#20 

40 

60 

80 

#21 

42 

63 

84 

#22 

44 

66 

88 

#24 

48 

72 

96 

#25 

SO 

75 

IOO 

S' 

1- 

1 o 

1 5 

ao 

2 s 

30 

35 

*4-0 

4S 

50 

55 

60 

55^ 

70 

...75 

80 

8b 

90 

95 

1 oo 

1 05 

1 l o 

1 1 5 

1 20 

1 Q5 

t 

7 

8 

6 

7 

8 
9 

IQ 

14 

16 

18 

18 

21 

24 

Q7 

24 

28 

32 

36 

30 

35 

40 

45 

36 

42 

48 

54 

42 

49 

56 

63 

48 

56 

64 

72 

54 

63 

72 

81 

60 

70 

80 

90 

66 

77 

88 

99 

72 

84 

96 

1 OR 

78 

91 

1 04 
1 1 7 

84 

98 

1 IQ 
136 

90 

1 05 
120 
135 

96 

1 12 
128 
l 44 

1 02 

1 19 
136 
153 

1 08 
126 

1 44 
1 62 

1 14 
133 
152 
17 1 

120 

140 

160 

1 80 

126 

1 47 

1 68 

1 89 

132 

154 

176 

|9£^ 

138 

161 

184 

207 

144 

168 

(92 

216 

1 50 

I7S 

200 

225 



11 



■ '] 

iNmuHimii 




a mM 

lbmi 

240 

264 

288 

250 

275 

300 

10 

11 

lY-r. 

10 

11 

1 IQ 

QO 
22 
Q 4- 

30 

33 

36 

401 501 
44 551 
48 60| 

1 60 
66 
72 

70 

77 

84 

80 

88 

96 

90 

99 

108 

tool 

1 10 
i 20l 

1 10 
121 

132 

120 

132 

1 44 

130 

1 4-3 

1 56 

140 

154 

1 68 

150 

165 

1 801 

160 
|l 76 
|l 92 

170 

187 

204 

1 80 
1 98 
216 

190 

209 

228 

200 

220 

2401 

1 2 1 Ol 

1252 

[220 

242 

284 

230 

253 

276 

Days 

i 

ra^r.wMii 


1 

a 

3 

.04 

.08 

.IQ 

IS 

.08 

.15 

.23 

.31 

.12 

.23 

.35 

.46 

.15 

.31 

.46 

62 

.19 

.38 

.58 

.77 

.23 

.46 

.69 

.92 

.27 

.54 

.81 

1.08 

.31 

.62 

.92 

1.23 

.35 

.69 

1.04 

1,38 

.38 

.77 

1.15 

1.54 

.42 

.85 

1.27 

1.69 

.46 

.92 

1.38 

1.85 

.50 

1.00 

1.50 

3.00 

.54 

1.08 

1.62 

3.15 

.58 

1.15 

1.73 

3.31 

.62 

1.23 

1.85 

2.46 

.65 

1.31 

1.96 

3.62 

.69 

1.38 

2.08 

2.77 

.73 

1.46 

2.19 

2.92 

.77 

1.54 

2.31 

3.08 

.81 

1.62 

2.42 

3.23 

.85 

1.69 

2.54 

3.38 

.88 

1.77 

2.65 

3.54 

.92 

1.85 

2.77 

3.69 

.96 

1.92 

2.88 

3.85 

s 

.19 

38 

.58 

,77 

.96 

1.15 

1.35 

1.54 

1.73 

1.93 

2.12 

2.31 

2.50 

3.§9 

2.88 

3.08 

3.27 

3.46 

3.65 

3.95 

4.04 

4.23 

4.42 

462 

4.81 

7 

8 

9 

.33 

-.27 

.31 

.35 

.46 

.54 

.62 

.69 

.69 

.81 

.92 

1.04 

.92 

1.08 

1.23 

1.98 

1.15 

1.35 

1.54 

1.73 

1.38 

1.62 

1.85 

2.08 

1.63 

1.88 

2.15 

Q.42 

1.85 

2.15 

2.46 

2.77 

3.08 

2.42 

2.77 

3.12 

3.31 

2.69 

3.08 

3.46 

2.54 

2.96 

3.38 

3.81 

2.77 

3.23 

3.69 

4.15 

3.00 

3.50 
4.00 

4.50 

3.23 

3.77 

4.31 

4.85 

3.46 

4.04 

4.62 

3.19 

3.69 

4.31 

4.92 

5.54 

3.92 

4.58 

5.23 

5.88 

4.15 

4.85 

5.54 

6.23 

4.38 

5.12 

5.85 

6.59 

4.62 

5.38 

6.15 

632 

4.85 

5.65 

6.46 

7.27 

5.08 

5.92 

6.77 

7.62 

"531 

6.19 

7.03 

7.96 

5.54 

6.48 

7.38 

a3i 

5.77 

6.73 

7.69 

8.65 


'v.. ‘• ; v■ v 5< " .--v/ n 

rK'JSSBSSB 

IO 

.38 

.77 

1.15 

1.54 

1.92 

Q.3I 

3.69 

3.08 

3.48 

3.85 

*f.aa 

4.62 

5.00 

5.38 

5.77 

6.15 

6.64 

633 

7-31 

7-69 

8.08 

8.46 

8.85 

9.03 

9-60 

II 

■a 

13 

14- 

.43 

.46 

.50 

.54 

.85 

.92 

1.00 

1.08 

1.37 

1.38 
1.50 
1.63 

1.69 

1.85 

2.00 

2.15 

3.12 

2.31 

2.50 

2.69 

2.5* 

2.77 

3.00 

3.Q3 

396 

3.23 

3.50 

3.77 

3.38 

3.69 

4.00 

4.31 

3.81 

4.15 

4.50 

4.85 

4.33 

4.62 

500 

5.38 

4.65 

5.08 

5.50 

5.92 

5.08 

5.54 

6.00 

6.46 

5.50 

6.00 

6.50 
7.00 

5.92 

6.46 

7.00 

7.54 

6.35 

692 

7.50 

8.08 

6.77 

7.38 

8.00 

862 

7.19 

7.85 

8.50 

9.15 

7.62 

8.31 

9.00 

9.69 

8.04 

8.77 

9.50 

10.23 

8.46 

9.23 

10.00 

IQ.77 

8.88 

9.69 

10.50 

11.31 

9.31 

10.15 

11.00 

11.85 

9.73 

10.62 

11.50 

12.38 

10.15 

1 1.08 
12.00 
12.92 

10.58 

11.54 

12.50 

13.46 

Jn 

.58 

1.15 

1.73 

3.31 

2.88 

3.46 

4.04 

4.63 

519 

5.77 

6.35 

6.93 

7.50 

8.08 

8.65 

9.33 

"§137 

10.38 

10.96 

1154 

12.12 

(2.69 

13.27 

13.85 

14.42 

16 

17 

18 
18 

.63 

.65 

.69 

.73 

1.23 

1.31 
1.38 
1.46 

1.85 

1.96 

2.08 

2.19 

2.46 

2.62 

2.77 

2.92 

3.08 

3.27 

3.46 

3.65 

3.69 

3.92 

4.15 

4.38 

4.31 

4.58 

4.85 

5-12 

4.93 

5.23 

5.54 

5.85 

5.54 

5.38 

6.23 

6.58 

6.15 

6.54 

692 

7.31 

6.77 

7.19 

7.62 

8.04 

7.38 

7.85 

831 

8.77 

8~M 

8.50 
9.00 

9.50 

8.62 

9.15 

9.69 

10.23 

9.23 

9.81 

10.38 

10.96 

9.85 

10.46 

1 1.08 
11.69 

10.46 

11.12 
11.77 
12.42 

11.08 

11.77 

12.46 

13.15 

11.69 

12.42 

13.15 

13.88 

12.31 

13.08 

13.85 

1462 

12.92 

13.73 

14.54 

15.35 

13.54 

14.38 

15.23 

16.08 

14.15 

15.04 

15.92 

16.81 

14.77 

15.69 

16.62 

Rj54 

15.38 

16.35 

17.31 

I&27 

EEJ 

2 O 

EK»I:1E¥-M 

2 O 

L'iU BED C1EIEEE3 SZTO 

a o 

■iiiyigiEKlironiiifTiraiillm'i 

a o 

16.15 

16.92 

17.69 

18.46 

19.23 

SI 

aa 

33 

34 

.81 

.85 

.88 

.92 

1.62 

1.69 

1.77 

1.85 

2.42 

2.54 

2.65 

2.77 

3.33 

3.38 

3.54 

3.69 

4.04 

4.23 

4.42 

462 

4.85 

5.08 

5.31 

5.54 

5.65 

5.92 

6.19 

6.46 

6.46 

6.77 

7.08 

7.38 

7.37 

7.62 

7.96 

8.91 

8.08 

8.48 

8.85 

9.23 

8.88 

9.31 

9.73 

10.15 

9.69 

10.15 

10.62 

11.08 

10.50 
11.00 

11.50 
12.00 

11.31 

11.85 

12.38 

12.92 

12.13 |I2.93 13.73 
I2.69||3.54 14.38 
I3.27||4.I5 15.04 
I3.85ll4.77 15.69 

14.54 

15.23 

15.92 

16.62 

15.35 

16.08 

16.81 

17.54 

16.15 

16.92 

17.69 

18.46 

16.96 

17.77 

18.58 

13.38 

17.77 

18.62 

19.46 

20.31 

18.58 

19.46 

20.35 

21.23 

19.38 

20.31 

21.23 

22.(5 

20.19 

21.15 

22.12 

23.08 


.96 

1.93 

2.88 

3.85 

4.81 

5.77 

6.73 

7.69 

8.65 

9.62 

10.58 

11.54 

13.50 

13.46 

I4.42ll5.38 16.35 

17.31 

18.27 

19.23 

20.19 

21.15 

0X13 

03.08 

34.04 


rvl O IM T M s 


KMOUNT PER MONTH IN DOLLARS 


Moil 

s 

1 

s 

HI 

sa 

35. 

5«f 

HI 

H3H1EI1H1CD 

41 

«#a 

45 


4-5 

Cl] 

47 

4« 

«fr9 

1>0 

I 

#26 

#27 

#28 

#29 

#30 

#31 

#32 

#33 

#34 

#35 

#36 

#37 

#38 

#39 

#90 

#41 

#42 

#43 

#44 

#45 

#46 

#47 

#48 

#49 

#50 

a 

52 

54 

56 

58 

60 

62 

64 

66 

68 

70 

72 

74- 

76 

78 

80 

82 

84 

86 

88 

90 

92 

94 

96 

98 

100 

3 

78 

81 

84 

87 

90 

93 

96 

99 

I0Q 

105 

108 

1 1 1 

1 If 

1 17 

120 

123 

126 

129 

132 

135 

1 38 

141 

144 

1 47 

150 

M- 

1 04 

1 08 

1 12 

1 16 

120 

124 

128 

132 

136 

1 40 

144 

1 48 

152 

156 

16O 

164 

1 68 

172 

(76 

180 

184 

188 

1 92 

196 

200 

-4N 

J 30 

1 33 

1 M-O 

1 45 

150 

(55 

160 

165 

170 

175 

1 80 

1 85 

OO 

( 9 ? 

200 

205 

a 1 0 

a is 

220 

CIO.5 

230 

235 

240 

245 

QSO 

6 

156 

1 62 

1 68 

1 74 

180 

1 86 

192 

198 

204 

QIO 

a 16 

222 

228 

234 

240 

246 

252 

258 

264 

270 

276 

282 

289 

294 

300 

7 

182 

189 

196 

203 

2 10 

2 1 7 

224 

231 

238 

245 

252 

259 

266 

273 

280 

287 

294 

301 

308 

315 

322 

329 

336 

343 

350 

8 

208 

2 16 

224 

232 

240 

248 

256 

264 

272 

280 

288 

296 

304 

312 

32 0 

328 

336 

344 

352 

360 

368 

376 

384 

392 

400 

a 

234 

2 43 

252 

261 

270 

279 

288 

297 

306 

315 

324 

333 

342 

351, 

360 

369 

378 

387 

396 

405 

41*4 

423 

432 

441 I 

450 




1 O 





1 O 





1 O 





1 O 





1 O 



10 

■ 260 270 

280 290 

300 | 

3 10 

13201330 

340 350 

1360 

370 

380 

390 

400 

■ 410 

420 

430 

440 

4S0 

1 460 

470 

480 

[490|500| 

ii 

1286 297 

308 319 

3301 

341 

352 

363 

374 385 

1 3 96 

407 

418 

42.9 

440 

1451 

462 

473 

484 

495 

|S06 

517 

528 

539 550 

IYt . 

■ 3121 

324 

336 348 

3 6 01 

372 

13841396 

408 420 

1432 

444 

456 

468 

480 

1492 

504 

5 16 

528 

540 

1552 

564 

576 

588 

16001 

Davf 

I wm 


mm 

1 

1.00 

1.04 

1.08 

1.13 

1.15 

1.19 

1.23 

1.27 

1.31 

1.35 

1.38 

1.42 

1.46 

1.50 

1.54 

1.58 

1.62 

1.65 

1.69 

1.73 

1.77 

1.81 

1.85 

1.88 

1.92 

a 

2.00 

2.08 

2.15 

2.23 

2.31 

2.38 

2.46 

2.54 

2.62 

2.69 

2.77 

2.85 

2.92 

3.00 

3.08 

3.15 

3.23 

3.31 

3.38 

3.46 

3.54 

3.62 

3.69 

3.77 

3.85 

3 

3.00 

3.12 

3.23 

3.35 

3.46 

3.58 

3.69 

3.81 

3.92 

4.04 

4.15 

4.27 

4.38 

4.50 

4.62 

4.73 

4.85 

4.96 

5.08 

5.19 

5.31 

5.42 

5.54 

5.65 

5.77 


400 

4.15 

4.31 

4.46 

4.62 

4.77 

4.92 

5.08 

5.23 

5.38 

5.54 

5.69 

5.85 

6.00 

6.15 

6.31 

6.46 

6.62 

6.77 

6.92 

7.08 

7.23 

7.3 8 

7.54 

7.69 

5 * 

5.00 

5.19 

5.3 8 

5.58 

5.77 

5.96 

615 

6.35 

6.54 

6.73 

6.92 

7. ia 

7.31 

7.50 

7.69 

7.88 

0.08 

a.cn 

8.46 

8.65 

8-85 

9.04- 

9.33 

9.42 

9.62 

4 > 

6.00 

6.23 

6.46 

6.69 

6.92 

7.15 

7.38 

7.62 

7.85 

8.08 

8.31 

8.54 

8.77 

9.00 

9.23 

3.46 

9.69 

9.92 

10.15 

10.38 

10.62 

10.85 

11.08 

11.31 

11.54 

7 

7.00 

7.27 

7.54 

7.81 

9.08 

8.35 

8.62 

8.88 

9.15 

9.42 

9.69 

9.96 

10.23 

10.50 

10.77 

11.04 

11.31 

11.58 

11.85 

12.12 

(2.38 

12.65 

12.92 

13.19 

13.46 

2 

8.00 

8.31 

8.62 

8.92 

9.23 

9.54 

985 

10.15 

10.46 

10.77 

11.08 

11.38 

11.69 

12.00 

12.31 

12.62 

12.92 

13.23 

13.54 

(3.85 

(4.15 

14.46 

14.77 

15.08 

15.38 


9.00 

435 

9.69 

10.04 

10.38 

10.73 

11.08 

11.42 

1 (.77 

12.(2 

12.46 

12.81 

13.15 

13.50 

13-85 

14.19 

14,54 

14.88 

15.23 

IS58 

(592 

16^ 

16.62 

16.96 

17.31 


issss 


[B 3 

■H 

■B 


HH 

1 O 

BW 

■■ 

m 

BH 

1 O 

8 BH 

QBQ 

bm 

WE 

LE] 

BBi 




m 



IO 

10.00 


10.77 

11.15 

1 1.54 

11.92 

12.31 

12.69 

13.08 

13 46 

13-85 

14.23 

14.62 

15.00 

15.38 

15.77 

16.(5 

16.54 

(6.92 

- 7 i 1 

(7.69 

18.08 

18.46 

I8.8S 

19.23 

11 

11.00 

11.42 

11.85 

12.27 

12.69 

13.12 

13.54 

13.96 

14.38 

I4.8( 

(5.23 

15.65 

16.08 

1650 

16.92 

17.35 

17.77 

18.0 

18.62 

19 04 

19.46 

(9.88 

20.31 

20.73 

21.(5 

IS 

12.00 

12.46 

12.92 

13.38 

13.85 

14.31 

14.77 

15.23 

15.69 

16.15 

16.62 

17.08 

17.54 

18.00 

18.46 

18.92 

19.38 

19.85 

20.31 

20.77 

21.23 

21.69 

22 15 

22.62 

23.08 

15 

13.00 

13.50 

14.00 

1450 

15.00 

15.50 

16.00 

16.50 

17 00 

17.50 

18.00 

18.50 

19.00 

19.50 

20.00 

20.50 

21.00 

21.50 

22.00 

22.50 

23 00 

23.50 

24.00 

24.50 

25.00 

14 

14.00 

14.54 

15.08 

15.62 

16.15 

16.69 

17.23 

17.77 

18.31 

18.85 

19.38 

19.92 

20.46 

21.00 

21.54 

22.08 

22.62 

23.15 

23.69 

24.13 

24 77 

25.31 

25.85 

26.38 

26.92 

J&. 

15.00 

15.58 

16.15 

16.73 

17.31 

17.88 

18.46 

19.04 

19.62 

ao.19 

20.7? 

21.34 

2 1.92 

22.50 

23.08 

23 65 

24.23 

34.81 

2538 

25.96 

26.54 

27.13 

27.69 

28.27 

28.85 

lb 

16.00 

16.62 

17.23 

17.85 

18.46 

19.08 

19.69 

20 31 

20.92 

21.54 

22.(5 

22.77 

23.38 

24.00 

24.62 

25.23 

25.85 

26.46 

27.08 

27.69 

28.31 

28.92 

29.54 

30.15 

30.77 

1 *7 

17.00 

17.65 

18.31 

18.96 

19.62 

20.27 

20.92 

21.59 

22.23 

22 88 

23.54 

24.19 

24.85 

25.50 

26.15 

26.81 

27.46 

28.12 

28.77 

29.42 

30.08 

30.73 

31.38 

32.04 

32.69 

18 

18.00 

18.69 

19.33 

20.08 

20.77 

21.46 

22.15 

22.85 

23.54 

24.23 

24.92 

25.62 

26.31 

27.00 

27.69 

28.33 

29.08 

29.77 

30.46 

31.15 

31.85 

32.54 

33.23 

33.92 

34.62 

18 

19.00 

19.73 

20.46 

21.19 

21.92 

22.65 

23.98 

24.12 

24 85 

25 58 

26.31 

27.04 

27.77 

28.50 

29.23 

29.96 

30.69 

31.42 

32.15 

32.88 

33.62 

3«5 

35.08 

35.81 

3^4 




Z O 





Z O 





a 0 





1 nrr mil mill nfjflHfrmni 


FT 



fcJU 

20.00 

20.77 

21.54 

22.31 

23.08 

23.85 

24.62 

25.38 

26.15 

26.92 

27.69 

28.46 

29.23 

30.00 

30.77 

3(. S4 

32.31 

33.08 

33.85 

34.65 

35.38 

36.(5 

36.92 

37.89 

38.46 

1 

21.00 

21.81 

22.62 

23.42 

24.23 

25.04 

25.85 

26.65 

27.46 

28.2 7 

29.08 

29.88 

30.69 

31.50 

32.31 

33 (2 

33.92 

34.73 

35.54 

36.35 

37.15 

37.96 

38.77 

3$. 58 

40.38 

321 

22.00 

22.85 

23.69 

24.54 

25.38 

26.23 

27.08 

27.92 

28.77 

29.62 

30.46 

31.31 

32.15 

33.00 

33.85 

34.69 

35.54 

36.38 

37.23 

38.08 

38.92 

39.77 

40.62 

41.46 

42.31 


23.00 

23.88 

24.77 

25.65 

26.54 

27 42 

28.31 

29.19 

30.08 

30.96 

31.85 

32.73 

33.62 

34.50 

35.38 

36.27 

37.(5 

38.04 

38.92 

39.81 

40.69 

41.58 

42.46 

4-3 35 

44.23 


24.00 

24.92 

25.85 

26.77 

27 69 

28.62 

29.54 

30.46 

31.38 

32 31 

33.23 

34 (5 

35.08 

36.00 

36.92 

37.85 

38.77 

39.69 

40.62 

41.54 

42.46 

43.38 

44.31 

45.23 

4-6.15 


25.00 

25.96 

26.92 

27.88 

28.85 

29.81 

30 77 

31.73 

32.69 

33.65 

34.62 

35.58 

36.54 

37.50 

38.46 

39.42 

40.38 

41.35 

42 31 

43.27 

44.23 

45.19 

46 15 

47.12 

40.08 


24 























































































































































































































































































MONTH-RATE WAGES TABLE. 


HjraKlEH H3BE1BE1S1H3 LULULHtilLS L33IUll33tEIEI[l 


EH 

eu 


FHHJ 

#51 

102 

153 

204 

#52 

104 

156 

208 

#53 

106 

159 

212 

*5* 

108 

163 

ai6 

#55 

110 
165 
220 

255 

260 

265 

070 

275 

306 

357 

4-08 

459 

3 IQ 
364 
416 
468 

318 

371 

424 

477 

324 
378 
432 
4 86 

330 

385 

440 

495 


HMOUNT PER MONTH IN DOLLARS 


414 

if83 

55 a 

621 


l#7l 

142 

ai3 

284 


350 ■ 355 


420 

if9o; 

seo 

630' 


426 

4-97 

568 

639 


7a 


#72 

1 *4 

2 | 6 
288 


360 


4-32 

504 

576 

648 


73 


#73 
146 
2 19 
292 


365 


438 

5 I I 
5 84 
657 


7M- 


#74 

148 

222 

296 


370 


444 

5 18 
592 
666 


75 


#75 

150 

225 

300 


375 


450 

525 

600 

675 


510 

561 

612 

520 

572 

624 

530 

583 

636 

540 

594 

648 

550 

605 

660 


560 

616 

672 

5 70 
627 
684 

580 

638 

696 

590 

649 

708 

6001 6 ! 0 
660167! 
7201 732 

620 

682 

744 

630 640 
693 704 
756 768 

6501660 

7151726 

7801792 

670 

737 

804 

6 80 
748 
816 

690 

759 

828 

700 

770 

84-0 


710 

781 

852 

720 

792 

864 

730 

803 

876 

740 

814 

888 

750 

825 

900 

■9E0QK9E 

eKS 

1.96 

3.92 

5.88 

7.85 

2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

2.04 

4.08 

6.12 

8.15 

2.08 

4.15 

6.23 

8.31 

2.12 

4.23 

6.35 

8.46 


2.15 

4.31 

6.46 

8.62 

2.19 

4.38 

6.58 

8.77 

2.23 

4.46 

6.69 

8.92 

2.27 

4.54 

6.81 

9.08 

2.3! 12.35 

4.6204.69 
6.92 0 7.04 
9.23 ■ 9.38 

2.38 

4.77 

7.15 

9.54 

2.4-2 

4.85 

7.27 

9.69 

2.46 

4.92 

7.38 

9.85 

2.5012.54 

5.0015.08 
7.50 ■ 7.62 
10.000)0.15 

2.58 

5.15 

7.73 

10.31 

2.62 

5.23 

7.85 

10.46 

2.65 

5.31 

7.96 

10.62 

2.69 

5.38 

8.08 

10.77 


2.73 

5.46 

8.19 

10.92 

2.77 

5.54 

8.31 

11.08 

2.81 

5.62 

8.42 

11.23 

2.85 

5.69 

8.54 

11.38 

2.88 

5.77 

8.65 

h.54 

9.81 

10.00 

10.19 

10.38 

10.58 

10.77 

10.96 

11.15 

11.35 

ll.540tl.73 

11.92 

12.12 

12.31 

12.50112.69 

ia.88 

1308 

13.27 

13.46 


13.65 

13.85 

14.04 

14.23 

14.42 

11.77 

13.73 

15.69 

17.65 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

18.00 

12.23 

14.27 

16.31 

18.35 

12.46 

14.54 

16.62 

18.69 

12.69 

14.81 

16.92 

19.04 

12.92 

15.08 

17.23 

19.38 

13.15 

15.35 

17.54 

19.73 

13.38 

15.62 

17.85 

20.08 

13.62 

15.88 

18.15 

20.42 

• 3.85 014.08 
16.15 016.42 
18.461(8.77 
20.77121.12 

14.3! 

16.69 

19.08 

21.46 

14.54 

16.96 

19.38 

21.81 

14.77 

17.23 

19.69 

22.15 

I5.00ll5.23 

I7.50l|7.77 

20.00020.31 

22.50022.85 

15.46 

18.04 

20.62 

23.19 

15.69 

18.31 

20.92 

23.54 

15.92 

18.58 

21.23 

23.88 

16.15 

18.85 

21.54 

24.23 


16.38 

19.12 

21.85 

24.58 

16.62 

19.38 

22.15 

24.92 

16.85 

13.65 

22.46 

25.27 

17.08 

19.92 

22.77 

25.62 

17.31 

20.13 

23.08 

25.96 


BO 

19.62 

20.00 

3038 

2077 

21.15 

II 

ia 

13 

14 

21.58 

23.54 

25.50 

27.46 

22.00 

24.00 

26.00 

28.00 

22.42 

24.46 

26.50 

28.54 

22.85 

24.92 

27.00 

29.08 

23.27 

25.38 

27.50 

29.62 

Id 

29.42 

30-00 

30.58 

31.15 

31.73 

16 

17 

18 
19 

31.38 

33.35 

35.31 

37.27 

32.00 

34.00 

36.00 

38.00 

32.62 

34.65 

36.69 

38.73 

33.23 

35.31 

37.38 

33-46 

33.85 

35.96 

38.08 

40.19 

mu 

2 0 

fckfrfr j 

21 

a* 

a3 

24 

41.19 

43.15 

45.12 

47.08 

42.00 

44.00 

46.00 

48.00 

42.81 

44.85 

46.88 

48.92 

43.62 

45.69 

47.77 

49.85 

44.42 

46.54 

48.65 

5*0.77 


4-9.04 

So.oo 

50.96 

51.92 

52.88 


21.54 

21.92 

22.31 

22.69 

23.08 


23.46 

23.85 

24.23 

24.62 

25.000 

25.38 

25.77 

26.15 

26.54 


27.3 1 

27.69 

28.08 

28.48 

28.85 

23.69 

25.85 

28.00 

30.15 

24.12 

26.31 

28.50 

30.69 

24.54 

26.77 

29.00 

31.23 

24.96 

27.23 

29.50 

31.77 

25.38 

27.69 

30.00 

32.31 


25.81 

28.15 

30.50 

32.85 

26.23 

28.62 

31.00 

33.38 

26.65 1 

29.08 

31.50 

33.92 

27.08 

29.54 

32.00 

34.46 

27.501 

30.001 

32.501 
35.000 

27.92 

30.46 

33.00 

35.54 

28.35 

30.92 

33.50 

36.08 

28.77 

31.38 

34.00 

36.63 

29.19 

31.85 

34.50 

37.15 

29.631 

32.311 
35.00 g 
37690 

30.04 

32.77 

35.50 

38.23 

30.46 

33.23 

36.00 

38.77 

30.88 

33.69 

36.50 

39.31 

31.31 

34.15 

37.00 

39.85 

31.73 

34.62 

37.50 

40.38 

32.31 

3288 

33.46 

34.04 

34.62 


35.19 

35.77 

36.35 

36.92 

37.501 

38.08 

38.65 

39.23 

39.81 

4-0.38 1 

40.96 

41-54 

42.12 

42.69 

43.2 7 

34.46 

36.62 

38.77 

41.92 

35.08 

37.27 

39.46 

41.65 

35.69 

37.92 

40.15 

42-38 

36.31 

38.58 

40.85 

43.12 

36.92 

39.23 

41.54 

43.85 


37.54 

39.88 

42.23 

44.58 

38.15 

40.54 

42.92 

45.31 

38.77 

41.19 

43.62 

46.04 

39.38 

41.85 

44.31 

46.77 

40.000 
42.500 
45.00 H 
47. SOB 

40.62 

43.15 

45.69 

48.23 

41.23 

43.81 

46.38 

48.96 

41.85 

44.46 

47.08 

49.69 

42.46 

45.12 

47.77 

50.42 

43.081 

45.77 B 
48461 
51.151 

43.69 

46.42 

49.15 

51.88 

44.31 

47.08 

43.85 

52.62 

44.32 

47.73 

50.54 

53.35 

45.54 

48.38 

51.23 

54.08 

46.15 

49.04 

51.92 

5481 


43.08 

43.85 

44.62 

45.38 

46.15 


46.92 

47.69 

4-8.46 

49.23 

50.00 


50.77 

51-54 

52.31 

53.08 

53.85 


54.62 

55.38 

56.15 

56.92 

57.69 

45.23 

47.38 

49.54 

51.69 

46.04 

48.23 

50.42 

52.62 

46.85 

49.08 

51.3! 

53.54 

47.65 

49.92 

52.19 

54.46 

48.46 

50.77 

53.08 

55.38 


49.27 

51.62 

53.96 

56.31 

50.08 

52.46 

54.85 

57.23 

50.88 

53.31 

55.73 

58.15 

51.69 

54.15 

56.62 

59.08 

52.50 

55.00 

57.50! 

60.00 

1 

53.31 

55.85 

58.38 

60.92 

54.12 

56.69 

59.27 

61.85 

54.92 

57.54 

60.15 

62.77 

55.73 

58.38 

61.04 

63.69 

56.54 

59.23 

61.92 

64.62 


57.35 

60.08 

62.81 

65.54 

58.15 

60.92 

63.69 

66.46 

58.96 

61.77 

64.58 

67.38 

59.77 

62.62 

65.46 

68.31 

60.58 

63.46 

66.35 

69.23 

53.85 

54.8 1 

55.77 

56.73 

57.69| 


58.65 

59.62 

60.58 

61.54 

62.50| 


63.46 

64.42 

65.38 

66.35 

67.31 

I 

68.27 

69.23 

70.19 

71.15 

72.12 


■ 76 

77 

78 

m m. 

79 


|*76 
■ 152 
1228 
1304 

#J7 

154 

231 

308 

*78 

156 
234 
312 

#79 

158 

237 

316 

#80 
160 
2 40 
320 


385 

390 

395 

4-00 

#4 56' 

■ 532 

■ 608 
■ 684 

462 

539 

616 

693 

468 

546 

624 

702 

474 

553 
632 
71 1 

480 

560 

640 

720 

1 O 



AMOUNT PER MONTH IN DOLLARS. 


OJEElEElIIEailEa EI3EaaEUEZEIEXa lUEILiraCZJEa EJaEaEOEEJCLliJ 


#81 

162 

243 

324 


#82 
I 64 
246 
328 


#83 

166 

249 

332 


#84 

168 

252 

336 


#85 
I 70| 
255 
340 


[#86 

172 

1258 

344 


#87 

174 

261 

348 


#88 

176 

264 

352 


#89 

178 

267 

356 


#90 
I 80 
270 
3601 


#91 

182 

273 

364 


#92 

184 

276 

368 


#93 

186 

279 

372 


405 4-IO 415 420 42504-30 435 4 40 445 4501455 460 465 


486 

567 

648 

729 


492 

574 

656 

738 


498 

581 

664 

747 


504 

588 

672 

756 


5IO 

59 5 
680 
765 


516 

602 

1688 

774 


522 

609 

696 

783 


760 

836 

912 


770 

847 

924 


790 

800| 

1810 

820 

830 

840 

850 

I860 

870 

869 

880 | 

I 89 1 

902 

913 

924 

935 

0946 

957 

948 

960 | 

1972 

984 

996 

1008 

J020 

11032 

1044 


528| 

616 

7041 

792 

M3 

880 

968 

1056 


534 

623 

712 

801 

890 

979 

1068 


540 

630 

720 

8lO| 

900 

990 

10801 


1910 

100 1 
11092 


920 

1012 

1104 


930 

1023 

1116 


#94 

188 

282 

376 

#95 

190 

285 

380 


#96 

192 

288 

384 

#97 

194 

291 

388 

4-70 

4-75 


4-80 

485 

564 

658 

752 

846 

STo' 

665 

760 

855 


576 

672 

768 

864 

582 

679 

776 

873 


#38 

196 

294 

392 


#99 

198 

297 

396 


#100 

200 

300 

400 


490 4-95 500 


940 
1034 
1128 


950 
1045 
11 401 


960 

1056 

1152 


970 
1067 
I 164 


980 
1078 
1176 


990 

1089 

1188 


1000 

IIOO 

1200 


12.92 

5.95 

8.77 

11.69 

2.96 

5.92 

8.88 

11.85 

3.00 

6.00 

9.00 

12.00 

3.04 

6.08 

9.12 

12.15 

3.08 

6.15 

9.23 

12.3! 

14.62 

14.81 

15.00 

15.19 

15.38 

17.54 

20.46 

23.38 

26.3! 

17.77 

20.73 

23.63 

26.65 

18.00 

21.00 

24.00 

27.00 

18.23 

21.27 

24.31 

27.35 

18.46 

21.54 

24.62 

27.63] 


3.12 

6.23 

9.35 

12.46 


3.15 

6.31 

9.46 

12.62 


18.63 

121.81 

24.92 

28.04 


18.92 

22.08 

25.23 

28.38 


19.15 

22.35 

25.54 

28.73 


19.38 

22.62 

25.85 

29.08 


3.31 

6.62 

9.92 

13.23 


19.62 

22.881 

26.151 

29.42 


19.85 

123.15 

26.46 

29.77 


3.35 

6.69 

10.04 

13.38 


20.08 

23.42 

26.77 

30.12 


3.38 

6.77 

10.15 

13-54 


20.31 

23.69 

27.08 

30.46 


3.42 

6.85 

10.27 

13.69 


20.54 

23.96 

27.38 

30.81 


3.46 

6.92 

10.38 

13.85 


3.50 

7.00 

110.50 

C4.00 


15.58 15.77 15.96 16.15 I6.35MI6.54 J6.73 16.92 17.13 >7.31017.50 17-69 17.88 18.08 18.27 10.46 18.65 18,85 >9.04 19.33 


20.77 

24.23 

27.691 

31.15 


21.00 

24.50 
28.00 

31.50 


3.54 

7.08 

10.62 

14.15 


21.23 

24.77 

28.3! 

31.85 


3.58 

7.15 

10.73 

14.31 


21.46 

25.04 

28.62 

32-19 


3.62 

7.23 

10.85 

14.46 


21.69 

25.3! 

28.92 

32.54 


3.65 

7.3! 

10.96 

14.62 


2!.92 

25.58 

29.23 

32.88 


3.69 

7.38 
f 1.08 

14.77 


22.15 

25.85 

29.54 

33.23 


3.73 

7.46 

1119 

14.92 


22.38 

26.12 

29.85 

33.58 


22.62 

26.38 

30.15 

33.92 


3 8! 

7.62 

11.42 

15.23 


22.85 

26.65 

30.46 

34.27 


3.85 

7.69 

11.54 

15.38 


23.08 

26.92 

30.77 

34.62 


DU 

29.33 

29.62 

30.00 

30.38 

30.77 

II 

ia 

15 

14 

32.15 

35.08 

38.00 

40.92 

32.58 

35.54 

38.50 

41.46 

33.00 

36.00 

39.00 

42.00 

33.42 

36.46 

39.50 

42.54 

33.85 

36.92 

40.00 

43.08 

id 

43.95 

44.42 

45.00 

45.58 

46.»5 

16 

17 

18 
83 

46.77 

49.69 

52.62 

55.54 

47.38 

50.35 

53.3! 

56.27 

48.00 

5 LOO 
54.00 
57.00 

48.62 

51.65 

54.69 

57.73 

49.23 

52.31 

55.38 

58.46 


15 31.54 31.92 32.31 32.69B33.08 33.46 33.85 34.23 34.62 035.00 35.38 35.7 7 36.15 36.54 36 . 92 37.3 t 37.69 38 08 38 46 


134.27 

37.38 
140.50 
43.62 


34.69 

37.85 
41.00 
44.! 5 


35.12 

38.3! 

41.50 

44.69 


49.85 

52.96 

56.08 

59.19 


50.46 

53.62 

56.77 

59.92 


51.08 

54.27 

57.46 

60.65 


35.54 

38.77 

42.00 

45.23 


5!.69 

54.92 

58.15 

61.38 


3596] 

39.23 

42.50 

45.77 


36.38 

39.69 

43.00 

46.3! 


52.3! 

55.581 

58.851 

62.12 


52.92 

56.23 

59.54 

62.85 


36.81 

40.15 

43.50 

46.85 


37.23 

40.62 

44.00 

47.38 


37.65 

4!.08 

44.50 

47.92 


38.08 

41.54 

45.00 

48.46 


38.50 

42.00 

45.50 
49.00 


46.73 47-31 ‘*7.88 1*8.46 49.04 049.62 50.19 50.77 51-35 5l-9»*B52.50 53.08 53.65 54.23 54.81 55.38 55.96 56.54 57 i2 57.69 


53.54 

56.88 

60.23 

63.58 


54.15 

57.54 

60.92 

64.31 


54.77 

58.19 

61.62 

65.04 


55.38 

58.85 

62.31 

65.77 


56.00 

59.50 

63.00 


38.92 

42.46 

46.00 

49.54 


39.35 

42.92 

46.50 

50.08 


56.62 

60.15 

63.69 


57.23 

60.81 

64.38 


39.77 

43.38 

47.00 

50.62 


57.85 

61.46 

65.08 

68.69 


40.19 

43.85 

47.50 

51.15 


58.46 

62.12 

65.77 

69.42 


40.62 

44.31 
48.00 
51 69 


59.08 

62.77 

66.46 

70.15 


41.04 

44.77 

48.50 

52.23 


59 69 

63.42 

67.15 

70.88 


4i 46 

45.23 

43.00 

52.77 


41.88 

45 69 

49.50 

53.31 


42.31 

46.15 

50.00 

53.85 


60 31 
64.08 
67.85 
7l 62 


60.92 

64.73 

68.54 

72.35 


61.54 

65.38 

69.23 

73.08 


158.46159.23 |6Q.OOl6O.77l6l.54062-3l |63.O8l63.85l64.62l65.38 066J5 166-92 l67.69T68.4 6|69.23 


A I 161.38 
09 064.31 
05 167.23 
Ot* 070.15 


62.19 

65.15 

68.12 

71.08 


63.00 

66.00 

69.00 

72.00 


63.81 

66.85 

69.88 

72.92 


64.62 

67.69 

70.77 

73-85 


65.42 

I68.S4 

71.65 

174.77 


66.23 

69.38 

72.54 

75.69 


67.04 

70.23 

73.42 

76.62 


67.85 

71.08 

74.31 

77.54 


68.65169.46 

71.92172.77 

75.19176.08 

78.46l79.38 


70.27 

73.62 

76.96 

80.31 


71.08 

7446 

77.85 

8!.23 


71.88 

75.31 

78.73 

82.15 


72.69 

76.15 

79.62 

83.08 


\7X08 74.04 75.00 75.96 76.92l77.88 78.85 79.81 80.77 8l.73l82.69 83,65 84.62|85.58|86.54 




9 O 

70.00 

70.77 

71.54 

72.31 

73.081 

73.85 

74 62 

75.38 

76 >5 

76 90 

73.50 

77.00 

80.50 
84.00 

74.31 

77.85 

81.38 

84.92 

75.12 

78.69 

8227 

85.85 

75.92 

79.54 

83.15 

86.77 

76.73 0 

80.380 
84.04 0 
87.691 

77.54 

8123 
84.92 
88 62 

78 35 

82 08 
85 81 
89 54 

79 >5 

82 92 
86.69 
9046 

79.96 

83 77 
8758 
3i 38 

80.77 

84 62 
8846 
92.31 

87.50 

88.46 

89.42 

90.38 

91.350 

92 31 

93 2 7 

94.23 

95.19 

96.15 































































































































































































































































































































MONTH-RATE WAGES TABLE. 


■ * M 

O 

N 

T 

w 

s 

13 


_ 


HMOUIS 

T PBR MC 

iNTH IN DOLLARS. 



Mon. 

am 

10 a 

103 

IQtf 

105 

rm 

107 

108 

109 

rm 

III 

11 a 

113 

IIM- 

IIS 

116 

117 

IIS 

119 

ISO 


iaa 

l« 

ia«f 

ias 

1 

a 

3 

*1 01 

202 

303 

404 

*102 

204 

306 

408 

#103 

206 

309 

412 

H04 

208 

312 

416 

#105 

210 

315 

420 

#106 
212 
3 18 
424 

#107 

214 

321 

428 

#108 

216 

324 

432 

#109 

218 

327 

436 

#110 
220 

330 

440 

#111 

222 

333 

444 

t ns 

224 

336 

448 

#113 

226 

339 

452 

#114 

228 

342 

456 

#115 

230 

345 

460 

#116 
232 
3 48 
464 

#117 

234 

351 

468 

#116 

236 

354 

472 

#119 

238 

357 

476 

#120 

240 

360 

480 

#121 

242 

363 

484 

#122 

244 
3 66 
488 

#123 

246 

369 

492 

#124 

248 

372 

496 

#125 

250 

375 

500 


505 

510 

515 

520 

525 

530 

535 

540 

545 

550 

555 

560 

565 

570 

575 

580 

585 

590 

595 

600 

605 

6IO 

615 

620 

625 

fe 

7 

8 
9 

606 

707 

808 

909 

612 

714- 

816 

918 

618 

721 

824 

927 

624 

728 

832 

936 

630 

735 

840 

945 

636 

742 

848 

954 

642 

749 

856 

963 

6 48 
756 
864 
972 

654 

763 

872 

981 

6 60 
770 
880 
990 

666 

777 

888 

999 

672 

784 

896 

1008 

678 

791 

904- 

1017 

684 

798 

9(2 

1026 

690 

805 

920 

1035 

696 

812 

928 

1044 

702 

819 

936 

1053 

708 

826 

944 

1062 

714 

833 

952 

1071 

720 

a 40 
960 
1080 

726 

847 

968 

1089 

732 

854 

976 

1098 

73 a 

861 

984 

1107 

744 

868 

992 

1116 

75 O 

875 

1000 

1 125 







HBBHHLEJ 

BsSSSSi 

10 

1 1 

IYr. 

1010 

11 n 

|iai2 

1020 

1122 

1224 

1030 

1133 

1236 

1040 

1144 

1248 

10501 

11551 

I260l 

11060 

1 166 
1272 

1070 

1177 

1284 

1080 
II 88 
1296 

1090 

1 199 
1308 

noq 

1210 

1320 

in 10 

1 1221 

11332 

1120 
1232 
1344 

1130 

1243 

1356 

1140 

1254 

1368 

1150 

1265 

I380| 

1160 

1276 

|l392 

1170 
1287 
1404 

1180 

1298 

1416 

1190 

1309 

1428 

1200 

1320 

I440| 

1210 

1331 

Il453 

1220 

1342 

1464 

1230 

1353 

1476 

1240 

1364 

1488 

1250 

1375 

1500 

Days 


mg - igm 


1 

a 

3 

M- 

3.88 

7.77 

11.65 

15.54 

3.92 

7.85 

11.77 

15.69 

3.96 

7.92 

11.88 

15.85 

4.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

4.04 

9.08 

12.12 

16.15 

4.08 

8.15 

12.23 

16.31 

4.12 

8.23 

12.35 

16.46 

4.15 

8.31 

12.46 

16.62 

4.19 

8.38 

12.58 

16.77 

4.23 

8.46 

12.69 

16.92 

4.27 

8.54 

12.81 

17.08 

4.31 

8.62 

12.92 

17.23 

4.35 

8.69 

13.04 

(7.38 

4.38 

8.77 

13.15 

17.54 

4.42 

8.85 

13.27 

17.69 

4.46 

8.92 

13.38 

17.85 

4.50 

9.00 

13.50 
18.00 

4.54 

9.08 

13.62 

18.15 

4.58 

9.15 

13.73 

18.31 

4.62 

9.23 

13.85 

18.46 

4.65 

9.31 

13.96 

18.62 

4.69 

9.38 
14.08 
18.7 7 

4.73 

9.46 

14.19 

18.92 

4.77 

9.54 

14.31 

19.08 

[4.81 

9.62 

14.42 

19.23 

5 

19.42 

19.62 

19-81 

20.00 

ao.ts 

Q0.38 

ao.58 

20.77 

20.96 

2M5 

21.35 

91.54- 

21.73 

2 1 . 9 a 

22.12 

22.31 

22.50 

22.69 

aa.88 

23.08 

23.27 

23.46 

23.65 

23.85 

24.04 

6 

7 

a 

9 

23.31 

27.19 

31.08 

34.96 

23.54 

27.46 

31.38 

35.31 

23.77 

27.73 

31.69 

35.65 

24.00 

28.00 

32.00 

36.00 

24.23 

28.77 

32.31 

36.35 

24.46 

28.54 

32.62 

36.69 

24.69 

28.81 

32.92 

37.04 

24.92 

29.08 

33.23 

37.38 

25.15 

29.35 

33.54 

37.73 

25.38 

29.62 

33.85 

38.08 

25.62 

29.88 

34.15 

38.42 

25.85 

30.15 

34.46 

38.77 

26.08 

30.42 

34.77 

39.12 

26.31 

30.69 

35.08 

3946 

26.54 

30.96 

35.38 

39.81 

26.77 

31.23 

35.69 

40.15 

27.00 

31.50 
36.00 

40.50 

27.23 

31.77 

36.31 

40.85 

27.46 

32.04 

36.62 

41.19 

27.69 

32.31 

36.92 

41.54 

27.92 

32.58 

37.23 

41-88 

28.15 

32.85 

37.54 

42.23 

28.38 

33.12 

37.85 

42.58 

28.62 

33.3S 

38.15 

42.92 

28.85 

33.65 

38.46 

43.27 


38.85 39.03 39.63 40.00 14-0.39 40.77 m.15 <41.54 41.93 m- 3.3 ) B42.69 43.08 if?. 1 46 43.85 44.23 H44.b'2 45.00 45.39 45.77 4 6.15 B46.S4 46.93 47.31 47.69 *8.08 


142.73 

146.62 

150.50 

154.38 


43.15 

4-7.08 

51.00 

S4.92 


43.58 

47.54 

51.50 

55.46 


44.00 

48.00 

52.00 

56.00 


44.42 

48.46 

5250 

5654 


44.85 

48.92 

53.00 

57.08 


45.69 

49.85 

54.00 

58.15 


46.12 

50.31 

54.50 

58.69 


4 6.541 

50.77 

65.00| 

59.23 


146.96 

(51.23 

155.50 

159.77 


47.38 

51.69 

56.00 

60.31 


47.81 
52.15 : 
56.50 : 

60.85 


48.651 

53.088 

57.501 

61.921 


>9.08 

53.54 

58.00 

62.46 


49.50 

54.00 

58.50 
63.00 


49.92 

54.46 

59.00 

63.54 


50.35 

54.92 

59.50 

64.03 


50.77 

55.381 
60.001 
64.62] 


151.19 

155.85 

160.50 

65.15 


51.62 

56.31 

61.00 

65.69 


52.04 

56.77 

61.50 

66.23 


52.46 

57.23 

62.00 

66.77 


52.88 

57.69 

62.50 

67.31 


IS S5837 58.85 59.42 60.00 60.58 61.15 61.73 62.31 62.88 63.46B64.04 64.62 65.19 65.77 66.35(166.92 67.50 68.08 68.65 69.23l69.8l 70.38 70.96 71.54 72.12 


162.15 

166.04 

169.92 

I73.BI 


62.77 

66.69 

70.62 

74.54 


63.38 

67.35 

71.31 

75.27 


64.00 

68.00 

72.00 

76.00 


6462 

68.65 

72.69 

76.73 


65.23 

69.31 

73.38 

77.46 


65.85 

69.96 

74.08 

78.19 


67.08 

71.27 

75.46 

79.65 


67.691 

71.921 

76.15 

80.38 


,.68.31 
|72.58 
76.85 
81.12 


68.92 

73.23 

77.54 

81.85 


69.54 

73.88 

78.23 

82.58 


70.15 

74.54 

78.92 

83.31 


70.771 

75.19 [ 
79.621 

8f.04| 


72.00 

76.50 

81.00 

85.50 


72.62 

77.15 

81.69 

86.23 


73.23 

77.81 

82.38 

86.96 


73.851 

78.461 

83.081 

87.691 


74.46 

79.12 

83.77 

88.42 


75.08 

79.77 

84.46 

89.15 


75.69 

80.42 

85.15 

89.88 


76.31 

81.08 

85.85 

90.62 


76.92 

81 .73 
86 .54 
91.35 


77.69178.46179-23180.00180.77 B 81.5 4182.31183.08|83.85|84.62 ■ 85.38|8S.I5|86.92|87.69|88.46H89.23190.00 |90.77l9l.54T92.3l I93.081.q3.85194.62 [95.38|96.I5 


81.59 

85.46 

89.35 

93,23 


82.38 

86.31 

9423 

94.15 


83.19 

87.15 

91.12 

95.08 


84.00 

88.00 

92.00 

96.00 


8W1 

88.851 
92.88 i 
96.92 f 


185.62 

88.69 

93.77 

197.85 


86.42 

90.54 

94.65 

98.77 


87.23 

91.38 

95.54 

99.69 


88.04 

92.23 

96.42 

100.62 


88.851 
93.081 
97.31 [ 
101.541 


[89.65 

j 93.32 
198.19 
I 102.46 


90.46 

94.77 

99.08 

103.38 


9L27 

95.62 

99.96 

104.31 


92.08 

96.46 

100.85 

105.23 


92.88S33.69 

97.31198.15 
101.73 il02.62 

106.15 B 107.08 


94.50 
99.00 

103.50 
108.00 


95.31 

99.85 

104.38 

108.92 


96.12 

100.69 

105.27 

109.85 


96.92H97.73 

IOI.54B|0238 

I06.l5ll07.04 

HO.77Sm.69 


98.54 

103.23 

107.92 

112.62 


99.35 

104.08 

108.81 

113.59 


100.15 

104.92 

109.69 

114.46 


100.96 

105.77 

110.58 

(15.38 


97.12 98.08 99.04 100.00 IOO.96BlOl.92 IQ2 88 103.85 104.81 IOS.77BlQ6.73 107.69 108.65 103.62 I I0.58HI 1 1.54 H2.50 113.46 114.42 II5.38SI 16.35 117.31 118.27 n8.23liao.i9 


* M O N T M S <» 


MMOUIN 


T PBR MONTH IN DOLLARS 


Mon. 

130 

135 

IM 

IM-5 

150 

155 

160 

165 

170 

175 

180 

185 

190 

195 



aio 

ai5 

aao 



335 

a«#o 

a<+5 

1 

850 

“T 

# 1 30 

#135 

#140 

#145 

#150 

#155 

#160 

#165 

#170 

#175 

#180 

#185 

#190 

#195 

#200 

#205 

#210 

#215 

#220 

#225 

#230 

#235 

#240 

#245 

#250 

a 

260 

270 

280 

290 

300 

310 

320 

330 

340 

350 

360 

370 

380 

390 

400 

410 

420 

430 

440 

450 

460 

470 

480 

490 

500 

3 

390 

405 

420 

435 

450 

465 

480 

495 

510 

525 

540 

555 

570 

585 

600 

615 

630 

645 

660 

675 

690 

705 

720 

735 

750 

* 

520 

540 

560 

580 

600 

620 

640 

660 

680 

700 

720 

740 

760 

780 

800 

320 

840 

860 

880 

900 

920 

940 

960 

980 

IOOO 

=» 

650 

675 

700 

725 

750 

775 

800 

805 

050 

875 

900 

925 

350 

975 

IOOO 

102.5 

1050 

1075 

1 1 OO 

1 1 25 

1 150 

1 175 

12 00 

1225 

1250 

6 

780 

810 

840 

870 

900 

930 

960 

990 

1020 

1050 

1080 

1110 

1140 

1170 

1200 

1230 

1260 

1290 

1320 

1350 

1380 

1410 

1440 

1470 

1500 

7 

910 

945 

980 

1015 

1050 

1085 

1120 

1155 

1190 

1225 

1260 

1295 

1330 

1365 

1400 

1435 

1470 

1505 

1540 

1575 

1610 

1645 

1680 

1715 

(750 

8 

1040 

1080 

1120 

1160 

1200 

1240 

1280 

1320 

I960 

1400 

1440 

1480 

1520 

1560 

1600 

1640 

1680 

1720 

1760 

1800 

1840 

1880 

1920 

I960 

2000 

9 

1 no 

1215 

1260 

1305 

1350 

1395 

1440 

1485 

1530 

1575 

1620 

1665 

I7IO 

1755 

1800 

1845 

1890 

1935 

1980 

2025 

2070 

21 15 

2160 

2205 

2250 




1 O 

■Hi 

QH9 


■h 

1 O 

m 

■BHH 

|H| 

ns 

1 0 

■BH 

BBfl 

■hb 

urn 

HE] 

BHs 

bbbh 

HBH 

sm 

1 O 


1 

IO 

1300 

1350 

1400 

1450 

15001 

11550 

1600 

1650 

1700 

1750 I 

11 800 

1850 

1900 

1950 

2000 I 

I 2050 

2100 

2150 

2200 

22501 

12300 

2350 

2400 

2450 

2500 

11 

1430 

1485 

1540 

1595 

1650 1 

■ 1705 

1760 

1815 

1870 

19251 

11980 

2035 

2090 

2145 

22001 

12255 

2310 

2365 

2420 

24751 

I 2530 

2585 

2640 

2695 

2750 

IYr. 

1560; 

1620 

1680 

1740 

18001 

Il860 

1920 

1980 

2040 

21001 

|ai60 

2220 

2280 

2340 

2400| 

|2460 

2520 

2580 

2640 

2700| 

12760 

2820 

2880 

2940 

3000 

Days 









OS 

M'—~ 


rzym 

HE5 



m 










1 

5.00 

5.19 

5.38 

5.58 

5.77 

5.96 

6.15 

6.35 

6.54 

6.73 

6.92 

7.12 

7.31 

7.50 

7.69 

7.88 

8.08 

8.27 

8.46 

8-65 

8.85 

9.04 

9.23 

9.42 

9.62 

a 

10.00 

10.38 

10.77 

11.15 

11.54 

11.92 

12.31 

12.69 

13.08 

13.46 

13.85 

14.23 

14.62 

15.00 

15.38 

15.77 

16.15 

16.54 

16.92 

17.31 

17.69 

18.08 

18.4 6 

18.85 

19.23 

3 

15.00 

15.58 

16.15 

16.73 

17.31 

17.88 

18.46 

19.04 

19.62 

20.19 

20.77 

21.35 

21.92 

22.50 

23.08 

23.65 

24.23 

24.81 

25.38 

25.96 

26.54 

27.12 

27.69 

28.27 

28.85 

4 

20.00 

20.77 

21.54 

22.31 

23.08 

23.85 

24.62 

25.38 

26.15 

26.92 

27.69 

28.46 

29.23 

30.00 

30.77 

31.54 

32.31 

33.08 

33.85 

34.62 

35-38 

36.15 

36.92 

37.69 

38.46 

5 

25.00 

25.96 

26.92 

27.88 

28.85 

29.81 

30.77 

31.73 

32.69 

33.65 

34.62 

35.58 

36.54 

37.50 

38.46 

39.«+a 

»+0.38 

41.35 

42.31 

43.27 

44.23 

f5.l9 

46.15 

4-7.13 

4 8.08 

6 

30.00 

31.15 

32.31 

33.46 

34.62 

35.77 

36.92 

38.08 

39.23 

4 0.38 

41.54 

42.69 

43.85 

45.00 

46.15 

47.31 

48.46 

49.62 

50.77 

51.92 

53.08 

54.23 

55.38 

56.54 

57.69 

7 

35.00 

36.35 

37.69 

39.04 

40.38 

41.73 

43.08 

44.42 

45.77 

47.12 

48.46 

49.81 

51.15 

52.50 

53.85 

55.19 

56.54 

57.88 

59.23 

60.58 

61.92 

63.27 

64.62 

65.96 

67.31 

0 

40.00 

41.54 

43.08 

44.62 

46.15 

47.69 

49.23 

50.77 

52.31 

53.85 

55.38 

56.92 

58.46 

60,00 

61.54 

63.08 

64.62 

66.15 

67.69 

69.23 

70.77 

72.31 

73.95 

75.38 

76.92 

9 

45.00 

46.73 

48.46 

50.19 

51.92 

53.65 

55.38 

57.12 

58.85 

60.58 

62.31 

64.04 

65.77 

67.50 

69.23 

70.96 

72.69 

74.42 

76.15 

77.88 

79.62 

81.35 

83.08 

84.81 

86.54 

L _ 



1 O 





1 O 





1 O 




■hi 

1 O 

BH9 

Hflfl 

Ina 

3HB 

1 O 



IO 

50.00 

5,1.92 

53.85 

55.77 

57.69 

59.62 

61.54 

63.46 

65.38 

67.31 

69.23 

71.15 

73.08 

75.00 

76.92 

,'8.85 

80.77 

82.69 

84.62 

86 :,y 

88.461 

90.38 

92.31 

94.23 

96.15 

11 

55.00 

57.12 

59.23 

6T55 

63.46 

65.58 

67.69 

69.81 

71.92 

74.04 

76.15 

78.27 

80.38 

82.50 

84.62 

86.73 

88.85 

90.96 

93.08 

95.19 

97.31 

99.42 

101.54 

103.65 

105.77 

ia 

60.00 

62.31 

64.62 

66.92 

69.23 

71.54 

73.85 

76.15 

78.46 

80.77 

83.08 

85.38 

87.63 

90.00 

92.31 

94.62 

96.92 

99.23 

101.54 

103.85 

106.15 

108.46 

110.77 

113.08 

H5.38 

■ 3 

65.00 

67.50 

70.00 

72.50 

75.00 

77.50 

80.00 

82.50 

85.00 

87.50 

90.00 

92.50 

95.00 

97.50 

100.00 

102.50 

105.00 

107.50 

110.00 

112.50 

115.00 

117.50 

120.00 

122.50 

125.00 

14 

70.00 

72.69 

75.38 

78.08 

80.77 

8346 

86.15 

88.85 

91.54 

94.23 

96.92 

99.62 

102.31 

105.00 

107.69 

110.38 

113.08 

115.77 

118.46 

121.15 

123.85 

126.54 

129,23 

131.92 

134.62 

15 

75 00 

77.88 

80.77 

83.65 

86.54 

89.42 

92.31 

95.19 

98.08 

100.96 

103.85 

106.73 

109.62 

112.50 

115.38 

118.27 

121.15 

124,04 

126.92 

129.81 

132.69 

135.58 

138.46 

141.35 

144.23 

16 

80,00 

83.08 

86.15 

89.23 

9231 

95.38 

98.^6 

101.54 

104.62 

107.69 

110.77 

113.85 

116.92 

120.00 

123.08 

126.15 

129.23 

132.31 

135.38 

138.46 

141.54 

144.62 

147.69 

150.77 

153.85 

17 

85.00 

88.27 

91.54 

94.81 

98.08 

101.35 

104.62 

107.88 

III. IS 

114.42 

117.63 

120.96 

124.23 

127.50 

130.77 

134.04 

137.31 

140.58 

143.85 

147.12 

150.38 

153.65 

156.92 

160.19 

163.46 

18 

90.00 

93.46 

96.92 

100.38 

103.85 

107.31 

110.77 

114.23 

117.69 

121.15 

124.62 

128.08 

131.54 

135.00 

138.46 

141.92 

145.38. 

148.85 

152.31 

155.77 

159.23 

162.69 

166.15 

169,62 

173.08 

19 

95.C 

98.65 

102.31 

105.96 

109.62 

113.57 

116.9^ 

120.58 

124.23 

197.88 

131.54 

135.19 

138.85 

143.50 

146.15 

149.81 

153.46 

157.12 

160.77 

1^642 

168M 

171.73 

175.38 

179.04 

182.69 


m 

m 

OE 

BBfll 

■SB 


■M 

zxn 

m 

HH031 

m 


EMU 


HBH 

I^BEi 


7^ . 1 




m 





100.00 

103.85 

107.69 

111.54 

115.38 

119.23 

153.08 

n 6.92 

130.77 

134.62 

138.46' 

142.31 

IV6.I5 

150.00 

153 85 

157 t.'j 

161.54 

165.38 

169.23 

1 13 OK 

IK,, 'll 

180.77 

184.62 

188.46 

192.31 

.21 1 

105.00 

109.04 

113.08 

117.12 

121.15 

125.19 

129.23 

133.27 

137.31 

141.35 

145.38, 

149.42 

153.46 

157.50 

161.54 

165.58 

169.62 

173.65 

177.63 

181.73 

185.77 

189.81 

193.85 

137.88 

201.92 

22 1 

110.00 

,114.23 

118.46 

122X9 

126.92 

131.15 

135.38 

139.62 

I43.8S 

148.08 

152.31 

156.54 

160.77 

165.00 

169,23 

173.46 

177 £9 

181.92 

186.15 

130.38 

194.62 

198.85 

203.08 

207.31 

211.54 

23 1 

115.00 

119.42 

123.85 

128.27 

132.69 

137.12 

141.54 

145.96 

150.38 

154.81 

153.23 

163.65 

168.08 

17250 

176.92 

181.35 

185.77 

190.19 

194.62 

139X4 

203.46 

207.88 

212.31 

216.73 

221.15 

24 | 

120.00 

124.62 

129.23 

133.85 

138.46 

143.08 

147.69 

152.31 

156.92 

161.54 

166.15 

170.77 

175.38 

180.00 

184.62 

189.23 

193.85 

198.46 

203.08 

207.69 

212-31 

216.92 

221.54 

226.15 

230.77 

asj 

125.00 

129.81 

134.62 

139.42 

144.23 

149.04 

153.85 

158.65 

163.46 

168.27 

I73.08[ 

177.88 

182.69 

187.50 

192.31 

197.12 

201.92 

206.73 

211.54 

216.35 

221.15 

225.96 

230.77 

235.58 

240.38 


26 
















































































































































































































































































































?> TWlll GMTT\BLE. 



Showing the beginning and end 0 / twilight for *he first,eleventh,and twenty-first dags of every month, as seen 
on the parallels of 27°3Q°33°36,°39°42?45°and48°north latitude,and by estimation,will serve equally well tor adjacent points- 













L / 

\ 

T 

1 

T U O 


E. 








Months. 

a 7 0 


30° 



33° 

36° 

39° 

4-»° 

45° 

4-8° 

Begins 

A.M. 

Ends 

P.M. 

Begins 

A.M. 

Ends 

P.M. 

Begins 

A.M. 

Ends 

P.M. 

Begins 

A.M. 

Ends 

P. M. 

Begins 

A.M. 

Ends 

P.M. 

Begins 

A.M. 

Ends 

P.M. 

Begins 

A.M. 

Ends 

P.M. 

Begins 

A.M. 

Ends 

P. M. 


h 

m 

h 

m 

h 

m 

h 

m 

h 

m 

h m 

h 

m 

h m 

h m 

h m 

h 

nr 

H m 

H 

m 

h 

m 

H m 

h m 

JA.N. 1 

5 

28 

6 

45 

5 

33 

6 

37 

5 

38 

6 33 

5 

40 

6 28 

5 43 

6 24 

5 

48 

6 21 

5 

53 

6 

10 

5 58 

6 0 

,, II 

5 

27 

6 

50 

5 

30 

6 

45 

5 

36 

6 40 

5 

39 

6 34 

5 42 

6 32 

5 

45 

6 30 

5 

50 

6 

18 

5 52 

6 12 

»» 21 

5 

24 

6 

54 

5 

28 

6 

51 

5 

33 

6 47 

5 

37 

6 43 

5 40 

6 41 

5 41 

6 39 

5 

45 

6 

31 

5 47 

6 24 | 

F^B. 1 

5 

22 

7 

0 

5 

26 

6 

59 

5 

30 

6 57 

5 

32 

6 54 

5 35 

6 52 

5 

37 

6 50 

5 

39 

6 39 

5 42 

6 36 

•, 1 1 

5 

20 

7 

8 

5 

22 

7 

6 

5 

24 

7 7 

5 

25 

7 4 

5 26 

7 2 

5 

27 

7 0 

5 

35 

6 45 

5 36 

6 48 | 

»> 21 

5 

16 

7 

14 

5 

16 

7 

13 

5 

15 

7 13 

5 

15 

7 12 

5 15 

7 1 1 

5 

17 

7 9 

5 

31 

7 

6 

5 15 

7 0 \ 

1 m 1 

5 

8 

7 

18 

5 

7 

7 

18 

5 

6 

7 19 

5 

5 

7 20 

5 4 

7 21 

5 

2 

7 23 

4 

58 

7 

25 

4 48 

7 27 | 

,, 11 

5 

0 

7 

22 

4 

57 

7 

24 

4 

53 

7 27 

4 

51 

7 29 

4 49 

7 31 

4 

46 

7 35 

4 

43 

7 

37 

4 22 

7 39 | 

,, 21 

4 

50 

7 

27 

4 

46 

7 

31 

4 

41 

7 35 

4 

38 

7 38 

4 33 

7 42 

4 

27 

7 47 

4 

21 

7 

50 

4 15 

7 54 | 

aph. 1 

4 

37 

7 

32 

4 29 

7 

37 

4 

24 

7 43 

4 

19 

7 48 

4 14 

7 54 

4 

6 

8 2 

3 

52 

8 

8 

3 45 

6 15 | 

..11 

4 

25 

7 40 

4 

18 

7 

46 

4 

10 

7 52 

4 

3 

7 59 

3 56 

8 7 

3 

46 

8 16 

3 

3 1 

8 

29 

3 18 

8 42 

.. 21 

4 

15 

7 

48 

4 

5 

7 

57 

3 

55 

8 2 

3 

47 

8 12 

3 37 

8 20 

3 

25 

8 32 

3 

13 

8 

47 

3 56 

9 4 8 

NVft 1 

4 

0 

8 

0 

3 

51 

8 

6 

3 

42 

8 12 

3 

31 

8 22 

3 21 

8 33 

3 

6 

8 48 

2 

53 

9 

7 

2 35 

9 17 8 

,, 1 ! 

3 

45 

8 

1 1 

3 

37 

8 

17 

3 

30 

8 22 

3 

17 

8 33 

3 5 

8 45 

2 47 

9 6 

2 

29 

9 

31 

2 6 

9 54 8 

.. 

3 

30 

8 

21 

3 

26 

8 

28 

3 

21 

8 35 

3 

7 

8 44 

2 52 

8 57 

2 

31 

9 23 

2 

8 

9 

52 

1 34 

10 26 8 

jWe 1 

3 

21 

8 

32 

3 

17 

8 

37 

3 

13 

8 43 

2 

57 

9 0 

2 41 

9 14 

2 

n 

9 38 

1 

49 

10 

18 

1 9 

10 51 

. . 11 

3 

17 

8 

41 

3 

13 

8 

45 

3 

10 

8 51 

2 

50 

9 1 1 

2 36 

9 21 

2 

13 

9 51 

1 

39 

10 

30 

12 24 

II 36 


3 

15 

8 

44 

3 

1 1 

8 

49 

3 

8 

8 54 

2 

45 

9 22 

2 38 

9 28 

2 

8 

9 55 

1 

34 

10 

50 

12 10 

II 50 

jliLY 1 

3 

21 

8 

42. 

3 

13 

8 

47 

3 

13 

8 51 

2 

57 

9 5 

2 40 

9 25 

2 

14 

9 50 

1 

39 

10 

37 

12 28 

II 27 

.,11 

3 

30 

8 

37 

3 

19 

8 

44 

3 

20 

8 48 

3 

7 

9 0 

2 50 

9 19 

2 

24 

9 42 

1 

49 

10 

16 

1 0 

10 43 

,, 11 

3 

42 

8 

27 

3 

33 

8 

38 

3 

29 

8 41 

3 

15 

8 52 

3 0 

9 9 

2 39 

9 29 

2 

a 

S 

58 

l 25 

10 21 

AJjg. 1 

3 

55 

8 

14 

3 

47 

8 

21 

3 

40 

8 30 

3 

27 

8 43 

3 15 

8 57 

2 

57 

9 16 

2 

18 

9 

42 

1 50 

10 9 

,, 11 

4 

10 

8 

0 

3 

0 

8 

10 

3 

50 

8 19 

3 

40 

8 29 

3 29 

8 41 

3 

13 

8 57 

2 

36 

9 

22 

2 12 

9 49 

,, 21 

4 

16 

7 

45 

4 

6 

7 

57 

3 

59 

8 7 

3 

51 

8 15 

3 41 

8 22 

3 

28 

8 35 

2 

59 

9 

0 

2 34 

9 20 

S^P. 1 

4 

20 

7 

3 1 

4 

14 

7 

41 

4 

9 

7 51 

4 

2 

7 58 

3 55 

8 4 

3 45 

8 14 

3 

24 

8 

35 

3 5 

8 51 

, . 11 

4 

25 

7 22 

4 

20 

7 

30 

4 

15 

7 36 

4 

1 1 

7 40 

4 7 

7 46 

3 

59 

7 54 

3 

50 

8 

10 

3 32 

8 25 

,, 21 

4 

29 

7 

15 

4 

26 

7 

17 

4 22 

7 20 

4 

20 

7 25 

4 17 

7 28 

4 

12 

7 37 

4 

5 

7 

48 

3 50 

8 7 

OCT. 1 

4- 

36 

7 

8 

4 

33 

7 

9 

4 

31 

7 10 

4 

29 

7 1 1 

4 27 

7 12 

4 

24 

7 15 

4 

20 

7 

30 

4 12 

7 46 

,, || 

4 

40 

7 

0 

4 

39 

6 

57 

4 

39 

6 54 

4 

38, 

6 55 

4 37 

6 56 

4 

35 

6 58 

4 

30 

7 

19 

4 26 

7 34 

21 

4 

47 

6 

46 

4 

46 

6 

45 

4 46 

6 43 

4 

45 

6 47 

4 45 

6 50 

4 

44 

6 52 

4 

41 

7 

3 

4 38 

7 22 

NoY 1 

4 

52 

6 

37 

4 

53 

6 

35 

4 

54 

6 33 

4 

55 

6 31 

4 57 

6 35 

4 

58 

6 39 

5 

0 

6 49 

5 2 

7 II 

,, 11 

5 

0 

6 

30 

5 

1 

6 

28 

5 

2 

6 26 

5 

5 

6 23 

5 7 

6 21 

5 

9 

6 19 

5 

13 

6 39 

5 16 

7 0 

,, 21 

5 

5 

6 

28 

5 

7 

6 

25 

5 

10 

6 22 

5 

13 

6 19 

5 16 

6 16 

5 

20 

6 12 

5 

30 

6 

30 

5 32 

7 48 

D£c. 1 

5 

10 

6 

26 

5 

13 

6 

23 

5 

17 

6 21 

5 

21 

6 17 

5 25 

6 14 

5 

29 

6 It 

5 

37 

6 

25 

5 44 

6 37 

,, 11 

5 

1 5 

6 24 

5 

20 

6 

22 

5 

25 

6 20 

5 

29 

6 15 

5 33 

6 12 

5 

38 

6 10 

5 

44 

6 

20 

5 48 

6 24 

;; 21 

5 

20 

6 

23 

5 

26 

6 

20 

5 

31 

6 19 

5 

36 

6 13 

5 39 

6 10 

5 44 

6 9 

5 

48 

6 

15 

5 53 

6 12 



yaaaaaaaaaacjaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 

'WEftjHER'WlSDOIA. 


iaaa«aaaaaaaa 




Weather is the condition 0 /the at¬ 
mosphere at any time and place with 
respect chiefly to its temperature,hu¬ 
midity, clearness or cloudiness, ram, 
fog, or snow, and wind. 

Barometer.- In prognosticating 
the weather by the barometer, notice 
whether it be greatly above or below the 
mean height, and the rapidity of its rise 
or fall. Higher and steady, foretells coir 
tinued fair weather.Lower andfalling, 
rain,or damp cloudy weather.Rapio 
rise or fall, continued unsettled weath¬ 
er and much wind. 

Clouds.— Clouds are distinguished by 
their textures, motions, and outlines. 
The cmw», or “mare’s tails,” appear at 
a greater elevation than other forms, 
and are marked by their light texture, 
fibrous and sundered,or interlacing 
as in the far-spreading white cloud which 
produces the halo.Small, regularly 


formed groups of these clouds are fre 
quently seen in fair and settled weath¬ 
er. The cirri are also the clouds on the 
fore-part of the storm, where they are us¬ 
ually more abundant, very ragged, and 
generally blend into a white, far-reaching 
cloud-ban U. The cwwwvXw.s, "thun der- 
heads,” or"cotton bales,” are of a 
hemispherical form,with horizontal 
base. When they appear in the heat of the 
day and pass away in the evening,they 
foretell continued fair weather. If they in¬ 
crease rapidly, sink into the lower atmos¬ 
phere,and remain as evening approaches, 
rain is at hand. Loose patches on their 
surfaces predict showers.The sXr-a-Vws 
appear as a continuous layer of widely exten¬ 
ded sheet of cloud, at a lower level than the 
cumulus,and often touching the earth. 

Corona.-Circles around the moon or 
sun.Crowing smaller they indicate 
rain;growing larger, fair weather. 


P 09 S.—Fogs indicate settled 
weather. Morning fogs seldom last till noon. 

Frost. —First and last frosts are usually 
preceded by a temperature much above mean. 

Halo(sun-dogs). — Large circles, or parts 
of circles, about the sun or moon. A halo 
after fine weather indicates a storm. 

Rainbows.— A morning rainbow in¬ 
dicates rain; an evening one,fair weather. 

Sky Color. -A deep-blue sky,even if 
seen through clouds,indicates fair weath 
er; a growing whiteness, a stor-m. 

Sunset Colors.-A gray, lowering sun¬ 
set, or one where the sky is green or 
yellowish green, indicates rain. A red 
sunset^ fore tells fine weather. 

Sunrise Colors. —A red sunrise,with 
lowering clouds later in the morning. In¬ 
dicate rain; a grey sunrise, dry weather. 

Visibility.— Unusual clearness of the 
atmosphere, unusual brightness oriwmk- 
ling of the stars, indicate rain. 


/cvvo/vr Af/V COPY TH£ author" 


27 















































28 


































































































































































































































































































































































































































Ul 
—1 

AT FIVE PER CENT. 

H 

CO 

DAYS. 



sun 


Jan 

6-4 


Feb 

7-5 


8-3 


Apr. 
4 


11-5 


33] 

Jan. 
3 -a 


A up - 
I - I 


Sep. 


* l 

3 

4 

*00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

*.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

*.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

*00 

.00 

.00 

00 

*00 

00 

.00 

00 

*.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

*.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

*.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

*.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

*.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

*.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

*■00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

*.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

*.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

*00 

00 

01 

01 

*.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

*.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

*00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

*.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

* 00 
.01 
.01 
.01 

* .00 
.01 
.01 
.01 

*.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

*00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

*00 

01 

.01 

.01 

*00 

01 

.01 

01 

*.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

*.00 

.01 

.01 

02 

*.00 

.01 

.01 

.02 

*.00 

.01 

.01 

.02 

5 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

1)0 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

■ 0 i 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

02 

.02 

oS 

.02 

02 

02 

.02 

6 

7 

8 
9 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.00 

00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

01 

01 

.02 

02 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.01 

.02 

.02 

42 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.04 


■■ 


Lis: 



> .. . . 


>, V 


1 O 

9 S 



1 0 9 s 


10 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

00 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.01 

.01 

.02 

02 

.01 

.01 

02 

03 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.01 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.01 

.03 

.04 

.06 

.02 

.03 

.05 

.06 

.02 

.03 

.05 

.07 

.02 

.04 

.05 

.07 

.02 

.04 

.06 

.08 

.02 

0*4 

.06 

.08 

.02 

.04 

.07 

.09 

.02 

.05 

.07 

09 

.03 

.05 

.07 

.10 

.03 

.05 

.08 

.11 

.03 
.06 
.08 
.1 1 

.03 

.06 

.09 

.12 

.03 

.06 

.09 

12 

03 

.06 

10 

.13 

03 

.07 

10 

.13 

.03 

.07 

10 

It 

.04 

.07 

.11 

.14 

.04 
08 
.11 
.15 

.04 

.08 

.12 

.16 

.04 

08 

xO 

30 

40 

.12 

.16 

50 

01 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.10 

10 

.1 i 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.11 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.13 

IS 

.QO 

60 

70 

80 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

04 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.04 

.05 

.06 

06 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.08 

.10 

.11 

.13 

.09 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.10 

.12 

.13 

.15 

.11 

.13 

.14 

.16 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.18 

13 

.15 

.17 

19 

.13 

.16 

.18 

.20 

.14 

.17 

.19 

.21 

.15 

.18 

.20 

.23 

.16 

.18 

.21 

.24 

.17 

.19 

.22 

.25 

.18 

.20 

.23 

.26 

.18 

.21 

.24 

.28 

.19 

.22 

.26 

29 

.20 

.23 

.27 

30 

*1 

.2* 

28 

.31 

.22 

.25 

.29 

.33 

.23 

.26 

.30 

.34 

.23 

.27 

.31 

.35 

.24 

.28 

.32 

90 

.36 

a 7 V ?*■' r'HlBI UK • M * 

S 

• - ' 

1 



UpBHI 

IOO 

200 

300 

400 

.01 

.03 

.04 

OR 

.03 

.06 

.08 

.11 

.04 

.08 

.13 

.17 

.06 

.11 

.17 

.22 

07 

It 

.21 

28 

.08 

.17 

.25 

.33 

.10 

.19 

.29 

.39 

.11 

.22 

.33 

.44 

.13 

.25 

.38 

.50 

.14 

.28 

42 

.56 

.15 

.31 

46 

.61 

.17 

.33 

.50 

.67 

.18 

.36 

.51 

.72 

.18 

.39 

.58 

.78 

»i 

•♦2 

.63 

.83 

.22 

.44 

.67 

.89 

.24 

.47 

.71 

.94 

.25 

.50 

.75 

1.00 

.26 

.53 

.79 

1.06 

.28 
.56 
.83 
l.l 1 

.29 

.58 

.88 

1.17 

.31 

.61 

.92 

1.22 

.32 

.64 

.96 

1.28 

.33 

.67 

1.00 

1.33 

.35 

.69 

1.0* 

139 

.36 

.72 

1.08 

1.44 

38 

.75 

1.13 

1-50 

.38 

.78 

1.17 

1.56 

.40 

.81 

l . 2l 

1 . 6I 

t»00 

.07 

.14 

.21 

.28 

“35 

.42 

.49 

.56 

.63 

.69 

.76 

.83 

.90 

.97 

1.04 

l.l 1 

1.18 

1.25 

1.32 

1.39 

1.46 

1.53 

1.60 

1.67 

1.74 

1.81 

1.88 

1.34 

2.01 

600 

700 

800 

900 

.08 
.10 
.11 

.13 

.17 

.19 

.22 

.25 

.25 

.29 

.33 

.38 

.33 

.39 

.44 

.50 

42 

49 

.56 

.63 

.50 

.58 

.67 

.75 

.58 

.68 

.78 

.88 

.67 

.78 

.89 

1.00 

.75 

.88 

1.00 

1.13 

.83 

.97 
l.l 1 
1.25 

9 ■' 

1.07 

1.22 

1.38 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

1.50 

1.08 

1.26 

144 

1.63 

1.17 

1.36 

1.56 

1.75 

1.25 

1.46 

1.67 

188 

1.33 

1.56 

1.78 

2.00 

1.42 

1.65 

1.89 

2.13 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

1.58 

i .85 
2.11 
2.38 

1.67 

1.94 

2.22 

2.50 

1.75 

2.04 

2.33 

2.63 

1.83 

2.14 

2.41 

2.75 

1.92 

2.24 
2 56 
2.88 

2.00 

2.33 

2.67 

3.00 

a .08 

203 

2.78 

313 

2.17 

2.53 

2.89 

3.25 

2.25 

2.63 

3.00 

3.38 

2.33 

2.72 

3.11 

3.50 

2.42 

2.82 

3.22 

3.63 






■ 1 

aw 

Jfcd 



IOOO 

2000 

3000 

4000 

.14 

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1/there, be cents in the principal, take the proportional part of the interest for one dollar._ 


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2.60 

2.70 

A 1 c 

2.89 

A A~7 

2.90 

Sep. 

5-3 

7UU 

.12 

.XJ 

.35 

.47 

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.70 

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I.Uj 

1.17 

1.28 

1.40 

I.DX 

l.b j 

1.7 D 

l.o7 

1.98 

2.10 

x.xx 

X.JO 

2.45 

x.O * 

x.bo 

X.oU 


3.03 

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3.38 


800 

.13 

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.40 

.53 

.67 

.80 

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1.07 

1.20 

1.33 

1.47 

1.60 

1.73 

1.87 

2.00 

2.13 

2.27 

2.40 

2.53 

2.67 

2.80 

2.93 

3.07 

3.20 

3.33 

3.47 

3.60 

3.73 

3.87 

UC v. 
C-O 

900 

.15 

.30 

.45 

.60 

.75 

.90 

1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

1.50 

1.65 

1.80 

1.95 

2.10 

2.25 

2.40 

2.55 

2.70 

2.85 

3.00 

3.15 

340 

3.45 

3.60 


3.90 

4.05 

4.20 

4.35 

D 0 


Jan. 

IQ-5 


Feb. 
I -I 


Mar. 

1-29 


Apr. 

3-0 


May 

4-0 


June 

5-1 


July 

6-1 


Aua. 

7-a 


sc?, 

8-3 


Oct. 

9-3 


Nov. 

10-4 


Dec. 
II . 

m 


IOOO 

2900 

3000 

MJOO 

.17 

43 

.50 

.67 

.33 

.67 

1.00 

1.33 

.50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

.67 

1.33 

2.00 

2.67 

.83 

1.67 

2.50 

3.33 

1.00 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

5000 

.83 

1.67 

2.50 

3.33 

4.17 

5.00 

6000 

7000 

8000 

9000 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

1.50 

2.00 

2.33 

2.67 

3.00 

3.00 

3.50 
4.00 

4.50 

4.00 

4.67 

5.33 

6.00 

500 

5.83 

6.67 

7.50 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00 


1.17 

2.33 

3.50 

4.67 


5.83 


7.00 

8.17 

9.33 

10.50 


1.33 

2.67 

4.00 

5.33, 


6.67 


8.00 

9.33 

10.67 

12.00 


1.50 
3.00 

4.50 
6.00 


7.50 


9.00 

10.50 
12.00 

13.50 


1.67 
3.33 
5.00 

6.67 


8.33 


10.00 

11.67 

13.33 

15.00 


1.83 

3.67 

5.50 

7.33 


9.17 


11.00 
12.83 
14.67 
16.50 


2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 


10.00 


12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

18.00 


2.17 

4.33 

6.50 

8.67 


10.83 


13.00 

15.17 

17.33 

19.50 


2.33 
4.67 
7.00 

9.33 




11.67 


14.00 

16.33 

18.67 

21.001 


2.50 

5.00 

750 

10.00 


13.50 


15.00 

17.50 

20.00 

2250 


2.67 
5.33 
8.00 

10.67 


13-33 


16.00 

18.67 

21.33 

24.00 


2.83 

5.67 

8.50 

11.33 


14.17 


17.00 

19.83 

22.67 

25.50 


3.00 

6.00 

9.00 

12.00 

3.17 

6.33 

9.50 

12.67 

3.33 

6.67 

10.00 

13.33 

3.50 3.67 
7.00 7.33 

10.50 11.00 
14.00 14.67 

3.83 

7.67 

11.50 

15.33 

4.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

1437 

8.35 

12.50 

16.67 

4.33 

8.67 

13.00 

17.33 

4.50 
9.00 

13.50 
18.00 

4.6 7 
9.33 
14.00 
18.67 

4.83 

9.67 

14.50 

19.33 

15.00 

15.83 

16.67 

17.50 18.33 

19.17 

20.00 

120*3 

21.67 

22.50 

23.33 

24.17 

18.00 

21.00 

24.00 

27.00 

19.00 

22.17 

25.33 

28.50 

20.00 

23.33 

26.67 

30.00 

21.00 22.00 

24.50 25.67 
28.00 29.33 

31.50 33.00 

23.00 

26.83 

30.67 

34.50 

24.00 

28.00 

32.00 

36.00 

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29.17 

33.53 

3750 

26.00 

30.33 

34.67 

39.00 

27.00 

31.50 
36.00 

40.50 

28.00 

32.67 

37.33 

42.00 

29.00 

33.83 

38.67 

43.50 


7-4 


Dec 

.8-4. 

Jan. 

8-5 


Feb. 

9-6 


0-28 


MONTHS. 


YEHRS, 


Apr. 


May 


4-0 


Auy. 

6-1 


Sep 

7-2 


Oct. 

8-2 


9-3 


Dec. 


10-6 


Feb- 

11-7 


Mar. 


Apr. 
I - I 


May 

2-1 


3-2 


July 

4-2 


Auy 

5-3 


Sep 

6-4 


Iam’ti i 

“5- 

3 


5 

6 

7 

1 8 

rs ~ 

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1.62 

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3.24 

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10 

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.15 

.20 

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3.00 

3-60 

4.20 

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.10 

.20 

.30 

.40 

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1.00 

1.10 

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1.20 

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4.80 

6.00 

7.20 

8.40 

30 

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1.05 

1.20 

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1.80 

3.60 

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7.20 

9.00 

10.80 

12.60 

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1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

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4.80 

7.20 

9.60 

12.00 

14.40 

16.80 

50 

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125 

1.50 

1.75 

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2.25 

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2.75 

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3.00 

6.00 

9.00 

IQ.00 

15.00 

18.00 

21.00 

60 

.30 

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1.20 

1.50 

1.80 

2.10 

2.40 

2.70 

3.00 

3.30 


3.60 

7.20 

10.80 

14.40 

18.00 

21.60 

25.20 

70 

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1.05 

1.40 

1.75 

2.10 

2.45 

2.80 

3.15 

3.50 

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4.20 

8.40 

12.60 

16.80 

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25.20 

29.40 

80 

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3.20 

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4.80 

9.60 

14.40 

19.20 

24.00 

28.80 

33.60 

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1.35 

1.80 

225 

0.70 

3.15 

3.60 

4.05 

4.50 

4.95 

■ 

5.40 

10.80 

16.20 

21.60 

27.00 

32.40 

37.80 





1 

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1.00 

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6.00 

12.00 

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36.00 

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7.50 

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MJU 

10.50 

D.UU 

12.00 

13.50 

1 u.uu 
15.00 

1 I.UU 

16.50 


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18.00 

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36.00 

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54.00 

TO.UU 

72.00 

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72.00 

108.00 

84.00 

126.00 

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2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

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12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

18.00 

20.00 

22.00 


24.00 

48.00 

72.00 

96.00 

■90.00 

144.00 

168.00 

500 

2.50 

5.00 

7.50 

10.00 

1250 

15.00 

17.50 

20.00 

22.50 

25.00 

27.50 


30.00 

60.00 

90.00 

tao.oo 

150.00 

1 80.00 

210.00 

600 

3.00 

600 

9.00 

12.00 

15.00 

18.00 

21.00 

24.00 

27.00 

30.00 

33.00 

■ • '"1 

36.00 

72.00 

108.00 

1 44.00 

160.00 

21 6.00 

252.00 

700 

3.50 

7.00 

(0.50 

14.00 

17 50 

21.00 

24.50 

28.00 

31.50 

35.00 

38.50 

in 

42.00 

84.00 

126.00 

1 68.00 

910.00 

252.00 

294.00 

800 

4.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

20.00 

24.00 

28.00 

32.00 

36.00 

40.00 

44.00 

• ,. ; 

48.00 

96.00 

144.00 

192.00 

940.00 

288.00 

336JOO 

900 

4.50 

9.00 

13.50 

18.00 

22.50 

27.00 

31.50 

3 6.00 

40.50 

45.00 

49.50 


54.00 

108.00 

162.00 

216.00 

970.00 

324.00 

378.00 



■H 

HH 

HD 

l*M*, 

t*MJ 

S 


1 

o o 

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S 1 

IOOO 

5.00 

rioToo 

15.00 

20.00 

25.00 

30.00 

35.00 

40.00 

45.00 

50.00 

55.00 


60.00 

120.00 

180.00 

240.00 

30000 

360.00 

420.00 

2000 

10.00 

20.00 

30.00 

40.00 

50.00 

60.00 

70.00 

80.00 

90.00 

100.00 

1 10.00 


120.00 

240.00 

360.00 

480.00 

600.00 

720.00 

840.00 

3000 

15.00 

30.00 

45.00 

60.00 

7500 

90.00 

105.00 

1 20.00 

135.00 

150.00 

165.00 


1 80.00 

360.00 

540.00 

720.00 

90000 

1 080.00 

1260.00 

4000 

20.00 

40.00 

60.00 

80.00 

■ 00.00 

120.00 

140.00 

160.00 

180.00 

200.00 

220.00 


240.00 

430.00 

720.00 

960.00 

1900.00 

1 440.00 

168000 

5000 

25.00 

50.00 

75.00 

100.00 

12500 

150.00 

175.00 

200.00 

225.00 

250.00 

275.00 


300.00 

600.00 

900.00 

1200.00 

1500.00 

1 800.00 

2100.00 

6000 

30.00 

60.00 

90.00 

120.00 

150.00 

180.00 

210.00 

240.00 

270.00 

300.00 

330.00 


360.00 

720.00 

1080.00 

1440.00 

1800.00 

2 1 60.00 

2520.00 

7000 

35 00 

70.00 

105.00 

190.00 

17500 

210.00 

245.00 

280.00 

315.00 

350.00 

385.00 


420.00 

840.00 

1260.00 

1680.00 

2100.00 

2520.00 

2940.00 

3000 

40.00 

80.00 

120.00 

160.00 

200.00 

240.00 

280.00 

320.00 

360.00 

400.00 

440.00 


480.00 

960.00 

1 440.00 

1920.00 

2400 00 

2880.00 

3360.00 

9000 

45.00 

90.00 

135.00 

180.00 

225.00 

270.00 

315.00 

360.00 

405.00 

450.00 

495-00 

■ , ... 

540.00 

1080.00 

1 620.00 

2160.00 

2700 00 

32 40.00 

3780.00 


Mar. 

10-4 


Apr. 

11-5 


May 

13-5 


June 
I -I 


July 

2-1 


Auy. 

3-2 


Sep 

4-3 


Oct. 

5-3 


Nov. 

6-4 


Dec. 

7-4 


11-4 


I -0 


Oct. 

7-4 


Nov. 

8-5 


Dec. 

9^5 


The Time Tables at the matins show the number of -month (of 30 days each}, and days in excess, from any day 
in any one month to the same day in any other month; thus, from March loth to November loth is 8 month and 

5 days, the 8 at the I eft of the Hyphen showiny months(of30 days each),and the 5 at its riyht the excess in days. 
See e/re trord 7/me under Sus/ness forms and Terms- e/seuv/rere /rr t/r/'s Manu.a/, a/so see Sus/ness //me Tai/es. 


Oct. 

4-2 


Nov. 

5-3 


Dec. 

6-3 


30 




























































































































































































































































































































































AT SEVEN PER CENT. 


H 

days: i s 

g 1 7 I 8 I 9 ■ 10 ■ »» lift 113 IIM-llS 116 117 H8 119 ■ ftO j gl IftaIft5|gH|g 5 lft 6 Ifl7Ift8ia9 PI 


AM'TB I I ft I 3 I 


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.00 

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.03 

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.19 

.20 

.21 

.22 

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14 

.25 

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.27 

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.01 

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.21 

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.26 

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.12 

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15 

.16 

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.23 

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.30 

.31 

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.35 

.37 

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2940.00 

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5-1 


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. EXAMPLE.-* What is the i-Mtrrest on #1 50 for 5 years, 6 months and 26 days, at 7%? So/u.*/on.~ 
By the seven per cent table above, the interest on #450 for 2 years i s (14- + 7)#21 *, for 6 months 
the interest is (3.50 + i.75)#5.25 ; f or 26 days the interest is (.51 +.25)#.76 ; then addiny these 
Separate amounts, the sum is (#2i +#5.25 +*.76)#ft7.oi , which is the correct interest. 


Oct. 

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.13 

.18 

.82 

.27 

.31 

.36 

.40 

.44 

.49 

.53 

.58 

.62 

67 

.71 

.76 

.80 

.84 

.89 

.93 

.98 

1.02 

1.07 

III 

1 . I6 

120 

1.24 

1.29 

July 

6-1 

300 

.07 

.13 

.20 

.27 

.33 

.40 

.47 

.53 

.60 

.67 

.73 

.80 

.87 

.93 

1.00 

1.07 

1.13 

1.20 

1.27 

1.33 

1.40 

1.47 

1.53 

1.60 

167 

1.73 

1.80 

187 

1.93 

3-1 

Au ^. 

400 

. 0 ? 

.18 

.27 

.36 

44 

,53 

.62 

.71 

.80 

.89 

.98 

1.07 

1.16 

1.24 

133 

1.42 

1.51 

1.60 


LL«I 

Lfil 

1.96 

2.04 

2.13 

2,22 

2 JM 

2.40 

2.49 

2.58 

Au ^- 

7-7 

500 

■11 

■22 

~33 


56 

“767 

"78 

.89 

1.00 

Ml 

1.22 

1.33 

1.44 

1,56 

167 

JLZSJ 

1.89 

2.00 

JLLi 

2.22 

2.33 

2.44 

2.56 

2.67 

:m 

2 - 8 $ 

3.00 

TTT 

j.U 

4-2 


600 

.13 

.27 

.40 

.53 

67 

.80 

' .93 

1.07 

1.20 

1.33 

1.47 

1.60 

1.73 

1.87 

' 4,00 

2.13 

2.27 

2.40 

2.53 

2.67 

2.80 

2.93 

3.07 

3.20 

333 

3.47 

3.60 

3.73 

3.87 

Sep - 

Q-0 

700 

.16 

.31 

.47 

.62 

.78 

.93 

1.09 

1.23 

1.40 

1.56 

1.71 

1.87 

2.02 

5.18 

233 

249 

2.64 

2.80 

2.96 

3.1 1 

3.27 

3.42 

3.58 

3.73 

189 

4.04 

4.20 

4.36 

4.51 

5-3 

O O 

800 

.18 

.36 

.53 

.71 

09 

1.07 

1.24 

1.42 

1.60 

1.78 

1.96 

2.13 

2.31 

2.49 

267 

2.84 

3.02 

3.20 

3.38 

3.56 

3.73 

3.91 

4.09 

4.27 

9.99 

4.62 

4.80 

4.98 

5.16 

Oc ^. 

UCt. 


.20 

.40 

.60 

.80 

1.00 

1.20 

MO 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

2.40 

2.60 

2.80 

300 

3.20 

3.40 

3.60 

3.80 

4.00 

4.20 

4.40 

4.60 

4.80 

5 Q0 

5.20 

5.40 

5.60 

5.80 

C -'J 

9-3 



BH 

IDI 

EXE 

EE 

EO 


m 

00 


Hfll 


BBH 

EE 

EE 

1 O 

^ 0 | 

^ 0 [ 




BBS 

SBBB 8 

EE 

EE 

tfl 




O J 

Nov . 

IOOO 


.44 

.67 

.89 

Ml 

1.33 

1.56 

1.78 

2.00 

2.22 

2 . 4 - 4 1 

2.67 

2.89 

3.1 1 

133 

3.56 

3.78 

4.00 

4 22 

4.44 

*467 

4.89 

5 .M 

5.33 

556 

5.78 

G .00 

6.22 

6.44 

Nov . 

10-9 

2000 

.44 

.89 

1.33 

1.78 

222 

2.67 

3.11 

3.56 

4.00 

4.44 

4.89 

5.33 

5.78 

6.22 

167 

7.11 

7.56 

8.00 

8.44 

8.89 

9.33 

9.78 

10.22 

10.67 

II . II 

11.56 

12.00 

12.44 

12.89 

74 

Dec . 

3000 

.67 

1.33 

2.00 

2.67 

123 

4.00 

4.67 

5.33 

6.00 

6.67 

7.33 

8.00 

8.67 

9.33 

10.00 

10.67 

11.33 

12.00 

12.67 

13.33 

14.00 

14.67 

15.33 

16.00 

16.67 

17.33 

18.00 

18.67 

19.33 

Dec . 

11-4 

4000 

.89 

1.78 

2.67 

3.56 

4.44 

5.33 

622 

7.11 

8.00 

8.89 

9.78 

10.67 

11.56 

12.44 

1133 

14.22 

15.11 

16.00 

16.89 

17.78 

1MI 

19.56 

20.44 

21.33 

22.22 

23 JI 

24.00 

24.89 

25.78 

8 - 4 , 

SI 

5000 

t.ll 

2.22 

3.33 

4.44 

156 

6.67 

7.78 

8.89 

i o.oo 

11.11 

12.22 

13.33 

14.44 

IS £6 

1807 

17.78 

18.89 

20.00 

2 l.ll 

22.22 

23.33 

24.44 

25.56 

26.67 

27.78 

28 . 8 $ 

30.00 

31.11 

32.22 


6000 

1.33 

2.67 

4.00 

5.33 

6-67 

8.00 

9.33 

10.67 

12.00 

13.33 

14.67 

1600 

17.33 

ia 67 

20.00 

21.33 

22.67 

24.00 

25.33 

26.67 

28.00 

29.33 

30.67 

32.00 

33.33 

34.67 

36.00 

37.33 

38.67 

Jan . 

7000 

1.56 

3.11 

4.67 

6.22 

7.78 

9.33 

10.89 

12.33 

14.00 

15.56 

17.1 1 

18.67 

20.22 

21.78 

23.33 

24.89 

2644 

28.00 

2156 

31.1 1 

32.67 

34.22 

35.78 

37.33 

3889 

40.44 

42.00 

43 56 

45.11 

Jan . 

11-4 

8000 

1.78 

3.56 

5.33 

' 7.11 

889 

10.67 

12.44 

14.22 

16.00 

17.78 

19.56 

21.33 

23.11 

24.89 

26.67 

28.44 

30.22 

32.00 

33.78 

35.56 

37.33 

39.11 

40.89 

42.67 

44.94 

46.22 

48.00 

49.78 

51.56 

8-5 

Feb . 

9000 

2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

1000 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

18.00 

20.00 

22.00 

24.00 

26.00 

28.00 

30.00 

3200 

34.00 

36.00 

38.00 

40.00 

42.00 

44.00 

46.00 

48.00 

5000 

52 00 

54.00 

56.00 

58.00 

Feb . 


y 

oo 


AT EIGHT PER CENT 


DRYS. 


Hi 

2 


12-5 

Mar 

0-28 

Apr . 

-29 

Maji 

2-33 

Jute 

if-0 

Ju-ly 

‘0 

Au-s- 

6-1 

Sep- 

7 - 2 

Oct. 

8 - 2 

Nov . 

9- 3 
Dec. 

10 - 3 


9-6 


MONTHS. 


AM’T 

m 

nr 

3 

M . 1 

l 5 

[61 

7 

Lb 1 

9 

IO 

1 1 

H00 



1 ’ s 




1 ’ s 

HI 

HB 

BBH 

« 1 

* .01 

* .01 

* .02 

* .03 

* .03 

* .04 

« .05 

* .05 

*> .06 

* .07 

* .07 

a 

.01 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.1 1 

.12 

.13 

.15 

3 

.02 

.04 

.06 

.08 

.10 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.20 

.22 

i 

.03 

.05 

.08 

.11 

1 ? 

.16 

.19 

.21 

.24 

.27 

.29 

5 


.07 

.10 

.13 

.17 

.20 

.23 

.27 

.30 

.33 

.37 

6 

.04 

.08 

.12 

.16 

ao 

.24 

.28 

‘ .32 

.36 

.40 

.44 

7 

.05 

.09 

.14 

.19 

.n 

.28 

.33 

.37 

.42 

.47 

.51 

8 

.05 

.11 

.16 

.21 

.17 

.32 

.37 

.43 

.48 

.53 

.59 

9 

.06 

.12 

■18 

.24 

30 

.36 

.42 

.48 

.54 

.60 

.66 

000 


|^ 0 ^ 

O 7 

S 

1 O 1 



bh 

IO 

.07 

.13 

.20 

.27 

.33 

.40 

.47 

.53 

.60 

.67 

.73 

30 

.13 

.27 

.40 

.53 

.07 

.80 

.93 

1.07 

1.20 

1.33 

1.47 

30 

.20 

.40 

.60 

.80 

1.00 

1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

40 

.27 

.53 

.80 

1.07 

111 

1.60 

1.87 

2.13 

2.40 

2.67 

2.93 

SO 

.33 

.67 

1.00 

1.33 

1.67 

2.00 

2.33 

2.67 

3.00 

3.33 

3.67 

60 

.40 

.80 

1 . 20 , 

1.60 

500 

2.40 

2.80 

3.20 

3.60 

4.00 

4.40 

70 

.47 

.93 

1 . 40 , 

1.87 

2.33 

2.80 

3.27 

3.73 

4.20 

4.67 

5.13 

80 

.53 

1.07 

1.60 

2.13 

2 . C7 

3.20 

3.73 

4.27 

4.80 

5.33 

5.87 

90 

.60 

1.20 

1.80 

2.40 

3.00 

3.60 

4.20 

4.80 

5.40 

6.00 

6.60 

1 O O ’ 

s 


K-J[*3L 

s 

IOO 

.67 

1.33 

2.00 

2.67 

3.33 

4.00 

4.671 

5.33 

6.00 

6.67 

7.33 

200 

1.33 

2.67 

4.00 

5.33 

S.67 

8.00 

9.33 

10.67 

12.00 

13.33 

14.67 

300 

XOO 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

IOOC 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

18.00 

20.00 

2200 

400 

2.67 

5.33 

8.00 

10.67 

13-33 

16.00 

18.67 

21.33 

24.00 

26.67 

29.33 

.. -VOi. 

3.33 

6.67 

10.00 

13.33 

16.67 

20.00 

23.33 

26.67 

3 0.00 

33.33 

36.67 

600 

4.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

90.00 

24.00 

28.00 

32.00 

36.00 

40.00 

44.00 

700 

4.67 

9.33 

14.00 

18.67 

23.33 

28.00 

32.67 

37.33 

42.00 

46.67 

51.33 

800 

5.33 

10.67 

16.00 

21.33 

26.67 

32.00 

37.33 

42.67 

4 8.00 

53.33 

5 8.67 

900 

6.00 

12.00 

1 8.00 

24.00 

3000 

36.00 

42.00 

48.00 

5 4.00 

60.00 

66.00 


V EH RS. 


lOOOl 
20005 
30001 
4o (ml 


kLX'xu 


- 6000 
'7000 
[8000 
9000 


- 6.67 
1 3.33 
20.00 
26.67 

13.3 3 
26.67 
40.00 
53.33 

20.00 

40.00 

60.00 

80.00 

26.67 

53.33 

80.00 

106.67 

33.33 
66.67 
100 00 
133.33 

40.00 

80.00 

120.00 

160.00 

4 6.67 
93.33 
140.00 
186.67 

53.33 

106.67 

1 60.00 
213.33 

60. Oil 

1 20.00 

1 80.00 
24000 

66.67 

1 33.33 
200.00 
266.67 

73.33 

1 4 6.67 
220.00 
293.23 

33.33 

66.67 

100.00 

13 3.33 

16667 

200.00 

233.33 

266.67 

300.00 

333.33 

366.67 

40.00 

46.67 
53.33 
6 0.00 

80.00 

93.33 

106.67 

120.00 

120.00 

140.00 

160.00 

180.00 

160.00 

186.67 

213.33 

240.00 

200.00 

233.33 

266.67 

30000 

240.00 

280.00 

320.00 

360.00 

280.00 

326.67 

373.33 

420.00 

320.00 

373.33 

426.67 

480.00 

360.00 

420.00 

480.00 

540.00 

400.00 

466.67 

533.33 

600.00 

440.00 

513.33 

586.67 

660.00 


1 

a 

3 

M- 

5 

6 1 

7 

H>-4 

^000 

001 

BBMEBBB 

1 7 S 




Apr . 

* .08 

* .16 

* .24 

* , 32i 

* .00 

* .48 

0 .56 

l!-5 

.16 

.32 

.48 


.80 

.96 

1.12 

May 

.24 

.48 

.72 

.96 

1.20 

1.44 

1.68 

m-5 

.32 

.64 

.96 

1.28 

160 

1.92 

2.24 


.40 

.80 

1.20 

1.60 

200 

2.40 

2.80 

1 - 1 

.48 

.96 

1.44 

1.92 

240 

2.88 

3.36 

1 ■ 

1 .. 1 ,, 

.56 

1.12 

1.68 

2.24 

200 

3.36 

3.92 

Judy 

A 1 

.64 

1.28 

1.92 

2.56 

320 

3.84 

4.48 

jl -1 


1.44 

2.16 

2.88 

160 

4.32 

5.04 

Au . p . 



O » 

S 



3-2 

.80 

1.60 

2.40 

3.20 

4.00 

4.80 

5.60 

Sep . 

1.60 

3.20 

4.80 

6.40 

800 

9.60 

11.20 

4-3 

2.40 

4.80 

7.20 

9.60 

1200 

14.40 

16.80 

Oct . 

3.20 

6.40 

9.60 

1 2.80 

1600 

1 9.20 

22.40 

5 3 

4.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

2*00 

gy.OO 

28.00 

Nov . 

4.80 

9.60 

1 4.40 

1 9.20 

2400 

2 880 

3 3.60 

6 h 

5.60 

1 1.20 

16.80 

2 2.40 

2800 

3 3.60 

39.20 


6 . 40 : 

1 2.80 

19.20 

25.60 

32.00 

3 8.40 

4 4.80 

Dec . 

7 . 50 i 

1 4.40 

21.60 

28.80 

36.00 

43.20 

5 0.40 

7 - f 

10 0 7 

S 

nni 

8.00 

16.00 

24.00 

32.00 

40.00 

48.00 

56.00 

JdTU 

16.00 

32.00 

48.00 

64.00 

8000 

96.00 

1 1 2.00 

7-U 

24.00 

48.00 

72.00 

96.00 

12000 

144.00 

16800 

1 JL 

32.00 

6 4.00 

96.00 

1 2 8.00 

160.00! 

1 92.00 

2 2 4.00 

feb 

40.00 

80.00 

1 2 0.00 

1 60.00 

20000 

240.00 

280.00 

8-5 

48.00 

96.00 

1 44.00 

192.00 

240.00 

288.00 

33 6.00 

Mar . 

56.00 

1 1100 

1 68.00 

22 4.00 

28000 

3 36.00 

392.00 

9-3 

64.00 

iaaoo 

192.00 

2 56.00 

32000 

384.00 

4 4 8.00 

Apr . 

72.00 

144.00 

2 1 6.00 

2 88.00 

360 00 

432.00 

504.00 

10-4 


00.00 

160.00 

240.00 

320.00 

1 60.00 
320.00 
480.00 
640.00 

240.00 

480.00 

720.00 

960.00 

320.00 
640 . 00 ] 
960 . 00 ; 
1 280.00 

4 - 00.00 

000.00 

120000 

480.00 

960.00 

1 440.00 

1 920.00 

5 60.00 

1 1 20.00 

1 680.00 

2 240.00 

400.00 

800-00 

1 200.00 

1 600.00 


2400.00 

2800.00 

480.00 

560.00 

640.00 

720.00 

960.00 

1 1 20.00 
1280.00 
14 40.00 

1 440.00 

1 680.00 

1 920.00 
2160.00 

1 920.00 

2240.00 

2560 . 00 ; 

2880.00 

aooo.oo 

2800.00 

3200.00 

3800.00 

2880.00 

3360.00 

3840.00 

4320.00 

3 360.00 
3920.00 
44 80.00 
50 4 0.00 


J«en« 

12-5 


July 

1-0 


May 

n-4 


Any. 

2-1 

Sep. 

3 - 2 

Oct. 

4 - 2 

Nov. 

5 - 3 

Dec. 

6 - 3 


Legal Hints . Notes bear interest only when so worded. If they are interest— bearing notes, 
they draw interest a/ter maturity until paid. It is the yeneral practice of the courts o/this country to a- 
ward interest computed at the leyal rate, trom the time when payment should have been made. Up orijudg- 
ments the interest dates trom the time they are rendered. /’ro^ssort, Aot e «Weraw,^ w * rms. 


32 





































































































































































































































































UJ 

-J 

ca 

.< 


F 

Ld 


AT NINE PER CENT. 


AM’TI 


a 

3 


# » 

*00 

*.00 

®.oo 

s .00 

2 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

3 

00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

4 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

s 

■ OU 

.00 

.00 

.01 

6 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

7 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

8 

.00 

00 

.01 

.01 

9 

00 

.00 

.01 

.01 


5 

IE 



□r 

9| 

■Oj 

Lji 

mr 

I 3 hm | i 5 


1 17 1 18 

1 19 B 20 12 1 1 

■i 

HS 

■ ■ 

HM 

KB? 


• 



PS 







* .00 

*.00 

*.00 

* 00 

*.00 

* .00 

*00 

* 00 

*.00 

*.00 

*00 

tt.oo 

*.00 

*.00 

* 00 

•*.01 

* 01 

00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

01 

.01 

.01 

01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

01 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

01 

•01 

.01 

.01 

ot 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

01 

. 0 ! 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

02 

02 

.02 

02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

01 

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.01 

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01 

.01 

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.03 

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03 

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.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.01 

.01 

.02 

02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

03 

.04 

.04 

, 0 H 

.OH 

.05 

.05 


ETilETn 


*.01 

.01 

.02 

■02 


#. 0 i 

.01 

.02 

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.01 

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s.oi 

01 

03 


». 0 I 

oi 

02 

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*.01 

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01 

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6.01 
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■ 01 
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2 

m 

00 

r - 

m 


ju 

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6-4 


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Mat. 

8-3 


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l o r s 


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04 

04 

.05 

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.OH 

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.05 

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.OH 

.05 

05 

.06 


•OH 
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.07 


3-2 


10 

.00 

01 

.01 

.01 

01 

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04 

2 ° 

01 

.01 

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03 

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04 

.04 

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.05 

06 

.06 

.07 

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08 

30 

.01 

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04 

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.06 

.07 

.08 

.081 

.03 

10 

.11 

.11 

40 

.01 

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.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.09 

.09 

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il 

.12 

.13 

- I 4 l 

15 

50 

.01 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.13 

.14 

.15 

.16 

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19 

60 

.02 

.03 

.05 

.06 

00 

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.11 

.12 

.14 

.15 

.17 

.18 

.20 

.21 

.23 

70 

.02 

.04 

.05 

.07 

09 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.16 

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Mat. 
5 - I 


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May 

10-4 


Apr 

6-2 


May 

111 


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200 

300 

400 

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313 

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363 

600 

700 

800 

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1.93 

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270 

1.95 

2.28 

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293 

2.10 

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3.15 

2.25 

263 

300 

338 

2 40 

2.80 

3.20 

360 

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375 

438 

500 

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4.05 

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5 *0 
6.08 

4.20 

4.90 

5.60 

6.30 

4-35 

5.08 

5.80 

6.53 


Jane 

8-3 


July 
9 -3 


Au . 9 
10 


M -5 


lOOO’S 


IOOO 



Sep. 
I -I 


* 1 

2 

3 

4 

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.02 
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Oct 

2-1 


Nov. 

3-2 


Dec. 

4-2 


Ja-n. 

4-2 


10 0’S 



10 

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38 

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1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

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1.80 

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5.40 

7.20 

9.00 

10.80 

30 

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1.13 

1.35 

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2.70 

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13.50 

1 6.20 

40 

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50 

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8 .IO 

16.20 

24.30 

32.40 

40.50 

48.60 


6.30 

12.60 

18.90 

25.20 


31.50 


Feb. 

5-3 


Mat. 

6-1 


Apt. 

Ill 


IOO 

300 

300 

400 


500 


600 

700 

800 

900 


.75 

1.50 

3.25 

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9.00 

11.00 


15.00 


18.00 

21.00 

24.00 

27.00 


175 

750 

11.25 

15.00 


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22.50 

36.35 

30.00 

3375 


4.50 

9.00 

13.50 

18-00 


22.50 


27.00 

31.50 
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40.50 


6.00 

12.00 

18.00 

24.00 


6.7 5 
13.50 
20.25 
27.00 


7.50 

15.00 

22.50 

30.00 


8.25 

16.50 

24.75 


26.25 30.00 33.75 3 7.50 41.25 


31.50 

36.75 

42.00 

47.25 


36.00 

42.00 

48.00 

54.00 


40.50 
47.25 
54.00 
60.7 5 


45.00 

52.50 
60.00 

67.50 


49.50 

57.75 

66.00 

74.25 


37.80 
44.10 
50.40 
56.7 0 


9.00 18.00 27.00 36.00 45.00 54.00 63.00 

18.00 36.00 54.00 7 2.00 90.00 108.00 12 6.00 

27.00 54.00 81.00 108.00 135.00 162.00 189.00 

36.00 72.00 108.00 144.00 180-00 216.00 252.00 

45.00 90-00 135 00 ) 60-00 225.00 270.00 315.00 


Sep 

in 

Oct. 

l-o 


IOOO 

9000 

3000 

4000 

7.50 
1 5.00 
22.50 
0 0.00 

15.00 
30 . 00 i 
45 00 
60.00 

22.50 

45.00 

6750 

90.00 

30.00 

60.00 

90.00 

120.00 

37.30 

75.00 

11950 

150.00 

45.00 

90.00 

135.00 

1 90.00 

52.50 

105.00 

1 57.50 
21 0.00 

80.00 

1 20.00 

1 80.00 

2 4 0.00 

67.50 

135.00 

202.50 

270 OO 

75.00 

150.00 

225.00 

300.00 

82.50 

1 65.00 
24 7.50 
330.00 

urn 

3 750 ; 

75-00 

112.50 

150.00 

I 87 SO 

225.00 

261.50 

300.00 

337.50 

3 7 5.00 

4 1 2.50 

60001 

70001 

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52.50 
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90.00 
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120 00 
135.00 

135.00 

157.50 
> 80.00 

202.50 

1 80.00 
210.00 
240.00 
270.00 

225 00 
26250 
30000 
337.50 

270.00 
31 5.00 
360.00 
405.00 

315.00 

36750 

420.00 

472.50 

360.00 

420.00 

480.00 

540.00 

405 00 

472.50 
540.00 

607.50 

450.00 

525.00 

600.00 

675.00 

495.00 

577.50 
660-00 

742.50 


54.00 
63.00 
7 2.00 
81.00 


108.00 
12 6.00 
144.00 
I 62.00 


162.00 

189.00 

216.00 

243.00 


216.00 
252.00 
2 88.00 
324.00 


27000 
315 00 
360.00 
40500 


3 24.00 
3 7 8.00 
432.00 
486.00 


3 7 8.00 
44 1.00 
504.00 
567.00 


Nov. 


Dec. 

\ 2zi 


90.00 

180.00 

270.00 

360.00 


180.00 

360.00 

540.00 

720.00 


270-00 
540.00 
810.00 
I 080.00 


360.00 
720.00 
1080.00 
I 440,00 


450.00 54 0.00 


1350.00 
1800.00 

450-001 900.001 l 350.0011 800.00 ** 50-00 2700.0013 I 50.00 


630.00 
900 . 001080.00 i 260.00 
l 890.00 
> 2 52 0.00 


i 1620.00 
> 2160.00 : 


Jane 
6 2 


540.00 

630.00 

720.00 

810.00 


1620.00 
1890.00 
2160.00 
2 4 30.00 


21 60.00 
2520.00 
2880.00 
3240.00 


9700.00 
315000 
3600.00 
4050 00 


3240.00 
3780.00 
4320 00 
4860.00 


3780.00 
44 10.00 
5040.00 
5670.00 


Legal hints .- WHete it is a unitorm practice of the seller to charge interest, and this is known to the 
Customer or purchaser at the time when the transaction takes place, interest -may be charged on book accounts. 
Interest may not be charged upon the items of a running account- until the balance is struck and the state¬ 
ment rendered. A creditor may charge interest on an account from the expiration of the time of credit. 


Nov. 

11-5 


Dec. 

12-5 


33 

























































































































































































































































































































































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Sep. 

600 

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1.67 

1.83 

2.00 

2.17 

2.33 

2.50 

2.67 

2.83 

3.00 

3.17 

3 .33 

3.50 

3.67 

3.83 

4.00 

4.17 

4.33 

4.50 

4.67 

4.83 

8-3 

700 

.19 

.39 

.56 

.78 

.97 

|. I7 

1.36 

1.56 

1.75 

1.98 

2.18 

2.33 

2.53 

2.72 

3.22 

3.11 

3.31 

3.50 

3.69 

3.89 

4.08 

4.28 

4.47 

4.67 

4.86 

5.06 

5.25 

5.44 

5.64 

Oct. 

800 

.22 

,48 

.67 

.89 

l.ll 

1.33 

1.56 

1.78 

200 

2.22 

2.44 

2.67 

2.89 

3.11 

3.33 

3.56 

3.78 

4.00 

8.22 

4.44 

8.67 

4.89 

5.11 

5.33 

556 

5.78 

6X0 

6.22 

6.44 

9-3 

fioo 

.25 

.50 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

3.25 

3.50 

375 

4.00 

4.25 

4.50 

4.75 

5.00 

5.25 

5.50 

5.75 

6.00 

625 

6.50 

6.75 

7X0 

7.25 

Nov. 


lOOO’S 

lOOO’S 

10-4 

IOOO 

.28 

.56 

.83 

l.ll 

1.39 

1.67 

1.94 

2.22 

250 

2.78 

3.06 

3.33 

3.61 

3.89 

4.17 

4.48 

8.72 

5.00 

5.28 

5.56 

5X3 

6.11 

6.39 

6.67 

6X4 

7.22 

7.50 

7.78 

8X6 


2000 

.56 

1 . 1 1 

1.67 

222 

278 

3.33 

3 . 8S 

8.48 

5.00 

5.56 

6.11 

6.67 

7.22 

7.78 

8.33 

8.89 

9.88 

1000 

10,56 

1 l.l 1 

11.67 

12.22 

12.78 

13.33 

13X9 

14.44 

15.00 

15.56 

16.11 

l/CC . 

3000 

.83 

1.67 

2.50 

323 

4.17 

5.00 

5.83 

6.67 

7.50 

8.33 

9.17 

10.00 

10.83 

11.67 

12.50 

13.33 

14.17 

15.00 

15.83 

16.67 

17.50 

18.33 

19.17 

20.00 

20X3 

21.67 

92.50 

2133 

24.17 


4-000 

1.11 

2.22 

3.33 

4.44 

5.56 

6.67 

7.78 

869 

10.00 

ll.ll 

12.22 

13.33 

if.ff 

15.56 

16.67 

17.78 

18X9 

20.00 

2i.il 

22.22 

23.33 

24.44 

25X6 

26.67 

27.78 

28.89 

30.00 

3l.il 

3222 

HE 

5000 

1.99 

2.78 

* M7 

5.56 

"§34 

8.33 

9.ik 

ll.ll 

IZJ50 

13.89 

15.28 

16.67 

18.05 

19.44 

9*55 

22.951 

23.61 

25.00 

26.39 

27.78 

29.17 

30.56 

31.94 

33.33 

34.72 

36.11 

37.50 

38.89 

f 0.28 

Jan. 

6000 

1.67 

3.33 

5.00 

6.67 

8.33 

10.00 

11.67 

13.33 

15.00 

16.67 

18.33 

20.00 

21.67 

23.33 

25X0 

26.67 

28.33 

30.00 

31.67 

33.33 

35.00 

36.67 

38.33 

40.00 

41.67 

43.33 

45.00 

46.67 

4833 

11-4 

7©«0| 

1.94 

3.89 

5.83 

7.78 

9.72 

11.67 

13.61 

15.56 

17.50 

19.48 

21.33 

23.33 

25.28 

27.22 

29.17 

31.11 

33.06 

35.00 

36.94 

38.89 

40X3 

82.78 

44.72 

♦ 6X7 

4861 

50.56 

52.50 

54.44 

56.33 

Feb. 

81)00 

2.22 

4.88 

6.67 

823 

ll.lt 

13.33 

15.56 

17.78 

20.00 

22.22 

24.48 

26.67 

28.83 

31.11 

33.33 

35.56 

37.78 

40.00 

82.22 

44.4 4 

46.67 

48X9 

51.11 

53.33 

S5X6 

57.78 

60.00 

62.22 

6444 

12-5 

9000 

2.50 

5.00 

7.50 

10.00 

12.50 

15.00 

17.50 

20.00 

2200 

25.00 

27.50 

30.00 

32.50 

35.00 

37X0 

80.00 

8250 

85X0 

47.50 

50.00 

5250 

55.00 

57.50 

60.00 

6250 

65.00 

67.50 

70.00 

7250 


m 


19-5 


Feb 

10-6 


Mar. 

11-4 


Apr, 

12-5 


May 
I -0 


June 

2-1 


3-1 


Auy. 
if-a 


Sep. 

5-3 


Oct. 

6-3 


Dec. 
a-4. 


Nov. 


8-5 


Feb. 

9-6 


Mar. 


MONTHS. 


Apr. 

1-29 


May 


Jane 

4—0 


Jaly 

5-0 


A ay 
6-1 


Sep. 

7-2 


Oct. 

8-2 


Nov. 

9-9 


Dec 

10-3 


Jan. 

10-6 


11-7 


Apr. 
I -I 


May 

2-1 


Jane I 
3 -2 f 


Jaly I 
4-21 


Iam’ti 

rn 

run 

13 I 

LMj 

1 5 1 

i 6 

rr~ 

1 8 I 

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rrn 


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.02 

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.10 

.12 

.13 

15 

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.05 

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.10 

.13 

.15 

.18 

.20 

.23 

.25 

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4 

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.17 

.20 

.23 

.27 

.30 

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8 

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.53 

.60 

.67 

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8 

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.23 

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mo 


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1.17 

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1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

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9.00 

2.33 

2.67 

3.00 

3.33 

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2.08 

2.50 

2.92 

3.33 

3.7 5 

4.17 

4.58 

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2-50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

5.50 

70 

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1.17 

1.75 

2.33 

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3.50 

4.08 

4.67 

5.25 

5.83 

6.42 

80 

.67 

1.33 

2.00 

2.67 

3.33 

4.00 

4.67 

5.33 

6.00 

6.67 

7.33 

s>o 

.75 

1.50 

2.25 

3.00 

3.75 

4.50 

5.25 

6.00 

6.75 

7.50 

8.25 



IOO 

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1.67 

2X0 

3.33 

4.IJ 

5.00 

5.83 

6.67 

7.50 

8.33 

9.17 

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1.67 

3X3 

5.00 

6.67 

8X3 

10.00 

1 1.67 

13.33 

15.00 

16.67 

18.33 

300 

2.50 

5.00 

7.50 

10.00 

1250 

15.00 

17.50 

20.00 

22.50 

25.00 

27.50 

4-0© 

3X3 

6X7 

10.00 

13.33 

ioxj 

20.00 

23.33 

26.67 

30.00 

33.33 

36.67 

SOO 

4.17 

8X3 

12.50 

16.67 

■ 50.03 

25.00 

29.17 

33.33 

37.50 

41-67 

45.83 

600 

5.00 

10.00 

13.00 

90.00 

05.00 

30.00 

3 5.00 

40.00 

45.00 

50.00 

55.00 

700 

5X3 

11.67 

17.50 

93.33 

29.17 

35.00 

4 . 0.83 

46.67 

52.50 

58.33 

64.17 

800 

6.67 

13.33 

20.00 

26.67 

33.33 

40.00 

46.67 

53.33 

60.00 

66.67 

73.33 

900 

7.50 

15.00 

22.50 

30.00 

37.50 

45.00 

52.50 

60.00 

67.50 

75.00 

82.50 





35 £ - 

7 S 




1 O 


IOOO 

8.33 

16.67 

25.00 

33.33 

41.67 

50.00 

5 3 . 33 1 

66.67 

75.00 

83.33 

91.67 

aooo 

16.67 

33.33 

50.00 

66.67 

83.33 

100.00 

116.67 

133.33 

150.00 

166.67 

183.33 

3000 

25.00 

50.00 

75.00 

100.00 

125.00 

1 50.00 

17 5.00 

200.00 

225 . 0Q 

250.00 

275.00 

•root) 

33.33 

66X7 

100.00 

133.33 

166X7 

200.00 

233.33 

266.67 

300.00 

33 3.3 3 

366.67 

I'Hiirn 

41.67 

8*33 

123.00 

166.67 

aotlSs 

23000 

291.67 

333.33 

3 75.00 

416 67 

f 58-33 

IOOOOS 

50.00 

100.00 

150.00 

900.00 

250.00 

300.00 

350 . oo ! 

400.00 

450.00 

500.00 

550.00 

1 70008 

58.33 

116.67 

175.00 

233.33 

291.67 

350.00 

408.33 

466.67 

525 00 

583.33 

b'f 1.67 

■y«oo| 

66.67 

133X3 

200.00 

266.67 

333.33 

400.00 

466 . 67 , 

533 33 

600.00 

666.67 

733.33 

190001 

75.00 

150.00 

225.00 

300.00 

375.00 

450.00 

525 . 00 ; 

600.00 

675.00 

750.00 

825.00 


YEARS. 


tt .10 
.20 
.30 
.40 

* .20 
.40 
.60 
.80 

# 

>J CD CD CO 

oooo 

0 40 

.80 
1.20 
1.60 

* SO 
1.00 
ISO 
a.oo 

# .60 
1.20 
1 . 8 O 
2.40 


* •/0 
1.40 
2.10 
2.80 

iso 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2 T 50 

3.00 

3.50 

.60 

1.20 

1-80 

2.40 

3.00 

3.60 

4.20 

.70 

1.40 

2.10 

2.80 

3.50 

4.20 

4.90 

.80 

1.60 

2.40 

3.20 

400 

4.80 

5.60 

■90 

1.80 

2.70 

3.60 

4.50 

5.40 

6.30 

Mi^B| 

BBHI 



Jane 
I - I 


Jaly 
2 -I 


Auj). 

3-3 


1.00 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

3.00 

6.00 

aoo 

12.00 

4.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

5.00 

10.00 

15.00 

20.00 

6.00 

12.00 

18.00 

24.00 

7.00 

14.00 

21.00 

28.00 

5.00 

10.00 

15.00 

20.00 

25.00 

30.00 

35.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

18.00 

18.00 

21.00 

24.00 

27.00 

24.00 

28.00 

32.00 

36.00 

30.00 

35.00 

40.00 

45.00 

36.00 

42.00 

48.00 

54.00 

42.00 

49.00 

56.00 

632)0 

S 

1 

S 

10.00 

20.00 

30.00 

40.00 

20.00 

40.00 

60.00 

80.00 

30.00 

60.00 

90.00 

1 20.00 

40.00 
80.00 
120.00 
160.00 

50.00 

100.00 

150.00 

20000 

60.00 

120.00 

1 80.00 
240.00 

70.00 

140.00 

210.00 

280.00 

50X0 

1 00.00 

1 50.00 

200.00 

250.00 

300.00 

350.00 

60.00 

70.00 

80.00 

30.00 

1 2 0.00 
1 40.00 

1 60.00 
1 80.00 

180.00 

2 1 0.00 
240.00 
2 70.00 

240.00 

2 80.00 
320.00 
360.00 

30000 

350.00 

400.00 

450.00 

360.00 

420.00 

480.00 

54000 

420.00 

4 90.00 
560.00 
630.00 

s 

■HHpBTflTTnORV 


1 00.00 
200.00 
300.00 
400 00 

200.00 

400.00 

600.00 

800.00 

300.00 

600.00 

900.00 

1200.00 

400.00 
800.00 
1200.00 
1 600.00 

soo.oo 

1000.00 

1500 00 
200000 

600.00 
1200.00 
1 800.00 
2 400-00 

1400.00 

2 100.00 
2800.00 

500.00 

1000-00 

1500-00 

200000 

2500 OO 

3 000.00 

3500.00 

600.00 

700.00 

800.00 

900.00 

1200.00 

14 00.00 
1600.00 
1800.00 

1800.00 

2100.00 

2400.00 

2700.00 

2400 00 

2800.00 

3200.00 

3600.00 

3000 00 

350000 
4000 00 
4500.00 

3600.00 

4200.00 

4800.00 

5400.00 

4 300.00 

4900.00 

5 6 ' 00.00 
6300.00 









Sep. 
4 3 


Oct. 

5-3 


Nov. 
6 4 


Dec. 

& 

Jan. 

7-4 


Feb. 

Ill 


Sep. 

3 - 2 

Oct. 

4- 2 


Oct. 

7-4 


Nov. 

8-5 


Dec. 

9-5 


* v 4 lu> ue tujiectea oy law, yet, when simple interest has already accrued 

a-nd become payable, an ayeecmXnt that if shall be added to the principal thus /ormed, will generally be 
Considered leyal. When such interest would not be recoverable upon an ordinary contract in which its 
payment was agreed upon, yet, i/ ,t has actu ally been paid, it cannot be recovered by leyal process 


Nov. 

lil 


Dec. 

6-3 


34 






























































































































































































































































































































































2-1 


4 - 

m 

Jan. 

4-2 


5-3 


IO 

.10 

.20 

.30 

.40 

.50 

.60 

.70 

.80 

..90 

1.00 

1.10 

30 

.20 

. 4-0 

.60 

.80 

1.00 

1.20 

1 . 4-0 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

30 

.30 

- .60 

.90 

1.20 

1.50 

1.80 

2.10 

2.40 

2.70 

3.00 

3.30 

*0 

. 4-0 

.80 

1.20 

1.60 

3.00 

2.40 

2.80 

3.20 

3.60 

4.00 

4.40 

50 

.50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

250 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

5.50 

60 

.60 

1.20 

1.80 

2.40 

3 00 

3.60 

4 . 20 , 

4.80 

5.40 

6.00 

6.60 

70 

.70 

1.40 

2.10 

2.80 

3.50 

4.20 

4.9 0 1 

5.60 

6.30 

7.00 

7.70 

80 

.80 

1.60 

2.40 

3.20 

*00 

4.80 

5.60 

6.40 

7.20 

8.00 

8.80 

90 

.90 

1.80 

2.70 

3.60 

*50 

5.40 

6.30 

7.20 

810 

9.00 

9.90 


.1 .M 

7 S 




1 o 

o 7 s 

too 

1.00 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00 

10.00 

1 1.00 

300 

2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

1000 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

16.00 

20.00 

22.00 

300 

3.00 

6.00 

9.00 

12.00 

15.00 

18.00 

21.00 

24.00 

27.00 

30.00 

33.00 

*oo 

MO 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 

30.00 

24.00 

28.00 

32.00 

36.00 

40.00 

44.00 

500 

5.00 

1 ooo 

15.00 

20 00 

35.00 

30.00 

35.00 

40.00 

45.00 

50.00 

55.00 

600 

6.00 

12.00 

18.00 

24.00 

30.00 

36.00 

42.00 

48.00 

54.00 

60.00 

66.00 

700 

7.00 

14.00 

21.00 

28.00 

35.00 

42.00 

49.00 

56.00 

63.00 

70.00 

77.00 

800 

8.00 

16.00 

24.00 

32.00 

* 0.00 

48.00 

56.00 

64.00 

72.00 

80.00 

88.00 

900 

9-00 

18.00 

27.00 

36.00 

*500 

54.00 

63.00 

72.00 

81.00 

90.00 

99-00 


n —llOOOl 

|2000l 
|300«l 
moool 


RfiT'TiJ 


Am) 

11-4 


Sep- 

12-5 


6000 

7000 

18000 

19000 


10.00 
20.00 
30 00 
40.00 

20.00 

40.00 

60.00 

80.no 

30.00 

60.00 

90.00 

120.00 

40.00 

80.00 

120.00 

160.00 

5000 

10000 

15000 

200.00 

60.00 

120.00 

180.00 
240.00 

70.00 

140.00 

210.00 

280-00 

80.00 

160.00 

240.00 

320.00 

90.00 

180.00 

270.00 

360.00 

100.00 

200.00 

300.00 

400.00 

1 10.00 
220.00 
330.00 
440.00 


120.00 

240.00 

360.00 

48000 

240.00 

480.00 

720.00 

960.00 

360.00 
7 20.00 
1080.00 

1 4 40.00 

480.00 

960.00 

1440.00 

1920.00 

600.00 

1200.00 

1800.00 

2*0000 

720.00 

1440.00 

2160.00 

2880.00 

8 f 0.00 
1680.00 
2520.00 
3360.00 

50 00 

100.00 

150.00 

200.00 

25000 

300.00 

350.00 

400.00 

450-00 

500.00 

550.00 


600.00 

i aoooo 

1 800.00 

2400.00 

3000.001 

3600.00 

itaoo.oo 

60.00 

70.00 

80.00 

90.00 

120.00 

140.00 

160.00 

18000 

18000 

210.00 

240.00 

270.00 

340.00 

280.00 

320.00 

360.00 

300.00 

350.00 

400.00 

*50.00 

360.00 

420.00 

480.00 

540.00 

420.00 

490.00 

560.00 

630.00 

480.00 

560.00 
640.00 
720 00 

540.00 

630.00 

720.00 

810.00 

600.00 

700.00 
300.00 
900 00 

660.00 

770.00 

880.00 

990.00 

H 

720.00 

840.00 

960.00 

1080.00 

1 4 40.00 

1 680.00 
1920.00 
Ql 60.00 

2160.00 

2520.00 

2880.00 

3240.00 

28 80.00 

3 360.00 
3840.00 

4 320.00 

3600.00 

*200.00 

*800.00 

5*00.00 

4320.00 

5040.00 

5760.00 

6480.00 

5040.00 

5880.00 

6720.00 

7560.00 


AuJ - 

8-3 


Sep. 

9 - 4 
Oct . 

10 - 4 


Oct . 

1-0 


Nov. 

3-1 

Oec . 

3-1 


The Fractions of a Cent were dropped in the construction o/ these interest tables when less 

than one ha!/ o ( a cent, and added when one Hal/" or more. OTHER RATES than those 9 i ven in the tables 
may be found from the tables as followsFor 2 % take 'A the amount for 4-X \ 2/a = kao/5?»i 3 /o - 'A of 6%) 
yA% = 'A of 7A; *t-'A%*'A of SA ; 5/aX ° 5 A + ; 6 'A% = 6 X 5 ^ +;4; = 8 %-t->S o/X or/t. 


Nov. 

11-5 


Dec. 

12-5 


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206 

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213 

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2240 


2688 

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4032 

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32.9868 

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165 

173 

182 

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260 

272 

330 

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5*5 

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660 

693 

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817 

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866 

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3301 

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34.5516 

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760 

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3801 

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199 

208 

217 

298 

312 

325 

393 

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S96 

623 

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727 

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867 

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2077 

2169 

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6232 

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6958 

7271 

7590 

7952 

8310 

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111.0178 122.719 

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368 

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589 

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859 

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1104 

1149 

1179 

1227 

1277 

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2554 

3536 

3682 

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8590 

8937 

9429 

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nnun 


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11.5203 

132.733 133 

265 

398 

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796 

929 

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1327 

2655 

3982 

5309 

6637 

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12.1856 

137.887 
1*3.139 
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138 

1*3 

1*8 

276 

286 

297 

*1* 

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552 

573 

59* 

689 

7.16 

7*2 

827 

859 

891 

965 

1002 

1039 


1103 

11*5 

1 188 

1241 

1288 

1336 

1379 

1*31 

1*85 

2758 

2863 

2970 

4137 

4294 

4455 


5515 

5726 

59*0 

6894 

7157 

7425 

8073 

8588 

8909 

9652 

10020 

10394 

II 031 
11*51 
11879 

14 

*3.982* 

12. *072 

153.938 

15* 

308 

*62 

616 

770 

92* 

1078 


1232 

1385 

1539 

3079 

4618 


6158 

7697 

9336 

10776 

13315 

'/ * 

‘/a 

3 A 

**1618 

*5.553 

*6.338 

12.6287 

12.8503 

13.0118 

159.485 

165.13 

170.81* 

159 

165 

17 1 

3 19 

330 

3*2 

*78 

*95 

513 

638 

651 

683 

797 

826 

854 

957 

991 

1025 

1116 

1156 

1196 


1276 

1321 

1367 

1435 

I486 

1538 

1595 

1651 

1709 

3190 

3303 

3417 

4785 

4954 

5106 


6373 

6605 

6835 

7974 

8257 

8544 

9569 

9908 

10252 

II164 
11559 

11961 

12159 

13210 

13670 


|_L 
•A 147.909 
'A ■'+8.695 
3 /f 1*9.98 


4-7.129 13.293* 176.715 


13.515 

13.7365 

13.9581 


182.655 

188.692 

199.828 


183 

189 

195 


530 


365 g 598 

377 | 566 
390 i 589 


889 


913 

9*3 

97* 


1060. 

1096 

1132 

1169 


1279 S 1*61 
1321 | 1510 
136* B 1559 


1767 353* 


16** 

1699 

1753 


1827 

1887 

19*8 


3653 

377* 

3897 


5*80 1 7306. 

5661 g 75*8 
58*5 i 7793 


8936 IC603 12370 1*137 
9133 10959 12786 1*612 
9*35 11322 13208 15095 
97*1 11690 13638 15586 


A 5? N “ The Gauger’s Table -may be used for computing the contents 0 /CASKS, 
CISTERNS, TANKS, WELLS, BOILERS, CYLINDERS, CUBICAL ENCLOSURES, or what 

ever else hav 1*191 asirm lar form to the foregoing The diameter is given at-the left margin, and 
is divided into fourths ; it may be taken as inches, as in the gauging 0 / casks, or as feet, as in/itid¬ 
ing the number 0 / cubic feet ,n a well, cistern, or tank. The next column to the right shows the 
corresponding circumference. The third column gives the side of a square equal in area to the cir¬ 
cle whose dlameter ,s given ,n the first column. The fourth column contains the area, whether 
of the circle or square. The remainder of the page gives the solid contents at various^ e p t h s 
from I to 80, as shown by the bold-faced type at the top margin. To get any depth tiot shown by 


36 




















































































































































































































THE GAUGER’S TABLE. 


❖ 


ii 


k 

£ <? 


/ 


SOUVJ COHTtHTS. 


DEPTH. 


« a 


7 ft 8 9 I 10 I ao I 30 m-0 I 50 I 60 I 70 I 80 


•6 


50.2656 

14.1796 

201.082 

201 

402 


603 

804 

1005 

1206 

1407 


1608 

1810 

2011 

4021 

6032 

£ 

8042 

10053 

12064 

14074 

16085 

'/* 

'/a 

3/u 


51.051 

51.8364 

52.6218 

14.4012 

14.6227 

14.8443 

207.395 

213.825 

220.354 

207 

214 

220 

415 

428 

441 


622 

641 

661 

830 

855 

881 

1037 

1069 

1102 

1244 

1283 

1322 

1452 

1497 

1542 


1659 

1711 

1763 

1867 

1924 

1983 

2074 

2138 

2204 

4148 

4277 

4407 

6222 

6415 

6611 


8296 

8553 

8814 

10370 

10691 

11018 

12444 

12830 

13221 

14518 

14968 

15425 

16592 

17106 

17628 

IT 


53.4072 

15.0659 

226.981 

227 

454 


681 

908 

1135 

1362 

1589 


1816 

2043 

2270 

4540 

6809 


9079 

11349 

13619 

15889 

18158 

'/f 

*/2 
3/4 


54.1926 

54.978 

55.7634 

15.2874 

15.509 

15.7305 

233.706 

240.529 

247.45 

234 

241 

247 

567 

481 

495 


701 

722 

74-2 

935 

962 

990 

1169 

1203 

1237 

1402 

1443 

1485 

1636 

1684 

1732 


1870 

1924 

1980 

2103 

2165 

2227 

2337 

2405 

2475 

4674 

4811 

4949 

7011 

7216 

7424 


9348 

9621 

9898 

11685 

12026 

12373 

14022 

14432 

14847 

16359 

16837 

17322 

18696 

19242 

19796 

□n 


1 

8 






1 8 

56.5488 

15.9521 

254.47 

254 

509 

$ 

763 

1018 

1272 

1527 

1781 


2036 

2290 

2545 

5089 

7634 


ior 

79 

12724 

15268 

17813 

20358 

'/4 

'/l 

V*. 

! 

57.3342 

58.1196 

58.905 

16.1736 

16.3952 

16.6168 

261.587 

268.803 

276.117 

262 

269 

276 

523 

538 

552 


785 

806 

828 

1046 

1075 

1104 

1308 

1344 

1381 

1570 

1613 

1657 

1831 

1882 

1933 


2093 

2150 

2209 

2354 

2419 

2485 

2616 

2688 

2761 

5232 

5376 

5522 

7849 

8064 

8284 


10463 

10752 

11045 

13079 

13440 

13806 

15695 

16128 

16567 

18311 

18816 

19328 

20927 

21504 

22089 

19 


59.6904 

16.8383 

283.529 

284 

567 

a 

851 

1134 

1418 

1701 

1985 


2268 

2552 

283S 

5671 

8506 


11341 

14176 

17012 

19847 

22682 

'/if 

'/2 
3/if 


60.4758 

61.2612 

62.0466 

17.0599 

17.2814 

17.503 

291.04 

298.648 

306.355 

291 

299 

306 

582 

597 

613 

l 

873 

896 

919 

1164 
1195 
1225 

1455 

1493 

1532 

1746 

1792 

1838 

2037 

2091 

2144 


2328 

2389 

2451 

2619 

2688 

2757 

2910 

2986 

3064 

5821 

5973 

6127 

8731 

8959 

9191 


11642 

11946 

12254 

14552 

14932 

15318 

17462 

17919 

18381 

20373 

20905 

21445 

23283 

23892 

24508 


162.832 ln.iaf5l3lH-.l6 I 314- 1 638 ■ 942 I 1257 I 1571 1 1885 I 2199 ■ 2513 1 2827 1 314-2 I 6283 


63.6174 
64-.4-028 
65.1882; 


17.9461 

18.1677 

18.3892 


322.063 

330.064 

338.164 


322 

330 

338 


644 

660 

676 


966 

990 

1014 


1288 

1320 

1353 


1610 

1650 

1691 


1932 

1980 

2029 


2254 

2310 

2367 


2577 

2641 

2705 


2899 

2971 

3043 


3221 

3301 

3382 


6441 

6601 

6763 


165.9736118.61081346.36TT346 1 693 ■ 1039 I 1385 I 1732 1 207812425 ■ 2771 I 3117 1 3464 1 6927 


66.759 

67.5444| 

68.3298 


18.8323 

19.0539 

19.2754 


354.657 

363.051 

371.543 


355 

363 

372 


1064 

1089 

1115 


1419 

1452 

I486 


1773 

1815 

1858 


2128 

2178 

2229 


2483 

2541 

2601 


2837 
| 2904 
2972 


3192 

3267 

3344 


3547 

3631 

3715 


9425 1 12566 


9662 

9902 

10145 

10391 

10640 

10892 

1114-6 


12883 

13203 

13527 

13854 

14186 

14522 

14862 


15708 

16103 

16503 

16908 

17318 

17733 

18153 

18577 


19324 

19804 

20290 

20782 

21279 

21783 

22293 


21991 

22544 

23104 

23671 

24245 

24826 

25414 

26008 


25133 

25765 

26405 

27053 

27709 

28373 

29044 

29723 


EEJ 


69.1152 

19.497 

380.134 

380 

760 


1140 

1521 

1901 

2281 

2661 


3041 

3421 

3801 

7603 

11404 

15205 

19007 

22808 

26609 

30411 

'/^ 

I/a 

3/4- 


69.9006 

70.686 

71.4714- 

19.7185 

19.9401 

20.1617 

388.822 

397.609 

406.494 

389 

398 

406 

778 

795 

813 


1166 

1193 

1219 

1555 

1590 

1626 

1944 

1988 

2032 

2333 

2386 

2439 

2722 

2783 

2845 


3111 

3181 

3252 

3499 

3578 

3658 

3888 

3976 

4065 

7766 

7952 

8130 

11665 

11958 

12195 

15553 

15904 

16260 

19441 

19880 

20325 

23329 

23857 

24390 

27218 

27833 

28455 

31106 

31803 

32520 

33 


72.2568 

20.3832 

415.477 

415 

831 


1246 

1662 

2077 

2493 

2908 


3324 

3739 

4155 

8310 

12464 

16619 

20774 

24929 

29083 

33338 

'/4 
'/ 2 
3/4 


73.0422 

73.8276 

74.613 

20.6048 

20.8263 

21.0479 

424.558 

433.737 

443.015 

425 

434 

443 

849 

867 

886 


1274 

1301 

1329 

1698 

1735 

1772 

2123 

2169 

2215 

2547 

2602 

2658 

2972 

3036 

3101 


3396 

3470 

3544 

3821 

3904 

3987 

4246 

4337 

4430 

8491 

8675 

8860 

12737 

13012 

0290 

16982 

17349 

17721 

21228 

21687 

22151 

25473 

26024 

26581 

29719 
30362 
31011 

33965 

34699 

35441 



9JV1KSTCXKBI 

■Min'! 







75.3984 

21.2694 

452.39 

452 

905 


1357 

1810 

2262 

2714 

3167 

3619 

4072 

4524 

9048 

13572 

18096 

22620 

27143 

31667 

36191 

76.1838 

76.9692 

77.7546 

21.491 

21.7126 

21.9341 

461.864 

471.436 

481.107 

462 

471 

481 

924 

943 

962 


1386 

1414 

1443 

1847 

1886 

1924 

2309 

2357 

2406 

2771 

2829 

2887 

3233 

3300 

3368 


3695 

3771 

3849 

4157 

4243 

4330 

4619 

4714 

4811 

9237 

9429 

9622 

13856 

14143 

14433 

18475 

18857 

19244 

23093 

23572 

24055 

27712 

28286 

28866 

32330 

33001 

33677 

36949 

37715 

38489 

78.54 

22.1557 

490.875 

491 

982 

* 

1473 

1964 

2454 

2945 

3436 


3927 

4418 

4909 

9818 

14726 

19635 

24544 

29453 

34361 

39270 

79.3254 

80.1108 

80.8962 

22.3772 

22.5988 

22.8203 

500.742 

510.706 

520.769 

501 

511 

521 

1001 

1021 

1042 


1502 

1532 

1562 

2003 

2043 

2083 

2504 

2554 

2604 

3004 

3064 

3125 

3505 

3575 

3645 


4006 

4086 

4166 

4507 

4596 

4682 

5007 

5107 

5208 

10015 

10214 

10415 

15022 

15321 

15623 

20030 
20 428 
20831 

25037 

25535 

26038 

30045 

30642 

31246 

35052 

35749 

36454 

40059 

40856 

41662 


81.6816 

23.0419 

530.93 

531 

1062 


1593 

2124 

2655 

3186 

3717 


4247 

4778 

5309 

10619 

15928 


21237 

26547 

31856 

37165 

42474 

82.467 

83.2524 

84.0378 

23.2634 

23.485 

23.7066 

541.19 

551.547 

562.003 

541 

552 

562 

1082 

1103 

1124 


1624 

1655 

1686 

2165 

2206 

2248 

2706 

2758 

2810 

3247 

3309 

3372 

3788 

3861 

3934 


4330 

4412 

4496 

4871 

4964 

5058 

5412 

5515 

5620 

10824 

11031 
11240 

16236 

16546 

16860 


21648 

22062 

22480 

27060 

27577 

28100 

32471 

33093 

33720 

37883 

38608 

39340 

43295 

44124 

44960 

84.8232 

23.9281 

572.557 

573 

1145 

• 

1718 

2290 

2863 

3435 

4008 


4580 

5153 

5726 

114-51 

nm 

$ 

22902 

28628 

34353 

40029 

45805 

85.6086 

86.394 

87.1794 

24.1497 

24.3712 

24.5928 

583.209 

593.959 

604.907 

583 

594 

605 

1166 

1188 

1210 


1750 

1782 

1814 

2333 

2376 

2419 

2916 

2970 

3024 

3499 

3564 

3629 

4082 

4158 

4234 


.4666 

4752 

4838 

5249 

5346 

5443 

5832 

5940 

6048 

11664 

11879 

12096 

17496 

17819 

18144 


23328 

23758 

24192 

29160 

29698 

30240 

34993 

35638 

36288 

40825 

41577 

42336 

46657 

47517 

48385 

2 




2 8 

87.9648 

24.8144 

615.754 

616 

1232 


1847 

2463 

3079 

3695 

4310 


4926 

5542 

6158 

12315 

18473 


24630 

30788 

36945 

43103 

49260 

88.7502 

89.5356 

90.321 

25.0359 

25.2575 

25.479 

626.798 

637.941 

649.182 

627 

638 

649 

1254 

1276 

1298 


1880 

1914 

1948 

2507 

2552 

2597 

3134 

3190 

3246 

3761 

3828 

3895 

4388 

4466 

4544 


5014 

5104 

5193 

5641 

5741 

5843 

6268 

6379 

6492 

12536 

12759 

12984 

18804 

19138 

19475 


25072 

25518 

25967 

31340 

31897 

32459 

37608 

38276 

38951 

43876 

44656 

45443 

50144 

51035 

51935 

91.1064 

'25.7006 

660.521 

661 

1321 


1982 

2642 

3303 

3963 

4624 


5284 

5945 

6605 

13210 

19816 


26421 

33026 

39631 

46236 

52842 

91.8918 

92.6772 

93.4626 

25.9221 

26.1437 

26.3653 

671.959 

683.494 

695.128 

672 

683 

695 

1344 

1367 

1390 


2016 

2050 

2085 

2688 

2734 

278) 

3360 

3417 

3476 

4032 

4101 

4171 

4704 

4784 

4866 


5376 

5468 

5561 

6048 

6151 

6256 

6720 

6835 

6951 

13439 

13670 

13903 

20159 

20505 

20854 


26878 

27340 

27805 

33598 

34175 

34756 

40318 

41010 

41708 

47037 

47845 

486S9 

53757 

54680 

55610 


94,248 26.5868 706.86 707 1414 B212 I 


I i 

2156 

2192 

2228 


2823 


3534 


4241 


4949 1 5655 6362 


1 


7069 14137 21206 ■ 28274 35343 42412 49480 56549 


'/ 4 195.0334 
'/a §95.8188 
3/4 195.6042 


26.8084 

27.0299 

27.2515 


718.69 

730.618 

742.645 


719 

731 

743 


2875 

2922 

2971 


3593 

3653 

3713 


4312 

4384 

4456 


5031 

5114 

5199 


5750 

5845 

5941 


6468 

6576 

6684 


7187 

7306 

7426 


14374 

14612 

14853 


21561 128748 
21919 | 29225 
22279 ft 29706 


35935 

36531 

37132 


43121 

43837 

44559 


50308 

51143 

51985 


57495 

58443 

59412 


the figures at the top margin, add any two together, as to yet a depth of 32, add the quantity in the col¬ 
umn headed by 30 to that in the column headed by 2 ; thus, the number ofcubic inches in a cask the 
mean diameter of which is 20 % inches, and 32 inches deep, is ( 1014-5 + 676 ) 10821. There are four 
VARIETIES OF CASKS; viz., I. Ordinary form of middle trust-rum of a prolate spheroid, which 
comprises all casks having a spherical outline of staves, as rum puncheons, whiskey barrels,etc. XI. Mid¬ 
dle frustrum of a parabolic spindle, which comprises all casks in which the curve of the staves quickens 
at the chime, as brandy casks and provision barrels. XXI. Middle frustrum of a paraboloid, which com¬ 
prises all casks in which the curve of the staves quickens slightly at the bilge,as wine casks.IIII.Two 
equal frustrums of cones, which comprises all casks in which the curve of the staves quickens at t h e 


37 


















































































































































































































THE GAUGER’S TABLE. 


SOVAG GOT*"*ENTS 


1 e 1 *7 1 S 1 9 1 

rrra ^iii i<r<i 

14-0150 1 


3 1 





cm 


^7^8% 


15?J6? 

755 

1510 


2264 

3019 

3774 

4529 

5283 

6038 

6793 

1548 

15095 

226 43 

30191 

37738 

45286 

52834 

60382 

•A 

‘/a 

3 /u. 


98.175' 

98.9601 

99.7458 

27.6946 

27.9161 

28.1377 

166.992 

119.313 

191.132 

767 

779 

792 

1534 

1559 

1583 


230 1 
2338 
2375 

3068 
3 117 
3 167 

3835 

3897 

3959 

4602 

4676 
47 50 

5369 

5455 

5542 

6 136 

6235 

6334 

6903 

7014 

7126 

7610 
7793 
19 17 

15340 

15586 

15835 

23010 

23379 

23752 

30680 
31173 
3 1669 

38350 

38966 

39587 

46020 

46759 

47504 

53689 

54552 

S542I 

61359 

6234S 

63339 



100.5312 

28.3593 

804.25 

804 

1609 


24 1 3 

32 17 

402 1 

4826 

5630 

6434 

7238 

8043 

16085 

24128 

32170 

40213 

48255 

56298 

64340 

'/a 

3/4 


101.3166 

102.102 

102.8871 

28.5808 

28.8024 

29.0239 

816.865 

829.519 

842.391 

8 17 
830 
842 

1634 

1659 

1685 


2451 

2489 

2527 

3267 

33 18 

^^O 

4084 
4148 
40 1 2 

490 1 
4911 
5054 

5118 

5807 

5891 

6535 

6631 

6739 

7352 

7466 

7582 

8169 
8296 
8 424 

16337 

16592 

16848 

2450S 

24887 

25272 

32675 

33183 

33696 

40843 

41479 

42120 

49012 

49175 

50543 

57181 

58071 

58967 

65349 

66366 

67391 








FFI 


mi 

■HH 

■■■ 


MSB 

■■■ 

pHHI 

■H 


59871 

68424 

33 


1037^^ 

29.2455 

855.301 

855 

mi 


2566 

342 1 

4211 

5132 

5981 

6842 

7698 

8553 

17106 

25659 

34212 

42765 

51318 

•/if 
'/2 
3/4 


104.458 

105.244 

106-029 

29.461 

29.6886 

29.9102 

868.309 

881.415 

894.62 

868 

881 

895 

1737 

1763 

1789 


2605 

2644 

2684 

3473 

3526 

3578 

4342 

4401 

4473 

5210 

5288 

5368 

6018 

6110 

6262 

6946 
1051 
7 157 

1815 

1933 

8052 

8683 

8814 

8946 

17366 

17628 

17892 

26049 

26442 

26839 

34732 

35257 

35785 

43415 

44071 

4-4731 

52099 

52885 

53617 

60782 

61699 

62623 

69465 

70513 

71570 

3J* 


106-814- 

30*1311 

901.922 

908 

1816 


2724 

3632 

4540 

5448 

6355 

7263 

817 1 

9079 

18158 

27238 

36317 

45396 

54475 

69555 

72634 

1 / 4 

1 / 2 
3/4 


107.6 

108.385 

109.171 

30.3533 

30.5148 

30.1964 

921.323 

934.822 

948.42 

921 

935 

948 

1843 

1870 

1897 


2764 

2804 

2845 

3685 

3739 

3794 

4607 

4674 

4742 

5528 

5609 

5691 

6449 

6544 

6639 

737 1 
1419 
7587 

8292 

8413 

8536 

,9213 

9348 

9484 

18426 

18696 

18968 

27640 

28045 

28453 

36853 

37393 

^9^ 

46066 

46141 

^421 

55279 

56089 

56905 

[y E.3 

64493 

65438 

66389 

73706 

74186 

15814 


09.956 

31.0179 

962.115 

962 

1934 


2886 

3848 

481 1 

5113 

6135 


1691 

8659 

9621 

19242 

28863 


38485 

48106 

57727 

67348 

16969 

10.141 

11.521 

12.312 

31.2395 

31.4611 

31.6826 

915.909 

989.8 

1003.19 

916 

990 

,004 

1952 

1980 

3008 


2928 

2969 
301 1 

3904 

3959 

4015 

4880 

4949 

5019 

5855 

5939 

6023 

6831 

6929 

1021 


1801 

7918 

8030 

8183 

8908 

9034 

9159 

9898 

10038 

19518 

19196 

20016 

29217 

29694 

30114 


39036 

39592 

40152 

48195 

49490 

50190 

58555 

59388 

60227 

68314 

69286 

70265, 

18013 

79184 

80303 

13.098 

31.9042 

1017.878 

1018 

2036 


3054 

4012 

5089 

6101 

1125 


8143 

9 161 

10119 

20358 

30536 


40115 

50894 

61073 

71251 

81430 

13.883 

14.668 

15.454 

32.1257 

32.3473 

32.5688 

1032.065 

1046.349 

1060.132 

1032 

1046 

1061 

2064 

2093 

2121 


3096 

3139 

3182 

4128 

4185 

4243 

5160 

5232 

5304 

6192 

6218 

6364 

1224 

7324 

1425 


9251 

8311 

8486J 

9289 

9411 

£5^ 

10321 

10463 

10607 

20641 

20921 

nns 

30962 

31390 

31822 


41283 

41854 

42429 

51663 

52311 

53037 

61924 

62781 

63644 

12245 

13244 

14251 

82565 

83708 

84859 


371 


16.239 327790411075.913 1015 2I50B3226 4301 5376 


13.035 
13.8 I 
18.595 


33.0113 

33.3335 

33.4551 


30.166 

30.952 

31.333 


33.8983 

34.1193 

34.3413 


1089.392 
1104.469 
II 19.344 


1149.089 

1164.159 

1139.333 


1090 

1104 

1119 


1149 

1164 

1139 


21801 

3209 

2238| 


13269 

3313 

3358 


22981 

23281 

23591 


3441 

3493 

3538 


4359 

4418 

4433 


4596 

4651 

4113 


5449 

5522 

5596 


5145 

5821 

5893 


6451 

6539 

6621 

6115 


6895 

6985 

1016 


8602 9 611 10152 21504 


1629 | 

1131 , 
1835 


8118 

8836 

8954 


IMUMi 134-118 1134 2268^3402'4536 5611 6805 7939B9073 10201 11341 23682 34024 B45365 56106 68043 39388 90329 


8044 

8149 

8255 


9193 

9313 

19435 


9808 

9940 

10033 


10342 

10433 

10614 


10898 

11045 

11192 


11491 

11642 

11393 


21396 

22089 

32385 


22982 

23283 

23583 


32694 
33134 
33533 I 


143592 

44139 
144330 


34413 

34925 
35380| 


45964 

46566 
I 43 133 


53361 64513 35265 86013 


54490 

55223 

55962 


57454 

58208 

58966 


65388 

66268 

63155 


36285 

71313 

18341 


81183 

88358 

89540 


68945 

69850 

10160 


80436 

81491 

82553 


91921 

93133 

94346 


FH 


m.522 

34.5628 

1194.593 

1195 

2389 


3584 

4779 

597 3~ 

1168 

8362 

9551 

10151 

11946 

23892 

35838 


41784 

59130 

11616 

83622 

95567 

' / 4 
*/ 2 

3/4 


123.308 

124.093 

124.819 

34.1884 

35.006 

35.2215 

1209.958 

1225.42 

1240.981 

1210 

1225 

1241 

2420 

2451 

2482 


3630 
361G 
3723 

4-840 

4902 

4964 

6050 

6121 

6205 

7260 

1353 

74-46 

8410 

8518 

8687 

9680 

9803 

9928 

10890 
11029 
II169 

12100 

12254 

I24IO 

24199 

24508 

24820 

36299 

36163 

31229 


48398 

49011 

49639 

60498 

61211 

62049 

12597 

73525 

74459 

84691 

85119 

86869 

96797 

98034 

99278 

M-O 


125.664 

35.4491 

1256.64 

1257 

2513 


3770 

5027 

6283 

7540 

8796 

10053 

11310 

12566 

25133 

31699 


50266 

62832 

75398 

81965 

100531 

J/4 

/a 

3/4 

1 

126.449 

127.235 

128.02 

35.6706 

35.8922 

36.1131 

1212.391 

1288.252 

1304.206 

1272 

1288 

1304 

2545 

2517 

2608 


3817 

3865 

3913 

5090 

5153 

5217 

6362 

644-1 

6521 

1634 

1130 

7825 

8901 

9018 

9129 

10119 

10306 

10434 

11452 

11594 

11738 

12724 

12883 

13042 

25448 

25165 

26084 

38112 

38648 

39126 


50896 

51530 

52168 

63620 

64413 

65210 

76344 

77295 

18252 

89068 

90178 

91294 

101792 
103060 
10 4336 


**•1 


28.806136.3353[1320.2571132012641 W396 I [5281 16601 13 922 19242 ■10562 111882 113203 126405 j 39608 ■ 52810 166013 139215 192418 1105621 


129.591 

130.316 

131.162 


132.333 

133.518 

134.303 


35.814 

36.66 

37.445 


36.5569 
36.7784 
33. 


37.4431 

31.6646 

31.8862 


1336.401 

1352.655 

1369.001 


1401.99 

1418.63 

1435.31 


1336 

1353 

1369 


1402 

1419 

1435 


2613 

2705 

21381 


4009 

4058 

4101 


28041 

2837 [ 
2811 


4206 

4256 

4306 


5346 

541 I 
5416 


6682 

6163 

6845 


8018 

8116 

8214 


9355 

9469 

9583 


31.947 37.2215 1385.45 1385 2771 ■ 4156 5542 6927 9313 9698 11084 12469 13855 27709 41564 


39.016 

39.801 

40.587 


38.1079 14-52.2 1452 2904B435T 


38.3293 

38.5509 

38.1124 


39.2155 

39.4371 

39.6581 


1469.14 

1486.11 

1503.3 


1537.86 

1555.29 

1512.81 


1469 

1486 

1503 


1538 

1555 

1573 


2938 H 4407 

2972144 59 
3001145 I O 


301GI 

3111 [ 
31461 


4614 

4666 
471 8 


5608 

5615 

5141 


5817 

5945 

6013 


3010 

7093 

7117 


8412 

8512 

8612 


9814 

9930 

10048 


10691 

10821 

10952 


11216 

11349 

11483 


12028 

12114 

12321 


12618 

12768 

12918 


13364 

13527 

13690 


6151 

6221 

6291 


72SI 8713 I0I65B1I6I8 13070 


1346 

743 I 
7513 


1689 

7716 

7864 


8815 

8917 

9020 


9221 

9332 

9437 


10284 111753 

10403 B 11889 
10523 ll2026 


1322,2 

13376 

113530 


38.23 38.994 1520.53 1521 304114563 6082 7603 9123 I0644WI2I64 13685 15205 30411 45616 ■ 60Wl 7 6 027 9123 2 10 6 437 721642 


10765 

10887 
11 010 [ 


12303 

12442 

112582 


13841 

13998 

14155 


14020 

14186 

14354 

□EQ 

14522 

14691 

14862 

15033 


26128 

21053 

21380 


40092 
40580 
41010 I 


53456 

54106 

54160 


86820 

61633 

68450 


80184 

81159 

82140 


93548 

94686 

95830 


106913 

108212 

109520 


28040 

28313 

28101 


42060 
42559 
43061 p 




56080 

56145 

51415 


70100 

70932 

11169 


84119 

85118 

86122 

ITT 


98139 

99304 

100476 


112159 
113490 
1148301 


42.157 

42.943 

43.728 


40.1018 

40.3233 

40.5449 


1608.16 

1625.97 

1643.89 


1608 

1626 

1644 


3216 ■ 4824 

325214878 
328814932 


6433 

6504 

6576 


8041 

8130 

8219 


9649 

9756 

9863 


1251 ■ 12365 

11382 1|3008 
11501 113151 


14413 

14634 

14195 


15319 

15553 

15128 

CB 


29044 43566 


29383 

29123 

30066 


30151 

31106 

31456 


4 4 072 1 581 66 

44585 1 59441 
450991 60132 


46136 

46659 

41184 


61514 

62212 
162912 


13451 

14309 

75165 


16893 

17765 

78641 


101654 lit 


88148 

89170 

90198 


102840 

104032 

105231 


117531 

118894 

120264 


92272 

93317 

94369 


107650 

108870 

110097 


123029 

124423 

125805 


41.37 2 3 9-8802 159 0.43 159 0 3181147 7 I 6 3 62 7 9 5 2 9 5 43 11133 112723 14314 15904 31809 I 47713 ■ 63617 79522 954-26 1111330 127234 


16082 

16260 

16439 


32163 

32519 

32878 


48245 1 64326 

48779 1 65039 
49317 1 65756 


80408 

81299 

82195 


96490 

97558 

98633 


11257 
113818 
115072 


128653 
130078 
13 IS 11 


bi I 9 C, as gin p;pcs. To ascertain the MEAN DIAMETER of a cask, multiply the di//erence between 
the head and bang diameters in inches by the /ollowing units -for the /our varieties ; add the product to 
the head diameter, and the sum will be the mean diameter of the variety required. 1st Variety, .7 ; 2nd Va- 
Tiety ,.68 j S'fd Variet y, .56 ; Variety,.52. ( Use Computation Table Based on I /or multiplying) . 

Example.— The bung and head diameters o/ a cask o/ the 1st variety are 24- and 20 inches, and the 
mean diameter is (24- — 20=4- 4- X.7 = 2 .8 ; 2.3+20 = 22.8) 22.8 inches. To ULLAGE a cask 

(one partly /filed ), stand it on end ; add together the square of the diameter at the sur/ace o/the liquor, the 
square a/ the head diameter, and the square of the double diameter taken in middle between the two; mul¬ 
tipig the sum by wet depth in inches,and the product by .1309 , and divide by 231 for result in gallons. 


38 





































































































































































































































































THE GAUGER’S TABLE. 


SOUQ COHTL^TS. 


DEPT 


44.514|40.1664|l66l.9l II66S33 


|4986 6648 


9911 11633 13295 14951 


IQ 

OS 

16619 


ttOl30lM»Ol5Ql 


33238 49851 H66416 83096 


TCMjO 

116334 132953 


p/ul 


145.299 

146.084 

146.81 


40.988 

41.2096 

41.4311 


1680.02 

1698.23 

1116.54 


1680 

1698 

111! 


33601 

33961 

34331 


r5040 

5095 

5150 


6120 

6193 

6866 


8400 

8491 

8583 


10080 

10189 

10299 


11160 

11888 

12016 


15120 

15284 

15449 


16800 

16982 

11165 


33600 

33965 

34331 


50401 

50941 

51496 


61201 
61929 
168663 


84001 

84910 

85821 


100801 

101894 

102992 


1(1601 

118816 

120158 


134402 

135858 

131323 


41.655 41.6521 1134.9511135 3410B 5205 6940 8615 10410 12145 13880 15615 11350 34699 52049 169398 86748 104091 121441 138196 


148.441 

149.226 

150.011 


41.8142 

42.0958 

42.3113 


1153.45 

1112.06 

I190.T6 


1153 

1112 

1191 


35011 

35441 
3582 f 


5260 

5316 

15312 


1014 

1088 

1163 


8161 

8860 

8954 


10521 

10632 

10145 


12214 

12404 

12535 


14028 

14176 

14326 


15181 
15949 
161 n 


11535 

11121 

11908 


35069 

35441 

35815 


52604 
53162 
53123 I 


10138 
70882 
111630 


81613 

88603 

89538 


105201 

106324 

101446 


122142 

12404 

125353 


140216 

11141165 

143261 


50.19142.539 1809.56 1810 36I9B5429 1238 9048 10851 I266lll4416 16286 18096 36191 54281112382 90478 108514 126669 144765 


151.582 

152.368 

153.153 


■ 1828.46 

1847.46 

1866.55 


1828 

1841 

1861 


12199 

12932 

13066 


16456 

16627 

16199 


18285 

18415 

18666 


54854 

S5424 

55991 


73138 
13898 
114662 


91423 

92373 

93328 


42.1604 

42.982 

_ 43.2036 _____ 

53.938 43.4251 II885.15H886I3112BS65111543 19429 II131 5 113200 ■ 15086116912 118858131115156513 ■15430194288111314511320031150860 


36571 

36951 

31331 


[5485 

5542 

15600 


1314 - 

1390 

1466 


9142 

9231 

9333 


10971 
11085 
11199 


14628 
14180 
114332 


36569 

36949 

31331 


109708 
110848 
l11993 


127992 

129322 

130659 


146277 

141791 

149324 


54.124 

55.509 

56.295 


43.6461 

43.8682 

44.0898 


1905.04 

1924.43 

1943.91 


1905 

1924 

1944 


38101 

38491 

38881 


5115 

5113 

5832 


1620 

1698 

1176 


9525 

9622 

9120 


11430 

11541 

11663 


13335 

13411 

13601 


15240 

15395 

15551 


11145 

11320 

11495 


19050 

1924-4 

19439 


38101 

38489 

38818 


51151 

S1133 

58317 


16202 

76911 

71156 


95252 

96222 

97196 


114302 
1154661 
1166351 


133353 

134110 

136014 


152403 

153954 

155513 


151.08 

44.3113 

1963.5 

1964 

3921 


5891 

1854 

9818 

11181 

13145 


15108 

11612 

19635 

39210 

58905 


18540 

98115 

111810 

131445 

151080 

151.865 

158.651 

159.436 

44.5329 

44.1545 

44.916 

1983.18 

2002.91 

2022.85 

1983 

2003 

2023 

3966 

4006; 

4046 


5950 

6009 

6069 

1933 

8012 

8091 

9916 

10015 

10114 

11899 

12018 

12131 

13882 

14021 

14160 


15865 

16024 

16183 

11849 

18021 

18206 

19832 

20030 

20229 

39664 

40059 

40451 

59495 

60089 

60686 


19321 

80119 

80914 

99159 

100149 

101143 

II8991 
120178 
121311 

138823 

140208 

141600 

158654 

160238 

161828 

160.222 

45.1916 

2042.83 

2043 

4086 


6128 

8111 

10214 

12251 

14300 


16343 

18385 

20428 

40851 

61285 


81113 

102142 

122510 

142998 

163426 

161.001 

161.192 

162.518 

45.4191 

45.6401 

45.8622 

2062.9 

2083.08 

2103.35 

2063 

2083 

2103 

4126 

4166 

4201 


6189 

6249 

6310 

8259 

8332 

8413 

10315 

10415 

10511 

12311 

12498 

12620 

14440 

14582 

14123 


16503 

16665 

16821 

18566 

18148 

18930 

20629 

20831 

21034 

41258 

41662 

42061 

61881 

62492 

63101 


82516 

83323 

84134 

103145 

104154 

105168 

123114 

124985 

126201 

144403 

145816 

141235 

165 032 
166646 
168268 


|p|£s -|p 

■'SSBmSfM 







63.363 46.0839 2133.12 2124 


64.149 

64.934 

65.719 


46.3054 

46.5269 

46.1485 


2144.19 

2164.16 

2185.42 


61.29 

68.016 

68.861 


41.1916 

41.4131 

41.6341 


2144 

2165 

2185 


2227.05 
2248.0 I 
2269.01 


42881 

43301 
4311 r 


2221 

2248 

2269 


6311 8495 10619 12142 I4866BI6990 19113 21231 42414 63112 ■84949 106186 121423 148660 169898 


16433 

i 6494 
6556 


44541 

44961 

45381 


6681 

16144 

6801 


8511 

8659 

8142 


8908 

8992 

9016 


10121 

10824 

10921 


11135 

11240 

11345 

T 


12865 
12989 
13113 


13362 

13488 

13614 


15009 
15153 
15298 1 


11154 
11318 
111483 


66.505 46.91 2206.19 2206 44I2BWT9 8825 11031 13231 I5443B 11650 19856 22062 44124 66186 ■ 88248 110310 132311 1544331116495 


15589 

15136 

15883 


17816 

11984 

18153 


19298 

19483 

19669 


20043 

20232 

20422 


21442 

21648 

21854 


22271 

22480 

22691 


42884 

43295 

43108 


44541 

44960 

45331 


64326 

64943 

655631 


85168 

86590 

181411 


66812 

61440 

88012 


89082 

89920 

190163 


101210 

108238 

109211 


111353 
112401 
113454 


128651 
129886 
131125 


133623 

134881 

136144 


150093 

151533 

152919 


155894 

157361 

158835 


111535 

113181 

114834 


118164 

119841 

181526 


69.646 41.8562 2290.23 2290 4580B 6811 9161 


10.432 

71.211 

12.003 


48.0118 

48.2994 

48.5209 


2311.48 

2332.83 

2354.29 


13.513 

14.359 

75.144 


48.964 

49.1856 

49.4071 


2391.48 

2419.23 

2441.01 


2311 

2333 

2354 


46231 

46661 

41091 


6934 

6998 

1063 


9246 

9331 

9411 


2391 

2419 

2441 


41951 

48381 

48921 


1192 

11258 

1323 


9590 

9611 

9164 


11551 

11664 

Hill 


13141 16032 ■ 18322 20612 23902 45805 681QH9I609 114512 I31M-IM- 160316 183218 


13869 

13991 

14126 


16180 

16330 

16480 


18492 

18663 

18834 


12.188 48.1425 2315.83 2316 4T52B II21 9503 11819 14255 16631 ■ 19001 21382 23158 41511 11215 ■95033' H8793|m-2550 166308190066 


11981 

12096 

12205 


14385 

14515 

14646 


167821 

16935 

11081 


19180 

19354 

19529 


20803 

20995 

21189 


23115 

23328 

23543 


21571 

21113 

21910 


23915 

24192 

24411 


46230 

46651 

41086 


69344 
69985 
10629 I 


92459 

93313 

94172 


115574 

116642 

111115 


138689 

139910 

141251 


161804 

163298 

164800 


184918 

186626 

188343 


41950 

48385 

48821 


11924 

12511 

13232 


95899 

96769 

191643 


119814 

120962 

122054 


143849 

145154 

146464 


161824 

169346 

110815 


191198 

193538 

195286 


175.93 

49.6281 

2463.01 

2463 

4926 ■ 

1389 

9852 

12315 

14118 

11241 

19104 

22161 

24630 

49260 

73890 


98520 

123151 

141181 

112411 

191041 

116.115 

117.5 

118.286 

49.8503 

50.0118 

50.2934 

2485.05 

2501.19 

2529.43 

2485 

2501 

2529 

4910 ■ 

5014-1 
50591 

1455 

1522 

1588 

9940 

10029 

10118 

12425 

12536 

12641 

14910 

15043 

15111 

11395 

17550 

11106 

19880 

20058 

20235 

22365 

22565 

22165 

24851 

25012 

25294 

49101 

50144 

50589 

14552 

15216 

15883 


99402 

100288 

101111 

124253 

125360 

126412 

149103 
15 0431 
151166 

113954] 

115503 

111060 

198804 

200515 

202354 

119.011 

50.5149 

2551.16 

2552 

51041 

1655 

10201 

12159 

15311 

11862 

20414 

22966 

25518 

51035 

16553 


102010 

121588 

153106 

118623 

204141 

119.851 

180.642 

131.421 

50.1365 

50.958 

51.1196 

2514.2 

2596.13 

2619.36 

2574 

2591 

2619 

5148 

5193 

5239 


1123 

1190 

1858 

10291 

10381 

10411 

12811 

12984 

13091 

15445 

15580 

15116 

18019 

18111 

18336 

20594 

20114 

20955 

23168 

23311 

23514 

25142 

25961 

26194 

51484 

51935 

52381 

17226 

17902 

18581 


102968 

103869 

104114 

128110 

129831 

130968 

154452 

155804 

151162 

180194 

181111 

183355 

205936 

201138 

209549 


5 

8 






MP1 

M^l 



■MB 

RF1 

■MR 



MM 




182.213 

51.4012 

2642.09 

2642 

5284 


1926 

10568 

13210 ” 

15853 

18495 

21131 

23179 

26421 

52842 

19263 



132105 

158525 

184946 

211361 

182.998 

183.184 

184.569 

51.6221 

51.8443 

52.0658 

2664.91 

2681.84 

2110.86 

2665 

2688 

2111 

5330 

5316 

5422 


1995 

8064 

8133 

10660 

10151 

10843 

13325 

134-39 

13554 

15989 

16121 

16265 

18654 

18815 

18916 

21319 

21503 

21681 

23984 

24191 

24398 

26649 

26818 

21109 

S3298 

53751 

54211 

19941 

80835 

81326 


106596 

101514 

108434 

133246 

134392 

135543 

159895 

161210 

162652 

186544 

188149 

189160 

213193 

215021 

216869 

185.354 

52.2814 

2193.98 

2134 

5468 


8202 

10936 

13610 

16404 

19138 

21812 

24606 

21340 

54680 

82019 


109359 

136699 

164039 

191319 

218118 

186.14 

186.925 

I8T7II 

52.5089 

52.1305 

52.9521 

2151.2 

2180.51 

2803.93 

2151 

2181 

2804 

5514 

5561 

5608 


8212 

8342 

8412 

11029 

11122 
11216 

13186 

13503 

14020 

16543 

16683 

16824 

19300 

19464 

19628 

22058 

22244 

22431 

24815 

25025 

25235 

27572 

21805 

28039 

55144 

55610 

56019 

82116 

83415 

84118 


110288 

111220 

112151 

131860 

139026 

140191 

165432 

166831 

168236 

193004 

194636 

196215 

220516 

229441 

224314 






rx 7 ] 

IHI 


HH9 

MBS 

1 xa 





G O 



188-496 

53.H36 

2921.44 

2821 

5655 


8482 

11310 

14131 

16965 

19192 I 

122620 

25441 

28214 

56549 

84823 


113098 

141312 

169646 

191921 

226195 

189.281 

190.061 

190.852 

53.3952 

53.6161 

53.8383 

2851.05 

2814.16 

2898.51 

2851 

2815 

2899 

5102 

5150 

5791 


8553 

8624 

8696 

11404 

11499 

11594 

14255 

14314 

14493 

11106 

17249 

11391 

19951 
20123 
20290 1 

1 22808 

122998 
123189 

25659 

25813 

26081 

28511 

28148 

28986 

51021 

57495 

57911 

85532 

86243 

86951 

1 

114042 

114990 

115943 

142553 

143138 

144929 

111063 

112486 

113914 

199574 

201233 

202900 

228084 

229981 

231886 


Examples - x. To /ind the number 0 / yallons in a cask 0 / the 1st variety (see Mean Diameter), 0 / which 

the head diameter is 20, the buny 25,andthe lenyth 34- inches, subtract the head 20 /rom the buny 25, which leaves 
5; -multiply by .7 which yives 3.5 ; add the head 20 which yives 23.5 /or a mean diameter. In the table at intersection 0 / 
23)4 with 30 and 4-(thetwo parts 0 /34-) are the quantities 13012 and 1735, the sum beiny 1^747, which divided by 
231 yives (see Computation Table Based on 1, section 226 Zo250, under 231 descend to 14553, at the le/t maryin is 
63, the number 0 / yallons; then subtract 14-553 /rom 14-747 which leaves 194- cubic inches) 63 yallons and 194- cu¬ 
bic inches. XX. The number 0 / cubic /eet in a well the depth 0 / which is 4-5 /ee-fc and the diameter 3'A /eet 
2 T 2 ^see i-tftersection 0 / 4-0 and 5 with 3!A-, 3324-l) 373# JLJLJL• The number 0 /cubic yards,inches,or/eet 
in a rectanyular excavation, the sides 0 / which are44.3H3, and. depth 80* are (intersection 0 / 80 with side 0 / eq.sq.) 157080, 


39 




































































































































































































































I — T*bL£ NIjivibe-H— I. 

Showing the Accumulation of Principal arid Interest on one Dollar, the Interest being compounded 'awnwaNV^ 
To use Tables Nos. I and %, observe at what intervals the interest is payable, also the number of such intervals,and the 
rate corresponding to each. Find from the tables the compound amount of for this rate and number of inter¬ 
vals, and multiply it by the given princi pal. I / the number of years be greater than 30, find the product of the 
amounts for any two numbers of years. Thus,the amount for 47 years at 29*5 = 1.8113 (ain’t for 30yrs.)X l. 4002 (am tfor I7yrs) 


6% | 7 °/o 1 8 % | 9% f0% 


Yrs 


16 

17 

18 
19 

SO 


31 

33 

33 

24 

25 


26 

27 

28 
23 
30 


> 


r 




2Y% I 3% I 3Y% I -4%[ 


5% 


1.0300 
I.0404 
I.0612 
1.0824 
I. I 04 I 


T7 


I.1261 


0 


.0250 
. 0506 
.0 769 
. 1038 
.1314 


rr 


I486 
I . I 716 
I.1951 
1.2190 


I.2433 
1.2682 
I.2936 
I.3194 
I.3458 


0- 


. I 597 
. I 887 
.2184 
.2488 
.280 


O 


.0300^ 

.0609 
. 0927 
X55 
593 


I 
I 
1 

I . I 
I 




1.3728 
I.4002 
I.4282 
I.4568 
I.4859 


6- 


.3121 

.3449 

.3785 

.4129 

.4483 


<> 


.1940 

.2298 

.2667 

.3047 

.3439 


0 


• 0350Y 
.0712 
, I 087 
475 
877 


I , 

I , 

I . I 




1.5156 
I .5459 
I.5769 
I .6084 
I.6406 


0 


.4845 

.5216 

.5596 

.5986 

.6386 


6- 


.3842 

.4257 

.4685 

.5126 

.5579 


0- 


.2292 

.2723 

.3168 

.3629 

.4106 


0 


0400 
0816 
248 
698 
.2160 


r~7 


I 
I 

I. I 


1.6734 
I.7069 
1.7410 
I.7758 
I.8113 


0 


.6796 

.7215 

.7646 

.8087 

.8539 


0 


.6047 

.6528 

,7024 

.7535 

.8061 


0 


.4599 
.51 10 
.5639 
.6187 
.6753 


o 


.2653 

.3159 

.3685 

.4233 

.4802 


6 


.0450 

.0920 

. f 4 I I 
.1925 
.2462 


T? 


Cl 


9003 

9478 

9965 

0464 

0975 


0 


.8603 

,9101 

9736 

.0328 

0937 


6 


.7340 

.7946 

.8575 

.9225 

.9898 


0 


.5394 

.6010 

.6650 

.7317 

.8009 


0 


. 3022 
.3608 
.4221 
.4861 
.5529 


0 


Cl 


1566 

2213 

2879 

3565 

4272 


0 


0594 

1315 

2061 

2833 

3632 


0 


8730 

9479 

0258 
, l 068 
1911 


6 


.6228 

.6959 

.7722 

.8519 

.9353 


0 


. 0500 ^ 

. I 025 
.1576 
.2155 

• 176 Y 


.0600 
236 
.19 10 
.2625 
. 3382 


I 

I . I 
I 
I 
I 


.340 

.4071 

.4774 

.5513 

.6289 


.4459 

.5315 

.6201 

.7119 

.8068 


6 


2787 

3699 

4647 

5633 

6658 


0 


. 0223 

.1134 

.2085 

.3078 

.4117 


0 


.7103 
. 7958 
.8856 
.9799 
.0789 


o 


.4185 
.5036 
.5938 
.6895 
. 7908 


0 


.0700 

. 1449 
.2250 
.3108 
.4025 


■C7 


I.0800 




Cl 


7 724 
8833 
9987 
I 186 
2494 


0 


.5202 
.6336 
.7521 
.8760 
. 0 054 


0 


1828 

2920 

4066 

3269 

6533 


0 


.8983. 

.0122 

.1329 

.2609 

.3965 


0 


.5007 

.6058 

.7182 

.8384 

.9671 


0 


1664 

.2597 

.3005 

.4693 


. 1407 
.2820 
.4297 
.5840 
.7453 


0 


7859 

9252 

0715 

2251 

3863 


0 


.5403 

.6927 

.8543 

.0256 

.2071 


0 


. I 048 
.2522 
.4098 
.5785 
,7590 


0 


.5868 

.7138 

.8509 

.9990 

.1589 


0 


.0900 

.1881 
.2950 
.4116 
. 5386 


I 
I 
I 
I 


.6771 

.8280 

.9925 

.1719 

,3673 


0 


. 1000 

.2100 

.3310 

.4641 

.6105 


.7715 

.9487 

.1436 

.3579 

.5937 


Cl 


5556 

7334 

9201 

1161 

3219 


0 


.3995 

.6035 

.8197 

.0489 

2918 


0 


.9521 
.1 588 
.3799 
.6165 
. 8697 


0 


.3316 

.5181 

.7196 

.9372 

.1722 


Cl 


.5494 

.8223 

.1117 

.4184 

.7435 


0 


. 1405 
.4304 
.7405 
.0723 
.4274 


0 


.4269 

.7000 

.9960 

.’3157 

.6609 


0 


5804 

8126 

0658 

3417 

6425 


.8531 
. 1384 
.4522 
.7975 
. 1772 


8073 
2138 
6488 
I 142 
6122 


0 


.0338 

.4365 

.8714 

.3412 

.8485 


0 


3. 

4. 

4. 
5: 

5. 


9703 

3276 

7171 

1416 

6044 


3963 

9880 

6271 

3173 

0626 


0 


1088 
6586 
2578 
91 I I 
6231 


0 


.5949 

.0544 

.5599 

,1159 

.7275 


Cl 


9. 
10 . 
11. 
12 . 
13. 


3991 

2451 

1671 

1722 

2677 


0 


.4002 
. 1403 
.9543 
.8497 
.8347 


.9182 

.1100 

.4210 

.8631 

.4494 


„ . .2— Table Number —2. 

Showing the Accumulation of Principal and Interest on one dollar, the I nterest being compounded sewVa.n-w\v3.\.\\* 


Yrs. 


a % 


| 3 ^ | 3'/2 ( y 0 [ 4% I -4-1/0% | 5% I 6% I 1 % I 8% I 9Yo I 10% 


I .0201 
I .0406 
I.0615 
I.0828 
1.1046 


<7 


> 


1.1268 
I.1494 
I.1725 
I.I960 
1.2200 


0 


0251 
0519 
0783 
I 054 
. 1332 


0 


I . I 


0302 

0613 

0984 

1264 

605 


*7 


I.2445 
1.2696 
I.2951 
1.321 I 
1.3477 


1.1617 
1.1909 
I.2209 
1.2516 

0^0 
'i . 3 I 54^ 

I.3484 

I . 3824 

1.4171 

.4527 


. 1956 
.2312 
.2689 
.3073 
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0 - 


0353 
0718 
. I 097 
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. 1894 


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.2324 
. 2759 
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I.0824 
I.1261 
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77 


I .2681 
1.3193 
I.3726 
I .4281 
I.4858 


0 


I.0455 
I.0930 
I.1438 
I.I 948 
I.248 I 




I.3004 
I.3643 
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028 
.1596 
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I 

I . I 
I 
I 
I 


v: 


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17 

18 

19 

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1.4886 


t I Adoi Y i ci/nY i 


1.5458 
I.6082 
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630 
I.7044 
I.7820 
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.7234 

.8086 

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0 


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.5125 

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07 


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. 1692 
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5 

by 
« to 
(th 
ser 

O'M 

3 —TABL^ NIjivibeIr — 3. 

vmg the Present Worth or Value of *1 Annuuy per annum at Compound Interest. To use the table, multiply the annuity 
he present value of % 1 annuity at the required time and rate as given in the table.^.navnyW.-A widow is entitled 
£12.0 a year, payable annually,for 25 years at 6%; what is the present value of her interest ? So\u*\^w.-#I20 
e annuity) x © 12.7833 (the present value of #1 annuity for 25 years,at 69’S)=^I531|.00. It the annuity be payable 
ii-annually and semi-annual interest isto be allowed,take the present value for double the number of years,at 
-half the given rate .TVwvs, an annuity ofSfcl every six months, for 10 yrs. at 8%=ttl per annum for 20yrs. at4 % =#13.5303. 

Vrs. 

] TA% | 3To | | 4% I41a% 1 5% 1 6% | 1% | 8% | 9% | 10% ' 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0.9804 

1.9415 

2.8839 

3.8077 

0.9756 S 

1.9275 
2.8560 
3.7619 
14.6458 

Y 0.9708 

1.9134 

2.8286 

3.7170 

14.5797 

0.9662 

1 . 8987 
2.8016 
3.6731 
14.51 50 

fo.9615 

1.8861 

2.7751 

3.6299 

[5.2421 

6.6020 

6.7327 

7.4353 

13.1109. 

Y 0.9569 

1.8726 
2.7489 
3.5875 
[ 4 .38 99 

Y 0.9524 

1.8594 
2.7232 
3.5453 
[4.3295 

Y 0.9434 

1.8334 
2.6730 
3.4651 
14.2123 

Y 0.9346 

1.8080 
2.6243 
3.3872 
,4.1002, 

Y 0.9259 

1.7833 
2.5771 
3.3121 
i3.9927 

fo.9174 

1.7591 
2.5313 
3.2397 
j,3.8896, 

Y 0.3091 S 

1.7355 

2.4869 

3.1699 

I 3.7908 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

5.60I4 V 

6.4719 
7.3255 
8.1622 
v8.9826 , 

f5.508 r 
6.3494 
7.1701 
7.9708 
18.T52I . 

[5.4172 
6.2303 
7.0197 
7.7861 
18.5302 , 

[5.3285 s 
6.1145 
6.8739 
7.6077 
18.3166. 

[ 5.1578 ^ 
5.8926 
6.5958 
7.2687 

17.9121 . 

I 5.0757' 
5.7864 
6.4632 
7.1078 
[7.7217 

[4.9173^ 
5.5824 
6.2097 
6.8017 
1.7.3 60 1 

J 4.7665^ 

5.3893 

5.9713 

6.5152 

17.0236 

[4.6229^ 

5.2064 

5.7466 

6.2469 

16.7101, 

] 4.5216^ 
5.0657 
5.5648 
6.0228 

1 6.4429 

[ 4.3553^ 
4.8684 
5.3349 
5.7590 
le. 1446. 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

^9.7868^ 

10.5753 

1 1.3484 
12.1 063 
42.8493 , 

[9.51 42'' 
10.2578 

1 0.983 1 

1 1.6902 
Ll 2. 38 14 . 

^9.2526^ 

9.9540 

10.6349 

1 1.2960 

Lj 1 • 9339 . 

[12.561 1 ^ 
13.1661 
13.7535 
14.3238 
U4.8774 

P5.4I 50 s 
15.9369 
16.4436 
16.9355 

U 7-4 1 3 1 

[17.8768^ 
18.3270 
18.7641 
19.1884 
[19.6004 

"9.0015^ 
9.6633 
JO.3027 
10.9205 
lj 1.5174 

[I2.094r 
12.6513 
13.1897 
13.7098 
[14.2124 

"8.7605^ 
9.3851 
9.9856 
10.5631 

[l 1 . 1 1 84 

[ 8.5288^ 
9.1185 
9.6828 
10.2223 
[l0. 7395 . 

[ 8.3064^ 
8.8632 
9.3936 
9.8986 
U0.3796 

[7.8869^ 
8.3838 
8.8527 
9.2950 
J,9.7 122 

[7.4987^ 
7.9427 
8.3576 
8.7454 
[ 9 . 1079 

Y 7.1390^ 
7.5361 
7.9038 
8.2442 
18.5595 . 

f6.8284 ( 
7. 1888 
7.5131 
7.8101 
18.0826 . 

r 6.4951 s 
S.8I37 
7.1034 
7.3667 
17.6061x 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

"13.5777^ 
14.2916 
i4.992 1 
15.6784 
16.3514 

43. 0550 S 
13.7122 
14.3534 
14.9163 
[15.5891 

pl.6523^ 
12.1656 
12.6593 
13.1339 
[13.5903 

[11.2339 ^ 
1 1.7072 
12.1600 
12.5932 
[13.0079 

[70.8378^ 
1 1.274 1 

1 1.6896 
12.0853 
[12.4622 

no. 1059 ^ 
10.4772 
10.8276 
II. 1581 
,1 1.4694 ^ 

[9.4466^ 
9.7632 
10.0591 
10.3356 
no.5940 

[VsSK^ 
9.1216 
9.3719 
9.6036 
[ 9.81 8 1 

[ 8.3226 S 
8.5621 
8.7725 
8.9656 

1 9.1428 

[7.8237^ 

8. 0216 
8.2014 
8-3649 
[ 8.5136 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

47.0 1 12^ 
17.6581 
18.2922 
18.9 138 
19.5235 J 

[16. 1 606^ 
1 6.742 1 
17.3094 
17.8628 

Ll 8.4028 

[74.6979 ^ 
15. 1 67 1 
15.6204 

16.0583 
[16.4815 

[76.8903^ 
17.2853 
17.6670 
18.0357 
[18.3920 ^ 

[74. 029 1 ^ 
14.45 1 1 
14. 8568 
15.2469 
[15.6221 

[7 3.4047^" 
13.7844 
14.1478 
14.5650 
[14.8282 

[43.821 1 ^ 
13.1630 
13.4885 
13.7986 
44.0939 J 

pi. 7641 ^ 
12.0416 
12.3034 
12.5503 
142.7833 J 

[40. 8355^ 
11.0612 

11.2722 

1 1.4693 

Ll 1.6536 

[I0.0I68 S 
10.2007 
10.3711 
10.5288 
40.6748 

[ 9.3053 
9.4543 
9.5912 
9.7167 
19.8330 

I 8.6487 s 
8.7715 
8.8832 
8.9847 
[ 9.0770 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

"20. 1 1 50 S 
20.7069 
21.2813 
21.8444 
.22.3964 J 

[48.9296 ^ 
19.4435 
19.9448 
20.4339 
[20.9 1 13 

[15.9827^ 

16.3296 

16.6630 

16.9837 

[17.2920 

[75. 14 66^" 
15.4513 
15.7429 
16.0219 
[jS.2889 / 

[44.2752^ 
14. 6430 
14.8981 
15.1411 
[15.3724 J 

[43.0032 ] 
13.2105 
13.4062 
13.5907 
13.7648 

pl.8258^ 
11.9867 
12. 137 1 
12.2777 
[12.4090 J 

[I0.8I00 S 
10.9352 
II.051 1 

11.1584 
[l 1.2578 J 

[ 9.9375 s 
10.0344 
10.1233 
10.2048 
[10.2874 ^ 

[ 9. 1 609 '■ 
9.2372 
9.3066 
9.3698 
[9.4269 

4-— TabL£ NOmb^R-4. 

G-iving the A-mount of #1 Annuity per annum at Compound Interest. To use the table, multiply the annuity by 
the anoimt of 3b 1 for the required time at the required rate and intervals as given in the table. TE-na-vw^Xe, •.— 

At the birth of a son a father invests for him 1 00 at 5%, interest computed annually, and the same amount with 
accrued interest on each birthday thereafter till the son is 21 years old; what sum will the son have when he 
comes of aye ? So\wV\ow.— & 100 (t he ann uity) x ^35.7193 (the amount of# 1 annuity for 21 yrs. at 5%)=#3571.93. 

Yrs. 

a %. | 2h<% | 3% | 3'A% 1 4% | 4Va% | 5% | 6% | 7% | 8% | 9% | 10% 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

i.ooooN 

2.0200 
3.0604 
4.1216 
, 5.2040 J 

' 1.0000 s ] 

2.0250 
3.0756 
4.1525 
. 5.2563 /I 

' 1.0000 s ! 

2.0300 
3.0909 
4. 1 836 
. 5.309 l J 

/ 1.000 0^] 

2.0350 
3.1062 
4.2149 
, 5.3625 J 

^ 1.0000 s ! 

7.0400 

3.1216 
4.2465 
. 5.41 63J 

( 1 . 0000 N 

2.0450 
3.1 370 
4.2782 

L 5.4707 J 

/ 1 . 0000 N 

2.0500 

3.1525 
4.3 1 01 
, 5-5256 J 

X 1.0000 s ] 
2.0600 

3.1836 
4.3746 
, 5.637 1 J 

^ 1.0000 s ] 
2.0700 
3.2149 
4.4399 
, 5.7507J 

( 1.0000 s ] 
2.0800 
3.2464 
4.5061 
, 5.8666 > 

1.0000 s ] 

2.0900 
3.2781 
4.57 31 
, 5.9847 J 

x 1 . 0000 s 

2.1000 

3.3100 

4.64 Itf 
, 6.1 051 / 

6 

7 

9 

9 

10 

' 6.308lS 
7.4342 
8.5829 
9.7546 
JO.9497 ,1 

* 6.387 7 ) 
7.5474 
8.7361 
9.9545 

J 1.2034 J 

' 6.4684S 
7.6625 
8-8923 
10.1591 

1 1.4639 J 

' 6.5502 ] 
7.7794 
9.0517 
10.3685 

1 1.7314 J 

' 6.6330 ) 
7.8983 
9.2142 

1 0.5828 

,12.00 61 J 

^ 6.7 1 69 ] 
8.0191 
9.3800 
10.8021 
.12.2882 J 

' 6.8019 ] 
8.1420 
9.5491 

1 1.0266 

J 2.5779 J. 

" 6.9753 ] 
8.3938 
9.8975 

1 1.49 13 
,13.1808 ) 

' 7.1533 ] 
8.6540 
10.2598 
l 1.9780 

4 3.8164 J 

' 7.3359 ] 
8.9228 
10.6366 
12.4876 
44.4866/ 

" 7.5833] 
9.2604 

1 1.0884 
13.0810 

4 5.2529 J 

"7.71 56 s 
9.4872 

1 1.4359 
13.5795 
,15.93 74 . 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

42.1687 ] 
13.4 121 
14.6803 
15.9739 
,1 7.2934 J 

4 2.4834 s ] 
13.7955 
15. 1404 
16.51 89 
,17.9319 ) 

1 2.8078] 
14.1920 
15.6178 
17.0863 
,1 8.59 89 J 

4 3.1420 j 
14.6020 
16.1 130 
17.6770 
.19.2957 / 

4 3-4864 ] 
15.0258 
16.6268 
18.2919 
,20.0236 ) 

4 3.841 iS 
15.4640 
17. 1599 
18.9321 
,20.7840 J 

44.2068 ] 
15.91 71 
17.7130 
19.5986 
21.5786 1 

44.97 1 6 ] 
16.8699 
18.8821 
21.01 51 
"23.2-760 J 

4 5.7836] 
17.8885 
204406 
22.5505 
,254 290/ 

4 6.6455 ) 
18.9771 
21.4953 
24.2149 
,274 521 } 

47.6203] 
20.2207 
23.0334 
26.0992 
.29.4409 } 

4 8.5312 s 
2J.3843 
24.5227 
27.9750 
.31.7725 x 

:s 

17 

18 

19 

20 

■ 3.6392 ) 
20.0120 
21.4123 
22.8405 
24.2973 J 

49.3802 ] 
20.8647 
22 3863 
23.9460 
.25.5446 J 

"20.1 569 ] 
21.7616 
23.4144 
25.1 169 
,26-8704 Ji 

"20.97 1 0 [ 
22.7050 
24.4997 
26 3572 
,28.2797 Ji 

"21.8245 ] 
23.6975 
25.6454 
27.6712 
,29.7781 J 

" 22 . 7193 s ] 

24.74 17 
26.8550 
29.0635 
.31.37 14 } 

23.6575 ] 
25.8404 
28.1324 
30.5390 
,33.0 660/ 

715.6725 ] 

28.2129 

30.9057 

33.7600 

.36.7856/1 

"27.8881] 
30.8402 
33.9990 
37.3790 
4-0.99 55/ 

"30.3243 s ] 
33.7502 
37.4502 
41.4463 
4-5-7620 1 

"33.0834] 
37.0537 
41.3813 
46.0984 
,5 1.240 1 JL 

"35.9497 s 

40.5447 

45.5992 

51. 1591 
,57-2750/ 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

"25.7833 s ] 
27.2989 
28.8449 
30.42 1 8 
32.0303 ) 

"27 1432 ] 
28.8228 
30.5444 
32.3090 
,34 II 7 7 

"28.6765"] 

30.5368 

32.4939 
34.4265 
,36.4593 I 

40 2696 ] 
32.3290 
34.4605 
36.6666 
38.9499 I 

"31.9692 ] 
34.2480 
36.61 79 
39.0826 
,41.6459 J 

"33.783 1 ] 
36.3033 
38.9370 
41.6892 
44.5652 1 

"35.7193 ] 
38.5052 

4 1.4305 
44.5020 
47.7271 X 

"39.9927 ] 
43.3923 
46.9958 
50.81 56 
54.8645/1 

"44.86 52] 
49.0057 
53.4361 
584 767 
.63.2490/1 

"50.42 29] 
55.4568 
60.8933 
66.7648 
734 059 X 

"56.8445 ] 
62.9533 
69.61 19 
76.8698 
,84.78 09 X 

"64.00 25 s 

7 1.4027 
79.5430 
88.4973 
.38.3470, 

26 

27 

26 

29 

30 

433.6 7 09] 
35.3443 
37.0512 
38.7922 
40.5680/ 

"35 97 1 7 y 
37.8720 
39.8198 
41 8163 
J-3.8627 } 

"38.55 30% 
40 7096 
42.9309 
45 2188 
47.5754^, 

"41.3139) 

43.7598 
46 2914 

4 8.91 16 
,51.6235/ 

44.3 1 1 7 ] 
47.0842 
49.9676 
52.9663 
,56.0849 / 

"47.5706 ] 
50.71 13 
53.9933 
57.4230 
61.0070/1 

"5I.M 35 ] 
54.6691 
58.4026 
62.3227 
,66.4389/I 

"59.1 564S 
63.7057 
68.5287 
73.6404 
,79.0588 } 

"C8.67 65 ] 
74.4838 
80.6977 
87.3465 
,94.46 08/1 

"79.9544] 
87.3508 
95.3384 
J03.96 59 
4I3.2832J. 

"93.4040 ] 
102.8031 
II3.Q482 
134.2153 
^36.3875 / 

709.1817 s 
121.0299 
134.2099 
148.6309 
,164.4940/ 


41 









































































































































































































































































































Must Jesus bear 
the cross alone. 
And all the world 
go tree? 

No; there’s a cross 
for every one. 
And there’s across 
for me. 

The consecrated cross 
I’ll bear 
Till death shall set 
me free. 

And then 90 home 
my crown to weir- 
For there’s a crown 
for me. 


Our 

Mother. 

Died May 3,1916. 

A&EO 70 YEARS. 


LILLIE, 

Infant daughter of 

EitC. Moore, 

— 0 I E 0 — 
Ocf.l,1911. Aged 3 Mos. 

'Beneath this stone, 
in soft repose, 
Is laid a mother’s 
dearest pride; 

A flower that stores 
had waked to life 
And light and beauty, 
ere it died.’* 


BEWARE MAN!| 

As you are now, 
so once was I, 

As I am now, 
you soon shall be. 

Sooner or later, 
herein you’ll lie; 

Then be prepared 
to follow me. 


Minnie. 

"She falt¬ 
ered by the 
wayside,and the 
Angels took 
her home.” 


SACRED 

TO THE MEMORY OF 

WHO DEPARTED THIS 
UPE 

August 13; 1917. 
Aged 63 Years. 


LITTLE EDDY, 

—0 l ED— 
October 10,1937. 
Aged 5Y’sa9 M’s. 

"’Tis a little grave, 
but 0 , have care, 
Fot world-wide Hopes 
are buried there; 
How much of light, 
how much of joy, 
Is buried with a 
darling boy.” 


AN DREW 00X, 

December 19,1917. 
Aged 36 Years. 


LENA WEST, 

ENTEREO SPIRIT LIFE 

October 27,1947. 

Aged 2lY’s,3 M’s. 

"0 land beyond the 
setting sun! 

0 realm more fair 
than poets dream! 

How clew thy silveTy 
streamlets run, 

How bright thy golden 
glories gleam!” 



F^cv.^Marx, 

BORN, 

November 4,1893. 
01 ED, 

December 19,1951. 


He died as he lived- 
a Christian. 



c^af^e: 

The Angelscalled 
him on a sun¬ 
ny day, 
Septembers, 1933. 
AGED 4.Y’S,3M’S,6 0’S. 

"This lovely bud, 
so young,so fair, 
Called hence by 
early doom, 
Just came to show 
how sweet a flower 
In Paradise would 
bloom.” 


r^ARION, 

Husband of 
E.E.Stephenson. 
Born Oct.1,1907. 
Died May3,1971. 



ETTA EVAN, 

WIFE OF 

H4MARSf|.| 

Aged 41 Years. 
November 1,1937. 


Where immortal 
spirits reign. 
There we shall 
meet again.” 


Edward M., 


SON OF 


DAVID D.PORTER 

Admiral U.S.N. 
Died Feb.13,1891. 
Aged 79 Years. 


M-&4.M oRE * 

— DI ED— 
March 17,1941. 
Aged 17Y’s,3M’s. 


H.J.BELDEN, 

CAPT.OF 

5lst Regiment 
III. Volunteers, 
Killed at the Battle 
of Perry villa, 
October 8,1864. 
Aged5IY's,6M’$,IOD , s. 




^HANCOCK, 

- 0 I ED— 
February 7,1899. 
Aged 

59Y’s,3M’s,4D’s. 


ISABEL B. HUNT, 

BORN INTO SUMMER IAN0 

September 1,192.7. 
Aged l9Y’s,7M’s. 

"Amiable, 
she won all; 
intelligent,she 
charmed all;fervent,| 
she loved all; 
and dead,she 
saddened 
all.” 


ABI\AHA^LI{ICOL|l,| 

Sixteenth 
President of the 
United States, 
Born 

February 12,1809. 
' Died 

April 15,1865. 



42 









































































































































































































































CO QQyHQQ'yt’i 


Iff T^E Ce^ETE^Y, 
Co^tinIjed. 


EPITAP 



«.Vo\x\^ \>4, ccrx^-wseA \r\Yo 
3. \«.\N NNO'X^'uVWVVa.W't "fttfV WOllWm Your 
Xwves. ^ oWonnYw^ \<» a. c\v>s\Y\e^ \\s\. 

''Happy infant, early blest! ^ 

Rest in peaceful slumbers, -rest.” 

" Sweet flower,transplanted to a clime 
Where never comes the blight of time.” 

"To u’s for sixteen anxious months. 

His infant smile was given, 

And then he bade farewell to earth 
And went to live in heaven.” 

"Ere sin could blight, or sorrow fade. 

Death came with friendly care-, 

The opening bud to heav’n conveyed, 
And bade it blossom there.” 

Gentle,Sweet little - 


SNJVVtSv. 

Darling Sister. 

“Rest, Dariing Sister, Rest.” 

‘Yet, though thou wearYt the glory of the sky, 
We know thou’It keep the same beloved name; 
The same fair, thoughtful bmw and gentle eye, 
Lovlier in heaven’s sweet climate, yet the same’.’ 

''Shed not for her the bitter tear. 

Nor give the heart to vain regret, 

’Tis but the casket that lies here, 

The gem that filled it sparkles yet.” 

" She was but as a smile, 

Which glistens in a tear, 

Seen but a little while, 

But, oh! how loved, how dear!” 

“ Death lies on her,like an untimely frost 
Upon the sweetest flower of all the field.” 

" Early, bright,transient,chaste as morning dew. 
She sparkled, was exhal’d,and went to heaven.” 

"•The day without a cloud hath pass’d, 
And thou wert lovely to the last; 
Extinguish’d, not decay’d! 

As stars that shoot along the sky 
Shine brightest as they fall from high.” 




Charlie. 

"We shall all go home to our Father’s House, 
To our Father's house in the skies. 

Where the hope of our souls shall Have no blight, 
And out love no broken ties; 

We shall roam on the banks of the River of Peace, 
And bathe in its blissful tide; 

And one of the joys of our heaven shall be 
The little boy that died.” 

" Suffer tittle children to come unto me.” 

- " There, in the Shepherd’s bosom, 
White as the drifted snow, 

Is the little lamb we missed one mom. 
From the household flock below.” 

"Of such is the kingdorrrof Heaven.” 

"My Lord hath need of these f low’rets gay” 
The Reaper said, and smiled; 

"Dear tokens of the earth are they. 
Where He was once a child.” 

" The morning flowers display their sweets, 
And gay their silken leaves unfold; 

As careless of the noonday heats. 

And fearless of the evening cold. 

Nipped by the wind’s unkindly blast. 
Parch’d by the sun’s directer ray. 

The momentary glories waste, 

The short-lived beauties die away.” 

F ather 
Our Mother. 

"In after Time we’ll meet Hen” 
"H-eT children rise up and call her blessed.” 
"We loved her.” 

"Sweet is the image of the brooding dove; 
Holy as heaven is a mother’s tender love. 
Soon did these eyes their trembling lustre close, 
And welcomed the dreamless night of long tepose.’ 

"Iknow bisface is hid-Under the coffin lid; 
Closed are his eyes; cold is his forhead fair. 
My hand that marble telt-O’er it in prayeT I knelt; 
Yet my heart whispers that—he is not heTe.” 


" We saw not the Angels who met him there, 
The gates of the city we could not see. 
Over the river, over the river, 

My darling stands waiting to welcome me? 

'So the bird of my bosom fluttered up to the dawn, 
A window was opened—my darling was gone! 

A truant from time,from tears, and from sin. 
For the angel on watch took the wanderer in, 

'From meadows fanned by heaven's life-breathing wind, 
In the resplendence of that glorious sphere. 
And larger movements of the unfettered mind, 
Dome darling, oft, and meet me here.” 

*’ Death loves a shining mark.” 

** Death is the gate of life.” 

“Cone before us, 6 our brother. 

To the spirit land! 

Vainly look we for another, 

In thy place to stand.” 

*' Known and unknown, human, divine, 
Sweet darling hand,and lips and eye; 
Dear heavenly one, thoucanst not die, 
Mine, mine forever, ever mine.” 

“ Christ is my hope.” 

" There shall be no Night there.” 

** He carries the lambs in his bosom.” 

“I love them that love me, and they that seek 
me early shall find me.” 

•‘Judge not the Lord by feeble sense, 

8 ut trust Him for His grace; 

Behind a frowning providence. 

He hides a smiling face.” 

** Not thus his nobler part shall dwell 
A prisoner in this narrow cell; 

But he, whom we now hide from men, 
With youth Tenewed,shall live again.” 

‘Though I walk through the valley of the 
shadow of death, I will fear no evil,for 
Thou art with me.” 


“Here I lay my burden down. 

Change the cross into the crown.” 

”1 shall know the loved who have gone befoTe, 
And joyfully sweet will the meeting be. 
When over the river, the peaceful river, 

The angel of death shall carry me.” 

" Because I lived, ye shall live also.” 

’Dear is the spot where Christians sleep. 
And sweet the strains that angels pour. 

0 ! why should we in anguish weep? 

They are not lost, but gone before.” 

"1 am the resurrection and the life.” 

"Life’s duty done, as sinks the day. 
Light from its load the spirit flies; 
While heaven and earth combine to say. 
How blest the righteous when he dies.” 

‘’He giveth his beloved sleep.” 

•' G-reen be the turf above thee. 

Friend of my better days; 

None knew thee but to love thee. 

Nor named thee but to praise.” 

* By foreign hands t h y d y ing eues were clos'd, 
By foreign hands thy decent limbs compos’d, 
By foreign hands thy humble grave adorn’d, 
By strangers honor’d,and by strangers moum’dr 

"All is Well.” 


•’Thy rod and Thy staff, they co-mfoTt me.” 

“Sweet is the scene when virtue dies! 
When sinks a righteous soul to rest, 
How mildly beam the closing eyes. 

How gently heaves the expanding breast!” 


"We will Meet again.” 

"Over in the Summer Land.” 

** Farewell to thee, my House of day! 
Long have we two been bound together. 
But I foTsake thy porch to-day. 

And yield thee up to wind and weather. 
. Sleep, sleep at last! thy sleep shall be 
My rest, my strength, my victory.” 

"Absent, not Dead.” 

-•* Rest in peace, thou gentle spirit. 
Throned above— 

Souls like thine with God inherit 
Life and love.” 

" Gone Home.” 


•• Death, thou art but another birtfr, 
Fleeing the spirit from the clogs of earth!’ 

1 0 Death{where is thy sting? 0 Crave! 
where is thy victory? ” 

** G-one, bu-t not forgotten.” 

"A happier lot than ours, and larger light 
surrounds thee there.” 


** Life is real, life is earnest. 

And the grave is not its goal; 

‘Dust thou art, to dust returnest. 

Was not spoken of the soul.” 

** We only know that thou hast gone. 
And that the same ret urn less tide, 
Which bore thee from us,still glides on, 
And we, who mourn thee, with it glide.” 

"The Morning Cometh.” 

" Where immortal spirits reign, 

There we shall meet again.” 

“The sands are numbered that made up my life.” 

"The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, 
And all that beauty, and all that wealth eirgave, 
Await alike the inevitable hour. 

The paths of glory lead but to the grave, 

“Good-bye, proud world! I’m going home, 
Thou art not my friend, and I’m not thine!’ 

“ Sleep the sleep that knows no breaking. 
Morn of toil, nor night of waking.” 

“ Death is only kind to mortals.” 




msm 

43 




























































































\dv^ce:. 

“Desire not to live long,but to live well; 

■ How long we live,rot years,but actions tell.” 

“ Press on! our life is not a dream, 
Though often such its mazes seem; 
We were not born to live at ease, 
Ourselves alone to aid and please.” 

“As you travel through life, scatter words 
and gentle deeds; in so doing you wi II 
enrich your soul. Withhold them and 
it tends to poverty.” 

“Give every wan thine ear, but few thy voice; 
Take each mart’s censure, but reserve thy judgment’. 

“Know when to speak—for many times it brings 
Danger, to give the best advice to kings.” 

“ Fear not the anger of the wise to raise; 
Those best can bear reproof who merit praise’.’ 

" I find, quoth Mat, reproof is vain! 
Who first offend will first complain.” 

“Good advice is one of those injuries which 
a good man ought,if possible,to forgive, but 
at all events to forget at once.” 

- AFFECTION. 

" When the golden sun is setting". 

And your Heart from care is free, 
When o’er a thousand things you're thinking 
Will you sometimes think of me!” 

** Years have not seen—time shall not see 
The hour that tears my soul from thee.” 

“There are moments of mingled sorrow 
and tenderness, which hallow the caresses 
of affection.” 

" When years and months have glided by. 

And on this page you cast your eye, 
Remember ’twas a friend sincere 
That left this kind remembrance here, 
With best wishes for your future cheer.” 

“There are few mortals so insensible that 
their affections cannot be gained by mild¬ 
ness, their confidence by sincerity, their 
hatred by scorn or neglect.” 

** Passing through life’s field of action, 
lest we part before its end, 

Take within your modest volume 
This memento from a friend.” 

“Hearts may be attracted by assumed qual¬ 
ities, bi+t the affections are only to be fix¬ 
ed by those that are real.” 

“We seek what we love; our efforts fol¬ 
low our affections, whether we know it 
on not,” 


BIRTHDAY. 

v \ 

“ I wish thee every blessing 
That cam attend thee here; 

And may each future birthday piove 
My wish to be sincere.” 

“ My birthday!—inflow many years ago! 
Twenty or thirty!” Don’t ask me! 

“ Forty or fifty? ” How can I tell? 

1 do not remember my birth, you see!” 

“Little trouble and still less care, 

With eveT a faithful heart to share; 
Birthdays many, and happy too, 

This is the life ! wish for you. ” 

“Is that a birthday? ’tis,alas! too clear, 

’Tis but the funeral of the former year.” 

“As beauteous flowers in garlands intertwine, 
May peace and love to cheer thy heaTt combine 
To give you a very happy birthday!’. 

“May these flovyers, presented on your birth¬ 
day be emblematical of the purity of youT life.” 

“■May Spring its blossoms round thee strew, 
And Summer, deck’d in mantle new, 

Come forth to greet thee; 
May Autumn fruitage crown the year. 
And Winter, with its jovial cheer, 

Br'mg friends to meet thee.” 

“Like sunbeams to the drooping flowers, 
Good-will our lives doth bless; 

It furthers every wish of ours - . 

And joys in our success. 

So may its rays towards you flow, 

That none but friends your heart may know’.’ 

Lovingly take this birthday souvenir, 

And for my sake esteem it dear! 

“May the morn of thy birth break in glad¬ 
ness. and.the day teem with light-hearted 
mirth that shall last always.” 

Ch[F\ISTiV(AS. 

“True love shall live thro’ sorrow’s wintry storm, 
And bloom afresh on this glad Christmas morn’.’ 

“ Christmas is coming,and what will it bring? 
Many a pleasant and gladdening thing! 
Meetings and greetings,and innocent mirth: 
All that is brightest and best on the earth.” 

“As Christmas offerings meet your eyes, 
Still closer be sweet friendship’s ties.” 

“ OH joyous be your Christmas-tide, 

And bring your New Year too; 

To you may love ne’er be denied; 

May all your friends be true.” 

Be of good cheer, for Christmas comes but once a yeat. 


“Oh! may thy Christmas happy j be. 

And naught but joy appear,! 

Is now the wish I send to tnee, 

And all I love most dear.” 

“Oh bird so softly singing 
Yoursong of pleasant days, 

Go sing to her I fondly love, 

Through the wintry cold and bare. 
When the heart is light,the days are bright, 
And the sun seems ever near; 

So sing her your lay this Christmas day, 
And through all the bright New Year.” 

"Now Christmas comes with hearty cheer. 
May kindly thoughts go round, 

And bring to you a glad New Year, 
With peace and plenty crowned.” 

“Christmas comes, let every heart 
In Christmas customs bear a party 
The ’old’ be'young,* the sad be gay, 

And smiles chase every care away.” 

“May health and joy, and peace be thine 
Upon this Christmas day, 

And happy faces round thee shine 
As plenteous as the flowers in May.” 

FF^I E(ND$HJP. 

“On the broad highway of action, 
Friends of worth are far and few; 

But when one has proved her friendship, 
Cling to her who clings to you.” 

“ There are few friends in this wide world 
Whose love is fond and true; 

But-, when you count them o’er, 

Place me among the few.” 

“In future years, should trusted friends 
Depart like summer birds; 

And all the comfort memory lends. 

Is false and honeyed words. 

Turn then to me who fain would pmve, 
However thy lot be cast. 

That naught his heart can ever move 
From friendship of the past.” 

“In the evening of life, cherish the remem¬ 
brance of one who loved thee in its morning.” 

“Let not our friendship be like the rose,to sever; 
But, like the evergreen, may it last forever” 

“ A day for toil, an hour for sport. 

But for a friend life is too short.” 

“ Thick waters show no images of things; 
Friends are each other’s mirrors, and should be 
Clearer than crystal, or the mountain-springs, 
And free from clouds, design, or flattery.” 

“A generous friendship no cold medium knows, 
It bums with one love,with one resentment glows.” 


CoSr Ay/ Aisr^Q*. 



—m- 


44 



























































































*'-’•’- >' 

W#f- ™ E -ALeuiyi; writer’s , : r>mm' 
departmewt-con'ti-nued'.^^^ 

HuN\oi\obs. 

“Sailing down the stream of life. 

In your little bark canoe, 

May you Have-a pleasant trip. 

With just room enou-yh for two," 

"Man may be Happy, if He will, 

I’ve said it often, and 1 think so still; 
Roses way smooth life’s journey, and adorn; 
But thou hast full leave to tread upon athom.” 

"Oread fevers burn, and ague freezes, 
Rheumatics gnaw, and colic squeezes; 
Butthou.toothache.surely beaT’st the bell. 
And hast thy place with the priests o’hell,” 

** The world is full of fools. 

An he who would none view- 
Must shut himself in a cave. 

And break his mirror too.” * 

** Your arithmetic only can trip, 

When to kiss and to count you endeavor; 
But eloquence glows on your lip, 

When you, swear that you’ll love me forever.’ 

"Tome,ge\\Y\e Spring! ethereal m\\towss,come!’ 
0 ! Thompson,void of rhyme as well as reason. 
How couldst thou thus poor human nature hum? 
There’s no such season. 

The Spring! 1 shrink and shudder at her name! 

For why, 1 find her bTeaih a bitter blighter! 
And suffer from her Xftows as if they came 
From Spring the Fighter." 

"May your cheeks retain their dimples, 
May your Heart be just as gay. 

Until some manly voice shall whisper, 
‘Dearest, will you name the day?’ ” 

"1 care not much for gold or land, 

G-ive me a mortgage here and there, 
Some good bank stock-some note of hand, 
Ot trifling railroad share, 

1 only ask that Fortune send 

A little more than 1 can spend." 

** A long life, and a happy one; 

A tall man, and a jolly one— 

Like—well—you know who!” 

\ove;. 

"Love me little, love me long, 

Do not flirt, for it is wrong.” 

"The heart that has truly loved never forgets, 
But as truly loves on to the close.” 

“1 bring no gift of passion, 1 breathe no tone of love. 
But the freshness and the purity of a feeling far above; 
1 love to turn to thee,fair girl, as one within whose heart 
Earth hath no stain of vanity,and fickelness no part,” 

"Dost thou know, love, that thy smile 
Makes the whole world bright for me? 

Just as sunrise pours a sudden 
Purpleglory on the sea. 

Ah! had 1 that poweT, ever 

Should the world look bright to thee.” 

••When woTds we want, love tcacheth to indite; 
And what we blush to speak,she bids us write.” 

"Rank is good, and gold is fair, 

And high and low mate ill; 

But love has never known a law 
Beyond its own sweet will.” 

••Love, life’s fine centre, includes heart andmind.” 

rv|AF\F\l/\QE. 

"Precious and lovely, 1 yield her to thee; 
Take her, the gem of thy dwelling to be. 
She who was ever my solace and pride, 
Flees from, my bosom to cling to thy side” 

"There’s a bliss beyond all that minstrel has told, 
When two that aTe linked in one heavenly tie, 
With heart never changing, and brow never cold, 
Love on through all ills, and love till they die.” 

"Wedlock’s a saucy, sad, familiarstate, 
Where folks are very apt to scold and hate:— 
Love keeps a modest distance, is divine. 
Obliging, and says evVy thing that’s fine?’ 

" Misses! the tale that 1 relate 

This lesson seems to carry— 
Choose not alone a proper mate, 

But proper time to marry.” 

"Marriage from love, like vinegar from wine— 
A sad, sour, sober beverage—by time 

Is sharpened from its high celestial flavor 
Down to a very homely household savor.” 

ne(w ye(af\. 

"On this New Year's morning 

My wishes take their flight, 

And wing to thee a greeting 

That would make all things bright.” 

" We cannot look into the future, 

We cannot tell if the /New Year 

Will bring us fresti sorrowsttnnoumoki; 
Or bring us fresh blessings to cheer.” 

•* For friends we strive to pierce 

The future, dense and dark, 

But not a ray of light 

We see, nor faintest spark; 

But yet while we have faith to cheer, 
We trusting wish'A bright New Year.’” 

"0 childhood is a golden time, 

When all the world is bright. 

When sunshine comes with every mom. 
Sweet dreams with every night. 

Were 1 a fairy, 1 would give 

To thee a magic kiss. 

That should ensure for the New Year, 

As fair a time as this.” 

•’Health and prosperity 

Your life to cheer. 

With every blessing 

For the bright New Year.” 

seJnthv^e^t. 

“One port,methinks,alike we seek, 

One purpose hold where’eT we fare; 

0 bounding breeze, 0 rushing seas, 

At last, at last unite us there.” 

"Full many a gem of purest ray serene 
The dark, un fathomed caves of-ocean bear; 
Full many a flower is bom to blush unseen, 
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.” 

"When the name f write here is dim on the page, 
And the leaves of your album are yellow with age. 
Still think of me kindly, and do not forget 
That, wherever 1 am, 1 Temember you yet.” 

" The massive gates of circumstance 

Are turned upon the slightest hinge, 
And thus some seeming pettyest chance. 
Oft gives to life its after tinge.” 

tH>\n\s GIVING-. 

*• Thanksgiving-Day again is here, 

And Turkey is the leading question; 

1 wish, with heartiness sincere, . 

That you may have good digestion.” 

“There is a kind of gratitude in thanks, 
Though it be barren, and bring foTth but words? 

XMVIE- 

"Hours are golden links-Cod’s token- 1 

Reaching heaven, but one by one; 

Take them, lest the chain be broken 1 

Ere thy pilgrimage be done.” 

"We should count time by heart-throbs; he j 
most liyes who thinks most, speaks the not 1 
blest, acts the best.” 

"Lost, yesterday, somewhere between sun¬ 
rise and sunset, two golden hours,each 
set with sixty diamond minutes, ho reward 
offered, for they are gone forever” 

"The lapse of time and rivers is the same; 

Both speed their journey with a restless stream; 

The silent pace with which they steal away, 

No wealth can bribe, no prayers persuade to stay’.’ 

“May the morn of thy life be bright and 
joyous, the noontide peaceful and happy, 
and the sunset gloriously hopeful, is the 
wish of your friend.” 

Ti-[Le p\ge. 

" Precious book of charming glace, 

Gems otthought may here be cast,. 

Names t“it time may not erase. 

Pleasant mementos of the past.” 

"G-o forth thou little volume, 

! leave thee to thy fate; 

To love and friendship truly, * 

Thy leaves to dedicate.” 

"G-o, little book, thy destined course pursue, 
Collect memorials of the just and true. 

And beg of every friend so near 

Some token of remembrance dear.” 

"My dear friends, there is an Album. 

Full of leaves of snowy white. 

Where no name is ever tarnished. 

But forever pure and bright. 

In that Book of Life, God’s Album, 

May your name be penned witfrea© 

And may all who herein write, 

Have their names forever there.” 

"WeLL^W^es. 

"May God’s mercy ever guide thee, 

Safe o’er all thy thorny road; 

And His grace, what’er betide thee. 

Lead thee home to His abode.” 

"May your life be like the snowflake,wnith 
leaves a mark, but not a stain." 

"May happiness ever be thy lot, 

Wherever thou shalt be; . 

And j oy and pleasure light the spot 

That may be home to thee.” 

"May Heaven on you its choicest blessings shower, 
is the sincere wish of your friend.” 

" Roses, without thorns, for thee.” 

"May your days in joy be passed 

With friends to bless and cheer. 

And each year exceed the last 

In all that earth holds dear.” 

“ May Future with her kindestsmile, 

Wreath laurels for thy brow; 

May loving angels guard and keepthea 

Ever pure as thou art now.” 

"May He who hath pencilled the leawzswfjf 1 
beauty, given the flowers their bloom, and 1 
lent music to the /ay of the timid bird, ■ 
graciously remember thee in that dap 1 
when He shall gather His jewels.” | 

"May the chain of friendship formed 
by the links which are dropped here^u- 
nite you more closely in spirit wiilj the 1 
■friends who have worked it»” 


45 































































• 

5~s\ 

f ->7™ 

■y'J 

,na 

■w 

\ \ ; V- V\‘ >V. t r 

PRIMUS. 

NAMES OF 
STATES. 

AREA* 

ADMITTED. 

CAPITAL. 

SCHOOL 

AGE. 

EXTREME 

LENG-TH 

Miles. 

VMA M. 

EXTREME 

BREADTH 

MILES. 

SETTLE 0,WHEN-AND 
BY WHOM.. 

POPULAR 

NAME. 

FICTITIOUS NAME 

OF INHABITANTS. 

ALABAMA 

52 250 

DEC. 14,1819 

MONTGOMERY; 

7 TO-21 

330 

200 

1 1702, BY THE FRENCH. 

COTTON STATE 

LIZARDS. 

ALASKA 

557 390 


SITKA. 


1100 

300 


LANO Op THE 

MIDNIGHT SUN* 

SEAL FISHERS. 

ARIZONA 

113 020 


PHOENIX. 

6 >> 18 

390 

325 

1526, 99 99 SPANIARDS. 

LANO OF CANONS, 

SILVER HUNTERS. 

ARKANSAS 

53 850 

JUNE 15, 1836 

LITTLE ROCK. 

6 21 

240 

275 

1685 99 9. FRENCH. 

BEAR STATE. 

TOOTH PICKS. 

CALIFORNIA 

158 360 

SEPT. 9. 1850 

SACRAMENTO. 

5 >> 17 

770 

375 

1768 99 99 SPANIAROS. 

GOLDEN STATE. 

GOLD HUNTERS. 

COLORADO 

103 925 

AUG. 1, 1876 

DENVER, 

6 21 

270 

390 

1858 99 9j MINERS. 

CENTENNIAL STATE. 

ROVERS. 

CONNECTICUT 

4 990 

JAN. 9. 1788 

HARTFORD. 

4 >> 16 

75 

90 

1635 99 99 ENGLISH. 

FREESTONE CTATr 

OR NUTMEG DIA 1 t. 

WOODEN NLTOS. 

DELAWARE 

2 050 

DEC. 7. 1787 

DOVER. 

6 >> 21 

110 

35 

1638 99 99 SWEDES. 

DIAMOND OR CTATr 

BLUE HEN OlMIL* 

MUSKRATS.. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

70 


WASHINGTON. 

6 »» 17 

10 

9 

1660 5 9 ,, ENGLISH. 



FLORIDA 

58 680 

MAR. 3. 1845 

TALLAHASSEE. 

6 >> 21 

460 

400 

1565 9 5 59 SPANIARDS. 

PENINSULAR STATE. 

flyupteYe creeks 

GEORGIA 

59 475 

JAN. 2.1788 

ATLANTA. 

6 >» 18 

315 

250 

1733 99 99 ENGLISH. 

EMPIRE state of the 

south; cracker state. 

buzzards. 

IDAHO 

84 800 

JULY 3. 1890 

BOISE' CITY. 

5 21 

490 

305 

I860 59 99 MINERS. 

GLACIER STATE. 

FORTUNE SEEKERS. 

ILLINOIS 

56 650 

DFG. 3. 1818 

SPRINGFIELD. 

6 »» 21 

380 

205 

1682 99 99 FRENCH. 

PRAIRIE OR QTATC 

sucker Olnlt. 

SUCKERS. 

INDIANA 

36 350 

DEC. II, 1816 

INDIANAPOLIS. 

6 21 

265 

160 

1702 99 99 FRENCH. 

HOOSIER STATE. 

HOOSIERS. 

INDIAN TERR.* 

31 400 




210 

; 210 . 

1834 



IOWA 

56 025 

DEC. 28. 1846 

DES MOINES. 

5 »> 21 

210 

300 

1 BY emigrants from the 

1 1009 NORTH-EAST. 

HAWKEYE STATE. 

HAWKEYES. 

KANSAS 

82 080 

JAN. 29. 1861 

TOPEKA. 

5 >’ 21 

200 

400 

1 QOA BY EMIGRANTS FROM THE 

1 oAJ* WESTERN STATES. 

GAROEN OF THE WEST 

or sunflower state. 

JAYHAWKERS. 

KENTUCKY 

40 400 

JUNE 1. 1792 

FRANKFORT. 

6 »» 20 

175 

350 

1 7£7 by Emigrants from 

1 ( Of* VIRGINIA. 

CORN CRACKERSTATE. 

CORN CRACKERS. 

LOUISIANA 

48 720 

APR. 30. 1812 

BATON ROUGE. 

6 9*18 

275 

280 

1718. BY THEFRENCH. 

CREOLE STATE. 

CREOLES. 

MAINE 

33 040 

MAR. 15, 1820 

AUGUSTA. 

4 ” 21 

235 

205 

1624, 99 99 ENGLISH. 

MtV STATE. 

FOXES. 

MARYLAND 

12 210 

APR. 28, 1788 

ANNAPOLIS. 

6 »> 21 

120 

200 

1634. 99 9 9 ENG.ROM.CATH. 

OLD LINE STATE. 

CLAM HUMPERS. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

8 315 

FEB. 6.1788 

BOSTON. 

5 >> 15 

110 

190 

1620. 99 ENG.PURITANS. 

BAY STATE. • 

YANKEES. 

MICHIGAN 

58 915 

JAN. 26.1837 

LANSING. 

5 »* 20 

400 

310 

1668. 99 59 FRENCH. 

srar STATE. 

WOLVERINES. 

MINNESOTA 

83 365 

MAY 11. 1858 

ST. PAUL. 

5 n 21 

400 

350 

1819. 99 99 FRENCH. 

GOPHER STATE. 

GOPHERS. 

MISSISSIPPI 

46 810 

OEC. 10.1817 

JACKSON. 

5 > » 21 

340 

180 

1716. 99 99 FRENCH. 

BAYOU STATE. 

TADPOLES. 

MISSOURI 

69 415 

AUG* 10,1821 

JEFFERSON CITY. 

6 » » 20 

280 

300 

1755, » 59 FRENCH. 

THE PENNSYLVANIA 

OF THE WEST. 

PUKES. 

MONTANA 

146 080 

NOV. 8,1889 

HELENA. 

4 > » 21 

315 

580 

1 by emigrants from 

1 00^1 THE SOUTH. 

STATE "h% ROCKIES 

MINERS. 

NEBRASKA 

77 510 

MAR. 1. 1867 

LINCOLN. 

5 )i 21 

205 

415 

1850. BY E W E n N A T P 8 T. FR0N 

BLACKWATERSIATE 

BUG EATERS. 

NEVADA 

110 700 

OCT. 31. 1864 

CARSON CITY. 

6 9 9 1 8 

485 

315 


SAGE HEN STATE 

SAGE HENS. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE 

9 305 

JUNE2I. 1788 

CONCORD. 

5 >> 15 

185 

90 

1623. 99 ENG. PURITANS. 

GRANITE STATE. 

GRANITE BOYS. 

NEW JERSEY 

7 815 

DEC. 18. 1787 

TRENTON. 

5- »»' 18 

160 

70 

1620. 99 DUTCH AND DANES. 

JERSEY BLUE STATE 

BLUES. CLAM CATCHERS. 

NEW MEXICO 

122 580 


SANTE FE. 

7 >» 18 

390 

350 

1582. 99 THE SPANIARDS. 

INVALID'S PARADISE. 

SPANISH INDIANS. 

NEW YORK 

49 170 

JULY 26. 1788 

ALBANY. 

5 >» 21 

310 

320 

1614. > 9 99 DUTCH. 

e KSil*8« STATE. 

KNICKERBOCKERS. 

NORTH CAROLINA 

52 250 

NOV. 21. 1789 

RALEIGH. 

6 ” 21 

200 

520 

1650, 99 99 ENGLISH. 

TAR STATE. 

TARHEELS. 

NORTH DAKOTA 

70 795 

NOV. 2. 1889 

BISMARCK. 

7 »» 20 

210 

360 

1QI7 9 9 Emigrants from ths 

l0lx« 7 MIDDLE STATES. 

'LANDOFttmSSK 

SQUATTERS. 

OHIO 

41 060 

JAN. 19. 1803 

C0LUM8US. 

6 >> 21 

205 

230 

j 7 QcT 9 9 EMIGRANTS FROM 

1 100, NEW ENGLAND# 

BUCKEYE STATE. 

BUCKEYES. 

OKLAHOMA 

39 0 30 


GUTHRIE. 


210 

365 

I QQQ J} EMIGRANTS FROM 

1 DO£J« surrounding state*. 

L \ N o D o& F E ^ E 

BOOMERS. 

OREGON 

96 030 

FEB. 14.1859 

SALEM. 

4 »» 20 

290 

375 

i8ii, *» srista*" 

BEAVER STATE. 

HARD CASES. 

PENNSYLVANIA 

45 215 

DEO. 12.1787 

HARRISBURG. 

6 21 

180 

300 

1638. 99 THE SWEDES. 

KEYSTONE STATE 

PENNAMITEfr OR 

leather heads. 

RHODE ISLAND 

1 250 

MAY 29. 1790 

NEWPORT—PROVIOENCF. 

5 15 

50 

35 

1636. 99 99 ENGLISH. 

LITTLE RHODY. 

GUN FLINTS. 

SOUTH CAROLINA 

30 570 

MAY 23. 1788 

COLUMBIA. 

6 »* 18 

215 

235 

1670. 9 9 99 ENGLISH. 

PALMETTO STATE. 

WEASELS. 

SOUTH DAKOTA 

77 650 

NOV. 2.1889 

PIERRE. 

7 ” 20 

245 

380 

| Q n M EMIGRANTS from* 

IOl<« 77 MIDDLE STATES- 

SQUATTER STATE. 

SQUATTERS. 

TENNESSEE 

42 050 

JUNE 1. 1796 

NASHVILLE. 

6 »> 21 

I2f) 

430 

1 7Sfi 99 EMIGRANTS FROM 

BIG BEND STATE. 

WHELPS. 

TEXAS 

265 780 

DEC. 29. 1845 

AUSTIN. 

8 ” 16 

“Mo 

760 

1 685, 99 THE.FRENCH. 

LONE STAR STATE. 

BEEF EATERS. 

UTAH 

84 970' 


SALT LAKE CITY. 

6 ” 18 

345 

275 

1847, 99 99 MORMONS. 

MORMONS’ DOMAIN 

POLYGAMISTS. 

VERMONT 

9 565 

MAR. 4,1791 

MONTPELIER. 

5 9 * 20 

i5d' 

90 

1 70 A 9 9 Emigrants from 

1 IAS+9 MASSACHUSETTS. 

GREEN MOUNTAIN ST 

GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS. 

VIRGINIA 

42 450 

JUNE 25, 1788 

RICHMOND. 

5 9 , 21 

205 

425 

1607. 9 9 THE ENGLISH. 

OLD DOMINION. 

BEAGLES. 

WASHINGTON 

69 180 

NOV. 11, 1889 

OLYMPIA. 

6 »9 21 

230 

340 

1 ftAS 99 EMIGRANTS FROM 

SOUND STATE. 

WASHINGTONIANS. 

WEST VIRGINIA 

24 780 

JUNE 19. 1863 

CHARLESTON. 

6 »> 21 

225 

200 

1607. »»THE ENGLISH. 

PAN HANDLE STATE 

PAN HANDLES. 

WISCONSIN 

56 040 

MAY 29.' 1848 

MADISON. 

4 9) 20 

300 

790 

1669. 99 99 FRENCH. 

BADGER STATE. 

BADGERS. 

WYOMING 

97 890 

JULY 10. 1890 

CHEYENNE, 

7 99 21 

275 

365 

1 OfiQ 9 , EMIGRANTS FROM 

BIG HORN STATE 

BIG-HORNS. 

“UNITED STATES 

3602390 


WASHINGTON. 


1600 

2720 

ICAC THE SPANIARDS AT 

1J0J« ST. AUGUSTINE. FLA# 

COLUMBIA OR 

UNCLE RAM. 

BROTHER JONATHAN 

MWMCF. 'ir/NCU/D£'S CHfftOKfF COU//r/?y/l/VD'/VO/W/t/V'S//)/V0, 1 


UTAH ADMITTED JAN. 4, 1896. 


46 






































































































STATISTICAL BUREAU OF THE UNITED STATES—CONTINUED. 


NAMES OF 
STATES. 

ABBREVF 
AT ION, 

SI6NIF1CMI0H OF NAME. 

INTE 

rest: 

GRACE, 

STATUTES OF L 

mm 

o I 

0 3f 

(/ im ^ 

rn— 

MOTTO 

(on CHEAT SEAl). 

TROOPS FURI^SH 

ED FED! ARMY 
DURING CIV.WAR. 

LEGAL 

RATE. 

BY CON¬ 
TRACT. 

JUDG¬ 

MENTS. 

NOTES, 

lews. 

OPEN 

ACCTS. 

'(ew*. 

MALE 

FEMME 

ALABAMA 

ALA. 

IND.,HERE WE REST. 

8 

8 

YES 

20 

6* 

3 

17 

14 

HERE WE REST. 


ALASKA 

ALAS. 

IND..A GREAT OTM 1 









(NONE). 


ARIZONA 

ARIZ. 

SPAN.,SAND HILLS. 

6' 

10 

YES 

10 

5 

3 

18 

16 

LAT.-DITAT OEUS’. (territory. 


ARKANSAS 

ARK. 

BOW OF» v R . 

7 

ANY 


5 

3 

2 

17 

14 

LATA REGNANT POPULI’- Tl %?r £ 

6289 

CALIFORNIA 

CAL. 

SPAN., HOT FURNACE. 

7 

ANY 

NO 

5 

4 T 

2 

18 

15 

GREEK-'EUREKA’- ’ hav EtE ouI ’° 

152 .15 

COLORADO 

COL. 

SPAN.,RED OR COLORED. 

8 

ANY 

YES 

6 

6 

6 

14 

12 

LAT/NIL SINE NOMINE- 

“ 1 762 

CONNECTICUT 

CONN. 

IND.,THE LONG RIVER. 

6 

6 

YES 

• • 

6 

6 

14 

12 

I *T ' QUI TRANSTUUVHE WHO TRANSPlWT- 

LAI. SUSTINET.’ EB.STIU SUSTAINS. 

57 374 

DELAWARE 

DEL. 

IN HONOR OF LORD DE LA WAR. 

6 

6 

YES 

20 

6 

3 

14 

12 

LIBERTY AND INDEPENDENCE. 

13 651 

DIST. OF C0LUM. 

D.C. 

IN HONOR OF COLUMBUS. 

6 

10 

YES 

12 

3 

3 

14 

12 

LAT/JUSTICIA OMNI BUSHo s all. 

16 872 

FLORIDA 

FLA. 

SPAN., FLOWERY. 

8 

HO 


20 

5 

2 

14 

12 

IN GOD OUR TRUST. 


GEORGIA 

GA. 

IN HONOR OF GEO. II.OF ENG. 

7 

8 

YES 

7 

7 

4 

17 

14 

WISDOM, JUSTICEJQ MODERATION. 


IDAHO 

D. 

IND..GEM OFTHE MOUNTAIN. 

10 

18 

NO 

6 

6 

3 

18- 

18 



ILLINOIS 

LL. 

IND..TRIBEOF MEN. 

5 

7 

YES 

7 

10 

5 

17 

14 

STATE SOVEfiEIGNTY- NATION Sh, on. 

258217“' 

INDIANA 

ND. 

FROM theword'indian: 

6 

8 

YES 

10 

10 

6 

18 

16 

(NONE). 

197 147“ 

INDIAN TERR. 

ND.TER. 

NAMED FROM THE INDIANS. 











IOWA 

0. 

IND., THE SLEEPY ONES. 

6 

8 

YES 

10 

10 

5 

16 

14 

OUR LIBERTIES WE PRIZE — 

OUR RICHTS WE WILL MAINTAIN. 

75 860 

KANSAS 

KAN. 

IND., SMOKY WATER. 

6 

10 

YES 

5 

5 

2 

15 

12 

1 AT f AO ASTRA PER ASPtRA* 

LMI.tothe stars through difficulties 

20 097 

KENTUCKY 

KY. 

IND., DARK AND mW«. 

6 

8 

YES 

15 

ID 

5 

14 

12 

UNITED WE STAND-DIVIDED WE FALL. 

78 540 

LOUISIANA 

LA. 

IN HONOR OF LOUIS XIV.f&W 

5 

8 

YES 

10 

5 

3 

14 

12 

JUSTICE-UNION-CONFIDENCE. 


MAINE 

ME. 

FROM'MAINE’IN FRANCE. 

6 

ANY 

YES 

20 

6" 

6 

14 

12 

LAT/DIRIGO’-I DIRECT OR GUIDE. 

71 745 

MARYLAND 

MD. 

IN HONOR OF OUEEN OFENtl "NO.’ 

6 

6 

YES 

12 

3* 

M 3 

14 

12 

1 AT^CRESCITE £t multipucamini* 

LAI. INCREASE AND MULTIPLY. 

49 731 

MASSACHUSETTS 

MASS. 

IND., ABOUT THE GREAT HILLS. 

6 

ANY 

YES 

20 

6 

6 

14 

12 

I AT TENSE PETlT PLAClDUMSUM - 

LflL" libertate quietem.* 

152 048 

MICHIGAN 

MICH. 

IND..THELAKE COUNTRY. 

6 

8 

YES 

6 

6 

6 

18 

16 

1 AT-*SI QUAERIS PENINSULA* AMOE- 

Lttl. NAMCIRCUMSPICL’ 

90 119 

MINNESOTA 

MINN. 

IND.. CLOUDY WATER. 

7 

10 

YES 

10 

6 

6 

18 

15 

FMlilFS 

25 034" 

MISSISSIPPI 

MISS. 

IND., FATHER OF WATERS. 

6 

10 

YES 

7 

6 

3 

14 

12 

(NONE). 


MISSOURI 

MO. 

IND., MUDDY WATER. 

6 

8 

YES 

20 

10 

5 

15 

12 

1 ATijA'JK P° PUU SutREMA EST Lei(! 

LA l.rfts wleareoe the peopu istw supmwuw 

108 773 

MONTANA 

MONT. 

SPAN..MOUNTAIN. 

10 

ANY 

YES 

6 

6 

2 

18 

16 



NEBRASKA 

NEB. 

IND..SHALLOW WATER. 

7 

10 

YES 

5 

5 

4 

18 

16 

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY-PROGRESS, 

1 279 

NEVADA 

NEV. 

SPAN..SNOW COWERED. 

7 

ANY 

YES 

6 

6 

4 

18 

16 

LAFVOLENS ET P0TENS’«1 

1216 

NEW HAMPSHIRE 

N.H. 

FROM THE R S?rP N S. FHAMp - 

6 

6 

YES 

20 

6 

6 

14 

12 

(NONE). 

34 605 

NEW JERSEY 

N.J. 

FROM THE ISLE OF JERSEY. 

6 

6 

YES 

20 

6 

6 

14 

12 

(NONE). 

79 511 " 

NEW MEXICO 

N.MEX. 

'SPAN.. the 6 » # 5,a^ ec * 

6 

12 

NO 

15 

6 

4 

18 

15 

L AT/ CRESCIT EUNDO- S 

"2 395 

NEW YORK 

N.Y. 

IN HONOR OF MT 

6 

tt 6 

YES 

20 

6 

6 

18 

16 

LAT.- f EXCELSIOR-HIGHER. 

467 047 

NORTH CAROLINA 

N.C. 

IN HONOR OF 

6 

8 

YES 

10 

3* 

3 

16 

14 

(NONE). 

3 156 

NORTH DAKOTA 

N.D. 

IND., LEAGUED° R ALLIED. 

7 

10 

YES 

20 

6 

6 

18 

16 

1 IDCDTV ANO UNION NOW AND F0R6V?t” 

LlDCn 1 T ONE AND INSEPARABLE. 

181 

OHIO 

0. 

IND.. BEAUTIFUL RIVER. 

6 

8 

YES 

**5 

15 

6 

18 

16 

(NONE). 

319 659 

OKLAHOMA 

OK. 

IND..BEAUTIFUL LAND. 

7 

12 





18 

15 



OREGON 

ORE. 

SPAN..WILD THYME. 

8 

10 

YES' 

10 

6 

1 

18 

15 

LAT/ALISVOLATPeOPIHIS^fSS 

~6TT 

PENNSYLVANIA 

PA.p 0 ^ 

PENN’S WOODLAND. 

6 

6 

YES 

5 

6 

6 

14 

12 

VIRTUE-LIBERTY-INDEPENDENCE. 

366 326 

RHODE ISLAND 

R.l. 

FROM ISLE OF RHODES. 

6 

ANY 

7ES~ 

20 

6 

6 

14 

12 

HOPE. 

23 711 

SOUTH CAROLINA 

S.C. 

IN HONOR OF ch ^ bl E nV. 1 - 

7 

8 

YES 

10 

6 

6 

14 

12 

LAT.-'ANWVIlS OPIBUSQUI PA6AT*- PREPAID in 

MIND AND RESOURCES-PREPARED TO GW UfE AND 

PROPERTY. 

SOUTH DAKOTA 

S.D. 

IND.,LEAGUED 0R ALLIED. 

7 

12 

YES 

20 

6 

6 

18 

15 

UNDER GOD THE PEOPLE RULE. 

181 

TENNESSEE 

TENN. 

IND..RIVER OFTHE BIGBEND. 

6 

6 

YES 

10 

6 

6 

14 

12 

AGRICULTURE-COMMERCE. 

12 077 

TEXAS 

TEX. 

SPAN., FRIEND’S. 

8 

12 

YES 

10 

4 

2 

16 

14 

(NONE). 


UTAH 

UTAH 

FROM UTAH INDIANS. 

10 

ANY 

YES 

5 

4 

2 

14 

12 



VERMONT 

VT. 

FR..GREEN MOUNTAIN. 

6 

6 

YES 

6 

»6 

6 

14 

12 

FREEDOM AND UNITY. 

35 246 

VIRGINIA 

VA. 

IN HONOR 0 vP^^que’enJ 6 

6 

6 

YES 

10 

5 

2 

14 

12 

| AT- f S'C SEMPER TYRANNIS! 

Lnl. EVER SO TO TYRANTS. 


WASHINGTON 

WASH. 

IN HONOR M&S6. 

10 

ANY 


6 

6 

3 

21 

18 


895 

WEST VIRGINIA 

W.VA. 

SAME AS VIRGINIA. 

6 

6 

YES 

10 

10 

5 

14 

12 

1 AT 'MCNTANI SEMPER LIBER*.’ 

LAI." MOUNTAINEERS ARE ALWAYS FREEMEN. 

32 003 

WISCONSIN 

WIS. 

INO..WILD RUSHING RIVER. 

7 

10 

YES 

20 

20 

6 

18 

15 

FORWARD. 

96 118 

WYOMING 

WYO. 

IND..LARGE PLAINS. 

12 

ANY 

YES 

**5 

5 

4 

18 

16 



UNITED STATES. 

u.s. 

A UNION OF STATES. 









E PLURIBUS UNUM,W. 0F 

Z 688 523 


‘Under seal, 10 years. + If made in State, it outside,2 years. 1 * No usury, but over 6 per cent, cannot be 
collected by law. "Under seal, 20 years. t Under seal., 12 years. **ReaJ estate, 20 years. TT New York 
has by a recent law leyalixed any rate oFjnterest on call loans ot #5000 or upward, on collateral securi¬ 
ty. ** Becomes dormant, but way be revived, blunder seal, !4 years. 

HoTfe .-\<t cNvawe^ occur, or wwi Staves, ave a.hvft\VYeA, mVe. v\\e ocmecvNorv or sAhNucm'sw VV\e XaXAe.. 


47 




























































































The Stars are all in rapid 
motion, but owing to their 
great distance they appear to 
be at rest with respect to each 
other. They shine because 
they are white hot The Sun 
is one of the Stars, appearing 
larger than the others because 
of its nearness to us.The Plan¬ 
ets (see Astronomical Chart 
elsewhere in this book) .are 
non-luminous bodies, which 
shine by reflecting the light 
of the Sun, and round which 
they revolve. The Moon is a 
secondary planet which revolves 
round the Earth. The Nebulae 
are masses of gas, which lie 
far away,some perhaps out 
of our universe. The Comets 
are gaseous bodies which come 
from distant regions to the Sun, 
go round it, and then go back 
again,disappearing from sight. 
The Milky Way is a beautiful I 
belt spanning the sky, and is 
composed of stars so faint, and 
apparently so near together that 
they present only a dim con¬ 
tinuous glimmer.The Universe 


is formed of all the stars which 
we can see The Sun with all 
its attendant Planets is but an 


atom in the Universe. The 
Nebular Hypothesis sup¬ 
poses that there once existed 
in space a great,chaotic, neb¬ 
ulous mass, endowed with a 
a kind of whirlpool motion, 
which, gradually condensing 
through the mutual attrac¬ 
tion of its particles, formed 
the countless stars distributed 
through space; that the planets 
were formed by the condens¬ 
ation of rings of matter succes¬ 
sively thrown off by the cen¬ 
tral mass, and the satellites 
by the condensation of mat¬ 
ter thrown off in like manner 
>y their primaries. Meteors 
are very small non-luminous 
iodies, some of which 3t times 
approach the Earth’s orbit 


~cof>yK to/Tr. 


*r 



Go ODYKOONTZ’S 


EXPLANATION. 

The center of the Chart repre¬ 
sents the north pole of the 
heavens,near which is .s 
Polaris (the North Star) 

The circle cutting 
at right angles //P’ x/VV-.... i /. yiC 

the graduated / . y* ^ 

meridian at 0 
represents 
the Celes -fc? 
tial Equa¬ 
tor, and. 
that cut- * £ 

ting it A 

at ob¬ 
lique 


crux; 


** I 


/?yh+ L W it 

Wf y&t 

•h /<>• ^ 

/ T > v ti T ‘ ^* *- 
--Wy 

/;.. ! 

^BEHSNICJK V / • ■' 

I CANES •,’> 

, v /r« T ^ 


:<&*/ jtcoHo.vA.*;;£ 

' ♦* ^ ■: % h\,i & 

^ u \* 4-• ♦ ^ -v: 

. . ' 

COMA y--. s 3\j*l \ r a \ >T 



;rsa 

860 :» T V i iVE-NATICI V, ; ‘* 

- ji •* .ril */ 03^ 


\ b ;.^ 

ei 2 0 

. - h-Deneiola +q - 4 


'URSA IVXA J OH y 

S ■ *f\ 'll •' ° u'ir*. r* ^ ■> 

\ ♦ 1 \ £3kV^m /* r 

Vi--.. *\ 1 ' » \° iVit' 

\ ' \vC!' j»-n .■■Kins 

’ . n v .. 

.PMEUMJKT?....\ 'JhmtNIE \+ t \ \ .•/ :rELESCO d P iI l 3 a «.'*'>..-' 

■-.va i.\ . • '•“* 


an¬ 
gles, 

theE- \ > IACiIfNX ' 

chptic. v- " 1 ' 

From the 
Celestial 
Equator to 
the North Pole 
the stars are 
shown in their ^ 

true relative po- . , 

sitions.but south A, ' .--f^ rE -T".. 

.J-',ricA' *-S >-! a»^ntlla y.... 


v. «>vp : ,/ 

v. A'' 


.-:y27 ,5T ' 

' LYNX 


C^INVMl'V 1 i %<V 4 

V\ • n \..xivb \'s. e ° r /\ '■v 4 i.\ v»r.?yc 

«5A \* to\.- HYT1R A \ / ,f '/.Tid ITTrX 


X :-H_ 

••-... ,/(li i!ea" 

.NAUT1CA 


♦<, •* p** 


• A .T .... 

, C«n siwufoR/.. / ST~~'V 
. .NAi *; o w ,-r r< ••.. / C .V + , ' 

y V ♦ r ^ A 

. MONOCEROS 

\ . / 

▼ K 


ward from the Equa- 
tor their right ascension -a'-v?< 5 - 
is exagerated, similarly to 
the longitude of towns on a 
terrestrial map drawn on Merca¬ 
tor’s Projection. The Magnitude 
of the stars are indicated thus; & 

* = 3d; -<-=b-th, v=5th 
The stars arc named by attaching 



48 


1 1 : I 














































•^Celestial. Chart. 

or( ^ e ' r °f brightness for each constellation, 
the letters of the Greek alphabet; af 
l jjxV ter these are exhausted, the R o- 
„ man letters; and finally, fig- 
ures. Some stars still retain 
their ancient names The 
Greek Letters are - 
a Alpha,p Beta, y 
Gamma,8 Delta, ^ 
Epsilon, S Zeta, 
r\ Eta,6 Theta, 
^ i Iota,* Rap- 
pa,X Lamb- 
da, /u Mu, 
vNu, $ 
l*+A Xi, o 



§ /j * Pi) 
f/7 pRho, 
__ 7?V c Sigma, 
rTau,u 
* Upsilon, 
yPhi, * 
w f Chi,4-Psi, 
cj Omega.Com- 

♦s \® i / ,.*/ // mencing between 

♦♦ _ .tXr\ /.» J' C / 16 and 17 south 

declination the Milky- 
Way passes through 
Ara,Telescopium, Scorpio, 
Sagittarius,Scutum,Serpens, 
Aquila,Cygnus,Cephus.Cassi- 
opea, Perseus, Auriga, Gemini, M on- 
★’L’ll-ti. \ ocerus.Canis Major, Navis Argo, Robur 

t • e <■ ‘ Carolinum,Crux, and Centaurus.To find 

any star,hold the Chart between you and the North Star, then 


g 


A> n ji 


turn the Chart till the proper pari is south at the required time. 


so neaT as to be drawn to its 
surface, and ignite from friction 
with the atmosphere.The Bright¬ 
ness of the stars is as follows: 


6th magnitude, 1 
5th * • 2 

4th * * 6 


3d magnitude, 12 
2d » > 25 
1st > » 100 


The above are averages. Sirius, 
the brightest 1st magnitude star, 
is 23k-, and the Sun, the nearest 
star, is 6,480,000,000,000. The 
brightness of the full Moon on 
the above scale is 11,835,335, its 
light being 51 ^ 7^13 of that of 
the Sun. A star of the 6th mag¬ 
nitude is the faintest visible t 0 
the naked eye.The Distances 
of the Stars from us are s 0 
great that the velocity of light 
(l8k-,000 miles per second]), is 
used to measure them. It re¬ 
quires light 3-2 years to reach 
us from a Centaur/,ihe near¬ 
est star except the Sun.On an 
average it requires light 15 "a 
years to reach us from 1st mag¬ 
nitude stars; 28 from 2d; 43 
from 3d; 120 from 6th; and 
3,500 years from 12th mag¬ 
nitude stars. On a scale of 
miles the following are the 
distances of some of the Stars:- 
Names. Allies. 

The Sun... 91 000 000 
a Centauri . 20 384 000 000 000 

■Vega.121667000 000 000 

Sirius.. . 125125 000 000 000 
Arcturus . . 157 784 000 000 000 
Polaris . . .280 098000 000000 
Capella . . .4-08 044 000 000 000 
The Colors of some of the 
Stars &vz\-Red, Aldebaran,An 
tares, Betelgeuse; Blue, Ca¬ 
pella, Rigel, Bellatrix, Spica, 
Procyon; Green, Sirius, Ye 
ga, Atair, Deneb; "Yellow,hr 0 - 
turus; /^%/fe,Regulus,Den- 
ebola,Fomalhaut, Polaris. The 
Number of Stars is estima¬ 
ted tobe:-lst magnitude,-22 ; 
2d mag.,65, 3d mag.,200;4th 
mag.,450; 5th mag.,1,100; 
6th mag., 4,000; all magni¬ 
tudes down to the 14th,20,000,000 



































A 

A.era. Adjective,Acre,Af¬ 
ter Noon, Alto, Accepted, 
a.oi@. to or at. 

Al. First class or rate. 

A.orAns. Answer. 

A.A.&. Assistant Adjutant, 
General. 

A. A.S.; American Acade¬ 
my of Sciences. 

A.B. Bachelor of ArtsjA- 
ble bodied seamen. 

Abb. Abbot, Abbess. 

Abbr. Abbreviated,Abbreviation. 

A.B.C.F.M. American Board 
of Commissioners foT For¬ 
eign Missions. 

Abl. Ablative. 

Abp. Archbishop. 

Abr. Abridgement. 

A.B.S. American Bible So¬ 
ciety. 

A.C. Before Christ, Army Corps. 
Acc. Accusative. 

Acc. or acCb. Account. 
Acct.Cur. Account Current. 
Acct. Sales, Account of sales. 

C.S. .American Coloniza¬ 
tion Society. 

Act. Active. 

A. 0. in the year of ourLond; 

a.d., After date. 

Ad. or Adv. ; Adverb,Adver¬ 
tisement. 

A.O.C. Aide-de-Camp. 

Ad. inf. Without limit. 
Ad.Jnt. In the mean while. 
Adj. Adjective. 

Adjt. Adjutant. 

Adjt.&en. Adjutant Gener¬ 
al. 

Ad. lib. At pleasure. 

Adm. Admiral, Admiralty 
Admr. Administrator, Admin 
istration. 

Admx. Administratrix. 

Adv. Adverb,Advent,Advocate, 
£,or£t. Of age, Aged. 
Af.orAfr. Africa. 
A.F.A.M. Ancient Free 
and Accepted Masons. 
A.&. Adjutant General. 
Ag. Silver. 

A.H. In the year of the He 
gira,or flight ofMoham 
med. 

A.H.M.S. American Home 
Missionary Society. 

Al.. Aluminium. 

Ala. Alabama. 

Alas. AlaskaTerrltory. 
Alex. Alexander. 

Alf. Alfred. 

Alt. Altitude. 

A.M. Master of Arts, Be¬ 
fore noon, In the year 
of the world. 
Am.orAmer. America, A- 
merican, Americana. 
Amt. Amount. 

An. Answer. 

Anal. Analysis. 

Anat. Anatomy. 

Anc. Ancient. 

And. Andrew. 


Ang.Sax. Anglo Saxon. 

Anno. Annotate. 

Anon. Anonymous. 

Ans. Answer. 

Ant.or Antiq. Antiquity. 

A.O.F. Ancient Order of 
Foresters. 

A.O.H. Ancient Order of 
Hibernians. 

A.O.U.W. AncientCh-der 
of United Workmen. 

Ap. April, Apostle, 

Apo. Apogee. 

Apoc. Apocrypha,ApocAlypse|B.Pay, 
Apen. Apennine. 

Apr. April. 

Aq. Water. 

A.Q.M. Assistant Quar¬ 
ter Master. 

A.Q.M.G. Assistant Quar¬ 
ter Master General. 

Arab. Arabic, Arabian. 

Arith. Arithmetic. 

Ariz. ^Arizona. 

Ark. Arkansas. 

Am. • Arnold. 

Art. Arrived. 

Art. Article, Artemus. 

Arth. Arthur. 

A. S. Academy of Sciences, 
Assistant Surgeon. 

As. Arsenic, Astronomy. 

Asst. Assistant. 

Astrol. Astrology. 

Astron. Astronomy. 

Ats. At suit of. 

Atty. Attorney. 

Atty. Gen. AttomeyGenml, 

At.Wt. Atomic Weight. 

Au. Gold. 

A.U.C. In the year from 
the building of the 
ci ty (Rome). 

Aug. August. 

Aur.. Gold. 

Auth.Ver. or A.V. Author¬ 
ized verskm(Bible). 

Av. Average, Avenue. 

Ave. Avenue. 

Avoir. Avoirdupois. 


Bis. Bismuth, Bissextile. 
Bk. Bank, Book. 

B.L. Bachelor of Laws. 
S/i Bill of Lading. 

Bl. 'Barrel, Barrels. 

Bis. Bales. 

B.LH. Bachelor of Letters. 

B.LL. Bachelor of Laws. 

B.M. BachelorofMedicine. 

B. Mus. Bachelor of Music. 

B.o. Buyer's option. 
Bohem. Bohemian. 

Bor. Borough,Boron. 

Bot. Bought, Botany, Bot¬ 
anist. 

Boul. Boulevard. 

Bp. Bishop. 
g/P Bill of Parcels. 

Bills Payable 
Bque. Barque. 

8t. Brother,Britain, BtU 
ish, Brig, Bromine. 
Bt 3Z. Brazil. 

B.Rec. Bills Receivable. 
Brig. Brigade, Brigadier. 
Brig. Gen. Brigadier Gen¬ 
era I. 

Brit. British, Britain. 
Bro. Brother. 

Bros. Brothers. 

B/S Bill of Sale. 

B.S. Bachelorof Science. 
Bu. Bushel. 


B.V. Blessed Virgin,Farewell, 
Bars. Boxes. 


C. Cfbon, Hundred,Cent, 
Centigrade thermometer, 
Centime, Gallon. 

Cents. Also pL 
Ca. Centare,Calcium. 
Cal. California,Calcium, 
Calendar, Calends. 
Calif. California. 

Can. Canada, Canon. 

Cant. Canticles. 

Cap. Capital, Capitol, Cap¬ 
ital Letter. 


B. Base or Bass, Baron.Bay, 
Book. 

b. Born, Book. 

B.A. Bachelor of Arts, 
British America. 

Ba. Barium. 

Bal. Balance. 

Bar. Barrel,Barley corn. 
Bart, or Bt. Baronet. 
B.B. Bill Book. 

Bbl. Barrel,Barrels. 

B.C. Before Christ. 
B.C.L. Bachelorof Civil Law. 
B.O. Bachelor of Divinity. 
Bd. Bond, Bound. 

Bds. Boards. 

Bdls. Bundles. 

Be. .Glucinum. 

Benj. Benjamin. 

Bev. Beverly. 

Bgs. Bags. 

Bi. Bismuth. 

B.l. British India. 

Bib, Bible,Biblical. 

Biog. Biography. 


Caps. Capitals, 

Capt. Captain. 

Car. Caiat. 

Card. Cardinal. 

Cash. Cashier. 

Cat. Catalogue. 

Cath. Catharine,Catholic, 
Cathedral. 

C.B. Common Bench,Cape 
Breton. 

C.C. Cheuit Court, Coun¬ 
ty Clerk, Chancery Cases, 
County Commissioner. 

C.C.P. Court of Common Pleas. 
Cd. Cadmium. 

Ce. Cerium. 

C.E. Canada Fast,Civil 
Engineer. 

Cel. or Celt. Celtic. 

Cen. Century, Centime. 
Cent. A hundred. 

Cf. Compare. 

Cg. Centigram. 

C.&.H. Cape of Good Hope. 

C. H, Court House, Custom 
House. 

Ch. Church, Chapter,Chan¬ 
cery. 

Chal. Chaldron,Chaldee. 
Chanc. Chancery. 

Chap. Chapter, Chaplain. 
Char. Charter. 

Chas. Charles. 


Chat. Chattel. 

Chem. Chemistry. 

Chf. Chief. 

Chin. Chinese. 

Chlo. Chloroform. 

Chron. Chronicles. 

Cit. Citizen, Citation 
Civ. Civil.. 

J. Chief Justice. 

Cks. Casks, 

Cl. Clerqyman,Clerk,Chlo- 
Tine, Centilitre. 

Cld. Cleared. 

Clk. Clerk. 

C.M. Common Metre. 
Cm. Centimetre. 

Co. County,Company, Co¬ 
balt. 

Coacl. Coadjutor. 

Coch. or Cochl. A tea-spoon 
ful, A spoonful. 
C.O.D. Cash (Collect) on 
Delivery. 

Col. Colonel,Colosslans, 
Colorado, Column, Col¬ 
or, Colonial, Columbia. 
Coll. Collector, Colleague, 
College, Collection 
Polo. Colorado. 

Com. Commerce, Commit¬ 
tee, Commissioner, Com¬ 
ment ary, Commodore , 
Common. 

Comdg. Commanding. 
Comdt. Commandant. 
Comm. Commentary. 
Comp. Compare, Compound; 
Comparative. 

Com. VeT. Common Version. 
Con. Slgamst, In opposition, 
Constitution,Contract, 
Concordance. 

Conch. Conchology. 

Cong. Congre ss, Congreq a - 
tion,CongTegationalist. 
Conj. Conjunction. 

Conn, or (It. Connecticut. 
Const. Constable,Constitution. 
Contr. Contraction. 

Conv. Convent. 

Cop. Copper, Coptic. 

Cor. Correspondent, Correc¬ 
tion, Corner, Corinthi¬ 
ans. 

Cot. Mem. Corresponding 
Member. 

CotoI. Corollary. 

Cor. Sec. Corresponding Sec¬ 
retary. 

Cos. Cosine. 

C. P. Court of Probate,Com¬ 
mon pleas. 

C.P.S. Clerk of the Privy 
Council, Keeper of the 
Privy Seal. 

Cr. Creditor, Credit, Crown, 
Cromium. 

Cres. Cresendo. 

Grim. Con. Criminal Conver¬ 
sation, Adultery. 

Cs. Caesium. 

C.S. Court of Sessions,Keep¬ 
er of the Seal. 

C.S.A. Confederate States 
of America. 

C.s.o. Chief Signal Officer. 
Ct. Cent, A hundred,Con¬ 
necticut. 

Cts. Dents, 

Cu. Capper. 

Cut. or Curt. Current,THis 
Month. 


Cwt. Hundred weight. 
Cyc.- Cyclopedia. 


0. Day, Daughter, Deputy, De 
gree, Didynium, Penny 
or Pence, Five hundred. 
Dan. Daniel, Danish. 

Dat. Dative. 

D.C. District of Columbia,(In 
music) From the beginning. 
D.C.L. DocIot of Civil or 
Canon Law. 
d.d. Days after date. 

D. D.S. Doctor of Dental Sur- 
gery. 

Dea. Deacon. 

Dec. December, Declaration, 
Declension. 

Def. Definition,Defendant. 
Deg. Degree. 

Del. Delaware, Delegate. 
Dem. Democrat, Democratic. 
Den. Denmark. 

Dent. Dentist. 

Dep. Deputy, Department. 
Dept. Department, Deponent. 
Dew. Derivative, Derivation. 
Deut. Deuteronomy. 

Oft. Draft, Defendant, 
dg. Decigram. 

Dg. Dekagram. 

D.H. Dead Head. 

Di. Didynium. 

Diam. DiameteT. 

Diet. Dictionary, Dictator. 
Dim. Oimlmutive,Diminution. 
Dioc. Diocese, Diocesan. 
Disci. Discount. 

Dist. District. 

Dist. Atty. District Attorney. 
Div. Divide, Division, Divi¬ 
dend, Divisor. 

DI. Dekaliter. 

dl. Deciliter. 

D.M. Doctor of Music. 

dm. Decimeter. 

D. M. D. Doctor Dental Medicine. 
Do. The same. 

Ool. Dols. % Dollars. 
Dom. Dominion. 

Doz. Dozen. 

D.P. Doctor ot Philosophy 
Dpt. Deponent. 

Dr. Debtor, Doctor, Dram, 
q/s. Days’ Sight. 

D. S. From the sign. 

D. Sc. Doctor of Science. 

D.V. God willing. 

Dwt. Pennyweight. 


Emp. EmperoT, Empress,Empire. 
Fncy. or Encyc. Encyclopedia. 

E.N.E. East-NoTth-East. 
Eng. England, English. 
Engin. Engineering. 

Ens- Ensign. 

Env, Ext. Envoy Fxlraaujinan) 
Ep. Epistle. 

Eph. Ephesians, Ephraim. 
Epis. Episcopal. 

Eq. Equal, Equivalent,E- 
quity. 

E.S. Elis Scotch. 

Esd. Esdras. 

E.S.E. East-South-East. 
Esp. Especially. 

Esq. or EsqT. Esqube. 
Est. Estate, Estimate. 
Estab. Established,Estab¬ 
lishment. 

Esth. Esther, 
et al. And others. 

Etc. or<?c. And others,And 
so forth. 

et seq. And what f ol¬ 
lows, And the following, 
Etym. Etymology. 
Evang. Evanqelical, Evan¬ 
gelist. 

Ex. Example, Exception, 
Exodus. 

Exc. Excellency,Exception, 
Exch. Exchequer,Exchange, 
Exec. Executor. 

Execx. Executrix. 

Ex. q. Fot example. 
Exod. Exodus. 

Exp. Export, Exporter. 
Ez. Ezra. 

Ezek. Ezekiel. 


E. East, Earl, Erbium. 
Ea. Each. 

Eb. Erbium. 

Eben. Ebenezer. 

E.by S. East by South. 

E.C. Established ChuTch. 
Eccl. Ecclesiastes, Ecclesiastical. 
Ed. Editor, Edition. 

Edm. Edmund. 

Edw. Edwin, Edward. 

E.E. Ettots excepted,Ells 
English. 

E.FI. Ells Flemish. 
E.Fr. Ells French, 
eg. For example. 

E.l. East India or Indies. 
Elec. Electricity. 

EUz. Elizabeth. 

E. Lon. East Longitude, 
Em. Emma, Emily, Emanuel. 


F. France, Folio, Fellow, 
Fluorine, Friday,Flo¬ 
rin, Fahrenheit, Fem¬ 
inine,Farthing, Foot. 
F. A. A. Free of aJI Avenge. 
Fahr. Fahrenheit. 

Far. Farrier, Farthing 
F. A.S. Fellow of the So¬ 
ciety of Arts, Fellow 
of the Antiquarian So¬ 
ciety. 

F.C. Free Chuqdi(Scotland)j 
Fcip. ot Fcp. Foolscap. 
F. D. Defender of the Faith. 
Fe, bon. 

F. E. Flemish Ells. 

Feb. February. 

Fern. Feminine. 

Feud. Feudal, 
ff. Following. 

FI. fa. Cause it to be done. 
Fig. Figure, Figurative. 
Fin. Financial. 

Fir. Firkin. 

FI. Flemish, Flourished, 
Florin, Flora. 

Fla. Florida. 

FI. E. Flemish Ells. 

Flor. Florence. 

F. M. Field-marshal. 
Fo. or Fol. Folio. 

F.O. Field-officer. 

F.O. B. Free an 8oard'. 
For. Fortiqn. 

Fort, Fortification. 
Fr. France, Francs,f»an- 
cis, Frank. French. 

F.R.C.S. Fellow of the 
Royal College of Svi 
geons. 


50 ’ 






























ABBRSTfATIONS 

■4 5 3 r . CQNTINUClt>.\ 


Ft. E. French Ells. 

Fred. Frederick. 

F.R.G.S. Fellow of the 
.Royal Geographical Society 

Fti. Friday. 

F. R. S. Fellow of the Roy¬ 
al Society. 

F.R.S.E. Fellow of the 
Roual Society, Edinburq. 

F. R.S.L. Fellow of t he 
Royal Society of Liter¬ 
ature, Fellow of the 
Royal Society, London. 

F. S.A. Fellow of the So¬ 
ciety of Arts. 

Ft. Foot. Feet, FotI, Forti¬ 
fication. 

Fth. Fathom. 

Fur. Furlong. 

Fut. Future. 


G. Genitive,Guide,Gulf, 
Glucinum, Guine a. 

q. Gum. 

G. A. General Assembly. 

Ga. Georgia. 

Gal. Gallatians,Gallon,Gi- 
len, Gallons. 

Gael. Gaelic. 

Galv. Galvanic,Galvanism. 

G.A.R. Grand Army of the 
Republic. 

fr. 8. (Great Britain. 

G. B. <€ 1. Great Britain 
and Ireland. 

G.C. Grand Chapter,Grand 
ChancelloT,GTand Con¬ 
ductor 

G.C. B. Grand Cross of the 
Bath. 

Gen. Genetal, Genesis,Gen¬ 
itive,Generally. 

Gent. Gentleman. 

Geo. George. 

Geog. GeographiuGeographeT. 

G-eol. Geology,Geologist,Ge¬ 
ological. 

Geom. Geometry,Geometer. 

GeT. Gerund, German,Ger¬ 
many. 

Gi. Gills. 

G. M. Grand Master. 

Goth. Gothic. 

Gov. Governor. 

Gov. Gen. Governor General. 

G. P. 0. General Post Office. 

Gr. Greek, Gross, Grains, 
Grain, Great. 

Gram. Grammar. 

Gro. Gross. 

G.T. Good Templars,Grand 
Tyler. 

Gun. Gunnery. 


H. Hydrogen,Hour,Height, 
High, Harbor, Husband. 

H.orhr. Hour, Hours. 

Ha. Hektaie. 

Hab. Habakkuk. 

Hag. Haggai. 

H.B.C. Hudson Bay Company. 

H.B.M. His (ot Her) Britan 
nic Majesty. 

H. C. (vl. His for Her) Catholic 
’Majesty. 

Hdkf. Handkerchief. 

Heb. or Htbr. Hebrew, Hebrews. 
Heetal. Hectoliter. 


Her. Heraldry. 

H.F. Holy Father-. 

Hf. bd. Half-bound. 

Hf.cf. Half calf. 

Hf.chts. Half Chests. 

Hg. Mercury, HektogTam. 

H.G% Horse Guards. 

H.H. His Holiness(Pope), 
His (ot Her)’Highness. 

Hhd. Hogshead-s. 

H.I.H. His (ot Hed Imperial 
Highness. 

Hi!. Hilary. 

Hind. Hindu, Hindustan, 

Hlndustanee. 

Hist. History, Historical. 

HI. Hectolitre. 

H.M. His (or Her) Majesty. 

H.M.S. His (or Her) Majes¬ 
ty’s SteameT,Ship ot 
Sendee. 

Hon. Honorable. 

Hot. Horace, Horizon. 

Hort. Horticulture. 

Hos. Hosea. 

H.P. Horse PoweT, Half¬ 
pay, High Priest. 

H.R. House of Representatives. 

H.R.E. Holy Roman Empe- 
tot, or Empire. 

H. R.H. His (or Her) Royal 
Highness. 

H.S.H. His (or Her) Serene 
Highness. 

Hun. ot Hung. Hungary,Hun 
garian. 

Hund. Hundred-s. 

Hy. Art. Heavy Artillery. 

Hypoth. Hypothesis,Hypothetical 

Hy. MeTCUTy. 


I. Island, Iodine. 

la. Iowa. 

lb. or Ibid. In the same place. 
Ice. or Icel. Iceland, Icelandic. 
Id. Idaho, Ides,The same. 

I. e. That is. 

I. H.S. Jesus the Savior of 
Men. 

III. Illinois. 

Imp. Imperial, Imperative, 
Imperfect, EmperoT. 
Impers. Impersonal. 

l n. Inch, Inches. 

Incog. Unknown. 

Ind. India, Indiana.Ind¬ 
ian, Index-, Indicative. 
Indef. Indefinite. 

Ind. Meth. Independent 
Methodists. 

Indo.EuT. Indo-European. 
Ind. T. Indian Territory. 
Inf. Beneath or below, 
Infinitive, Infantry. 

I.N.R.I. Jesus of Naza¬ 
reth, King of the Jews. 

l ns. Inspector, Insurance. 
Inst. Instant-the present 

month, Institute, Institution. 

l nt. Interest^ Interpreter. 
Interj. Interjection. 

Intr. Introduction. 
Intrans. Intransitive. 

In trans. In the passage, 
tntrod. Introduction. 

Inv. Invoice. 

lo. Iowa. 

1.0. B.B. Independent Or¬ 
der of B’nai 8’rith. 


1.0. U. I owe you (an ac 
knowledgment tor money], 
pecac. Ipecacuanha. 

. q. The same as. 
t. Iridium, Irish, Ireland. 
Te. Ireland. 

T-reg. Irregular. 

s. or Isa. Isaiah, 
si. Island. 

.S.M. Jesus theSavior 
of the world. 

t. or Ital. Italy, Italian. 
.T. Indian Territory, In¬ 
ner Temple. 


J. Judge, Justice. 

JJ. Justices. 

J/i. Joint account. 

J.A. Judge Advocate. 
Jac. Jacob. 

Jam. Jamaica. 

Jan. January. 

Jas. James. 

J.C. Jesus Christ, Justice 
Clerk, Julius Caesar. 

J.C. D. Doctor of Civil Law. 

J.O. Doctor of Law, Jun¬ 
ior Deacon. 

Je. June.. 

Jer. Jeremiah, Jersey, 
Jerusalem, Jericho. 

J.&.W. Junior Grand War¬ 
den. . 

Jno. John. 

Jnt. Joint. 

Jnt. Stk. Joint Stock. 
Jnt. Stk.Co. Joint Stock 
Company. 

Jo. Joel. 

Jona. Jonathan. 

Jos. JosEph. 

Josh. Joshua. 

J. P. Justice of the Peace. 
Jpr. Jasper. 

J. Prob. Judge of Probate. 
Jt. Junior. 

J.U.D. Ooctor of Canon 
and Civil Law. 

Jud. Judith. 

Judg. Judges. 

Jul. July. 

Jun. June, Junior. 

Jur. Jurist, Jurisprudence. 
Just. Justinian. 


K. King, Knight,Kilogram, 
Potassium. 

Kan. Kansas. 

K.8. King’s Bench,Knight 
of the Bath. 

K.C. B. Knight Comman¬ 
der of the Bath. 

Ken. or Ky. Kentucky. 
Kg. Kiloqram. 

Ki. Kings. 

KII. Kilderkin. 

Kilo. Kilogram. 

KI. Klloliter. 

Km. Kilometer, Kingdom. 
Knt. Knight. 

K. of H. Knights of Honor. 

K. of P. Knights of Pythias, 
Kt. Knight. 

Ky. Kentucky. 


L. Lady,Lord, Lithium, 
Low, Lake, Le agu e. 
Line. 

L.,<£,otI. Pound Sterling. 

L., lb.,or Tb. A Pound 
in Weight. 

La. Lanthanum,Louisiana. 
Lam. Lamentations. 


Lat. Latin, Latitude. 

Lb. ot tb. A pound. 

I.c. Lowercase(Printinq), 
Place bdfore cited. 
L/C. Letter of Credit. 
L.C. Lower Canada,lord 
Chancellor. 

Ld. LoTd. 

L.D. Lady Day, Liqht 
Diagoons. 

Ldp. ot Lp. Lordship. 
Lea. Leaque. 

Led. Ledger. 

Leg. or Legis. Legislature. 
Lev. Leviticus. 

Lex. Lexicon, Lexicograph¬ 
er, Lexington. 

L.l. Long Island, Light 
. Infantry. 

Li. Lithium. 

Lib. Book,Library,Librarian. 
Lieut, or Lt. Lieutenant. 
Liq. LiquoT. 

Lit. Literature,Literary, 
Literally. 

Lith, Lithuanian. 

Liv. Livre. 

L.L. Law Latin,Late Latin. 
L.Lat. Low Latin,LawLatin. 
LL. B. Bachelor of Laws. 
LL.D. Doctor of Laws. 
L.L.I. Lord Lieutenant 
of Ireland. 

Lon. Longitude. 

Lon. or Lond. London. 
Long. Longitude. 

Loq. Speaks. 

Lp. or Ldp. Lordship. 
L.S. Left Side(Place of 
the Seal). 

L. S. D. Pounds, Shill¬ 
ings, Pence. 

Lt. or Lieut. Lieutenant. 
Lv. Livre -s. 

LXX. The Septuaqint. 


M. Marquis,Monday,Me 
Tidian, Middle, Morn¬ 
ing, Monsieur, Merid¬ 
ian, Noon. 

M. or m. Married, Mas¬ 
culine, MeteT, Minute, 
Moon, Month,Mills, 
Mile, A Thousand. 

M. 10,000. 

M.A. Master of Arts,Mil¬ 
itary Academy. 

Mac. or Macc. Maccabes. 

Maced. Macedonian. 

Mach. Machinist,Machinery. 

Mad. or Mme. Madam. 

Mag. Magaziue. 

Mag. Major. 

Maj. Gen. Major General. 

Mat. Malachai. 

Man. Manual, Manege. 

Manuf. Manufactoru,Man- 
u f ac ture. Man ufacnlreT. 

Mar. March, Maritime. 

March. Marchioness. 

Marg. Margin. 

Marq. Marquis. 

Masc. Masculine. 

Mass. Massachusetts. 

Math. Mathematics,Math¬ 
ematic I an. 

Matt, Matthew. 

M.B. Bachelor of Medicine. 

M.C. Member of Congress, 
Master of Ceremonies, 
Master Commandant. 

M/C. Metallic Currency 

Meh. March. 

M. D. Doctor of Medicine. 

Md. Maryland. 


M/d. Month’s date. 
Mdlle. Mademoiselle. 

M. E. Methodist Episcopal. 

M.E.S. Methodist Episcopal 
South. 

Me. Maine. 

Meas. Measure. 

Mech. Mechanics,Mechanical. 
Med. Medicine. 

Mem. Memorandum, Memory, 
Remembers 
MeTc. Mercury. 

Mer. Meridian. 

Messrs, ot MM. Gentlemen 
or Shs. 

Met. Metaphysics,Metaphor, 
Metropolitan. 

Meth. Methodist. 

Mex. ot Mexic. Mexico,Mex 

ican. 

Mg. Magnesium, MyrigTam. 
mg. Milligram. 

M.&. Major General. 
MgT. Monsignou 

M. H.S. Massachusetts His¬ 
torical Society, Member 
of the Historical Society. 
Mi. Mill, Mills. 

Mic. Micah. 

Mich. Michigan. 

Mid. Midshipman,Middle. 
Mil. MillraTy, 

Min. Mi*nute-s. 

Minn. Minnesota. 

Min. Plen. Minister Plen- 
i potentiaru. 

Miss. Mississippi. 

Ml. Millilitre. 

Mile. Mademoiselle, 
mm. Millimetre. 

MM. TheiT Majesties,Gen¬ 
tlemen, Two thousand, 
Mme. Madame. 

Mmes. Madames, 

Mn. Manganese. 

Mo. Missouri, Month, Mo¬ 
lybdenum. 

Mod. Modern. 

Mon. Monday, Monastery, 
Mons. Monsieur, Sir. 
Monsig. Monsignor. 
Mont. Montana. 

Mos. Months. 

M. P. Member of Parliament, 
Member of Police. 

M.P. C- Member of Parlia 
ment in Canada. 

M.P. P. Member of the 
Provincial Parliament. 
Mt. Master, Mister. 

Mrs. Mistress or Missis. 
M/S. Month’s sight. 

MS. Manuscript,Mates 
of Science. 

MSS. Manuscripts. 

Mt. Mount, Mountain. 
Mts. Mountains. 

Mus. Music, Museum. 
Mus. B. Bachelor of Music. 
Mus.O. Doctor of Music. 
M.W. Most Worthy. 
M.W.&.M. Most Worthy, 
or Worshipful,Gr and 
M asteT. 

Myth. Mythology. 


N. North, Number, Neuter, 
Note,Name, New, Noun, 
Nitrogen. 

N. A. North America. 

N.A. S. National Academy 
of Sciences. 

Na. Sodium. 

Nah. Nahum. 

Nat. Natural, National. 


Nat. Hist. Natuial History. 
Nath. Nathaniel. 

Naut. Nautical. 

Nav. Navy, Navigator. 

Nav. Con. Navy Constructor. 

N.B. Take notice or note 
well, New Brunswick. 

N.C. North Carolina. 

N. D. No Date,North Dakota. 

N.E. New England, North 
East. 

Neb. Nebraska. 

Neg. Negative. 

Neh. Nehemiah. 

Nent. Con. No one rontta 
dieting, Unanimously. 
Nem.Diss. No one Dissent¬ 
ing, Unanimously. 
Neuti Neuter. 

Nev. Nevada. 

New M. New Mexico. 
New Test. New Testament. 

N. F. Newfoundland. 
N.&. New&ranada,Noble 
Grand. 

N.H. New Hampshire. 

Ni. Nickel. 

N.J. New Jersey. 

N. Lat. North Latitude. 

N.Mex. New Mexico. 
N.N.E. North-Noitheast. 
N.N.W. North-Northwest. 
N. 0. New Orleans. 

No. Number. 

Nol. Pros. Unwilling to 
prosecute. 

Norn. Nominative. 

Non. Con. Not content, Dis¬ 
senting. 

Non.Pros. He does not pros¬ 
ecute. 

Non. seg. It does not follow. 
Notw. Norway, Norwegian. 
Nos. Numbers. 

Nov. November. - 
N.P. Notary Public. 

N.S. New Style,Nova Sco¬ 
tia. 

N.T. New Testament,New 
Translation. 

N. u. Name unknown. 
Num. or Numb. Number. 
N.W. Northwestern. 
N.W.T. Northwest Territory. 
N.Y. New York. 

N.Z. New Zealand. 


0. Ohio, Old, Oxyqen. 

%. Per cent. 

Ob. Died. 

Obad. Obadiah. 

Obj. Objective, Objection. 
Obs. Obsolete, Observato¬ 
ry, Observation. 

Obt. or Obdt. Obedient . 
Oct. October. 

O.F. Odd Fellow-s. 

0. K. All Correct. 

01. Oil. 

Old Test, or O.T. Old Tes 
tament. 

Olym. Olympiad. 

Ont. Ontario. 

Opt. Optics. 

Or. or Ore. Oregon. 
Ord. Ordinance,Ordinary. 
Oriq. Original,Originally. 
OTmith. Ornitholoqy. 

O.S. Old Styie. 

Os. Osmium. 

O.S.A. Auqustinians. 

O.S.8. Benedictines. 

O.S.F. Franciscans,- 

O.T. Old Testament. 
Oxon. Oxford. 


51 




















P. Page, Pare, Participle,Pole, 
Phosphorus, Pint, Pope. 
Pa. Pennsylvania. 

P. A. Post Adjunct. 

P.a. Participial adjective. 
Par. or IT Paragraph. 

Pan or II Parallel. 

Pari. Parliament. 

Part. Participle. 

Pass. Passive, Passionist. 
Past. Pastor. 

Pant. Payment. 

Pb. Lead. 

P. B. Bachelor of Philosophy, 
P. 0. Doctor of Philosophy, 
Pd. Paid, Palladium. 

Pe. Pelopium. 

P.E. Protestant Episco¬ 
pal, Presiding Elder. 

P. E.U Prince Edward Island. 
Penn. Pennsylvania. 
Pent. w Pentecost. 

Per. or Pens. Persia. 

PeT , pr. or W, By the,as 
per lb., peT oz., e ( 

PeT an. By the year. 

Per cent, or pT. ct. By the 
hundred. 

Perf. Perfect. 

Peri. Perigee. 

Pers. Person. 

Pet. Peten 
P.&. Past Grand. 

Pg. Portugal,Portuguese. 
Phar. Pharmacy. 

Ph.B. Bachelor of Philosophy 
Ph. D. Doctor of Philosophy. 
Phil. Phi I ip, Philemon, Phil- 
ipians, Philosophy, 
Phila. Philadelphia. 
Philom. Lover of Learning. 
Philos. Philosophy. 
Phonog. Phonography. 
Photog. Photography. 
Phren. Phrenology. 

Phys. Physics, Physician, 
Pin*, or pxt. He (or She) 
painted it. 

Pk. Peck. 

Pkqs. Packages. 

PI. Place, Plate. 

P.L. Poet Laureate. 

PI. or PIut. PluTal. 

Plff. Plaintiff. 

Plup. or Plupf. Pluperfect. 
PIut. Plural. 

Pm. Premium. 

P. M. Afternoon, Pay Mas¬ 
ter, Post Master,Past Mid' 
Shipman. 

P.M. G. Post Master Gen 
eT*l, Pay Master Gen¬ 
eral. 

\yN. Promissory Note. 
P.0. Post Office. 

P.O.D. Port OfficeOepart 
ment, Pay on delivery 
Pol. Polish. 

P. 0.0. Post Office Order. 
Pop. Population. 

Port. Portugal, Portuguese. 
Pos. or Poss. Possessive. 
Pp. Pages. 

P.P. Please pay. 

P.P. C. To take leave. 
Pph. Pamphlet. 

Pr.,Per,or 4P, By the,as 
Per bushel. 


Prim. 

Ptin. 

Rrob. 

Prof. 

Pran 


P. R. Porto Rico, Prize 
Ring 

Preb. Prebend, Prebendary. 
Pref. Preface, Prefix. 
Prep. Preposition. 

Pres. President. 

Presb. Presbyterian,Pfes- 
bytery. 

Pret. Preterit. 

Primate, Primitive 
Principal,Principles. 
Problem. 
Professor. 
Pronoun. 

Pro. tern. For the time. 
Prov. Proverbs,Provost, 
Province. 

P-rox. Next,Not month. 
Prus. Prussia, Prussian. 
P. S. Postscript, Perma¬ 
nent Secretary, Privy 
Seal. 

Ps. Psalms, Prices 
Pt. Pint, Port, Payment, 
Paint, Platinum. 

Pub. Publisher, Public. 
Pub. Doc. Public Documents. 
Pulv. Powder. 
Puncheon. 
Pennyweight -s. 
He (or She) said. 


Pun. 

Pwt. 

Pxt. 


4 

Q. Question, Quintus. 
Q.. or Qu. Queen,Que¬ 
ry, Question. 

Q.B. Queen’s Bench. 
Q.C. Queen’s Counci I, 
Queen’s Colleqe. 
Q.d. As if he should say. 
Q. e. Which is. 

Q.E.O. Which was to be 
demonstrated. 

Q. L. As much as you please. 
Q. M. Quarter Master. 
Q.M.G. Quarter Master 
General, 

Qr. Quarter (28 lbs.),Far 
thing, Quive. 

Q.s. A sufficient quantity. 
Qt. Quart, Quantity. 
Qu. Queen,Question,Guarler. 
Qu. or qu. Query, 
Quad. QuadTant,Quad- 
rate. 

Quar. Quarterly. 
Ques. Question. 

Guv. Which see, As much 

as you please. 

Qy. Query. 


R. Railway,Rhodium,Riv- 
er, Rod.Rood, Queen, 
king, Take. 

R.A. Royal Academy,Roy 
al Arch, Royal Artille¬ 
ry, Rear Admiral,Right 
Ascension, 

R.A.C. Royal Arch Chapter. 

Rad. Root, Radical. 

R.Adml. Rear Admiral. 

R. A.M. Royal Academy of 
Music. 

Rb. Rubidium. 

R.C. Roman Catholic. 

R.D. Royal Dragoons. 

R.E. Royal Engineers,Roy 
al Exchange, Right Ex¬ 
cellent, Reformed episcopal, 

Rec. Recorder, Recipe. 


Reed. Received. 

Rec. Sec. Recording Secretary, 
Rect. Rector, Receipt. 

Ref. Reference,Reformed, 
Reformation. 

Ref. Ch. Reformed Church. 
Reg. or Regn Register, Reg¬ 
istrar, Registry. 

Reg. or Regt. Regent,Regiment, 
Re I. Pron. Relative Pronoun. 
Rem. Remark -s. 

Rep. Representative, Re¬ 
porter, Republic. 

Rev. Reverend, Revenue, 
Revelation, Revolution, 
Review, Revise. 

Rev. Ver. Revised Version. 
Rhet. Rhetoric, 

R. I. Rhode Island 
Richd. Richard. 

Riv. River. 

R.M. Royal Mail, Royal 
Marines. 

R.N. Royal Navy. 

Ro. orRobt. Robert. 
Rom. Roman, Romans. 
Rom. Cat h. Roman Catholic. 
R. R. Railroad, Right ReweTend. 
R.S. Recording Secretary. 
Right side. 

Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. 
Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. 
Russ. Russia, Russian. 
R.V. Revised Version. 
R.W. Railway,Right Wor¬ 
thy or WoTshipful. 
R’u. Railway. 


S. 


Saint, Sound, Sign, 
Sculptor, Sunday,Sec 
ond, Sulphur, Signor, 
Shilling, Sun. 

& OollaT —s. 

S. A. South America,South 
Africa, South Australia. 
Sam. Samuel; 

Sans. Sanskrit. 

Sat. Saturday. 

Sax. Saxon. 

Sb. Antimony. 

S.C. South Carolina, A de 
cree of the Senate,Small 
Caps. 

Sc. or soil. To wit,namely. 
S. caps. Small capitals. 
Sch. ot Schl. A note. 
Sch. or Schn Schooner. 
Sci. Science. 

Sci. fa. Make k\ Own. 
Scil. or sc. To wit,namely, 
Sclav. Sclavonic. 

Scot. Scot land,Scottish,Scotch 
Scr. Scruple. 

Script. Scripture,Scriptural, 
Sculp, or Sculpt. Sculpture, 
S.D. South Dakota, Doc¬ 
tor of Science. 

S.E. Southeast,Southeastern 
Se. Selenium. 

Sec. Secretary, Second, 
Sectjon. 

Sec. Leg. Secretary of Le 
gation. According to law. 
Sect. Section. 

Sen. Senate, Senator, Sen 
ior. 

Oep. or Sept. September, 
Septuagint. 

Seq. or Sgq. The follow¬ 
ing, The next. 

Sen Series. 

Serg. or Serj. Sergeant,or 
Serjeant. 

SeTq.Maj. Sergeant Majon 
Serv. ot Servl. Servant. 


S.G. Solicitor General. 
SH. Shilling, Ship. 

S. H.S. Fellow of the His¬ 
torical Society. 

Si. Silicium. 

Sin. or Sing. Singular. 
S.Isl. Sandwich Islands. 
S.J. Society of Jesus. 

S.J.C. Supreme Judicial 
Court. 

Sku Sanskrit. 

S. Lat. South Latitude. 
Slav. Slavonic, Slavonian. 
Sid. Sailed. 

M. Short Meter, State 
Militia, SeTqeant Ma¬ 
jor, Sons of Malta. 
Sm. C. Small Capitals. 
S.M.I. --His ot Her Impe¬ 
rial Majesty. 

Smith. Inst. Smithsonian 
Institution. 

Sn. Tin. 

S. o. Seller’s option. 
Soc. Society. 

S. of Sol. Song (orSongsl 
of Solomon. 

S. of T. Sons of Temperance. 
Sol. Solomom, Solution,So 
licitor. 

Sp. Spain, Spanish. 

Sp. gr. Specific gravity. 
Sg. Square,The following. 
Sq.ft. Square feet. 

Sq. In. Square inch -es. 
Sq. m. Square mile -s. 

Sq. rd. Square rod -s. 

Sq. yd. Square yard -S. 
St. Sir, SenioT, Strontium. 
S.R.I. Holy Roman Empire. 

5.5. Sunday School, or 
Sabbath School. 

SS. Saints. 

5.5. C. Solicitor before 
the Supreme Court. 

5.5. E. South-Southeast. 

5.5. W. South-Southwest. 
St. Stere, Stanza,Saint, 

Street. Strait. 

Stat. statute-s, Statuary. 
S.T. D. Doctor of SacTed 
Theology, Doctor of Divinity. 
Ster. ot Stg. Sterling. 
S.T. P. Prof, of Theology. 
Str. Steamer. 

Sts- Streets. 

Subj. Subjunctive. 
Subst. Substantive,Substitute. 
Suff. Suffix. 

Sun. or Sund. Sunday. 
Sup. Supplement, Super¬ 
fine, Superior, Superin¬ 
tendent. 

Sup.C. Superior Court 
Superb Superlative. 
Supt. Superintendent. 
Surq. Surgeon, Surgery 
Surv. Surveyor, Surveying. 
Surv. Gen. Surveyor Gen 
eral. 

Sus. Susannah. 

S.W. Southwest,South¬ 
western, SeniorWarden, 
Sw. Sweden, Swedish. 
Switz. Switzerland. 

Syn. Synonym. 

Synop. Synopsis. 

Sut. Syria, Syriac, Syrup, 

ra 


Tart. Tartaric. 

Tb. Terbium. 

Te. Tellurium. 

Tel. Telegram,Telegraph. 
Term. Tennessee. 

Ten Territory. 

Teut. Teutonic. 

Tex. Texas. 

Th. Thomas, Thorium. 
Th. or Thurs. Thursday. 
Theo. Theodore, Theodosia. 
Theol. Theology, Theological. 
Theou Theorem. 

Thess. Thessalonians. 
Thos. Thomas. 

THuts. Thursday. 

Ti. Titanium. 

Tier. Tierce. 

Tim. Timothy. 

Tit. Titus, Title. 

TI. Thallium. 

T. o. Turn over. 

Tob. Tobit. 

Tom. Volume. 

Tonn. Tonnage. 

Topoq. Topography. 

Tr. Transpose,Translation, 
Treasurer, Trustee 
tr. A shake. 

Trans. Translator, Trans 
lation, Transportation 
Trcs. Tierces. 

Treas. Treasurer. 

Trin. Trinity. 

Tu. or Tues. Tuesday. 
Turk. Turkey, Turkish. 
Typ. ot Typo. Typographer. 
Typog. Ty pogra phy -eT. 


T. Territory, Town,Town¬ 
ship, Ton, Tenor,Tues 
day. 


T. OTTom. Tome, Volume, Vat. Vatican. 


Ta. Tantalum. 
Tan. Tangent. 


V.C. Vice Chancellor,Vice 
C hairmau,Victoria Cross. 
Ven. Venerable. 

VeT. Verse-s,Vermont. 
Vet. Surq. Veterinary Sur¬ 
geon. 

V.G. Vice General, Vice 
Grand. 

V.i. VeTb intransitive. 
Vid. See. 

Vil. Village. 

V. imp. Verb impersonal. 
V. iTT. Verb irregular. 

Vis. or Vise. Viscount. 
Viz. Namely, To wit. 

V.n. VeTb neuter. 

Voc. Vocative. 

Vol. Volume. 

V. P. Vice President. 

V. R. Queen VictoTia,Very 
Reverend. 

Vs. Against. In opposition, 
Vt. Vermont. 

V.t. VeTb transitive. 

Vul. ot Vulg. Vulgate. 


U. Uranium. 

U.A.O.D. United Ancient 
Older ot Druids. 
U.C. Upper Canada. 
U.G.R.R. Underground Ra'il- 
Toad. 

U. X. United Kingdom. 
U. L.A. Union League of 
America. 

Ult. Last month. 

Unit. Unitarian. 

Univ. University,Univer¬ 
sal ist. 

U. P. United Presbyterians. 
U.S. United States. 
U.S.A. United States of 
America, United 
States Army. 
U.S.M. United States 
Mint, United States 
Marine. 

U.S.M.A. United States 
Military Academy. 
U.S.N. United Slates Navy. 
U.S.N.A. UnitedStatesNa 
val Academy. 

U.S.S. United States Sen¬ 
ate, United States Ship 
(ot Steamer). 

U.S.V. United StatesVol 
unteers. 

U.T. Utah Territory. 

Ux. Wife. 


V. 


Vanadium, Victoria, 
Viscount, Verb, Voca¬ 
tive, Verse, Volume, 
Violin, Village, Five. 
V.a. Verb active. 

V. A. vice Admiral,Vic¬ 
ar Apostolic. 

Va. Virginia. 


V. aux. Verb auxiliary. 
Vb. n. Verbal noun. 


W. Wednesday,West, 
Welsh, Warden,Week. 
Wash. Washington. 

W. A. West Australia, 
West Africa. 

W. C. West Central, Wa¬ 
ter Closet. 

W. C.T. U. Women’s Chris¬ 
tian Temperance Union. 
Wed. Wednesday. 

W.f. Wrong font. 

Whh Wharf. 

W. I. West India -ies. 
Wis. or Wise. Wisconsin. 
Wk, Week, Work. 

W. Lon. west longitude. 
Wm. William. 

W.N.W. West-Northwest. 
W. S.W. West-South-west. 
Wt. Weight. 

W. Va. West Virginia. 
Wyo. Warning. 


X. Cluist, Ten or tenth, 
St. Andrew’s Cross, H i s 
(or her) mark. Exchange. 
Xmas, or Xm. Christmas. 
Xn. or Xlian. Christian. 
Xnty. or Xty. Christianity. 
Xt. Christ. 


V. Yttrium, Year. 

Y. B. ot Yt. 8. Yean Book. 

Y. C. Yale College. 

Yd. YaTd. Yds. Yards. 

Y e . The or Thee. 

v/m xi__ 

t 4 • »>v a 

v.M.C.A. Young Min’s 

Christian Association. 
Y". Then. 

Y r . ThfiT. 

Yr. Your, Yean 
Yrs. Youts, Years. 

Y‘. This. 

Y*. That. 

Y. W. C. A. Young Women’s 

Christian Association. 

z 

Z. ZeTo, Zinc, Zone. 

Z. ot Zr. Zirconium. 
Zach. ZachaTy. 

Zeb. Zebulon, Zebedee. 
Zech. Zechariah. 

Zeph. Zepjianiah. 

Zn. Zinc. - Zod. Zodiac. 
Zool. Zoology.-Z t. Zhwiltt*. 


52 

















BOARD AND PLANK MEASURE. 

NN\^~\V\ \U 



CONTENTS OF ROUND TIMBER IN CUBIC FEET. 



3 Sl I g11 9 |Q.3 las|3a 7 [if3m-9|55|6g 169l7g| 9M-|93 [101 llt0|l 19 1291139|lM-9ll 61 [172l18Sj 19Sla0GBg20la3*f|gt»8l261]g76 

EXPLANATION.— In the Board and Plank Measure Tabic, the Iar 9 er figures show feet and the 
smaller ones inches; Thus, in a plank 16 inches wide and l*f feel lon 9 there are 18 feet and 8 inches. 
In the Round Timber Table,the Tractions oTa/oot are dropped when less than - 5 -. To Tind theCOST 
oT any quantity oT lumber, see Computation Table Based on 1000, elsewhere in this Manual. 


53 






























































































































































SCANTLING AND TIMBER MEASURE. 


NN^TW •WWOKWiSS \V\C»U^.S. 


L’yth 

iti 

2 

by 

a 

2 

by 

3 

2 

by 

4 

2 

by 

5 

2 

by 

6 

2 

by 

7 

2 

by 

8 

2 

by 

9 

nr 

by 

10 

2 

bg 

11 

IT 

by 

12 

by 5 

P 

by 6 

b 2 

kV 7 

3i 

bM 8 

[P 

*9 

Jy* 

10 

b 2 

[a* 

by 

12 

3 

nr 

4 

3 

3 

by 

6 

3 

by 

7 

3 

bg 

8 

P~ 

3 

by 

10 

3 

by 

II 

F 

12 

by 

‘f 




II 





II 





II 

■ 


%£ 

■ 

■1 

■f 


SSJil 

■I 

II 

■ 


■n 


■ J 

■■ 

m 

a 

3 

4 

v> 

1 . 

0 6 

|. 

2 

?! 

!• 

0 10 

1 ! 

2 6 

3 * 

2 

3 

4- 

1 ,J 

2 * 
3 ® 

4 . 9 

4: 

h 

1 8 

I* 

6 

1 *. 

i» 

1 « 

3 l 

5 6 

7 * 

2 

4 

6 

8 

2 ' 
ll 

i® 

3 9 
5 

5 ^ 

3 * 

31 
5 ! 

7 

2 ? 

4 2 
6 3 
8 * 

2 * 

4 2 
6 " 
9 2 

2 6 

?• 

10 

? ® 

2 3 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 


1 ® 

i* 

6 

u 

7 

2 

4 

6 

8 

v 

6 9 
9 

2 6 

h 

10 

2 1 

5 ^ 
8 3 
II 

3 

6 

9 

12 

i: 

S* 

S 

1 8 

2 6 

9 * 

4 2 

5 

5 10 

6 8 

7 6 

8 * 

9 2 

10 

5 3 

6 3 

7 * 

8 * 

9 5 

io^ 

II 6 

12® 

3 9 

5 

6 3 

7 ® 

8 ® 

10 

II 3 

12 6 

13® 

15 

6 8 

6 

7 

8 
9 

r ; 

2 8 
3 

H 

4 8 

e 

I; 

6 

7 

8 

9 

h 

9 t 

10 6 

§ 4 

I0 8 

12 

i 9 o G 

13 6 

•o., 

a* 

15 

»: 

Is 6 

12 

14 

16 

18 

?* 

8 X 
8 5 

7 I 

8 9 
'0 , 
II 3 

8 ^ 

!? 

13 2 

'0 „ 

at 

15 

II ® 

13 2 

II" 

12 ® 

14 2 
16® 
18 9 

13® 

16 a 
!8 * 
20® 

I5 C 

17® 

20. 

22® 

l s 

6 

7 

8 

9 

7 i 

8 9 
•o, 

II 3 ] 

m 

?0 6 

!? ® 

10! 

12 3 
I4 a 
15 9 

12 

14 

16 

18 

8! 

20 3 

15 c 

17® 
20 . 
22* 

Si 

24® 

18 

21 

24 

27 

9 * 

10 8 
12 




1 0 





1 O 





1 O 





1 O 







1 O 



10 

3 * 

5 

6 8 

8 * 

10 

II 8 

13 * 

15 

16 8 

18* 

20 

10 5 

12 s 

14 1 

16 8 

18® 

20'° 

22" 

25 


10 

12 ® 

lb 

17 6 

20 

22® 

25 

211 

30 

13 * 

1 1 
ia 
13 

14- 

3 8 

i s 

4 . 8 

5 ^ 

!• 

7 

7 * 

1 8 
9 * 

9 2 

IS; 

II 8 

11 . 

12 

13 

If 

12 10 

14 

15 2 

16 * 

14 s 

16 

17* 
18 s 

16 6 

18 e 
19 6 
21 

18* 

20 a 
2 ,8 

23* 

20 2 

22,. 
23 .0 

25® 

22 

24 

26 

28 

11 ! 

12 8 

13 1 

14 1 

13® 

15 , 
16 3 
17 6 

16 ' 

17 6 

19 c 

20 s 

18* 

20 o 

21® 

23* 

20® 

22® 
24® 
26 3 

22" 

25 , 
2 7 ' 
29 2 

25 3 

27,® 
29° 
32 1 

27® 

30 

32® 

35 

8 3 

l| 
10 6 

11 

12 

13 

14 

13 9 

•5-, 
16 3 
17 6 

16 ® 

18 . 
19 6 
21 

19® 

21 a 
22 R 

24® 

22 

24 

26 

23 

24® 

27, 
29 3 
31® 

27® 

30 . 

B* 

30 3 

33 

35? 

38® 

33 

36 

39 

42 

14 8 

If* 
18 8 

15 

5 

H 

10 

12 6 

15 

17 6 

20 

QT 

25 

27 6 

30 

15 8 

18® 

21" 

25 

28 2 

31 3 

34* 

37® 

II 3 

15 

18 ® 

22® 

26 3 

30 

33® 

37 6 

4!^ 

45 

20 

16 

17 

18 
19 

12 

I* 

8 6 

!?! 
[2 8 


16 

17 

18 

19 

18 8 

19 10 

21 0 

22 2 

21 £ 

22 8 

24 

25* 

S- 

26® 

28* 

30 o 

31 s 

3(5 

B- 

32 

34 

36 

38 

16 8 

17 ? 

18 3 
19 10 

20, 

21 3 
22® 
23 9 

23 * 

24'° 
26 3 
27® 

26 8 

28* 

30 „ 

31 8 

It; 

Si 

33* 

35 1 
37® 
39 1 

36® 

39, 
4! 3 
43 2 

40 c 

42® 

45. 

47® 

12 a 

12 ? 

13 ® 

14 3 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

2' 3 
22® 
23 9 

24. 

25® 
27 . 
28® 

29? 
31® 
33 3 

32 5 

34 

36 

38 

36, 

38 3 
40® 
42 9 

40 e 

42® 

!m. 

47 ® 

44 

4 6 9 
49® 
52 3 

48 

51 

54 

57 

21 * 

22® 

24 u 

25* 

Em 

6 8 

■ 

10 

13 **• 





20 





20 





20 





20 



16 8 

20 

23* 

26 8 

30 

33* 

36 s 

40 

20'° 

25 

29 2 

33 * 

37 s 

41® 

45'° 

50 

15 

5r 

25 

30 

35 

4 0 

45 

50 

55 

60 

26® 

a 1 

aa 

as 

24 

?: 

7 8 

8 

10 6 

II. 

12 

I4 Q 

It® 

15* 

16 

17 s 

18 * 

19 2 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

24® 

25 8 

26 10 
28 

28 a 

28 0 

30 8 
32 

31 6 

33 . 
34 6 
36 

35 

36® 

38* 

40 

38 8 

40* 
42 2 
44 

42 

44 

46 

48 

21" 

22" 

24 

25 

26 3 

27® 
28 9 
30 

30 8 

32 ' 

33 2 
35 

35 

36® 

38* 

40 

39 f 

41 3 
43 2 
45 

43® 

45'® 

47" 

50 

48 2 

50 * 
52 9 
55 

52® 

55 

57® 

60 

15 9 

16 ? 

17 3 

18 

21 

22 

23 

24 

26 3 

27® 
28 9 
30 

31® 

33 „ 
34® 
36 

36® 

38* 
40 3 
42 

42 

44 

46 

4 3 

41® 

49® 
51 9 
54 

52® 

57® 

60 

57 1 

60* 
63 3 
66 

63 

66 

69 

72 

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•■EXPLANATION.— I-M the Scantling and Timber Measttre Table, the thickness and width.in inches 
arc given at the top margin, and the length in -feet at the le/t margin. The larger /igu-res show the nittn- 
ber o( feet, and the’smaller ones inches; tints, at the intersection 0 / 7 bg 9 with 19 there are 99/eet and 
9 inches. U the length be greater than 29 /eet, take the sitm 0 / two; thu,s,39 equals 20 and 19. 


54 
















































































































LOGS REDUCED TO INCH BOARD MEASURE. 



Explanation.- i n the Logs Reduced to Inch Board Measure Table, tjie diameter in inches is 
> given at the top margin, and the length in feet at the left margin; thus, the number of feet in a log 
4-5 inches in diameter, and 16 feet, long is 1681, and its cost (see Computation Table Based on 1000 else¬ 
where in this Manual) at #14.15 per thousand feet is (14.75 + 8.85 + 1.18 -KOI )#24-.79. 


55 









































































































































































































































































COPYRIGHT, /B97, BY JASPLB QOOOYKOOHT2. 



COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 2000. 


Q'r fcUt Ot Witt KT ^Ht <XQQO tKTt.. 

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40 

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60 

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70 

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400 

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.22 

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500 

.01 

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600 

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#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

7 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 


.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 


.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 


.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

•01 

•01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

3 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 


.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 


. .01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 


.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

• 01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

H 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

4 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 


I - -01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 


.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

• 01 

.01 

• 01 

.01 

• 01 

.02 

5 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 


.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

w 

.01 

.01 

• 01 

.01 

.01 


.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

6 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 


.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

;! 5 

.01 

.01 

.01 

• 01 

.02 


.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

7 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 


.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 


.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 


.02 

.02 

.02 

•02 

• 02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

8 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

j$i 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 


.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 


.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

9 

.01 

.01 

■ Oil 

.01 

.01 


.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 


.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

;; 

.02 

•02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

•03 



1 O 


1 O 

■■■ 



M 

IO 

50 

30 

HO 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.05 

.01 

.03 

.04 

.05 


.01 

.03 

.04 

.06 

.02 

.03 

.05 

.06 

.02 

.03 

.05 

.07 

.02 

.04 

.05 

.07 

.02 

.04 

.06 

.08 


c<-^-coco 
o o oo 

.02 

.04 

.06 

.09 

.02 

.05 

.07 

.09 

.02 

.05 

.07 

.10 

.03 

.05 

.08 

.10 


.03 

.05 

.08! 

.11 

.03 

.06 

.08 

.It 

.03 

.06 

.09 

.19 

.03 

.06 

.09 

.12 

.03 

.06 

.09 

.13 

.03 

.07 

.10 

.(3 

.03 

.07 

.10 

.14 

.04 

.07 

.11 

.14 

.04 

.07 

.11 

.15 

.04 

.08 

.11 

.15 

so 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.06 


.07 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.09 


.10 

.11 

.11 

.19 

.13 


•13 

.14 

.14 

• IS 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.19 

60 

70 

80 

90 

.05 

.05; 

.06; 

.07 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.06 

•07 

.08 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.08 

.09 

.10 


.08 

.10 

.11 

.12 

.09 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.10 

.11 

.13 

.15 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.11 

.13 

.15 

.17 


.12 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.13 

.15 

.17 

.19 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.20 

.14 

.17 

.19 

.21 

.15 

.18 

.20 

.23 


.16 

.18 

.21 

.24 

.17 

.19 

.22 

.25 

.17 

.20 

.23 

.26 

.18 

.21 

.24 

.27 

.19 

.22 

.25 

.98 

.20 

•23 

.26 

.29 

.20 

.24 

.27 

.30 

.21 

.25 

.28 

.32 

.22 

.26 

.29 

.33 

.23 

.27 

.30 

.34 


IOO 

500 

300 

HOO 


.08 

.15 

.23 

.30 

.09 

.18 

.26 

.35 

.10 

.20 

.30 

.40 

.11 

.23 

.34 

.45 

.13 

.25; 

.38 

.50 


.14 

.28 

.41 

.55 

.15 

.30 

.45 

.60 

.16 

.33 

.49 

.65 

.18 

.35 

.53 

.70 

.19 

.38 

.56 

.75 


.20 

.40 

.60 

.80 

.21 

.43 

.64 

.85 

.23 

.45 

.68 

.90 

.24 

.48 

.71 

.95 

500 


.38 

.44 

.50 

.56 

.63 


.69 

.75 

•81 

.88 

.94 


1.00 

106 

1.13 

1.19 

600 

700 

800 

900 

1 

.45 

.53 

.60 

.68 

.53 

.61 

.70 

.79 

.60 

.70 

.80 

.90 

.68 

.79 
.90 
1-01 

.75 

.88 
1.00 
1.13 


.83 

.96 

1.10 

1.24 

.90 

1.05 

1.20 

1-35 

.98 

1.14 

1.30 

1.46 

1.05 

1.23 

1.40 

1.58 

1.13 

1.31 

1.50 

1.69 


1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

1.28 

1.49 

1.70 

1.91 

1.35 

1.58 

1.80 

2.03 

1.43 

1.66 

1.90 

2.14 


. as ] 

■ 501 
■751 
i.ool 


.26 
.53 
.79 
1.05 


I .25 HTT 3 I 


1.501 

1.751 

a.ool 

2.251 


1.58 

1.84 

a.io 

2.36 


.28 

.55 

.83 

1.10 


1.38 


1.65 

1.93 

2.20 

2.48 


.29 

.58 

.86 

(.15 


1.44 


1.73 

a.oi 

2.30 

2.59 


.30 

.60 

.90 

1.20 


1-50 


1.80 

2.10 

2.40 

2.70 


10001 

aoool 

3000 

4000 


mn 


.75 

1.50 

2.25 

3.00 

.88 

1.75 

2.63 

3.50 

1.00 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

M 3 

2.25 

3.38 

4.50 

1.25 

2.50 

3.75 

5.00 


1.38 

2.75 

4.13 

5.50 

1.50 
3.00 

4.50 
6.00 

1.63 

3-25 

4.88 

6.50 

1.75 

3.50 

5.25 

7.00 

1.88 

3.75 

5.63 

7.50 


2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

2.13 

4.25 

6.38 

8.50 

2.25 

4.50 

6.75 

9-00 

2.38 

4.75 

7.13 

9.50 

3.75 

4.38 

5.00 

5.63 

6.25 


6.88 

7.50 

8.13 

8.75 

9.38 

i 

10.00 

10.63 

11.25 

11.88 


a.5012.63 
5. 00|5.25 
7 50|7.88 
I0.00ll0.50 

ofr 


IO o o 


.31 

•631 

.941 

i-asl 


.33 

.65 

.98 

1.30 


I .56 B 1.63 


1.88 
2.19 I 
2.501 
a.8 1 r 


1.95 

12.28 

2.60 

2.93 


.34 
.68 
1.01 
1.35 


1.69 


2.75 

S.SO 

8.25 

11.00 


2.88 

5.75 

8.63 

11.50 


3-00 

6.00 

9.00 

( 2 . 00 , 


3-13 13.25 
6.2516.50 
9.3819.75 
12.501 (3.00 

or 


2.03 

2.36 

2.70 

3-04 

■E 

3-38 

6.75 

(0-13 

(3.50 


.35 

.70 

1.05 

1.40 


(.75 


.36 

.73 

1.09 

1.45 


1.81 


2.10 
2.45 
2-80 
3.15 

3.50 
7.00 

10.50 
14.00 


2.18 

2.54 

2.90 

3.26 


.38 

.75 

1.13 

1.50 


1.88 


2.25 

2.63 

3.00 

3.38 


3.63 
7.25 
10.88 I 
14.50 


3.75 

7.50 

1.25 

15.00 


12.501(3.13 


13.75 


14.38 


15.00 


I5.63ll6.25 


( 6.88 


17.50 


18.13 


18.75 


56 






















































































































































































































































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 2000. 


P?Att OP out Ot N\Ott K\ Tttt 1000 tf^t. 


lyAN’TY 

7.75 

8.00 

815 

8.50 

8.75 


9.25 

9.50 

9.75 

10.00 

10.15] 


1075" 

11.00 

*N» 

C/1 

11.50 

iil75 

12.00 

12.50 

13.00 


IfOO 

1*50 

1500 

15.50 

2s#2JE 

HB 

H 

■ ■ 


EH 


Bfli 

■ ■ 

Bi 


MB 

HH 

BE 

HH 

HB 

*5R2i 

HI 

■ ■ 

HB 

WF * 


IB 

■ ■ 



1 

2 

3 

4 

*.00 

.01 

.01 

.02 

#.oo 

.01 

.01 

.02 

#.oo 

.01 

.01 

.02 

#•00 

.01 

.01 

.02 

. * 

00 0 <3 

0— — 0 

«.oo 

.01 

.01 

.02 

#.00 

.01 

.01 

.02 

#•00 
•01 
• 01 
.02 

#.00 

.01 

.01 

.02 

». 0 I 

.01 

.02 

.02 

#.01 

.01 

•02 

.02 

#•01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

#•01 

.01 

.02 

•02 

#.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

#.0l 

.01 

.02 

•02 

#•01 

.01 

.02 

-02 

#•01 

•01 

.02 

.02 

. ** 

OO O O 

K>>o- 

#•01 

.01 

.02 

.03 

#•01 

.01 

•02 

•03 

.01 

.02 

.03 

#.0I 

.01 

.02 

•03 

#.on 

.01 

.02 

• 03 

#•01 

.02 

.02 

-03 

#•01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

s 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

6 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

-03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

■ 04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

■OS 

.05 

7 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

-04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

8 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

• 04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 


.03 

• 0*4 

.04 

•04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

• 05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

■ 06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.07 

•07 

.07 



bh 

1 O 

n 

BH 

■Hi 

HH 

1 O 

m 

H 

HH 

HH 

1 O 

HH 

HH 

HI 

HI 

1 O 

bh 

HH 

■H 

■H 

1 O 



10 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

roe 

.06 

.06 

ro6 

.06 

.06 

.07 

.07 

.07 

.07 

.08 

.08 

20 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

• 15 

.15 

.16 

30 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

• 15 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.18 

• 19 

.20 

.20 

.21 

.22 

.23 

.23 

HO 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 

.21 

.21 

.22 

.22 

• 23 

.23 

.24 

.24 

.25 

.26 

.27 

.28 

.29 

.30 

.31 

so 

.19 

.ao 

.ai 

.21 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.24 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.31 

.33 

.34 

.35 

.36 

.37 

• 39 

60 

.23 

.24 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.28 

.39 

.29 

.30 

.31 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.36 

.38 

.39 

.41 

.42 

•*+4 

•45 

.47 

70 

.27 

.28 

.29 

.30 

.31 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.34 

.35 

.36 

.37 

.38 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.41 

.42 

.44 

.46 

.47 

.49 

.51 

•53 

.54 

80 

31 

.32 

.33 

.34 

.35 

.36 

.37 

.38 

.39 

.40 

.41 

•42 

.43 

.44 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.48 

.50 

.52 

.54 

.56 

.58 

.60 

.62 

90 

.35 

.36 

.37 

.38 

.39 

.41 

.42 

•43 

.44 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.48 

.50 

•51 

.52 

.53 


• 56 

^59 

.61 

.63 

•65 

.68 

.70 




CJE 

ffl— 



■■I 

FT 

ESC 


■HI 

HH 1 

nr 

H 

■H 

HI 

^H 

1*1*1 

IfeUUh 

HHMk 

HH 

idSH 

Ml 



100 

.39 

.40 

.41 

.43 

.44 

.45 

.46 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.51 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.58 


.60 

.63 

.65 

.68 

.70 

.73 

.75 

.78 

200 

.78 

.80 

.83 

.85 

.88 

.90 

.93 

.95 

.98 

1.00 

1.03 

1.0b 

1.08 

1.10 

1.13 

1.15 

1.18 

1.20 

1.25 

1.30 

1.35 

1.40 

1.45 

1.50 

1.55 

300 

1.16 

1.20 

1.24 

1.28 

1.31 

1.35 

1.39 

1.43 

1.46 

1.50 

1.54 

1.58 

1.61 

1.65 

1.69 

1.73 

1.76 

1.80 

1.88 

1.95 

2.03 

2.10 

2.18 

2.25 

2.33 

400 

1.55 

1.60 

1.65 

1.70 

1-75 

1.80 

1.85 

1.90 

1.95 

2.00 

2.05 

2.10 

2.15 

2.20 

2.25 

2.30 

2.35 

2.40 

2.50 

2-60 

2.70 

2.80 

2.90 

3.00 

3.10 

500 

1.94- 

2.00 

2.06 

2.13 

2.19 

2.25 

2.31 

2.38 

2.44 

2.50 

2.56 

2.63 

2.69 

2.75 

2.81 

;■ 

2.94 

3.00 

3.1 3 

3.25 

■ >6 

3-50 

3.63 

3.7b 

3.88 

600 

2.33 

2.40 

2.48 

2.55 

2.63 

2.70 

2.78 

2.85 

2.93 

3.00 

3.08 

3.15 

3.23 

3.30 

3.38 

3.4 5 

3.53 

3.60 

3.75 

3.90 

4.05 

4.20 

4.35 

4.50 

4.65 

700 

2.71 

2.80 

2.89 

2.98 

3-06 

3-15 

3.24 

3.33 

3.41 

3.50 

3.59 

3.68 

3.76 

3.85 

3.94 

4.03 

4.11 

4.20 

4.38 

4.55 

4.73 

4.90 

5.08 

5-25 

5.43 

800 

3.10 

3.20 

3.30 

3.40 

3.50 

3.60 

3.70 

3.80 

3.90 

4.00 

4.10 

4.20 

4.30 

4.40 

4.50 

4.60 

4.70 

4.80 

5.00 

5-20 

5.40 

5.60 

5.80 

6.00 

6.20 


3-4-9 

i3-60 

3.71 

3-83 

3J94 

M)5 

4.16 

4-28 

4-39 

4.50 

4.61 

4.73 

4.84 

4.95 

5-06 

5.18 

5-29 

5-40 

5.63 

5j85 

6^8 


6*53 

6.75 

£98 

KJH 


■ | 

CE 




HR 1 


j]RM 

team 

HH 

■a 

O O 

O 



1 

3D 

2HI 

HH 


Bfll 

3d 

2B 

HH 

1 000 

3.88 

4.00 

4.13 

4.25 

4.33 

4.50 

4.63 


4.88 

Too 

5.13 

5.25 

5.38 

5.50 

5.63 

15.75 

5.88 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

6.75 

7.00 

7.25 

7.50 

7.75 

2000 

7.75 

8.00 

8.25 

8.50 

8.75 

9.00 

9'. 2 5 

9.50 

9.75 

10.00 

10.25 

10.50 

10.75 

11.00 

11.25 

III. 50 

11.75 

12.00 

12.50 

13-00 

13.50 

14.00 

14.50 

15.00 

15.50 

3 000 

II.S3 

12.00 

12.38 

12.75 

13.13 

13.50 

13.88 

14.25 

14.63 

15.00 

15.38 

15.75 

16.13 

16.50 

16.88 

|l7.25 

17.63 

18.00 

18.75 

19.50 

20.25 

21.00 

21.75 

22.50 

23.25 

uflon 

15-50 

16.00 

16.50 

17-00 

17.50 

18.00 

18.50 

19.00 

19.50 

20.00 

20.50 

21.00 

21.50 

22.00 

22.50 

§ 23.00 

23.50 

2M0 

2^00 

26.00 

27.00 

28.00 

29-00 

30.00 

31-00 

FTIT3 

19.38 

20.00 

20.63 

21.25 

21.88 

22.50 

23.13 

23.75 

24.38 

25.00 

25.63 

26.25 

26.88 

27.50 

28.13 

|28.75 

29.38 

30.00 

31.25 

32.50 

33.75 

35.00 

36.25 

37.50 

38.75 


vt\ot op out ot mtt m "wt looo tMt. 



This Computation table, based on 2000, ™a y be used for the price of coal,hay, 

o^l«y^o^eT^c<vm™odi*ji sold ^/Tiid^he^o^t^o^e^lf ^*4. 

-.isr^s r; 1, a, .ih ^ ■« w «-»i 


57 































































































































































COMPUTATION 

TABLE 1 

BASED 

ON 

IOOO 

• 

— 








OWL. OLv MO'LL. 



LhLL .. 








Quan’ty 

.05 

.10 

.15 

.20 

.25 

.30 

.35 

.4-0 

.45 

.50 

.55 

.60 

.65 

.70 

.75 

.80 

.85 

.90 

.95 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

[L75 

2.00 

2.25 

■■ 









HI 



IBI 

HH 

Hi 



HH 

bjh 

BH 



HB 

■ ■ 

UH 

HH 

1 

#.00 

#.00 

#•00 

#•00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#•00 

#.00 

#.00 

#•00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

'#.00 

#.oo 

#.00 

#.oo 

2 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

• 00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

•00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

3 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.0(1 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

U 

.on 

.00 

no 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

: 00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

• 01 

.01 

5 

.00 

.00 

,00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

• 01 

6 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

7 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

8 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

• 01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 


.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.on 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

■ 01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

• 09 

.02 




1 o 





Ml 


BB 

HI 

HI 

Mi 

HI 

HI 

HI 

BH 

It *] 

B^i 

^H 


tWfl 

■ # 



10 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

■ 0 J 

.02 

.02 

20 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.05 

30 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

-03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.07 

HO 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.0! 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

. O '* 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

50 

.00 

.01 

■ 01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

• 0 b 

.0 b 

.06 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

60 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

^0? 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.08 

.09 

.11 

.19 

.14 

7 0 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

• 04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.07 

.07 

.09 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.16 

80 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.07 

.07 

.08 

.08 

.10 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.18 

90 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.07 

.07 

.08 

.08 

.09 

■ 09 

.11 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.10 

1 


1 

nr 




■BT 

rT 7 ; 

IH 

(■HH 

B 

mm 

□E 

BB 

■BH 

BB 

HH~ 

EE 





IE 



too 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.07 

.07 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.13 

.15 

.18 

.20 

.23 

200 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.13 

.14 

.15 

.16 

.17 

AS 

.19 

.20 

.25 

.30 

.35 

.40 

.45 

300 

.01 

.03 

.05 

.06 

.09 

.09 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.15 

.17 

.18 

.20 

.21 

.23 

.24 

.26 

.27 

.29 

.30 

.38 

.45 

.53 

.60 

.68 

HOO 

.01 

• 04 

.06 

.08 

.10 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.20 

.22 

.24 

.16 

.18 

.30 

.32 

.34 

.36 

.38 

.40 

• b 0 

.60 

.70 

-80 

.90 

500 

.03 

.05 

.08 

.10 

.13 

.15 

.18 

.20 

.23 

.15 

.28 

.30 

.33 

.35 

.38 

.40 

.43 

.45 

.48 

.50 

■ 63 

.75 

.88 

1-00 

1.13 

600 

.03 

.06 

.09 

.12 

.15 

.18 

.21 

.24 

.27 

.30 

.33 

.36 

.39 

.41 

.45 

.48 

.51 

.54 

.57 

.60 

.75 

.90 

1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

700 

.Of 

.07 

.11 

.14 

.18 

.21 

.15 

.28 

.31 

.35 

.39 

.41 

.46 

.49 

.53 

.56 

.60 

.63 

.67 

.70 

.88 

1.05 

1.23 

1.40 

1.58 

800 

.04 

.08 

.12 

.16 

.20 

.24 

.18 

.32 

.36 

.40 

.44 

.48 

.51 

.56 

.60 

.64 

.68 

.72 

.76 

.80 

1.00 

1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

900 

.05 

.09 

.14- 

.18 

.23 

.27 

.32 

.36 

• 41 

.45 

.50 

.54 

.59 

.63 

.68 

.79 

.77 

.81 

.86 

.90 

M 3 

1.35 

1.58 

1.80 

2.03 

1 


1 

T ' 7 ] 

r ^B 



Bn 


'TB 



HI 

3 B 

r HB 



B 1 

3E 

•fll 



HI 

ZE 

• MB 


1000 

.05 

.10 

.15 

.20 

.25 

.30 

.35 

.40 

.45 

.50 

.55 

•6 o " 

.65 

.70 

.75 

.80 

.85 

.90 

.9 5 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.95 

2000 

.10 

.20 

.30 

.40 

.50 

.60 

.70 

.80 

.90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.10 

1.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.60 

1.70 

1.80 

1.90 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

3000 

.15 

.30 

.45 

.60 

.75 

.90 

1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

1.50 

1.65 

1.80 

1.95 

2.10 

2.25 

2,40 

2.55 

2.70 

1.85 

3.00 

3.75 

4.50 

5.2 b 

6.00 

6.75 

HOOO 

.10 

.4-0 

.60 

.80 

1.00 

1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

2.40 

1.60 

2.80 

3.00 

3.20 

3.40 

3.60 

3.90 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

7-00 

8.00 

9.00 

5000 

.25 

.50 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

1.00 

1.25 

2.50 

2.7 5 

3.00 

3.25 

3.50 

3.75 

4.00 

4.95 

4.50 

4.75 

5.00 

6.25 

7.50 

8.75 

10.00 

11.25 









OWL OVv MOLL . 


iwl . 








Quan’ty 

2 50 

2.75 

3.00 

325 

3.50 

3.75 

> f .00 

4.25 

4.50 

475 

5.00 

5.25 

po 

5.75 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

6.75 

7.00 

7.25 

7.50 

7.75 

8.00 

8.25 

8.50 

BBBB 

MB 

BH 

■ ■ 

HH 



BB 

U 

BB 

BH! 


Bgg 

HJfi 

HI 


BH 

HH 

n 

HH 



HI 

B B 

Hi 

HB 

i 

#.0 Q 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.00 

#.0 1 

«.0 I 

#.0 I 

#.0 I 

#•01 

#.0 I 

#.0 I 

#•01 

#jn 

#.0I 

idii 1 

#■01 

#.0 I 

#.0 I 

#.oi 

2 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

• 01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.02 

3 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

02 

.02 

.09 

.02 

.02 

.09 

.09 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

• 02 

.03 

H- 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

•01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

5 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

-03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

• 04 

.04 

.04 

no»r 

.04 

.04 

.04 

6 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

IToT 

.05 

.05 

.05 

7 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

8 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.07 

.07 

9 

.02 

.02 

.03 

■ 03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.07 

• 07 

.07 

.07 

.07 

.08 



■H 

1 O 


BH 

BB 

BH 

1 O 


. ' * 



1 O 

BBS 

BB 

BB 

BH 

1 O 





1 O 



10 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.07 

•07 

.07 

.07 

.08 

.08 


.08 

.09 

20 

.05 

-Ob' 

.06 

.07 

.07 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.M 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.17 

30 

M 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.1 1 

.12 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.19 

.90 

.20 

.21 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.25 

.26 

HO 

.10 

.11 

.12 

.13 

.14 

-lb 

.16 

.17 

.18 

.19 

.20 

.11 

.22 

.23 

.24 

.25 

.16 

.17 

.19 

.29 

.30 

.31 

.'31 

.33 

.34 

50 

.13 

.1# 

.15 

.16 

.18 

.19 

.20 

.11 

.23 

.24 

.25 

.26 

.18 

.29 

.30 

.31 

.33 

.34 

.35 

.36 

.38 

.39 

.40 

.41 

.43 

SO 

.15 

.17 

.18 

.20 

.21 

.23 

.14 

.26 

.27 

• 29 

.30 

.32 

.33 

.35 

.36 

.38 

.39 

.41 

.42 

.44 

.45 

.47 

.48 

.50 

.51 

70 

.18 

.19 

.21 

.23 

.15 

.26 

.28 

.30 

.32 

.33 

.35 

.37 

.39 

.40 

.41 

.44 

.46 

.47 

.49 

.51 

.53 

.54 

.56 

.58 

.60 

80 

.20 

.22 

.24 

.26 

.28 

.30 

.32 

.34 

.36 

.38 

.40 

.42 

.44 

.46 

.48 

.50 

.52 

.54 

.56 

.58 

.60 

.62 

64 

.66 

.68 

90 

.13 

.15 

.27 

.19 

.32 

.3 4 

.36 

.3 8 

.41 

.43 

.45 

.47 

.50 

.51 

.54 

.56 

59 

.6 1 

.63 

.6 b 

.68 

.70 

.72 

.74 

.77 



■ 

['ll 




1 

oo 





[*x-: 




1 

OO 




HE 




100 

.25 


.30 

.33 

.35 

.38 

.40 

.43 

.45 

.48 

.50 

.53 

.55 

.58 

.60 

.63 

.65 

.68 

.70 

.73 

.75 

.78 

.80 

.83 

.85 

200 

.50 

.55 

.60 

.65 

.70 

•75 

.80 

.85 

.90 

.95 

1.00 

1.05 

1.10 

1.15 

1.10 

1.25 

1.30 

1.35 

1.40 

1.45 

1.50 

1.55 

1.60 

1.65 

1.70 

300 

•7 b 

.83 

.90 

.98 

1.05 

1.13 

1.20 

1.18 

1.35 

1.43 

1.50 

1.58 

1.65 

1.73 

1.80 

1.88 

1.95 

2.03 

2.10 

2.18 

2.25 

2.33 

2.40 

2.48 

2.55 

HOO 

1.00 

I.IO 

1.10 

1.30 

1.40 

l.bO 

1.60 

1. (0 

1.80 

1.90 

2.00 

2.10 

2.20 

1.30 

1.40 

2.50 

2.60 

1-70 

2.80 

1.90 

3.00 

3.10 

3.90 

3.30 

3.40 

500 

1.1 b 

1.38 

1.50 

1.63 

1.75 

1-88 

1.00 

1.13 

2.15 

2.38 

2.50 

2.63 

2.7 b 

1.88 

3.00 

3.13 

3.25 

3.38 

3.50 

3.63 

3.75 

3.88 

4.00 

4.13 

4.25 

600 

1.50 

1.65 

1.80 

1.95 

2.10 

2.25 

2.40 

2.55 

2.70 

2.85 

3.00 

3.15 

3.30 

3.45 

3.60 

3.75 

3.90 

4.05 

4.20 

4.35 

4.SO 

4.65 

4.80 

4.95 

£io 

700 

1.75 

1.93 

2.10 

2.28 

2.45 

2.63 

2.80 

2.98 

3.15 

3.33 

3.50 

3.68 

3.85 

4.03 

4.20 

4.38 

4.55 

4.73 

4.90 

5.08 

5.2 5 

5.43 

5.60 

5.78 

5.95 

800 

2.00 

2.20 

2.40 

2.60 

2.80 

3.00 

3.10 

3.40 

3.60 

3.80 

4.00 

4.20 

4.40 

4.60 

4.80 

5.00 

5.20 

5.40 

5.60 

5.90 

6.00 

6.10 

6.40 

6.60 

6.80 


2.2 b 

1.48 

2.70 

T1 

2.93 

3^5 

3-38 

3.60 

HI 

3.83 

an 

4.0 b 

^18 

4^50 

4.73 

HI 

4.9 b 

33 

b . 18 

^0 

^3 

5.85 

HI 

6.08 

an 

6.3 0 

6 j 53 

6^5 

6.98 

HI 


7.43 

T 65 

IOOO 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

3.25 

3.50 

3.75 

4.00 

4.25 

4.50 

4.7 b 

5.00 

5.25 

5.50 

5.75 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

6.75 

7.00 

7.25 

7.50 

7.75 

8.00 

8.25 

8.50 

2000 

5.00 

5.50 

6.00 

6.50 

7.00 

7.50 

8.00 

8.50 

9.00 

9.50 

10.00 

10.50 

11.00 

11.50 

12.00 

12.50 

13.00 

13.50 

14.00 

14.50 

15.00 

15.50 

16.00 

16.50 

17.00 

3000 

7.50 

8.25 

9.00 

9.7 5 

10.50 

11.25 

11.00 

12.75 

13.50 

14.25 

15.00 

15.75 

16.50 

17.15 

19.00 

18.75 

19.50 

20.25 

21 00 

21.75 

22.50 

23.25 

24.00 

24.75 

25.50 

HOOO 

10.00 

H.OO 

12.00 

13.00 

14.00 

15.00 

16.00 

17.00 

18.00 

19.00 

20.00 

21.00 

22.00 

23.00 

24.00 

25.00 

26.00 

27.00 

28.00 

29.00 

30.00 

31.00 

32.00 

33.00 

34.00 

|ki»i»ru 

12.50 

13.75 

15.00 

16.25 

17.50 

18.7 b 

20.00 

21.25 

22.50 

23.75 

25.00 

26.25 

27.50 

18.75 

30.00 

31.25 

32.50 

33.75 

35.00 

36.25 

37.50 

38.75 

40.00 

^625 

,42.50 

II This Computation Table 

, based 

on 

IOOO, 

may be 

used tor computing the 

pr 

ce 

1 of LUMBER, LATHS 

, SHINGLES, 

STAVES, BRICKS, TILES, or whatever else is computed 

1 by the thousand rai-e. 

To 

■find 

the cost, 

consider the quantity 

as 

made up 

of one 

or 

•more 

11 of the parts 

shown 

in bold faced 

type at the 

left 

margin ; -find the cost of each part separately bytak-| 


58 









































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1000. 

^ QUL QVv VmL ~\WL NQQQ 


^»’Tv|8.75l9.OO|9,a5[9.5Ol9.75|l0.00[l0.as|l0,S0|l0.1Sln.OOill.2SlH.50|ll.75ll2.00|l?,25Ml2.50l2.75[l3.0Q 13.25 I3.5ojl3.75j|if.00ll4.15:^.50l|tf.75 


1 

2 
3 

4 - 


#.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

#.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

#.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

#.01 

.02 

.03 

•04 

#.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 


#.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

#.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

». 0 I 

.02 

.03 

.04 

#.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

#.01 
• 02 
.03 
.04 

#.01 

.02 

.03 

.05 

#.01 

.02 

.03 

.05 

#•01 

.02 

.04 

.05 

#.01 

.02 

.04 

.05 

#.01 

.02 

.04 

.05 


#.01 

.03 

.04 

.05 

#-01 

.03 

.04 

.05 

#•01 

.03 

.04 

.05 

#.01 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.#.01 

.03 

.04 

•05 


#•01 

.03 

.04 

.06 

». 0 I 

.03 

.04 

.06 

«. 0 I 

.03 

.04 

.06 

». 0 l 

.03 

•04 

.06 

.03 

.04 

.06 

5 


.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 


.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 


.06 

.06 

.07 

.07 

.07 


.07 

.07 

.07 

.07 

• 01 

6 

7 

8 
9 


.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.06 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 


.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.06 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.11 

.07 

.08 
.10 
.11 

.07 

.09 
.10 
.11 


.08 

.09 
.10 
.11 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.12 

.08 

.09 

.11 

.12 

.08 

.09 

.11 

.12 


.08 

: l ? 

.12 

.08 

.10 

.11 

.13 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.13 

.09 

.10 

.12 

.13 

.09 

.10 

.12 

.13 



Fran 


[ quan’ty | I 5.0 


?Vv\^ OWL 0^ \mL. KT TWL \000 


116.00 


Ta50ll9.75l20.00l20.50l2l.00l2l.50i22.00 


2 

3 

4 

#.02 

.03 

.05 

.06 

#.02 

.03 

.05 

.06 

■ ■ 

#.02 

.03 

.05 

.06 

#•02 

.03 

.05 

.06 

To ? 

.03 

.05 

.06 

#.02 

.03 

.05 

.07 

#•02 

.03 

.05 

.07 

■ H 

#.02 

.03 

.05 

.07 

#.02 

.03 

.05 

.07 

#•02 

.03 

.05 

.07 


#.02 

.04 

.05 

.07 

#•02 

.04 

.05 

.07 

III 

#.02 

t .04 

f .05 

.07 

#! o ? 

.04 

.05 

.07 

#.02 

.04 

.06 

.07 


'#.02 

.04 

.06 

.08 

#.02 

.04 

.06 

.08 

■ ■ 

#.02 

.04 

.06 

.08 

#! o 2 

.04 

.06 

.08 

#02 

.04 

.06 

.08 


# 0 ? 

.04 

.06 

.08 

#.02 

.04 

.06 

.08 

n 

#.02 

.04 

.06 

.08 

#.02 

.04 

.06 

.09 

#.02 

.04 

.07 

.09 

5 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

. 09 , 

.09 


.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 


.09 

.10 

U-lOj 

.10 

.10 


.10 

.10 

.11 

. 1 1 

.11 

6 

7 

8 

9 

.09 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.09 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.09 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.09 

.11 

.13 

.14 

.10 
.1 1 
.13 
.14 

.10 
.11 
.13 
.15 

.10 

.12 

.13 

.15 

.10 

.12 

.13 

.15 

r TTo 

.12 

.14 

.15 

.10 

.12 

.14 

.16 


.11 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.11 

.13 

.14 

.16 

.11 

.13 
.15 
■ 16 

.11 

.13 

.15 

.17 


.11 

.13 

.15 

.17 

.11 
.13 
.15 
.17 

.12 

.13 

.15 

.17 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.18 


.12 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.13 

.15 
.17 
, .19 

.13 

.15 

.17 

.19 

.13 

.15 

.18 

.20 


10 

20 

30 

40 


.15 

.30 

.45 

.60 

.15 

.31 

.46 

.61 

.16 

.31 

.47 

.62 

.16 

.32 

.47 

.63 

.16 

.32 

.48 

.64 


.16 

.33 

.49 

.65 

.1 7 
.33 
.50 
.66 

.17 

.34 

.50 

.67 

.17 

.34 

.51 

.68 

.17 

.35 

.52 

.69 


[718 

.35 

.53 

.70 

.18 

.36 

.53 

.71 

.18 

.36 

.54 

.72 

.18 

.37 

.55 

.73 

.19 

.37 

.56 

.74 


.19 

.38 

.56 

.75 

.19 

.38 

.57 

.76 

.19 

.39 

.581 

.77 

.20 

.39 

. 59 ; 

■78 

.20 

.40 

.59 

.79 


.20 

.40 

.60 

.80 

.21 

.41 

.62 

.82 

.211 .22 
• 42 | .43 
.631 .65 
.84 .86 

.22 

.44 

.66 

.88 

50 


.75 

.76 

.78 

.79 

.80 


.81 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.86 


.88 

.89 

.90 

.91 

.93 


.94 

Hn 

. 96 ^ 

.98 

.99 


1.00 

17031 

1-05 1.08 

l.l O 

60 

70 

80 

90 


.90 
1.05 
1 . 20 
1.35 

.92 

1.07 

1.22 

1.37 

.93 

1.09 

1.24 

1.40 

.95 

1.10 

1.26 

1.42 

.96 

1.12 

1.28 

1.44 


.98 

1.14 

1.30 

1.46 

.99 

1.16 

1.32 

1.49 

1.01 

1.17 

1.34 

1-51 

1.02 

1.19 

1.36 

1.53 

1 - 04 " 

1.21 

1.38 

1.55 


1.05 

1.23 

1.40 

1.58 

1.07 

1.24 

1.42 

1.60 

1.08 

1.26 

1.44 

1.62 

1.10 
1.28 
1.46 
1.64 

l.l 1 
1.30 
1.48 
1.67 


1.13 

1.31 

1.50 

l . 69 l 

1.14 

1.33 

1-52 

i . 7 i 

1.16 

1.35 

1.54 

[ l .73 

1.17 

1.37 

1.56 

1.76 

1.19 

1.38 

1.58 

1.78 


T 30 1 

1.40 

1.60 

1 . 8O 

1.23 

1.44 

1.64 

1.85 

1 . 261.29 

1 . 4711.51 
1 . 68 [ 1.72 
1 . 89 ! 1.94 

1.32 

1.54 

1.76 

1.98 


100 

200 

300 

400J 

500 ] 

600 

700 

800 

900J 

lOOOl 

2000 

3000 

4-000 


ana 


1.50 
13.00 

4.50 

6.00 

7.50 

9.00 

10.50 

12.00 

113.50 

J 15 T 0 O 

30.00 

45.00 

60.00 


1.53 

3.05 

4.58 

6 J 0 

2 

9.15 

10.68 

12.30 

13.73 


1.55 

3.10 

4.65 

6.20 

7.75 

9.30 

10.85 

12.40 

13.95 


I . 58 
3.15 
4.73 
6.30 

7.88 

9.45 

II . 03 
12.60 
14.18 


IOOO 


1.601 
3.20 
4.80 I 
6.401 


1.63 

13.25 

4.88 

6.50 


1.65 

3.30 

4.95 

6.601 


1.68 

3.35 

5.03 

6.70 


1.73 

' 3.45 

5.18 

6.90 


1.75 
3.50 : 
5.25 
7.00 


.80 

3.60 

5.40 

7.20 


1.83 

3.65 

5.48 

7.30 


8.00B8.I3 9.25 8.38 : 


15.25 

30.50 

45.75 

61.00 


15.50 
31.00 

46.50 
62.00 


15.75 

31.50 

47.25 

63.00 


9.60 
11.201 
12.801 
I 4 . 40 | 

16.001 
32.00 
48.001 
64.001 


9.75 
III .38 
13.00 
| l 4.63 

hW5 

32.50 

48.75 
65.00 


9.90 

11.55 

13.20 

14.85 


10.05 

11.73 

13.40 

15.08 


10.20 

11.90 

13.60 

15.30 


IOOO 


16.50 
33.00 

49.50 
66.00 


16.75 

33.50 

50.25 

67.00 


17.00 

34.00 

51.00 

68.00 


10.35 

12.08 

13.80 

1^53 

17.25 

34.501 

51.75 

69.001 


10.50 

12.25 

14.00 

15.75 

ln .50 

■ 35.00 

152.50 

70.00 


10.65 

12.43 

14.20 

15.98 

17.75 

35.50 

53.25 

71.00 


10.80 

12.63 

14.40 

16.20 

18.00 

36.00 

54.00 

72.00 


10.95 

12.78 

14.60 

16.43 

• JBB ,< 

18.25 

36.50 

54.75 

73.00 


1.851 
3.701 
5.551 
7. 40l 


.88 

13.75 

5.63 

7.50 


8.63 3-15 8.88 9.00 9.13 9.25B9.38 9.50 9.63 9.7519.98 


11.101 

12.95 

14.801 

16.651 


11.25 

113.13 
15.00 
16.88 17 


1 . 9011.93 
3 . 8013.85 
5.70 5.78 
7.60 7.70 


11.40 

13.30 

15.20 

.10 


11.55 

13.48 

15.40 

17.33 


1.95 

3.90 

5.85 

7-80 


l . 98 | 

3.95 

5.93 

7 . 90 ] 


| 2 . 00 i 2 . 05 ! 2 . t 0 | 2.15 
14.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 


2.20 

4.40 


11.70 11.851 

13.65 13.83 
I5.60l5.80l 
17.55 17.78 


6 . 00 : 6 . 1516 . 30 ] 6.45 6.60 
8 . 00 | 8.20 8.40 8 . 60 | 8 . 8 Q 

Il0.00 l0.25il0.50 10-75 TT. QO 

Il2.00jl2.30 12.60 12.90i 13.20 

114.00114.35 Ii4.70ll5.05 1 15.40 
I 16.00 i6.40;i6.80|n.20ln. 60 
18.00 18.45 I8.90|I9.35!I9.80 


75.00 76.25 77.50 78.75 30 . 00 | 8 l .25 32.50 83.75 85.00 86 . 25187.50 88.75 90.00 91.25 


18.50 
37.00 

55.50 
74.00 

§ 18.75 

§ 37.50 

§ 56.25 

§ 75.00 

19.00 

38.00 

57 . 00 ! 

76.00; 

19.25 

33.50 

57.75 

77.00 

19.50 
39.00 

59.50 
78.00 

19.75 

39.50 

59.25 

79.00 


20.00 

1*0.00 

60.00 

80 . 00 ; 

120 . 50 , 21.00 

41 . 00 , 42.00 

Pl . 50 i 63.00 

82 . 00 l 84.00 

21 . 50 : 22.00 
43 . 00 | 44.00 
64.50 66.00 
86 . 0088.00 

92.50 

|93.75|95.00]96.25| 

|97.50|9S.75 

1 

lOO.OOj 

I 02 . 50 | I 05.00 

ll07.50jiTo.00 


; r\<) the cost at the intersection of the quantity at the left marqm with the price per thousand 
shown at the top marqin, then take the sum; thus, to find t-he cost 0 / 4-659 feet of lumber 
at % 16.55 per t housand feet, in the column headed by 16.25, t ake the costs at t he intersect ions of 
4-000, 600, 50 and 9, the sum of which is (65.00 + 9.75 + .8I+.I5)#75.7I. 


59 





















































































































































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1000. 


sv QVv ta twl mo 


aH^’ TY B^.50l23.0QlQ3.50ia i f.OOi24-.50B!?5.00|25.50|26.00|26.50|27.00|27.50[28.00|28.50l29.00|29.50|30.00l30.5Qi3I.OO|3l.50l32,00 


M 

».02 

*.02 

*•02 

*.02 

*•02 

*.03 

*.03 

*•03 

*•03 

*.03 

*•03 

*•03 

*•03 

*•03 

*•03 

*•03 

*•03 

*•03 

*•03 

*.03 

2 

1 .05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06j 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.0 6 

31 

.07 

.07 

.07 

.07 

.07 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.10 

41 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.1 O 

.1 O 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.1 i 

. 1 1 

.1 l 

. 1 1 

.1 1 

.12 

. 1 2 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

5| 

.1 1 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.1 4 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.16 


.14 

.14 

.14 

.1 4 

.1 5 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.1 6 

.16 

. 1 7j 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

• 19 

71 

.16 

.16 

.1 6 

.1 7 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.13 

.1 9 

.19 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.21 

.21 

• d 1 

.22 

.22 

.22 

8 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.21 

.21 

.22 

.22 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.24, 

.24 

.25 

.25 

.26 


.20 

.2 1 

.21 

.22 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.24 

.25 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.27 

.27 

.28 

.28 

29 






















IO 

.23 

.23 

.2 4 

.24 

.25 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.3 1 

.3 l 

.32 

.32 

20 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.60j 

.6 1 

.62 

.63 

.64 

30 

.68 

.68 

.71 

.72 

.74 

.7 5 

.77 

.78 

.80 

.81 

.83 

.84 

.86 

.87 

.89 

.90 

.92 

.93 

.95 

.96 

UO 

.90 

.92 

.34 

.36 

.98 

1 .00 

1.02 

1.04 

I-06 

1.08 

1.1 O 

1.12 

1.14 

1.16 

1.18 

1 .20 

1.22 

1.24 

1.26 

1.28 

5ft 

1.13 

1.15 

1. 18 

1.20 

l .23 

1.25 

1.28 

1.30 

1.33 

1.35 

1.38 

1.40 

1.43 

1.45 

1.4-8 

1.50 

1.53 

1.55 

1-58 

1.60 

60 

1.35 

1.38 

1.41 

1.44 

I.4T 

1.50 

1.53 

1-56 

1. 59 

1.62 

1.65 

1.68 

1.7 1 

1.74 

1.77 

1.80 

1.83 

1.86 

1.89 

1.92 

70 

1.58 

1.61 

1.65 

1.68 

1.72 

1.75 

U79 

1.82 

1.86 

1.89 

1.93 

1.96 

2.00 

2.03 

2.07 

2.1 O 

2.14 

2. 1 7 

2.or 

2.24 

80 

1.80 

1.84 

1.88 

1.92 

1.96 

2.00 

2.04 

2.08 

2.12 

2.16 

2.20 

2.24 

2.28 

2.32 

2.36 

2,40 

2.44 

2.48 

2.52 

2.56 

90 

2.03 

2.07 

2.12 

2.16 

2.2 1 

2.25 

2.30 

2.34 

2.39 

2.43 

2.48 

2.52 

2.57 

2.61 

2.66 

2.70 

2.75 

2.79 

^84 

2.88 








tool 

[2.25 

2.30 

2.35 

2.40 

2.451 

| 2.5 O 

2.55 

2.60 

2.65 

2.70| 

2.75 

2.80 

2.85 

2.90 

2.951 

13.00 

3.05 

3.10 

3.1 5 

3.20 

200 

| 4.50 

4.60 

4.70 

4.80 

4.90 

5.00 

5.IO 

5.20 

5.30 

5.40 

5.50 

5.60 

5.70 

5.80 

5.90| 

I 6.00 

6.10 

6.20 

6.30 

6.40 

300 

6.75 

6.90 

7.05 

7.20 

735 

7.50 

7.65 

7.80 

7.9 5 

S. 1 6] 

8.25 

8.40 

8.55 

8.70 

8 • 8 51 

9.00 

9.15 

9.30 

9.45 

9.60 

40 0| 

1 9.00 

9.20 

9.40 

9.60 

9.80| 

10.00 

10.20 

10-UO 

10.60 

10.80 

111.00 

11.20 

11.40 

11.60 

U.80I 

112.00 

12.20 

12.40 

12.60 

12.80 

500 I 

11 1.25 

M.50 

11.75 

12.00 

12.25 

I12.50 

12.75 

13.00 

13-25 

13-50 | 

1(3-75 

14.00 

14.25 

14.50 

14.751 

11 5. 00 

15.25 

15.50 

15.75 

16.00 

600 

113.50 

13.80 

14.10 

14.40 

14.70 | 

115.00 

15.30 

15.60 

15.90 

I6.20| 

[l6.50 

16.80 

17.10 

17.40 

17.7 0 | 

118.00 

18.30 

18.60 

18.90 

19.20 

7 OOI 

115.75 

16.10 

16.45 

16.80 

17.15] 

17.50 

17.85 

18.20 

18.55 

18.90 

[19.25 

19.60 

19.95 

20.30 

20.65] 

121-00 

21.35 

21.70 

22.05 

22.40 

800 

itS-00 

18.40 

18.80 

19.20 

19.60 

20.00 

20.40 

20.80 

21.20 

21.601 

22.00 

22.40 

22.80 

23.20 

23.60 

124.00 

24.40 

24.80 

25.20 

25.60 

900| 

120.25 

20.70 

21.15 

21.60 

22.051 

122.50 

22.95 

23.40 

23.85 

24.3 Ol 

124.75 

25.20 

25.65 

26.10 

26J55] 

[2^00 

27.45 

27.90 

28.35 

28.80 


10001 

2000 

3000 

HOOOl 


FTim 


122.50 

45.00 

67.50 

90.00 


23.00 

46.00 

69.00 

92.00 


23.50 
47.00 

70.50 
94.00 


24.00 

48.00 

72.00 

96.00 


24.50lQ5.00 

49.00l50.00 

73.50l75.00 

98.QoBl00.00 


25.50 
51.00 

76.50 
102.00 


26.00 

52.00 

78.00 

104.00 


26.50 
53.00 

79.50 
106.00 


27.001 

54.00 

81.001 

108.001 


27.50 
55.00 

82.50 
110.00 


112.50 115.00 117.50 120.00 l 22 . 50 Bt 25.00 127.50 130 . 001132.50 l 35 . OOBl 37.50 140.00 142.50 145.00 147 . 501150.00 152.50 155.00 157-50 160.00 


28.00 

56.00 

84.00 

112.00 


28.50 
57.00 

85.50 
114.00 


29.00 

58.00 

87.00 

116.00 


29.50B30.00 
59.00 BSO.OO 
38.50B90.00 
Ii8.00ll20.00 


30.50 
61.00 

91.50 
122.00 


31.00 

62.00 

93.00 

124.00 


31.50 
63.00 

94.50 
126.00 


32.00 

64.00 

96.00 

128.00 




a^NTv|32,50[33.00l33.50l3tf.OOl35.00|36.00]37.00l38.00l39.00kO.QOB l »I.OOl l t2.00| 1 »3.00l4 l t.OOl l f5.00| 




•*9.00 50.00 


1 

2 

3 

M- 


*.03 

.07 

.10 

.13 

*•03 

.07 

.10 

.13 

*.03 
.07 
.1 0 
.13 

*•03 
.07 
.1 0 
.1 4 

*.04 
.07 
.1 1 
.14 


*.04 
.0 7 
.1 1 
.14 

*.04 
.0*7 
.1 1 
.15 

*•04 
.08 
.1 1 
.15 

*.04 

.08 

.12 

.16 

*•04 

.08 

.12 

.16 


*•04 

.08 

.12 

.16 

*•04 

.08 

.13 

.17 

*.04 

.09 

.13 

.17 

*•04 

.09 

.13 

.18 

*•05 

.09 

.14 

.18 

*•05 

.09 

.14 

.18 

'rxTid-O) 

00- 

* * * ’ 

*.05 

.10 

.14 

.19 

*•05 

.10 

.15 

.20 

.15 

.20 

5 


.16 

.17 

.1 7 

.17 

.18 


• t 8 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 


.21 

.2 l 

.22 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.24 

• 24 

.25 

• 25 

? 

8 

9 


.20 

.23 

.26 

.29 

.20 

.23 

.26 

.30 

.20 

.23 

.27 

.30 

.20 
.24 
.27 
.3 1 

.2 1 
.2 5 
.28 
.32 


.22 
.25 
• 29 
.32 

.22 

.26 

.30 

.33 

.23 
.27 
. .30 
.34 

.23 

.27 

.31 

.35 

.24 

.28 

.32 

.36 


.2 5 
.29 
.33 
.37 

.25 
.29 
.34 
.3 8 

.26 

.30 

.34 

.39 

.26 

.31 

.35 

.40 

.27 

.32 

.36 

.41 

.28 

.32 

.37 

.41 

.28 

.33 

.38 

.42 

.29 

.34 

.38 

.43 

.29 

.34 

.39 

.44 

.30 

.35 

.40 

.45 




10 

ao 

30 

4-0 


.33 

.65 

.98 

1.30 

.33 

.66 

.99 

1.32 

.34 
.67 
1.0 1 
1.34 

.34 

.68 

1.02 

1.36 

.35 

.70 

1.05 

1.40 


.36 

.72 

1.08 

1.44 

.37 
.7 4 

1 . 1 1 
1.48 

.38 
.7 6 
1.14 
1.52 

.39 

.78 

1.17 

1.56 

.40 

.80 

1.20 

1.60 


.41 

.82 

1.23 

1.64 

.42 

.84 

1.26 

1.68 

.43 

.86 

1.29 

1.72 

.44 

.88 

1.32 

1.76 

.45 

.90 

1.35 

1.80 

.46 

.92 

1.38 

1.84 

.47 

.94 

1.41 

1-88 

.48 

.96 

1.44 

1.92 

.49 

.98 

1.47 

1.96 

.50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

50 


1.63 

1.65 

1.68 

1.70 

1.75 


1.80 

1. 85 

1.90 

1.95 

2.00 


2.05 

2.1 O 

2.15 

2.20 

2.25 

2.30 

2.35 

2.40 

2.45 

2.50 

60 

70 

80 

90 


1.95 

2.28 

2.60 

2.93 

1.98 
2.3 1 
2.6 4 
2.97 

2.0 l 

2.35 

2.68 

3.02 

2.04 

2.38 

2.72 

3.06 

2. 1 O 
2.45 
2.80 

3. 15 


2.16 

2.52 

2.88 

3.24 

2.22 

2.59 

2.96 

3.33 

2.28 

2.66 

3.04 

3.42 

2.3 4 
2.73 
3.12 
3.51 

2.40 

2.80 

3.20 

3.60 


2.46 

2.87 

3.28 

3.69 

2.52 
2.94 
3.36 
3.7 8 

2.58 
3.01 
3.44 
3. 87 

2.64 

3.08 

3.52 

3.96 

2.70 

3.15 

3.60 

4.05 

2.7 6 
3.2 2 
3.68 
4.1 4 

2.82 

3.29 

3.76 

4.23 

2.88 

3.36 

3.84 

4.32 

2.94 
3.43 
3.92 
4.4 1 

3.00 
3. 50 
4.00 
4-50 

1 

0 0 | 


O O 


O O 

IOO 

200 

300 

4-00 


3.25 

6.50 

9.75 

13.00 

3.30 

6.60 

9.90 

13.20 

3.35 

6.70 

10.05 

13.40 

3.40 

6.80 

10.20 

13.60 

3.50 
7. 00 

10.50 
14.00 


3.60 
7.2 0 
10.80 
14.40 

3.70 

7.40 

II.IO 

14.80 

3.80 

7.60 

11.40 

15.20 

3.90 

7.80 

11.70 

15.60 

4.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 


4. IO 
8.20 
12.30 
16.40 

4.20 
8. 40< 
12.60 
16.80 

4.30 

8.60 

12.90 

17.20 

4.40 

8.80 

13.20 

17.60 

4.5 0 
9.00 
13.50 
18-00 

4.60 

9.20 

13.80 

18.40 

4.7 0 
9.40 
14.10 
18.80 

4.80 

9.60 

14.40 

19.20 

4.90 

9.80 

14.70 

19.60 

5.00 

10.00 

15.7)0 
20.00 

500 


16.25 

16.50 

1G.75 

17.00 

17.50 


18.00 

18-50 

19.00 

19.50 

20.00 


20.50 

21.00 

21.50 

22.00 

22.50 

23.00 

23.50 

24.00 

24.50 

25.00 

600 

700 

800 

300 


19.50 

22.75 

26.00 

29.25 

19.80 

23.10 

26.40 

29.70 

20.10 

23.45 

26.80 

30.15 

20.40 

23.80 

27.20 

30.60 

21.00 

24.50 
28.00 

31.50 


21.60 

25.20 

28.80 

32.40 

22.20 

25.90 

29.60 

33.30 

22.80 

26.60 

30.40 

34.20 

23.40 

27.30 

31.20 

35.10 

24.00 

28.00 

32.00 

36.00 


24.60 

28.70 

i32.80 

136.90 

25.20 

29.40 

33.60 

37.80 

25.80 

30.10 

34.40 

38.70 

26.40 

30.80 

35.20 

39.60 

27.00 

31.50 
36.00 

40.50 

27.6 0 

32.20 

36.80 

41.40 

28.20 

32.90 

37.60 

42.30 

28.80 

33.60 

38.40 

43.20 

29.40 

34.30 

39.20 

44.10 

30.00 

35.00 

40.00 

45.00 


IOOO 

2000 

3000 

4000 


32.50 
65.00 

97.50 
130.00 


33.00 

66.00 

99.00 

132.00 


33.50 
67.00 

100.50 
134.00 


34.00 

68.00 

102.00 

136.00 


35.001 

70.00 

105.00 

140.00 


1 36.00 
72.00 
108.00 
144.00 


37.00 

74.00 

111.00 

148.00 


38.00 
76.00 
114.00 I 
152.00 


39.00 

78.00 

17.00 

156.00 


40.001 

80.001 

120.001 

IGO.OOI 


41.00 

82.00 

123.00 

164.00 


42.00 

84.00 

126.00 

168.00 


43.00 

86.00 

129.00 

172.00 


44.00 

88.00 

132.00 

176.00 


45.00Bh-6.00 
90.00B92.0O 
l35.00Bl38.0O 
180.001184.00 

3 


47.00 

94.00 

141.00 

188.00 


48.00 

96.00 

144.00 

192.00 


49.00 

98.00 

147.00 

196.00 


50.00 

100.00 

150.00 

200.00 


50001162.50 165.00 167.50 170.00 I 75 . 00 ll 80.00 


185.00 


190.00 


195.00 


200 . 00 l 205.00 


210.00 215.00 220.00 


225 . 00 l 230.00 


235.00 


240.00 


245.00 


250.00 


THE FRACTIONS OF A CENT were dropped in the con strict-ion of t-he three Computation Tables 
based on 2000 ,1000 and 100, when less than \ , and added when or more. LUMBER TABLES, 
Showin 9 the number of feet in any quantity of lumber, will be found elsewhere in this Manual, which, 
used in connection with this table,will be of 9 reat service to lumbermen and lumber dealers. 


60 








































































































































































































































COMPUTATION 

TABLE 

BASED 

ON 

IOO. 








\S>Y. SY 

SYv ^QYvY. KY TWt \<NCN Y^TY 







' 

Q^ ak’y 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.OH 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.15 

.20 

.25 

.30 

.35 

.HO 

.H5 

.50 

755 

.60 

.65 

JO 


.80 

.85 

IBM 


hh 

u 

HI 



HH 

M 1 

HI 



HH 

U 





HI 





.1 V 

■■ 



1 

a 

00 

.00 

#.00 

.00 

#.00 

.00 

#.00 

.00 

#.00 

.00 

#.00 

.00 

#.00 

.00 

#.00 

.00 

#.00 

.00 

#.00 

.00 

#.ou 

.00 

#.00 

.00 

#.00 

.01 

#.00 

.01 

#.00 

.01 

#.00 

.01 

#.00 

.01 

#.01 

.01 

#.01 

.01 

#•01 

.01 

#.0l 

.01 

#.01 

.01 

#•01 

.02 

#.01 

.02 

#•01 

.02 

3 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

** 

»oo 

•00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

5 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.00 

.02 

O'-! 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.01 

.0>f 

6 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 


.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

7 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.01 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

§ 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.01 

9 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.04 

#4 

.05 

.05 

.05 

•06 

.06 

.01 

.01 

.08 

ih 

mi* 

Hi 

M3 

Hi 

m 


HI 

1 0 

BH 

Hfl 

BH 

HU 

1 0 





[ME 





□E 



10 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

• 04 

.04 

?05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

01 

.0T 

.08 

.08 

.09 

20 

.00 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.01 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.12 

.13 

.14 

.15 

.16 

.11 

30 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.05 

.06 

.08 

.09 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.15 

.11 

.18 

.20 

.21 

.23 

.24 

.26 

4-0 

.00 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.02 

■03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.06 

.08 

.10 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.20 

.22 

.24 

.26 

.28 

.30 

.32 

.34 

50 

•01 

•01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.04. 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.08 

.10 

.13 

.15 

.18 

.70 

.23 

.25 

.28 

.30 


.35 

.38 

.40 

.43 

60 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.09 

.12 

.15 


.21 

.24- 

.21 

.30 

.33 

.36 

.39 

.42 

.45 

.48 

.51 

70 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.01 

.11 

.14 

.18 

.21 

.25 

.28 

.32 

.35 

.39 

.42 

.46 

.49 

.53 

.56 

.60 

80 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.01 

.08 

.12 

.16 

.20 

.24 

.28 

.32 

.36 

.40 

.44 

.48 

.52 

.56 

.60 

.64 

.68 

90 

.01 

.02 

•03 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.01 

.08 

.09 

.14 

.18 

.23 

.21 

.32 

.36 

.41 

.45 

.50 

.54 

.59 

.63 

.68 

.12 

.11 

IOO 

■B 

EBL 

EE 

H 

■■ 

■■ 

■H 

EE 

Hfl 

HB 

BH 

HI 

EE 

hh 




EE 





EE 



.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.Ob 

.01 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.15 

.20 

.25 

.30 

.3 3 

0 

.45 

.50 

.55 

.60 

*65 

.10 

.15 

.80 

.85 

200 

.02 

.04 

.06 

.08 

.10 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.20 

.30 

.40 

.50 

.60 

.10 

.80 

.90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

1.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.60 

1.10 

300 

.03 

.06 

.09 

.12 

.15 

.18 

.21 

.24 

.21 

.30 

.Hb 

.60 

.15 

.90 

1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

1.50 

1.65 

1.80 

1.95 

2.10 

2.25 

2.40 

2.55 

HOO 

.04 

.08 

.12 

.16 

.20 

.24 

.28 

.32 

.36 

.40 

.60 

.80 

1.00 

1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

2.40 

2.60 

2.80 

3.00 

3.20 

3.40 

500 

.05 

.10 

.15 

.20 

.25 

.30 

.35 

.40 

.45 

.50 

.15 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.15 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.15 

3.00 

0 2: 

3.50 

3.15 

4.00 

4.25 

600 

.06 

.12 

.18 


.30 

.36 

.42 

.48 

.54 

.60 

.90 

1.20 

1.50 

1.80 

2.IO 

2.40 

2.10 

3.00 

3.30 

3.60 

3.90 

4.20 

4.50 

4.80 

5.10 

700 

.01 

.14 

.21 

.28 

.35 

.42 

.49 

.56 

.63 

.10 

1.05 

1.40 

1.15 

2.10 

2.45 

2.80 

3.15 

3.50 

3.85 

4.20 

4.55 

4.90 

5.25 

5.60 

5.95 

800 

.08 

.16 

.24 

.32 

.40 

.48 

.56 

.64 

.12 

.80 

1.20 

1.60 

2.00 

2.40 

2.80 

3.20 

3.60 

4.00 

4.40 

4.80 

5.20 

5.60 

6.00 

6.40 

6.80 

900 

.09 

.18 

.21 

.36 

.4b 

.54 

.63 

.12 

.81 

.90 

1.35 

1.80 

2.25 

2.10 

3.15 

3.60 

4.05 

4.50 

4.95 

5.40 

5.85 

6.30 

6.15 

1.20 

1.65 

1 


| 

O O 


hi 

99 


33 

O 



1 

ze 


iSH 


mi 

ZE 

3H 



1 

ZXD 


1000 

.10 

.20 

.30 

.40 

.50 

.60 

TTo 

iTso 

.90 

1.00 

11.50 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

5.50 

6.00 

16.50 

1.00 

1.50 

8.00 

8.50 

2000 

.20 

.40 

.60 

.80 

1.00 

1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

■3.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

1.00 

8.00 

9.00 

10.00 

11.00 

12.00 

113.00 

14.00 

15.00 

16.00 

11.00 

3000 

.30 

.60 

.90 

1.20 

1.50 

1.80 

2.10 

2.40 

2.10 

3.00 

|4.50 

6.00 

1.50 

9.00 

10.50 

12.00 

13.50 

15.00 

16.50 

18.00 

119.50 

21.00 

22.50 

24.00 

25.50 

HOOol 

.40 

.80 

1.20 

1.60 

2.00 

2.40 

2.80 

3.20 

3.60 

4.00 

|6.00 

8.00 

10.00 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

18.00 

20.00 

22.00 

2400 

I26.OO 

28.00 

30.00 

32.00 

3400 

lamE 

.50 

1.00 

>.50 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

42)0 

4.50 

5.00 

I1T5O 

10.00 

12.50 

15.00 

11.50 

20.'0 

22.50 

25.00 

21.50 

30.00 








vmt w oui 0* 


TY\Y. \W YvKYE. 








flUAN’Y 

.30 

795 

roo 

L05 

I.IO 

1.15 

[l.20[l.25 

1.30 

1.35 

I.Y0 

I.H5 

1.50 

1.55 

1.60 

1.65 

1.70 

1.75 

1780 

1.85 

1.90 

1.95 

2.00 

2.05 

2.10 


#.01 

8.01 

S3 1 

#.01 

#.01 

#•01 

#.01 

#.01 

#.01 

#•01 

#.01 

#.01 

#.02 

#•02 

#.02 

#.02 

#.02 

#.02 


#.02 

#•02 

#.02 

#•02 

#.02 

#.02 

2 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

3 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

,05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

4- 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.95 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

5 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.07 

.01 

.07 

.07 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.11 

6 

.05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

7 

.06 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.15 

8 

.01 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.12! 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.11 

9 

.08 

.09. 

.09 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.11 

.11 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.19 

1 



1 O 



HB 

1 O 

HI 

HI 

BH 

Hi 

1 O 

HI 

HH 

HH 

Hi 

1 O 

HI 

HI 

HH 

Hi 

1 O 



10 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.IB 

.n 

.11 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 

.21 

.21 

20 

.18 

.19 

.20 

.at 

.22 

.23 

.24 

.25 

.26 

.21 

.28 

.29 

.30 

.31 

.32 

.33 

.34 

.35 

.36 

.37 

.38 

.39 

.40 

.41 

.42 

30 

.21 

.29 

.30 

.32 

.33 

.35 

.36 

.38 

.39 

.41 

.42 

.44 

.45 

.41 

.43 

.50 

.51 

.53 

.54 

.56 

.51 

.59 

.60 

.62 

.63 

HO 

.36 

.38 

.40 

.42 

.44 

.46 

.48 

.50 

.52 

-54 

.56 

.58 

.60 

.62 

.64 

.66 

.68 

.10 

.12 

.14 

.76 

.18 

.80 

.82 

.84 

50 

.45 

.48 

.50 

.53 

.55 

.58 

.60 

.63 

.65 


.70 

.73 

.15 

.78 

.80 

.83 

.85 

.88 

.90 


.95 

.98 

1.00 

1.03 

1.05 

60 

.54 

.51 

.60 

.63 

.66 

.69 

.12 

.15 

.18 

.81 

.84 

.87 

.90 

T93 

.96 

.99 

1.02 

1.05 

1.08 

l.ll 

1.14 

l.ll 

1.20 

1.23 

1.26 

70 

.63 

.61 

.10 

.14 

.11 

.81 

.84 

.88 

.91 

.95 

.98 

1.02 

1.05 

1.09 

(.12 

1.16 

1.19 

1.23 

1.26 

1.30 

1.33 

1.31 

1.40 

1.44 

1.41 

§8 

.12 

.16 

.80 

.84 

.88 

.92 

.96 

1.00 

1.04 

1.08 

1.12 

1.16 

1.20 

1.24 

1.28 

1.32 

1.36 

1.40 

1.44 

1.48 

1.52 

1.56 

1.60 

1.64 

1.68 

.81 

.86 

.90 

.95 

.99 

1.04 

1.08 

1.13 

i.n 

1.22 

1.26 

1.31 

1.35 

1.40 

1.44 

1-49 

1.53 

1.58 

1.62 

K61 

l.ll 

1.76 

1.80 

1.85 

1.89 

1 


1 

OO 





EE 

HH 

BH 

Hi 

IH[ 

EE 

BH 

M 

HH 


EE 

HH 

HH 

HI 

Hi 

OO 



100 

.90 

.95 

1.00 

1.05 

I.IO 

1.15 

1.20 

1.25 

1.30 

1.35 

1.4-0 

1.45 

1.50 

1.53 

1.60 

1.65 

1.10 

1.15 

1.80 

1.85 

1.90 

1.95 

2.00 

2.05 

2.IO 

200 

1.80 

1.90 

2.00 

2.10 

2.20 

2.30 

2.40 

2.50 

2.60 

2.70 

2.80 

2.90 

3.00 

3.10 

3.20 

3.30 

3.40 

3.50 

3.60 

3.10 

3.80 

3.90 

4.00 

4.10 

4.20 

300 

2.10 

2.85 

3.00 

3.15 

3.30 

3.45 

3.60 

3.15 

3.90 

4.05 

4.20 

4.35 

4.50 

4.65 

4.80 

4.95 

5.10 

5.25 

5.40 

5.55 

5.10 

5.85 

6.00 

6.15 

6.30 

HOO 

3.60 

3.80 

4.00 

4.20 

4.40 

4.60 

4.80 

5.00 

5.20 

5.40 

5.60 

5.80 

6.00 

6.20 

6.40 

6.60 

6.80 

1.00 

7.20 

1.40 

7.60 

7.80 

8.00 

8.20 

8.10 

500 

4.50 

'4.15 

5.00 

5.25 

5.5 0 

5.15 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

6.15 

7.00 

7.2 5 

1.50 

7.15 

9.00 

8.25 

8.50 

8.15 

g'.oo 

9,25 

9.50 

9.15 

10.00 

10.25 

10.50 

600 

5.40 

5.10 

6.00 

6.30 

6.60 

6.90 

1.20 

1.50 

7.80 

'3.10 

8.40 

8.10 

9.00 

9.30 

9.60 

9.90 

10.20 

10.50 

10.80 

11.10 

11.40 

11.10 

12.00 

12.30 

12.60 

700 

6.30 

6.65 

1.00 

1.35 

7.10 

8.05 

8.40 

8.15 

9.10 

9.45 

9.30 

10.15 

10.50 

10.85 

11.20 

11.55 

11.90 

12.25 

12.60 

12.95 

13.30 

13.65 

1400 

14.35 

14.70 

800 

1.20 

1.60 

8.00 

8.40 

8.80 

9.20 

9.60 

10.00 

10.40 

10.80 

11.20 

11.60 

12.00 

12.40 

12.80 

13.20 

13.60 

14.00 

14.40 

1480 

15.20 

15.60 

16.00 

16.40 

16.80 

900 

8.10 

8.55 

9.00 

9.45 

9.90 

10.35 

10.80 

11.25 

11.10 

12.15 

12.60 

13.05 

13.50 

13.95 

14.40 

14.85 

15.30 

15.15 

16.20 

16.65 

11.10 

11.55 

18.00 

18.15 

18.90 

1 


1 

O O 

O 



1 

9 O 

D 




OO 

9 



| 

OO 

O 




O O 

O 


1000 I 

9.00 

9.50 

10.00 

10.50 

n.ool 

11.50 

12.00 

12.50 

13.00 

13.501 

14.00 

14.50 

15.00 

15.50 

I6.00| 

16.50 

11.00 

11.50 

18.00 

18.501 

19.00 

19.50 

20.00 

20.50 

21.00 

2000| 

18.00 

19.00 

20.00 

21.00 

22.00| 

23.00 

24.00 

25.00 

26.00 

21.001 

28.00 

29.00 

30.00 

31.00 

32.00| 

33.00 

34.00 

35.00 

36.00 

31.001 

38.00 

39.00 

10.00 

11.00 

12.00 

3000| 

21.00 

28.50 

30.00 

31.50 

33.001 

34.50 

36.00 

31.50 

39.00 

t0.50| 

42.00 

43.50 

45.00 

46.50 

43.001 

49.50 

51.00 

52.50 

54.00 

55.50| 

51.00 

58.50 

60.00 

61.50 

63.00 

400 OS 

36.00 

38.00 

40.00 

42.00 

5 4001 

46.00 

48.00 

50.00 

52.00 

5 l.0o| 

56.00 

58.00 

60.OQ 

62.00 

64,00l 

66.00 

68.00 

10.00 

12.00 

ll.OOl 

16.00 

18.00 

80.00 

82.00 

81.00 

IEHI3 

45.00 

41.50 

50.00 

52.50 

55.00 1 

51.50 

60.00 

62.50 

65.00 

57.501 

10.00 

12.50 

75.00 

17.50 

30.00| 

82.50 

85.00 

81.50 

90.00 

92.50| 

95.00 

91.50 

100.00 

10250 

105.00 


THIS COMPUTATION TABLE, based on IOO, -may be u.sed (or compu-tiny the cost o( HOGS, 

CATTLE, FLOUR, ICE, BRAN, MILL FEED, STONE, sometimes HAY, COAL, I RON, WHEAT, or 

whatever else is sold at the hundred rate . It may also be i+sed as a HOP or COTTON Picker’s Table. 
To use the table, consider the qu-antity as made u-p 0 / one or more o( the parts shown in the bold- 


61 












































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 100. 


Quan’y 


IS.I5l2.20[fl,25l2.30l2.35H2.40l2.if5|2.50lg.55la.6 0M2.65|2.70[2.75l2.80[ft.85B2.90lg.95[3.00l3.05[3TlO 





■■■■ 

1 

2 

3 

4 


#•02 

.04 

.06 

.09 

#•02 

.04 

.07 

.09 

#.02 

.05 

.07 

.09 

#.02 

.05 

.07 

.09 

#•02 

.05 

.07 

.09 

1 

#•02 

.05 

.07 

.10 

#.02 

.05 

.07 

.10 

#•03 

.05 

.08 

.10 

#.03 

.05 

.08 

.10 

#•03 

.05 
.08 
.1 0 

#•03 
.05 
.08 
.1 1 

#•03 

.05 
.08 
.1 1 

#•03 

.06 
.08 
.1 1 

#•03 

.06 
.08 
.1 1 

#.03 

.06 
.09 
.1 1 

#.03 

.06 

.09 

.12 

#.03 

.06 

.09 

.12 

#•03 

.06 

.09 

.12 

#.03 

.06 

.09 

.12 

#.03 

.0 6 
.09 
.12 

5 


.1 1 

.1 1 

.1 1 

.12 

.12 


.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14- 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.16 

6 

7 

8 
9 


.13 

.15 

.17 

.19 

.13 

.15 

.18 

.20 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.20 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.21 

.14 
.1 6 
.19 
.21 


.14 

.17 

.19 

.22 

.15 

.17 

.20 

--.22 

• 15 
.18 
.20 
.23 

.15 

.18 

.20 

.23 

.16 

.18 

.21 

.23 

.16 

.19 

.21 

.24 

.1 6 
.19 
.22 
.24 

.1 7 

.19 

.22 

.25 

.1 7 

.20 

.22 

.25 

.17 

.20 

.23 

.26 

.17 

.20 

.23 

.26 

.18 

.21 

.24 

.27 

.18 

.21 

.24 

.27 

.18 

.21 

.24 

.27 

.19 

.22 

.25 

.28 


IO 

20 

30 

40 


.22 

.43 

.65 

.86 

.22 

.44 

.66 

.88 

.23 

.45 

.68 

.90 

.23 

.46 

.69 

.92 

.24 

.47 

.71 

.94 


.24 

.48 

.72 

.96 

.25 

.49 

.74 

.98 

.25 
.50 
.7 5 
1.00 

.26 

.51 

.77 

1.02 

.26 
.52 
.7 8 
1.04 

.27 

.53 

.80 

1.06 

.27 

.54 

.81 

1.08 

.28 
.55 
.83 
1. 10 

.28 
.56 
.84 
1. 12 

.2 9 
.57 
.86 
1.14 


.29 

.58 

.87 

1.16 

.30 
.59 
.89 
1.18 

0000 

.3 1 
.61 
.92 
1.22 

.3 * 
.62 
.93 
1.24 

50 


1.08 

1.1 O 

1.13 

1.15 

1.18 


1.20 

1.23 

I.Q5 

1.28 

1.30 

1.33 

1.35 

1.38 

1.40 

1.43 


1.45 

1. 48 

1.50 

1.53 

1.55 

60 

70 

80 

90 


1.29 

1.51 

1.72 

1.94 

1.32 

1.54 

1.76 

1.98 

1.35 

1.58 

1.80 

2.03 

1.38 

1.61 

1.84 

2.07 

1.41 

1.65 

1.88 

2.12 


1.44 

1.68 

1.92 

2.16 

1.47 

1.72 

1.96 

2.21 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

1.53 

1.79 

2.04 

2.30 

1.56 

1.82 

2.08 

2.34 

1,. 59 
1.86 
2.1 2 
2.39 

1.62 
1.89 
2.16 
2.43 

1.65 

1.93 

2.20 

2.48 

1.68 

1.96 

2.24 

2.52 

1.7 1 
2.00 
2.28 
2.57 


1.74 

2.03 

2.32 

2.61 

1.77 

2.07 

2.36 

2.66 

1.80 

2.1 0 
2.40 
2.70 

1.83 

2.14 

2.44 

2.75 

1.86 

2. 1 7 
0,48 
2.79 



M * H 

tf t * jMI - T* ‘.1 ” 

1*1*1 

1 

O O 

IOO 

200 

300 

400 


2.15 

4.30 

6.45 

8.60 

2.20 

4.40 

6.60 

8.80 

2.25 

4.50 

6.75 

9.00 

2.30 
4.60 
6.90 
9.2 0 

2.35 

4.70 

7.05 

9.40 


2.40 

4.80 

7.20 

9.60 

2.45 
4.90 
7.35 
9.8 0 

2.50 
5.00 

7.50 
10.00 

2.55 
5. 10 
7.65 
10.20 

2.60 

5.20 

7.80 

10.40 

2.65 

5.30 

7.95 

10-60 

2.70 
5.40 
8. 10 
10.80 

2.75 

5.50 

8.25 

11.00 

2. GO 
5.60 
8.40 
11.20 

2.85 

5.70 

8.55 

11.40 


2.90 

5.80 

8.70 

11.60 

2.95 

5.90 

8.85 

11.80 

3.00 

6.00 

9.00 

12.00 

3.05 

6.10 

9.15 

12.20 

3. I O 
6.20 
9.30 
12.40 

500 


10.T5 

t 1.00 

11.25 

11.50 

M.75 


12.00 

12.25 

12.50 

12.75 

13.00 

13.25 

13.50 

13.75 

14.00 

14.25 


14.50 

14.7 5 

15.00 

15.25 

15.50 

600 

700 

800 

900 


12.90 

15.05 

17.20 

19.35 

13.20 

15.40 

17.60 

19.80 

13.50 

15.75 

18.00 

20.25 

13.80 

16.10 

18.40 

20.70 

14.10 

16.45 

18.80 

21.15 


14.40 

16.80 

19.20 

21.60 

14.70 

17.15 

19.60 

22.05 

15.00 

17.50 
20.00 

22.50 

15.30 

17.85 

20.40 

22.95 

15.60 

18.20 

20.80 

23.40 

15.90 

18.55 

21.20 

23.85 

16.20 
18.90 
21.60 
24 JO 

16.50 

19.25 

22.00 

24.75 

16.80 

19.60 

22.40 

25.20 

17.10 

19.95 

^22.80 

25.65 


17.40 

20.30 

23.20 

26.10 

17.70 

20.65 

23.60 

26.55 

18.00 

21.00 

24.00 

27.00 

18.30 

21.35 

24.40 

27.45 

I 8 . 60 ' 

21.70 

24.80 

27.90 


lOOOl 

2000S 

3000I 

40001 


M 


la 1.50 
J 43.00 
64.50 
86.00 


22.00 

44.00 

66.00 

88.00 


22.50 
4-5.00 

67.50 
90.00 


23.00 

4-6.00 

69.00 

92.00 


23.50*24.00 
47.0OH48.00 
70.50H72.00 
94.00|96.00 


24.50 
49.00 

73.50 
98.00 


25.00 

50.00 

75.00 

100.00 


25.50 
51.00 

76.50 

102.00 


26.00l26.50 
52.00153.00 
78.00|79.50 
IO4.OOHlO6.0Q 

SE 


27.00 

54.00 

81.00 

103.00 


27.50 
55.00 

82.50 
110.00 I 


28.00 

56.00 

84.00 

12 . 00 ] 


28.50i29.00 
57.00158.00 
S5.50H87.00 
114.00*1 16.001 

ML 


29.50 
59.00 

88.50 
118.00 


30.00 

60.00 

90.00 

120.001 


30.50 

61.00 

91.50 

22.00 


31.00 

62.00 

93.00 

124.00 


I07-50|l I O-OOll 12.50 1 I5.00|in.50ff20.00 122.50 125.00 127.50 130.001132.50 135.00 137.50 140.00 142.501*45.00 


147.50 


150.00152.50 


155.00 


VVAtL.Atf- OWL 0^ \M^L KT NOO 


e^AN\l3.i5|3 j ao|3.a5l3.3Ql3.35B3.4-0l3.»f5l3.50l3.55l3.6Ol3.65l3.7Ol3.75l3.8O|3.85H3.90l3.95l«».00l l ».05l«i.lO 


1 

a 

3 

4 

#.03 
.0 6 
.09 
.1 3 

#•03 
.0 6 
.1 0 
.13 

#.03 
.07 
.1 0 
.1 3 

#•03 
.07 
.1 0 
.1 3 

#•03 
.07 
.1 0 
.1 3 

#.03 
.0 7 
.1 0 
.1 4 

#.03 
.07 
.1 0 
.1 4 

#.04 
.07 
.1 1 
.14 

#.04 
.07 
.1 1 
.14 

*:o°! 

.1 1 
.14 


#•04 
-.07 
.1 1 
.1 5 

*07 
.1 1 
.15 

#•04 
.08 
.1 1 
.15 

#•04 
.08 
.1 1 
.15 

#.04 

.0 8 
• 12 
.15 


#• 0 * 

.08 

.12 

.16 

#.°4 

.08 

.12 

.16 

#• 0 * 

.08 

-.12 

.16 

#•04 

.08 

.12 

.16 

#•04 
.08 
.1 2 
.1 6 

5 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.1 7 

.1 7 

.1 8 

.18 

• 18 


.18 

.19 

.19 

.19 

.1 9 


.20 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.2 1 

6 

7 

8 
9 

.19 

.22 

.25 

.28 

.19 

.22 

.26 

.29 

.20 

.23 

.26 

.29 

.20 

.23 

.26 

1 .30 

.20 

-.23 

.27 

.30 

.20 

.24 
.2 7 
.3 1 

.2 1 

.24 
.28 
.3 1 

.2 1 

-.-25 

.28 

.32 

.2 1 

.25 

.28 

.32 

.22 

.25 

.29 

.32 


.22 

.26 

.29 

-.33 

.22 

.26 

.30 

.33 

.23 

.26 

.30 

.34 

.23 

.27 
.30 
.3 4 

.23 

.27 

.31 

.35 


.23 

.27 
.3 1 
.35 

.24 

.28 

.32 

.36 

.24 

.28 

.32 

.36 

.24 

.28 

.32 

.36 

.25 

.29 

.33 

.37 


1 O 


10 

20 

30 

40 

.3 2 
.63 
.95 
1.26 

.32 

.64 

.96 

1.28 

.33 

.65 

.98 

1.30 

.33 

.66 

.99 

1.32 

.3 4 
.67 
t.OI 
1.34 

.34 

.68 

1.02 

1.36 

.3 5 
.69 
1.04 
1.38 

.3 5 
.7 0 
1.05 
1.40 

.3 6 
.7 1 
1.07 
1.42 

.3 6 
.7 2 
1.08 
1.44 


.37 

.7 3 
1.10 
1.46 

.37 

.74 

1 . 1 1 

1 .48 

.38 

.75 

1.13 

1.50 

.38 
.7 6 
1.14 
1.52 

.39 
.7 7 
1.16 
1-54 


.3 9 
.T8 
1.17 
1.56 

.40 

.79 

1.19 

1.58 

.40 

.80 

1.20 

1.60 

.41 

.81 

1.22 

1.62 

.41 

.82 

1.23 

1.64 

50 

1.58 

1.60 

1.63 

1.65 

1.68 

1.70 

1.73 

1.75 

1.78 

1.80 


1.83 

1.85 

1.88 

1.90 

1.93 


1.95 

1.98 

2.00 

2.03 

2.05 

60 

70 

80 

90 

1.89 

2.2 1 
2.52 
2.84 

1.92 

2.24 
2.56 
2.88. 

1.95 

2.28 

2.60 

2.93 

1.98 

2.31 

2.64 

2.97 

2.01 

2.35 
2.68 
3. 02 

2.04 

2.38 

2.72 

3.06 

2.07 

2.42 
2.76 
3.1 1 

2.10 

2.45 

2.80 

3.15 

2.13 

2.49 

2.84 

3.20 

2.16 

2.52 

2.88 

3.24 


2.19 

2.56 

2.92 

3.29 

2.22 

2.59 

2.96 

3.33 

2.25 

2.63 

3.00 

3.38 

2.28 

2.66 

3.04 

3.42 

2.3 1 

2.70 
3.08 
13. 47 


2.34 

2.73 

3.12 

3.51 

2.37 
2.77 
3.16 
i3. 56 

2.40 
2.80 
3.20 
3. 60 

2.43 

2.84 
3.24 
3. 65 

2.46 

2.87 

3.28 

3.69 


1001 

aool 
3001 
4001 

bool 


3.15 

6.30 

9.45 

[12.60 

115.75 


600] 

700 

i oocS 

9001 

Toool 

2000 

3000 

4000 


18.90 

22.05 

25.20 

[29.35 

I3L50 

63.00 

94.50 

126.00 


3.20 

6.40 

9.60 
12.80 

IS.00 

19.20 

22.40 

25.60 
28.80 

33.00 

64.00 

96.00 

128.00 


5000ll57.50 160.00 


3.25 

6.50 

9.75 
13.00 

16.25 

19.50 

22.75 
26.00 

29.25 
r»•* 

32.50 
65.00 

97.50 
130.00 

162.50 


3.30 

6.60 

9.90 

13.20 

16.50 

19.80 

23.10 

26.40 

29.70 

33.00 

66.00 

99.00 

132.00 

165.00 


3735] 

6.70 

10.05 

13.401 

16.75] 

20 . 10 ] 

23.45 

26.80 

30.I5[ 

3 3.501 
67.00 
100.50 
134.00 


3.40 

6.80 

10.20 

13.60 


20.40 

23.80 

27.20 

|30.60 

13400 

168.00 

1102.00 

1136.00 


3.45 

6.90 

10.35 

13.80 


20.70 

24.15 

27.60 

31.05 

34.50 
69.00 

103.50 
138.00 


3.50 
7.00 

10.50 
14.00 


3.55 

7.10 

10.65 

14.20 


17.50 17.75 18.00 


167 . 501 * 70.00 172.50 


21.00 

24.50 
28.001 

31.50 

r • wr 

35.00 

70.00 

105.00 

140.00 

175.00 


21.30 

24.85 

28.40 

31.95 

• JH .j 

35.50 
71.00 

106.50 
142.00 


3.60 
7.20 
10.801 
14.401 


3.65 

7.30 

10.95 

14.60 


21.60] 

25.201 

28.80l 

32.40| 

TeTool 

72.00 

108.00I 

144.001 


21.90 

25.55 

29.20 

|32.85 

136.50 

73.00 


3.70 

7.40 

11.10 

14.80 


22.20 

25.90 

29.60 

33.30 


3.75 

7.50 

11.25 

15.00 


37.00 

74.00 


22.50 

26.25 

30.00 

33.75 

XX 


3.80 

7.60 

11.40 

15.20 

19.00 


22.80 

26.60 

30.40 

34.20 


3.85 
7.7 0 
11.551 
15.401 


3.90 

7.80 

11.70 

15.60 


3.9 5 
7.90 
11.85 
15.80 


4.00 

8.00 

12.00 

16.00 


4.05 

8.10 

12.15 

16.20 


4.10 

8.20 

12.30 

16.40 


23.10 1 

26.95 

30.80 

34.65 


23.40 

27.30 

31.20 

35.10 


23.70 

27.65 

31.60 

35.55 


24.00 

28.00 

32.00 

36.00 


24.30 

28.35 

32.40 

36.45 


37.50 

75.00 


109.50 111.00 112.50 
146.00 148.00 150.00 


177.50 I80.00ll82.50 185.00 187.50 


38.00 

76.00 

114.00 

152.00 

38.50 
77.00 

115.50 
154.00 


39.00 

78-00 

117.00 

156.00 

39.50 
79.00 

118.50 
158.00 

40.00 

80.00 

120.00 

160.00 

190.00 

192.50 


195.00 

197.50 

200.00 


40.50 
81.00 

121.50 
162.00 


24.60 

28.70 

32.80 

36.90 

41.00 

82.00 

123.00 

164.00 


202.50! 


^aced -type at the left margin; find the cost 0 / each part separately, then take the sum. Fx-RMPLES.-I. To find 
the cost o/ a £ lot of hoys, the combined weiyht 0 /which is 5964 pounds, at #3.15 per hundred, in the column head¬ 
ed by 3.l5, A the sum of the amounts at the intersections 0 / 5000, 900, 60 and 4-, which is (157.50 4-28.35 4-1.89 
4.13) #18 7.87. XI. The cost of 1765 pounds 0 //lour at #2.15 per hundred weight is (21.50 -4 15.05 


62 




































































































































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 100. 


ajmNY 

*.15 

4.30 

H.as 

4.30 

4.35 

4.40 

4.45 

4.50 

4.55 

4.60 

4.65 

4.70 4.75|4.80l4.85 

if.90 

»*9«> 

5.00 

5.10 

5 50 



















1 

a 

3 

4 

5 

*■0 4 

.08 

.13 

.17 

.a i 

*•04 

.08 

.13 

.17 

.til 

*.04 

.09 

.13 

.17 

• d 1 

*•04 

.09 

.13 

.17 

*•04 

.09 

.13 

.17 

- d 9 

*•04 

.09 

.13 

.18 

*•04 

.09 

.13 

.18 

*•05 

.09 

.14 

.18 

.09 

.14 

.18 

*.0 5 

.09 

.14 

.18 

*.05 

.09 
.14 
.1 9 

*.0 5 

.09 

.14 

.19 

*.05 

.10 
.1 4 
.19 

*•05 

.10 

.14 

.19 

*.05 

.10 

.15 

.19 

*.05 

.10 

.15 

.20 

*•05 

.10 

.15 

.20 

*.05 

.10 

.15 

.20 

*•05 

.10 

.15 

.20 

*•05 
.1 O 
.16 
.2 1 

6 

7 

i 

.25 

.29 

.33 

.37 

.25 

.29 

.34 

.38 

.26 

.30 

.34 

.38 

.26 
.3 0 
.34 
.3 9 

.26 

.30 

.35 

.39 

.26 

.3 1 
.35 

.40 

.27 
.3 1 
.36 
.40 

• X J 

.27 

.32 

.36 

.41 

.23 

.27 

.32 

.36 

.41 

.2 3 

.28 

.32 

.37 

.41 

.23 

.28 

.33 

.37 

.42 

• 24* 

.28 

.33 

.38 

• 42 

.24 

.29 

.33 
.38 
• 43 

.24- 

.29 

.3 4 
.38 
.43 

.24 

.29 

.34 

.39 

.44 

.25 

.29 

.34 

.39 

.44 

• 25 

.30 

.35 

.40 

.45 

.25 

.30 

.35 

.40 

.45 

.26 

.3 1 
.36 

.41 

-46 

.26 

.3 1 
.3 6 
.42 
• 47 






















10 

20 

30 

•*0 

.4-2 

.83 

1.25 

1.66 

.4-2 

.84- 

1.26 

1.68 

.4-3 

.85 

1.28 

1.70 

.43 

.86 

1.29 

1.72 

.44 

.87 
1.3 1 

1.74 

.44 

.88 

1.32 

1-76 

.45 

.89 

1.34 

1.78 

.45 

.90 

1.35 

1.80 

.46 
.9 1 
1.37 
1.82 

.46 

.92 

1.38 

1.84 

.47 

.93 

1.40 

1-86 

.47 

.94 

1.41 

1.88 

.48 

.95 

1.43 

1.90 

.48 

.96 

1.44 

1*92 

.49 

.97 

1.46 

1.94 

.49 

.98 

1.47 

1.96 

.50 

.99 

1.49 

1.98 

.50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

.51 

1.02 

1.53 

2.04 

.52 

1.04 

1.56 

2.08 

50 

a.os 

2.1 o 

2.0 

2.15 

2.18 

a.ao 

2.23 

2-25 

2.28 

2.3 O 

2.33 

2.35 

2.38 

2.40 

2.43 

2.45 

2.48 

2.50 

2.55 

2-6 0 

60 

2.4-9 

2.52 

2.55 

2.58 

2.61 

2.64 

2.67 

2.70 

2.73 

2.76 

2.79 

2.82 

2.85 

2.88 

2.9 1 

2.94 

Q* 9 7 

3.00 

3.06 

3.12 

1 0 

2.9 1 

2.94- 

2.98 

3.01 

3.0 5 

3.08 

3.12 

3. 15 

3.19 

3.22 

3.26 

3.29 

3.33 

3.36 

3.40 

3.43 

3.47 

3.50 

3.57 

3.64 

80 

3.3 2 

3.36 

3.4-0 

3.44 

3.48 

3.52 

3.56 

3.60 

3.64 

3.68 

3.72 

3.7 6 

3.80 

3.84 

3.88 

3.92 

3.96 

4.00 

4.08 

4. i 6 

90 

3.7 4- 

3.78 

3.83 

3.8 7 

3.92 

3.96 

4.01 

4.05 

4.1 O 

4.14 

4.19 

4.23 

4.2 8 

4-32 

4.37 

4.41 

4.46 

4.50 

4.59 

<K68 














1*1*1 





ri*i 


100 

4.1 5 

4.20 

4.25 

4.30 

4.35 

4.40 

4.45 

4.50 

4.55 

4.60 

4.65 

4.70 

4.75 

4.8 0 

4.85 

4.9 0 

4.95 

5.00 

5.1 O 

5.2 O 

200 

8.30 

8.4-0 

8-50 

8.60 

8.70 

8.80 

8.90 

9.00 

9.10 

9.20 

9.30 

9.40 

9.50 

9.60 

9.70 

9.80 

9.00 

10.00 

10.20 

10.40 

300 

12.45 

12.60 

12.75 

12.90 

13.05 

13.20 

13.35 

13.50 

13.65 

13.80 

13.95 

14.10 

14.25 

14.40 

14.55 

14.7 0 

14.85 

15.00 

15.30 

15.60 

400 

16.60 

lb.80 

17.00 

17.20 

17.40 

17.60 

17.80 

18-00 

18.20 

18.40 

18.60 

18-80 

19.00 

19.20 

19.40 

19.60 

19.80 

20.00 

20.40 

20.80 

500 

20.75 

21.00 

21.25 

21.50 

21.75 

22.00 

22.25 

22.50 

22,75 

23.00 

23.2 5 

23.50 

23.7 5 

24.00 

24.25 

24-. 50 

24.75 

25.00 

25.50 

26.00 

600 

24.90 

25.20 

25.50 

25.80 

26.10 

26.40 

26.70 

27.00 

27.30 

27.60 

27.90 

28.20 

28.50 

28.80 

29.10 

29.40 

29.70 

30.00 

30.60 1 

31.20 

700 

29.05 

29.40 

29.75 

30.10 

30.45 

30.80 

31.15 

31.50 

31.85 

32.20 

32.55 

32.90 

33.25 

33.60 

33.95 

34.30 

34.65 

35.00 

35.70 

36.40 

800 

33.20 

33.60 

34.00 

34.40 

34.80 

35.20 

35.60 

36.00 

36.40 

36.80 

37.20 

37.60 

38.00 

38.40 

38.80 

39.20 

39.60 

40.00 

40.80 

41.60 

900 

37.35 

37.80 

38.25 

38.70 

39.15 

39.60 

40.05 

40.50 

40.95 

41.40 

4U85 

42.30 

42.75 

43.20 

43.65 

44.10 

44.55 

45.00 

45.90 

46.80 



■n 

:M*I 




m 

u 

r nm 



HI 

'Xl 

■Hi 




Twn 



UOOO 

41.50 

42.00 

42.50 

43.00 

43.50 

4*HhT 

44.50 

45.00 

45.50 

46.00 

46.50 

47.00 

47.50 

48.00 

48.50 

49.00 

49.50 

50.00 

51.00 

52.00 

2000 

83.00 

84.00 

85.00 

86.00 

87.00 

88.00 

89.00 

90.00 

91.00 

92.00 

93.00 

94.00 

95.00 

96.00 

97.00 

98.00 

99.00 

100.00 

102.00 

104.00 

3000 

124.50 

126.00 

127.50 

129.00 

130.50 

132.00 

133.50 

135.00 

136.50 

138.00 

139.50 

141.00 

142.50 

144.00 

145.50 

147.00 

14-8.50 

150.00 

153.00 

156.00 

4000 

166.00 

168.00 

170.00 

172.00 

174.00 

176.00 

178.00 

180.00 

182.00 

184.00 

186.00 

188.00 

190.00 

192.00 

194.00 

196.00 

198.00 

200.00 

204.00 

208.00 

5000 

207.50 

210.00 

212.50 

215.00 

217.50 

220.00 

222.50 

225.001 

227.50 

230.00 

232.50 

235.00 

237.50 

240.00 

242.50 

245.00 

247.501250.00 

255.00 

260.00 


YWiY. OY WY. 0Y mt KA AYiY. \M> YK\t. 



5.30 

5.*0 

15.50 

5.60 

5.70 

5.80 

I5.90l6.00 

6.10 

6.20 

6.30 

^40 

6.50 

6.75 

7.00 

7.35 

7.50 

7.75 

8.00 

8,25 

was 

MSI 

IBM 

IH M 

IMH 

0MB 

i£l M 

MHH 19 

I MB 

IMMB 

Safi® 



^Mi 

gapp 






1 

*.05 

*.05 

*.06 

*.06 

*.06 

*.06 

*.06 

*.06 

*.06 

*.06 

*.06 

*.06 

*.07 

*•07 

l*.07 

*.07 

*.08 

*.08 

*.08 

*.08 

a 

.1 1 

.1 1 

.1 l 

.1 1 

.1 1 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.1 4 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.17 

3 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.1 7 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 

.21 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.25 

4 

.21 

.22 

.22 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.24 

.24 

.25 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.28 

.29 

.30 

.31 

.32 

.33 

5 

.27 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.3 l 

.3 1 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.34 

.35 

.36 

.38 

.39 

.40 

.41 

6 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.34 

.34 


.35 

.36 

.37 

.37 

.3 8 

.38 

.39 

.41 

.42 

.44 

.45 

.47 

.48 

.50 

7 

.3 7 

.38 

.39 

.39 

.4 0 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.43 

.43 

.44 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.49 

.51 

.53 

.54 

.56 

.58 

8 

.42 

.43 

.44 

.45 

.46 

.46 

.47 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.54 

.56 

.58 

.60 

.62 

.64 

.66 

9 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.61 

.63 

.65 

.68 

.70 

.72 

.74 

BHB 

HH 

Ml 

1 O 





1 O 





1 O 

mh 

Hi 

Hi 

bib 

1 O 



10 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.56 

MSI 

MBS] 

.59 


.61 

M&9 

.63 

mm 

.65 

.68 

.70 

.73 

.75 

.78 

.80 

.83 

20 

1.06 

1.08 

1 . 1 0 

1.12 

1.141 

1.16 

1.18 

1.20 

1.22 

1.24 

1.26 

1.28 

1.30 

1.35 

1.40 

1.45 

1.50 

1.55 

1.60 

1.65 

30 

1. 59 

1.62 

1.65 

1.68 

1.71 1 

1.74 

1.77 

1.80 

1.83 

1.86 

1.89 

1.92 

1.95 

2.03 

2.10 

2.18 

2.25 

2.33 

2.40 

2.48 

4-0 

2. 12 

2. 16 

2.20 

2.24 

2.28 1 

2.32 

2.36 

2.40 

2-44 

2.48 

2.52 

2.56 

2.60 

2.70 

2-80 

2.9T) 

3-00 

3.10 

3.2Q 

3.30 

50 

2.65 

2.70 

2.75 

2.80 

eo 

2 

2.90 

2.95 

3. 0 0 

3.05 

3. 1 O 

3. 1 5 

3.00 

3.25 

3.38 

3-50 

3.63 

3.7 5 

3.88 

4.00 

4*13 

60 

3. 18 

3.24 

3.30 

3.36 

3.42 

3.48 

3.54 

3.60 

3.66 

3.72 

3.78 

3.84 

3.90 

4.05 

4.20 

4.3 5 

4.50 

4.65 

4.80 

4.95 

70 

3.71 

3.78 

3.85 

3.92 

3.99 

4.06 

4.13 

4.20 

4.27 

4.34 

4.41 

4.48 

4.55 

4.73 

4.90 

5.08 

5-25 

5.43 

5.60 

5-78 

80 

4.24 

4.32 

4.4 0 

4.48 

4.56 

4.64 

4.72 

4.80 

4.88 

4.96 

5.04 

5. 12 

5.20 

5.40 

5.60 

5.80 

6.00 

6.20 

6.40 

6.60 

90 

4.77 

4.86 

4.95 

5.04 

5. 13 

5.22 

5.31 

5.40 

5.49 

5.58 

5.67 

5.76 

5.85 

6.08 


£2±J 

6.75 

6-98 

7.20 




1 

IF 

mim 


Ml 

9HE 

O O 




1 

O O 




| 

O O 



lOO 

5.30 

5.40 

5.50 

5.60 

5.10 

5 .so 

5.90 

6.00 

6.10 

6.20 

6.30 

6.40 

6.50 

6.75 

7.00 

HEH 


EBB 

8.00 

8.2 5 

200 

10.60 

10.80 

11.00 

11.20 

11.40 

11.60 

11.80 

12.00 

12.20 

12.40 

12.60 

12.80 

13.00 

13.50 

14.00 

14.50 

15.00 

15.50 

16.00 

16.50 

300 

15.90 

16.20 

16.50 

16.80 

17.10 

17.40 

17.70 

18.00 

18.30 

18.60 

18.90 

19.20 

19.50 

20.25 

21.00 

21.75. 

22.50 

23.25 

24.00 

24.75 

400 

21.20 

21.60 

22.00 

22.40 

22.80 

23.20 

23.60 

24.00 

24-40 

24.80 

25.20 

25.60 

26.00 

27.00 

28.00 

29.00 

30.00 

31.00 

32.00 

33.00 

SOO 

26.50 

27.00 

27.50 

28.00 

28.50 

29.00 

29.50 

30.00 

30.50 

31.00 

31.50 

32.00 

32.50 

33.75 

35.00 

36.25 

37.50 

38.75 

40.00 

41.25 

600 

31.80 

32.40 

33.00 

33.60 

34.20 

34.80 

35.40 

36.00 

36.60 

37.20 

37.80 

38.40 

39.00 

40.50 

42.00 

43.50 

45.00 

46.50 

48.00 

49.50 

700 

37.10 

37.80 

38.50 

39.20 

39.90 

40.60 

41.30 

42.00 

42.70 

43.40 

44.10 

44.80 

45.50 

47.25 

49.00 

50.75 

52.50 

54.25 

56.00 

57.75 

800 

42.40 

43.20 

44.00 

44.80 

45.60 

46.40 

47.20 

48.00 

48.80 

49.60 

50.40 

51.20 

52.00 

54.00 

56.00 

58.00 

60.00 

62.00 

64.00 

66.00 

900 

47.70 

48.60 

49.50 

50.40 

51.30 

52.20 

53.10 

54.00 

54.90 

55.6 0 

56.70 

57.60 

58.50 

60.75 

63.00 

65.25 

67.50 

69.75 

72.00 

74.25 


1 

O O 

O 



1 

O O 

O 



1 

O O 

O 



1 

O O 

O 


looog 

53.00 

54.00 

55.00 

56.00 

57.001 

58.00 

59.00 

60.00 

61.00 

62.00l 

G3.00 

64.00 

65.00 

67.50 

70.00l 

72.50 

75.00 

77.50 

80.00 

82.50 

2000B 

106.00 

108.00 

110.00 

112.00 

II4.00| 

116.00 

118.00 

120.00 

122.00 

124.001 

126.00 

128.00 

130.00 

135.00 

140.001 

145.00 

150.00 

155.00 

160.00 

165.00 

3000* 

159.00 

162.00 

165.00 

168.00 

ni. 00 B 

174.00 

177.00 

180.00 

183.00 

186.001 

189.00 

192.00 

195.00 

202.50 

210.00| 

217.50 

225.00 

232.50 

240.00 

243.50 

l 4000| 

212.00’ 

216.00 

220.00 

224.00’ 

228.001 

232.00 

236.00 

240.00 

244.00 

248.00B 

252.00 

256.00 

260.00 

270.00 

280.001 

290.00 

300.00 

310.00 

320.00 

330.00 

am 

265.00: 

*70.00 

275.00: 

280.00: 

285.001 

290.00: 

295.00 

300.00 

305.00 

3IO0J 

315.00 

320.00 

325.00 

337.50 

350.001 

362.50 

375.00 

387.50 

400.00 

412.50 


-f 1.29 4- . 11 ) #37.95 . III. To -find the cos* of nine cattle,the combined weight of which is 10873 
pounds, at#*f. 15 per.hundred, under 4-. 15, take twice the amount opposite 5000(207.50 X 2 = 4 15.00), af¬ 
ter which take the amounts opposite 800,70 and 3, the total beinj(fl5.00 +33.20 4-2.91 + . 13)#*f5l.2 l f. 
mi. The cost of picking 978 pounds of cotton at #1.)5 per hundred is (10.35-f.81 -T.Q9)# 81.25. 


63 
















































































































































■ 

— 1 


EE 

— 

COPYM<*MTf IO 97. BY JAjPiR G0O0Y* 

COMPUTATION TABLE 

ION T2. 


“ 


ON 

1. 

— 


— 

25! 


1 


[ BASED 




“1 

nr 

a 

D 


~ 3 l 

1 6 


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4 

13 

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8 

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1 

1 2 

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6 

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2 

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1 

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7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

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24 

25 


2 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12* 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

42 

44 

46 

48 

50 


5 

3 

6 

9 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

60 

63 

66 

69 

72 

75 


4 

if 

8 

12 

16 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

64 

68 

72 

76 

80 

84 

88 

92 

96 

100 

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5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100 

105 

1 10 

115 

120 

125 


6 

6 

12 

18 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

96 

102 

108 

114 

120 

126 

1 32 

138 

144 

150 


7 

7 

14 

21 

28 

35 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

77 

84 

91 

98 

105 

112 

119 

126 

133 

140 

147 

154 

161 

168 

175 


8 

8 

16 

24 

32 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

104 

112 

120 

128 

136 

144 

152 

160 

168 

176 

184 

192 

200 


9 

9 

18 

27 

36 

45 

54 

63 

72 

81 

90 

99 

108 

117 

126 

135 

144 

153 

162 

171 

180 

189 

198 

207 

216 

225 


1 o 

1 O 

H 

■H 

■H 

HB 

1 o 

1 O 

IO 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

1 10 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

170 

180 

190 

200 

210 

220 n 

230 

240 

250 

ii 

1 1 

22 

33 

44 

55 

66 

77 

88 

99 

1 10 

121 

132 

143 

154 

165 

176 

187 

198 

209 

220 

23 T 

242 

253 

264 

275 

12 

12 

24 

36 

48 

60 

72 

84 

96 

108 

120 

132 

144 

156 

168 

180 

192 

204 

216 

228 

240 

252 

264 

276 

288 

300 

13 

13 

26 

39 

52 

65 

78 

91 

104 

1 17 

130 

143 

156 

169 

182 

195 

208 

221 

234 

247 

260 

273 

286 

299 

312 

325 

IN- 

14- 

28 

42 

56 

70 

84 

98 

1 12 

126 

140 

154 

168 

182 

J 96 

210 

224 

238 

252 

266 

280 

234 

308 

322 

336 

350 

15 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

105 

120 

135 

150 

165 

180 

195 

210 

225 

240 

255 

270 

285 

300 

315 

330 

345 

360 

375 

16 

ie 

32 

48 

64 

80 

96 

112 

128 

144 

160 

176 

192 

208 

224 

240 

256 

272 

288 

304 

320 

336 

352 

368 

384 

400 

17 

17 

34 

51 

68 

85 

102 

119 

136 

153 

170 

187 

204 

22J 

238 

255 

272 

289 

306 

323 

340 

357 

374 

391 

408 

425 

18 

18 

36 

54 

72 

90 

108 

126 

144 

162 

180 

198 

216 

234 

252 

270 

288 

306 

324 

342 

360 

378 

396 

414 

432 

450 

19 

19 

38 

57 

76 

95 

114 

133 

152 

171 

190 

209 

228 

247 

266 

285 

304 

323 

342 

361 

380 

399 

418 

437 

456 

475 



a o 


a o 





a o 

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a o 

l 

JJ 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120 

14-0 

160 

180 

200 

220 

240 

260 

280 

300 

320 

340 

360 

380 

400 

420 

440 

460 

480 

500 

31 

21 

42 

63 

84 

105 

126 

147 

168 

189 

210 

231 

252 

273 

294 

315 

336 

357 

378 

399 

420 

441 

462 

483 

504 

525 

32 

22 

44 

66 

88 

NO 

132 

154 

176 

198 

220 

242 

264 

286 

308 

330 

352 

374 

396 

418 

440 

462 

484 

506 

528 

550 

25 

23 

46 

69 

92 

115 

138 

161 

184 

207 

230 

253 

276 

299 

322 

345 

368 

391 

414 

437 

460 

483 

506 

529 

552 

575 

24- 

24 

48 

72 

96 

120 

144 

168 

192 

216 

240 

264 

288 

312 

336 

360 

384 

408 

432 

456 

480 

504 

528 

552 

576 

600 

25 

25 

50 

75 

100 

125 

150 

175 

200 

225 

250 

275 

300 

325 

350 

375 

400 

425 

450 

475 

500 

535 

550 

5 75 

600 

625 

26 

26 

52 

78 

104 

130 

156 

182 

208 

234 

260 

286 

312 

338 

364 

390 

416 

442 

468 

494 

520 

546 

572 

598 

624 

650 

27 

27 

54 

81 

108 

135 

162 

189 

216 

243 

270 

297 

324 

351 

378 

405 

432 

459 

486 

513 

540 

567 

594 

621 

648 

675 

28 

28 

56 

84 

112 

140 

168 

196 

224 

252 

280 

308 

336 

364 

392 

420 

448 

476 

504 

532 

560 

588 

616 

644 

672 

700 

29 

29 

58 

87 

1 16 

145 

174 

203 

232 

261 

290 

319 

348 

377 

406 

435 

464 

493 

522 

551 

580 

609 

638 

667 

696 

725 


3 O 

3 O 

3 O 


3 O 

3 O 

30 

30 

60 

90 

120 

150 

180 

210 

24-0 

270 

300 

330 

360 

390 

420 

450 

480 

510 

540 

570 

600 

630 

660 

690 

720 

750 

31 

31 

62 

93 

124 

155 

186 

217 

248 

279 

310 

341 

372 

403 

434 

465 

496 

527 

558 

589 

620 

651 

682 

713 

744 

77 5 

32 

32 

64 

96 

128 

160 

192 

224 

256 

288 

320 

352 

384 

416 

448 

480 

512 

544 

576 

608 

640 

672 

704 

736 

768 

800 

33 

33 

66 

99 

132 

165 

198 

231 

264 

297 

330 

363 

396 

429 

462 

495 

528 

561 

594 

627 

660 

693 

726 

759 

792 

825 

34 

34- 

68 

102 

136 

170 

204 

238 

272 

306 

340 

374 

408 

442 

476 

510 

544 

578 

612 

646 

680 

714 

748 

782 

816 

850 

fcU 

35 

70 

105 

140 

175 

210 

245 

280 

315 

350 

385 

420 

455 

490 

525 

560 

595 

630 

665 

700 

735 

770 

805 

840 

875 

36 

36 

72 

108 

144 

180 

216 

252 

288 

324 

360 

396 

432 

468 

504 

540 

576 

612 

648 

684 

720 

756 

792 

828 

864 

900 

37 

37 

74 

III 

148 

185 

222 

259 

296 

333 

370 

407 

444 

481 

518 

555 

592 

629 

666 

703 

740 

777 

814 

851 

888 

925 

38 

38 

76 

114 

152 

190 

228 

266 

304 

342 

380 

418 

456 

494 

532 

570 

608 

646 

684 

722 

760 

798 

836 

874 

912 

950 

39 

39 

78 

117 

156 

195 

234 

273 

312 

351 

390 

429 

468 

507 

546 

585 

624 

663 

702 

741 

780 

819 

858 

897 

936 

*975 





sw m ■ 



1 v 

«* O 

40 

4-0 

80 

120 

160 

200 

240 

280 

320 

360 

400 

440 

480 

520 

560 

600 

640 

680 

720 

760 

800 

840 

880 

920 

960 

1000 

41 

41 

82 

123 

164 

205 

246 

287 

328 

369 

410 

451 

492 

533 

574 

615 

656 

697 

738 

779 

820 

861 

902 

943 

984 

1025 

42 

42 

84 

126 

168 

210 

252 

294 

336 

378 

420 

462 

504 

546 

588 

630 

672 

714 

756 

798 

840 

882 

924 

966 

1008 

1050 

43 

43 

86 

129 

172 

215 

258 

301 

344 

387 

430 

473 

516 

559 

602 

645 

688 

731 

774 

817 

860 

903 

946 

989 

1032 

1075 

44 

44 

88 

132 

176 

220 

264 

308 

352 

396 

440 

484 

528 

572 

616 

660 

704 

748 

792 

836 

880 

924 

968 

1012 

1056 

1100 

45 

4-5 

90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

315 

360 

405 

450 

495 

540 

585 

630 

675 

720 

765 

810 

855 

900 

945 

990 

1035 

1080 

1125 

46 

46 

92 

138 

184 

230 

276 

322 

368 

414 

460 

506 

552 

598 

644 

690 

736 

782 

828 

874 

920 

966 

1012 

1058 

H04 

1150 

47 

47 

94 

141 

188 

235 

282 

329 

376 

423 

470 

517 

564 

6 11 

658 

705 

752 

799 

846 

893 

940 

987 

1034 

1081 

1128 

1175 

48 

48 

96 

144 

192 

240 

288 

326 

384 

432 

480 

528< 

576 

624 

672 

720 

768 

816 

864 

912 

960 

1008 

1056 

1104 

1152 

1200 

49 

49 

98 

147 

196 

245 

294 

343 

392 

441 

490 

539 

588 

637 

686 

735 

784 

833 

882 

931 

980 

1029 

1078 

1127 

1176 

1225 


64 































































































































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE 


BASED ON 


1 . 



- 

5MM 

A 

& 



y* 

mi 

8 

h 7 

O 



CO 

13 

mi 

LbJ LLJliJLLJLfcJLlL] LDEBEaECTEB 

SO K 0 

50 

bO 

100 

150 

aoo 

950 

300 

350 

400 

450 

500 

550 

E*E 

650 

700 

750 

800 

850 

900 

950 

1000 

1050 

1100 

11.50 

1200 

12.50 

51 

51 

1 oa 

153 

204 

255 

306 

357 

408 

459 

510 

561 

612 

663 

714 

765 

816 

867 

918 

969 

1020 

1071 

1122 

1173 

1224 

1275 

53 

52 

104 

156 

208 

260 

312 

364 

416 

468 

520 

572 

624 

676 

728 

780 

832 

834 

936 

988 

1040 

1092 

1144 

1196 

1248 

1300 

53 

53 

106 

159 

212 

265 

318 

371 

424 

477 

530 

583 

636 

689 

742 

795 

848 

901 

954 

1007 

1060 

1113 

1166 

1219 

1272 

1355 

54 

54- 

108 

162 

216 

270 

324 

378 

432 

486 

540 

594 

648 

702 

756 

810 

864 

918 

372 

1026 

1080 

1134 

1188 

1242 

1296 

1350 

55 

55 

1 10 

165 

220 

275 

330 

385 

440 

495 

550 

605 

660 

715 

770 

825 

880 

935 

990 

1045 

1100 

1155 

1210 

1265 

1320 

1375 

56 

5 b' 

112 

168 

224 

280 

336 

392 

448 

504 

560 

616 

672 

728 

784 

840 

896 

952 

1008 

1064 

1120 

1176 

1232 

1288 

1344 

1400 

57 

57 

114- 

171 

228 

285 

342 

399 

456 

513 

570 

627 

684 

741 

798 

855 

912 

969 

1026 

1083 

1140 

1197 

1254 

1311 

1368 

1425 

58 

58 

116 

174 

232 

290 

348 

406 

464 

522 

580 

638 

696 

754 

812 

870 

928 

986 

1044 

1102 

1160 

1218 

1276 

1334 

1392 

1450 

59 

59 

1 18 

177 

236 

295 

354 

tfl3 

472 

531 

590 

649 

708 

767 

826 

885 

944 

1003 

1062 

1121 

1180 

1239 

1298 

1357 

1416 

1475 


6 O 




6 O 

I— 

■HI 

■B 

BH 

rT 



HU 

60 

120 

180 

240 

300 

360 

420 

480 

540 

600 

660 

720 

780 

840 

900 

960 

1020 

1080 

1140 

1200 

1260 

1320 

1380 

1440 

1500 

61 

61 

122 

183 

244 

305 

366 

427 

488 

549 

610 

671 

732 

793 

854 

915 

976 

1037 

1098 

1159 

1220 

1281 

1342 

1403 

1464 

1525 

63 

62 

124 

186 

248 

310 

372 

434 

496 

558 

620 

682 

744 

806 

868 

930 

992 

1054 

1116 

1178 

1240 

1302 

1364 

1426 

1488 

1550 

63 

63 

126 

189 

252 

315 

378 

441 

504 

567 

630 

693 

756 

819 

882 

945 

1008 

1071 

1134 

1197 

1260 

1323 

1386 

1449 

1512 

1575 

64 

64- 

128 

192 

256 

320 

384 

448 

512 

576 

640 

704 

768 

832 

896 

960 

1024 

1088 

1152 

1216 

1280 

1344 

1408 

1472 

1536 

1600 

Oil 

65 

130 

195 

260 

325 

390 

455 

520 

585 

650 

715 

780 

845 

910 

975 

1040 

1105 

1170 

1235 

1300 

1365 

1430 

1495 

1560 

1625 

66 

66 

132 

198 

264 

330 

396 

462 

528 

594 

660 

726 

792 

858 

924 

990 

1056 

1122 

1188 

1254 

1320 

1386 

1452 

1518 

1584 

1650 

67 

67 

134 

201 

268 

335 

402 

469 

536 

603 

670 

737 

804 

871 

938 

1005 

1072 

1139 

1206 

1273 

1340 

1407 

1474 

1541 

1608 

1675 

68 

68 

136 

204 

272 

340 

408 

476 

544 

612 

680 

748 

816 

884 

952 

1020 

1088 

1156 

1224 

1292 

1360 

1428 

I486 

1564 

1632 

1700 

69 

69 

138 

207 

276 

345 

414 

483 

552 

621 

690 

759 

828 

897 

966, 

1035 

1104 

1173 

1242 

1311 

1380 

1449, 

1518 

1587 

1656 

1725 




7 O 

BB 

Bri 

■B 

|Bi 

rB* 

bh 

IBB 

BB 

BB 

rB*] 


BH| 

■B 

HR 

rBv 

BH 



BH 

7 0 

70 

70 

140 

210 

280 

350 

420 

490 

560 

630 

700 

770 

840 

910 


1050 

1120 

liso 1 

1260 

1330 

1400 

1470 

1540 

1610 

1680 

1750 

71 

71 

142 

213 

284 

355 

426 

497 

568 

639 

7IO 

781 

852 

923 

SW 

1065 

1136 

1207 

1278 

1349 

1420 

1491 

1562 

1633 

1704 

1775 

73 

72 

144 

216 

288 

360 

432 

504 

576 

648 

720 

792 

864 

936 

1008 

1080 

1152 

1224 

1296 

1368 

1440 

1512 

1584 

1656 

1728 

1800 

73 

73 

146 

219 

292 

365 

438 

511 

584 

657 

730 

803 

876 

949 

1022 

1095 

1168 

1241 

1314 

1387 

1460 

1533 

1606 

1679 

1752 

1825 

74 

' 74 

148 

222 

296 

370 

444 

518 

592 

666 

740 

814 

888 

962 

1036 

1110 

1184 

1258 

1332 

1406 

1480 

1554 

1628 

1702 

1776 

1850 

75 

75 

150 

225 

300 

375 

450 

525 

600 

675 

750 

825 

900 

975 

1050 

1125 

1200 

1275 

1350 

1425 

1500 

1575 

1650 

1725 

1800 

1875 

76 

76 

152 

228 

304 

380 

456 

532 

608 

684 

760 

836 

912 

988 

1064 

1140 

1216 

1292 

1368 

1444 

1520 

1596 

1672 

1748 

1824 

1900 

77 

77 

154 

231 

308 

385 

462 

539 

616 

693 

770 

847 

924 

1001 

1078 

1155 

1232 

1309 

1386 

1463 

1540 

1617 

1694 

1771 

1848 

1925 

78 

78 

156 

234 

312 

390 

468 

546 

624 

702 

780 

858 

936 

1014 

1092 

1170 

1248 

1326 

1404 

1482 

1560 

1638 

1716 

1794 

1872 

1950 

79 

79 

158 

237 

316 

395 

474 

553 

632 

711 

790 

869, 

948 

1027 

1106 

1185 

1264 

1343 

1422 

1501 

1580 

1659 

1738 

1817 

1896 

1975 


■n 

■Hi 

717 


bib 

Ib 

■MB 

T 

BB 

BBB 

RB 

B9 

HE 

bh 


Ibh 


JL 

WM 

■Ih 

■IH 

BH 





80 

160 

240 

320 

400 

480 

560 

640 

720 

800 

880 

960 

1040 

1120 

1200 

1280 

1360 

1440 

1520 

1600 

1680 

1760 

1840 

1920 

2000 

ST 

81 

162 

243 

324 

405 

486 

567 

648 

729 

8IO 

891 

972 

1053 

1134 

1215 

1296 

1377 

1458 

1539 

1620 

1701 

1782 

1863 

1944 

2025 

83 

82 

164 

246 

328 

410 

492 

574 

656 

738 

820 

902 

984 

1066 

1148 

1230 

1312 

1394 

1476 

1558 

1640 

1722 

1804 

1886 

1968 

2050 

83 

83 

166 

249 

332 

415 

498 

581 

664 

747 

830 

913 

996 

1079 

1162 

1245 

1328 

1411 

1494 

1577 

1660 

1743 

1826 

1909 

1992 

2075 

84 

84 

168 

252 

336 

420 

504 

588 

672 

756 

840 

924 

1008 

1092 

1176 

1260 

1344 

1428 

1512 

1596 

1680 

1764 

1848 

1332 

2016 

2100 

85 

85 

170 

255 

340 

425 

510 

595 

680 

765 

850 

935 

1020 

1105 

1190 

1275 

1360 

1445 

1530 

1615 

1700 

1785 

1870 

1955 

2040 

2125 

86 

86 

172 

258 

344 

430 

516 

602 

688 

774 

860 

946 

1032 

1118 

1204 

1290 

1376 

1462 

1548 

1634 

1720 

1806 

1892 

1978 

2064 

2150 

87 

87 

174 

261 

348 

435 

522 

609 

696 

783 

870 

957 

1044 

1131 

1218 

1305 

1392 

1479 

1566 

1653 

1740 

1827 

1914 

2001 

2088 

2175 

88 

88 

176 

264 

352 

440 

528 

616 

704 

792 

880 

968 

1056 

1144 

1232 

1320 

1408 

1495 

1584 

1672 

1760 

1848 

1936 

2024 

2112 

2200 

89 

89 

178 

267 

356 

445 

534 

623 

712 

801 

890 

979 

1068 

1157 

1246 

1335 

1424 

1513 

1602 

1691 

1780 

1869 

1958 

2047 

2136 

2225 



HM 


7 B*i 

BB 



BB 

EKE 


fll 


■U 


. 9 0 

m 

90 

180 

270 

360 

450 

540 

630 

720 

810 



1080 

1170 

1260 

1350 

1440 

4530 

1620 

1710 

1800 

1890 

1980 

2070 

2160 

2250 

9i 

91 

182 

273 

364 

4-55 

54-6 

637 

728 

819 

910 

1001 

1092 

1183 

1274 

1365 

1456 

1547 

1638 

1729 

1820 

1911 

2002 

2093 

2184 

22/5 

93 

32 

184 

276 

368 

460 

552 

644 

736 

828 

920 

1012 

1104 

1196 

1288 

1380 

1472 

1564 

1656 

1748 

1840 

1932 

2024 

2116 

2208 

2300 

95 

93 

186 

279 

372 

465 

558 

651 

744 

837 

930 

1023 

1116 

1209 

1302 

1395 

1488 

1581 

1674 

1767 

I860 

1953 

5048 

2139 

2232 

2325 

84 

94 

188 

282 

376 

470 

564 

658 

752 

846 

940 

1034 

1128 

1222 

1316 

1410 

1504 

1598 

1692 

1786 

1880 

1974 

2068 

2162 

2256 

2350 

95 

9S 

190 

985 

380 

477) 

570 

665 

760 

855 

950 

1045 

1140 

1235 

1330 

1425 

1520 

1615 

1710 

1805 

1900 

1995 

2090 

2185 

2280 

2375 

96 

96 

192 

288 

384 

480 

576 

672 

768 

864 

960 

1056 

1152 

1248 

1344 

1 440 

1536 

1632 

1728 

1824 

1920 

2016 

2112 

2208 

2304 

2400 

97 

97 

194 

291 

388 

435 

582 

679 

776 

873 

970 

1067 

1164 

1261 

1358 

1455 

1552 

1649 

1746 

1843 

1940 

2037 

2134 

2231 

2328 

2425 

98 

98 

196 

294 

392 

490 

588 

686 

784 

882 

980 

1078 

1176 

1274 

1372 

1470 

1568 

1666 

1764 

1862 

I960 

2058 

2156 

2254 

2352 

2450 

99 

99 

198 

997 

396 

495 

594 

693 

792 

891 

990 

1089 

1188 

1287 

1386 

1485 

1584 

1683 

1782 

1881 

1980 

2079 

2178 

2277 

2376 

2475 


100 

200 

300 

400 

500 


1100 

1200 

1300 

1400 

1500 

1600 

1700 

1800 

1900 

2000 

2100 

2200 

2300 

2400 

2500 


NOTICE — It has been said that an accountant who has thoroughly mastered the multiplication table 
up to 100 is worth as much in the counting-room as three others who know the table only up to IS. 
When it is*considered that the multiplication table includes those bf addition, subtraction and division,and 
^hat by multiplying , dividing, etc., by two figures at a time instead of one, the actual amount 0 / labor .s 
reduced to about one-third of what it would otherwise be, the truth of the above assertion becomes ap¬ 
parent. The value and compass of this computation table will be seen by referring *o the foot notes. 
















































































































































































































|BH 

pni 

BP 

■LI 

piSS 

■Hfl 


Bn 


BBS 

gjjg^Ss 


pn 

nj 

pn 

n 

» 

pn 

BQ 

frMle 



n 

ID 


1 

■ 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

i 34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

*39 

40 

41 

-42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

* 

52 

54 

56 

58 

60 

62 

64 

66 

68 

70 

72 

74 

76 

78 

80 

82 

84 

86 

88 

90 

92 

94 

96 

98 

100 

3 

78 

81 

84 

87 

90 

93 

96 

99 

102 

105 

108 

III 

114 

117 

120 

123 

126 

129 

132 

135 

138 

141 

144 

147 

150 

M* 

104 

108 

112 

1 16 

120 

124 

128 

132 

136 

140 

144 

148 

152 

156 

160 

164 

168 

172 

176 

180 

184 

188 

192 

196 

200 

b 

130 

135 

140 

145 

1 50 

155 

160 

165 

170 

175 

1 80 

185 

190 

195 

200 

205 

210 

215 

220 

225 

230 

235 

240 

245 

250 

6 

156 

1 62 

168 

174 

180 

186 

192 

198 

204 

210 

216 

222 

228 

234 

240 

246 

252 

258 

264 

270 

276 

282 

288 

294 

300 

7 

182 

189 

196 

203 

210 

217 

224 

231 

238 

245 

252 

259 

266 

273 

280 

287 

294 

301 

308 

315 

322 

329 

336 

343 

350 

8 

208 

216 

224 

232 

240 

248 

256 

264 

272 

280 

288 

296 

304 

312 

320 

328 

336 

344 

352 

360 

368 

376 

384 

392 

400 

8 

234- 

243 

252 

261 

270 

279 

288 

297 

306 

315 

324 

333 

342 

351 

360 

369 

378 

387 

396 

405 

414 

423 

432 

441 

450 

VksM 

phn 

|4IW 



r-36Hs 


aH 

rr 



hi 

■n 

IlBTBiSB 

HSFJSl 

fiMB 

Bn 

LC 

wg 


pn 

PH 

M3 


-1 

IO 

260 

270 

280 

290 

300 

310 

320 

330 

340 

350 

360 

370 

380 

390 

400 

410 

420 

430 

440 

450 

460 

470 

480 

490 

500 

11 

286 

297 

308 

319 

330 

341 

352 

363 

374 

385 

396 

407 

418 

429 

440 

451 

462 

473 

484 

495 

506 

517 

528 

539 

550 

12 

312 

324 

336 

348 

360 

372 

384 

396 

408 

420 

432 

444 

456 

468 

480 

492 

504 

516 

528 

540 

552 

564 

576 

588 

600 

13 

338 

351 

364 

377 

390 

403 

416 

429 

442 

455 

468 

481 

494 

507 

520 

533 

546 

559 

572 

585 

598 

611 

624 

637 

650 

m- 

364 

378 

392 

406 

420 

434 

448 

462 

476 

490 

504 

518 

532 

546 

560 

574 

588 

602 

616 

630 

644 

658 

672 

686 

700 

lb 

390 

405 

420 

435 

450 

465 

480 

495 

510 

525 

540 

555 

570 

585 

eoo 

615 

630 

645 

660 

675 

690 

705 

720 

735 

750 

ib 

416 

432 

448 

464 

480 

496 

512 

528 

544 

560 

576 

592 

608 

624 

640 

656 

672 

688 

704- 

720 

736 

752 

768 

784 

800 

17 

442 

459 

476 

493 

510 

527 

544 

561 

578 

535 

612 

629 

646 

663 

680 

697 

714 

731 

748 

765 

782 

799 

8/6 

833 

850 

18 

4G8 

486 

504 

522 

540 

558 

576 

594 

612 

630 

648 

666 

684 

702 

720 

738 

756 

774 

792 

810 

828 

846 

864 

882 

900 

S9 

494 

513 

532 

551 

570 

589 

608 

627 

646 

665 

684 

703 

722 

741 

7 60 

779 

798 

817 

836 

855 

874 

893 

9/2 

931 

950 


pun 


'1*1 

2 O 

2 O 


zxu 



ao 

520 

540 

560 

580 

600 

620 

640 

660 

680 

700 

720 

740 

760 

780 

800 

820 

840 

860 

880 

900 

920 

940 

960 

980 


21 

546 

567 

588 

609 

630 

651 

672 

693 

714 

735 

756 

777 

798 

819 

840 

861 

882 

903 

924 

945 

966 

987 

1008 

1029 

1050 

aa 

572 

594 

616 

638 

660 

682 

704 

726 

748 

770 

792 

814 

836 

858 

880 

902 

924 

946 

968 

990 

1012 

1034 

1056 

1078 

1100 

23 

598 

621 

644 

667 

690 

713 

736 

759 

782 

805 

828 

851 

874 

897 

920 

943 

966 

989 

1012 

1035 

1058 

1081 

1104 

1127 

1150 

a«* 

624 

648 

672 

696 

720 

744 

768 

792 

816 

840 

864 

888 

912 

936 

960 

984 

1008 

1032 

1056 

1080 

1104 

1128 

1152 

1176 

1200 

2b 

650 

675 

/ 00 

725 

750 

775 

800 

825 

850 

875 

900 

925 

950 

975 

1000 

1025 

1050 

1075 

1100 

1125 

1150 

1175 

1200 

1725 

1250 

26 

6 /6 

m 

m 

754 

780 

806 

832 

858 

884 

910 

936 

962 

988 

1014 

1040 

1066 

1092 

1118 

1144 

1170 

1196 

1222 

1248 

1274 

1300 

27 

702 

729 

756 

783 

810 

837 

864 

891 

918 

945 

972 

999 

1026 

1053 

1080 

1107 

1134 

1161 

1188 

1215 

1242 

1269 

1296 

1323 

1350 

28 

728 

756 

784 

812 

840 

868 

896 

924 

952 

980 

1008 

1036 

1064 

1092 

1120 

1148 

1176 

1204 

1232 

1260 

1288 

1316 

1344 

1372 

1 400 

29 

754 

783 

812 

841 

870 

899 

928 

957 

986 

1015 

1044 

1073 

1102 

1131 

1160 

1189 

1218 

1247 

1276 

1305 

1334 

1363 

1392 

1421 

1450 

30 

PBfl 



m 

aMM 

■hn 

!■ ■ 1 

3 O 


3E3 



780 


840 

>870 

1900 

930 

960 

990 

1020 

1050 

1080 

1110 

1140 

1170 

1200 

1230 

1260 

1290 

1320 

1350 

1380 

1410 

1440 

1470 

1500 

31 

80b 

1*37 

868 

899 

930 

961 

992 

1023 

1054 

1085 

1116 

1147 

1178 

1209 

1240 

1271 

1302 

1333 

1364 

1395 

1426 

1457 

1488 

1519 

1550 

32 

832 

864 

896 

928 

960 

992 

1024 

1056 

1088 

1120 

1152 

1184 

1216 

1248 

1280 

1312 

1344 

1376 

1408 

1440 

1472 

1504 

1536 

1568 

1600 

33 

858 

891 

924 

957 

990 

1023 

1056 

1089 

1122 

1155 

H88 

1221 

1254 

1287 

1320 

1353 

1386 

1419 

1452 

1485 

1518 

1551 

1584 

1617 

1650 

3*f 

884 

9< 8 

952 

986 

1020 

1054 

1088 

1122 

1156 

1190 

1224 

1258 

1292 

1326 

1360 

1334 

1428 

14-02 

1496 

1530 

1564 

1598 

1632 

1666 

1700 

35 

9l0 

945 

980 

1015 

1050 

1085 

1120 

1155 

1190 

1225 

1260 

1295 

1330 

1365 

It 00 

1435 

>4-70 

1505 

1540 

1575 

16/0 

1645 

1680 

1715 

1750 

36 

936 

972 

1008 

1044 

1080 

1116 

1152 

1188 

1224 

1260 

1296 

1332 

1368 

1404 

1440 

1476 

1 512 

1548 

1584 

1620 

1656 

1692 

1728 

1764 

1800 

37 

962 

999 

1036 

1073 

II10 

1147 

1184 

1221 

1258 

1295 

1332 

1369 

1406 

1443 

1480 

1517 

1554 

1591 

1628 

1665 

1702 

1739 

1776 

1813 

1850 

38 

988 

1026 

1064 

1102 

M40 

A 78 

1216 

1254 

1292 

1330 

1368 

1406 

1444 

1482 

I52p 

1558 

1596 

1634 

1672 

1710 

1748 

1786 

1824 

(862 

1900 

39 

1014 

1053 

1092 

1131 

1170 

1209 

1248 

1287 

1326 

1365 

1404 

1443 

1482 

1521 

1560 

1599 

1638 

1677 

1716 

1755 

1794 

1833 

1872 

1911 

1950 

la A 


1080 

iSL; 

i^H 

HBi 

HB 

K9l 

- r X , > 

■B 

SiSSg 

iStSS 

SHE 

3E 

RH 

iSSHM 

fogggj 

he 


hb 



3E 



mi 

1120 

1160 

1200 

1240 

1280 

1320 

1360 

1400 

1440 

1480 

1520 

1560 

1600 

1640 

1680 

1720 

1760 

1800 

1840 

1880 

1920 

I960 

2000 

4-1 

1066 

1107 

H48 

1189 

1230 

1271 

1312 

1353 

1394 

1435 

1476 

1517 

1558 

1599 

1640 

1681 

1722 

1763 

1804 

1845 

1886 

1927 

1968 

2009 

2050 

42 

1092 

1134 

H76 

1218 

1260 

1302 

1344 

1386 

1428 

1470 

1512 

1554 

1596 

1638 

1680 

1722 

1764 

1806 

1848 

1890 

1932 

1974 

2016 

2058 

2100 

43 

1118 

1161 

1204 

1247 

1290 

1333 

1376 

1419 

1462 

1505 

1548 

1591 

1634 

1677 

1720 

1763 

1806 

1849 

1892 

1335 

1978 

2021 

2064 

2107 

2150 

44 

1144 

1188 

232 

1276 

1320 

1364 

1408 

1452 

1496 

1540 

1584 

1628 

1672 

1716 

1760 

1804 

1848 

1892 

1936 

1980 

2024 

2068 

2112 

2156 

2200 

45 

1170 

1215 

1260 

1305 

1350 

1395 

1440 

1485 

1530 

1575 

1620 

1665 ; 

1710 ‘ 

1755 

1800 

1845 

1890 

1935 

1980 

2025 

2070 

2115 

2/60 

2205 

2250 

46 

M96 

1142 ' 

288 

1334 ' 

1380 

1426 

1472 ‘ 

1518 

1564 ' 

1610 

1656 

1702 ' 

1748 ' 

1794 

1840 

1686 

1932' 

1978 

2024 

2070 

2116 

2/62 

2208 

2254 

2300 

47 

1222 

1269 

316 

1363 

1410 

1457 

1504 

1551 

1598 1 

1645 

1692 

1739 

1786 

1833 

1880 

1927 1 

1974 ! 

2021 

2068 ' 

2115 

2162 

2209 

2256 

2303 

2350 

48 

1248 

1296 

344 

1392 

(440 

1488 | 

1536 

1584 1 

1632 i 

1680 

1728 

1776 1 

1824 I 

1872 1 

1920 

1968! 

2016 ! 

2064' 

2112 ' 

2160 

2208 

2256 1 

2304 

2352 

2400 

49 

1274 

1323 1 

372 

1421 

1470 

1519 l 

1568 

1617 1 

1666 1 

17(5 

1764 1 

1813 1 

1862 1 

1911 1 

I960 

2009' 

2058! 

2107 ! 

2156! 

2205 

2254 

2303' 

2352' 

2401 ' 

2450 


66 












































































































































































































50 ■ 1300 


51 11326 

53 91352 
53 9)373 
5*f 11404 


55 11430 

56 K 


57 11482 

58 11508 

59 11534 


COMPUTATION TAB LE BASED ON 

a7l28lg9l 30J^^^re|^^^ 36l37l38 T39 


1350 14-00 


1377 

1404 

1431 

1458 


1485 

15 Id 

1539 

1566 

1593 


1428 

1456 

1484 

1512 


1540 

1568 

1596 

1624 

1652 


1479 

1508 

1537 

1566 


1595 


1624 

1653 

1682 

1711 


1530 

1560 

1590 

1620 


1650 


1680 

1710 

1740 

1770 


1581 

1612 

1643 

1674 


1705 


1736 

1767 

1798 

1829 


1632 

1664 

1696 

1728 


1760 


1792 

1824 

1856 

1888 


1683 

1716 

1749 

1782 


1815 


1848 

1881 

1914 

1947 


1734 

1768 

1802 

1836 


1870 


1904 

1938 

1972 

2006 


1785 

1820 

1855 

1890 


1925 


I960 

1995 

2030 

2065 


1836 

1872 

1908 

1944 


1980 


2016 

2052 

2088 

2124 


1887 

1924 

1961 

1998 


2035 


2072 

2109 

2146 

2183 


*450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 


1938 

1976 

2014 

2052 


2128' 

2166 

2204 

2242 


1989 

2028 

2067 

2106 


2090 2145 


<2184 

2223 

2262 

2301 




MMJtilM-a 14-31414 


2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 


2040 

’2080 

2120 

2160 


2200 


2240 

2280 

2320 

2360 


|209l 

2132 

2173 

2214 


2255 


2296 

2337 

2378 

2419 


2142 

2184 

2226 

2268 


2193 

2236 

2279 

2322 


2310 


2352 

2394 

2436 

2478 



2365 


2*08 

2451 

2494 

2537 


2244 

2288 

2332 

2376 


2420 


2464 

2508 

2552 

2596 


2295 

2340 

2385 

2430 


2475 


2520 

2565 

2610 

2655 


2300 


2346 

2392 

2438 

2484 


2530 


2576 

2622 

2668 

2714 


2350 


2397 

2444 

2491 

2538 


2585 

2632 

2679 

2726 

2773 


2400 


2448 

2496 

2544 

2592 


2499 

2548 

2597 

2646 


2640 


2688 

2736 

2784 

2832 


2450 


2695 


2744 

2793 

2842 

2891 


2500 


2550 

2600 

2650 

2700 


2750 


2800 

2850 

2900 

2950 


60 

1560 

1620 

1680 

1740 

1800 

I860 

1920 

1930 

2040 

2100 

2160 

2220 

2280 

2340 

2400 

2460 

2520 

2580 

264C 

2700 

2 4-0 

2820 

2880 

2940 

3000 

61 

1586 

1647 

1708 

1769 

1830 

1891 

1952 

2013 

2074 

2135 

2196 

2257 

2318 

2379 

2440 

2501 

2562 

2623 

2684 

2745 

2806 

2867 

2928 

2989 

3050 

62 

1612 

1674 

1736 

1798 

I860 

1922 

1984 

2046 

2108 

2170 

2232 

2294 

2356 

2418 

2480 

2542 

2604 

2666 

2728 

2790 

2852 

2914 

2976 

3038 

3100 

63 

1638 

1701 

1764 

1827 

1890 

1953 

2016 

2079 

2142 

2205 

2263 

2331 

2394 

2457 

2520 

2583 

2646 

2709 

2772 

2835 

283,5 

2961 

3024 

3087 

3150 

6M- 

1664 

1728 

1792 

1856 

1920 

1984 

2048 

2112 

2176 

2240 

2304 

2368 

2432 

2496 

2560 

2624 

2688 

2752 

2816 

2880 

2944 

3008 

3072 

3136 

3200 

65 

1690 

1755 

1820' 

1885 

1950 

2015 

2080 

2145 

2210 

2275 

2340 

2405 

2470 

2535 

2600 

2665 

2730 

2795 

2860 

2925 

2990 

3055 

3120 

3185 

9250 

66 

1716 

1782 

1848 

1914- 

1980 

2046 

2112 

2178 

2244 

2310 

2376 

2442 

2508 

2574 

2640 

2706 

2772 

2838 

2904 

2970 

3036 

3102 

3168 

3234 

3300 

67 

1742 

1809 

1876 

1943 

2010 

2077 

2144 

2211 

2278 

2345 

2412 

2479 

2546 

2613 

2680 

2747 

2814 

2881 

2948 

3015 

3082 

3149 

3216 

3283 

3350 

68 

I76S 

1836 

1904 

1972 

2040 

2108 

2176 

2244 

2312 

2380 

2448 

2516 

2584 

2652 

2720 

2763 

2856 

2924 

2992 

3060 

3128 

3196 

3264 

3332 

3400 

69 

1794 

1863 

1932 

2001 

2070 

2139 

2208 

2277 

2346 

2415 

2484 

2553 

2622 

2691 

2760 

2829 

2898 

2967 

3036 

3105 

317* 

3243 

3312 

338! 

3*50 


■H 


y Mr 

itMM 



■9 

rJ L 

— 


J8&S$& 

BB 

r Jf . 1 

m 


IBHE 

BNB 

EE 


BBR 


■h 

FT] 



70 

1820 

1890 

I960 

2030 

2100 

2170 

2240 

2310 

2380 

2450 

2520 

2590 

2660 

2730 


2870 

2940 

3010 

3080 

3150 

3220 

3290 

3360 

3430 

3500 

71 

1846 

1917 

1988 

2059 

2130 

2201 

2272 

2343 

2414 

2485 

2556 

2627 

2698 

2769 

2840 

2911 

2982 

3053 

3124 

3195 

3266 

3337 

3408 

3479 

3550 

72 

1872 

1944 

2016 

2088 

2160 

2232 

2304 

2376 

2448 

2520 

2592 

2664 

2736 

2808 

2880 

2952 

3024 

3096 

3168 

3240 

3312 

3384 

3456 

3528 

3600 

73 

1898 

1971 

2044 

2117 

2190 

2263 

2336 

2409 

2482 

2555 

2628 

2701 

2774 

2847 

2320 

2393 

3066 

3139 

3212 

3285 

3358 

3431 

3504 

3577 

3650 

7*f 

1924 

1998 

2072 

2146 

2220 

2294 

2368 

2442 

2516 

2590 

2664 

2738 

2812 

2886 

2960 

3034 

3108 

3182 

3256 

3330 

3404 

3478 

3552 

3626 

3700 

75 

1950 

2025 

2100 

2175 

2250 

2225 

2400 

2475 

2550 

2625 

2700 

2775 

2850 

2925 

3000 

3075 

3150 

3225 

3300 

3375 

3450 

3525 

3600 

3675 

3750 

76 

1976 

2052 

2128 

2204 

2280 

2356 

2432 

2508 

2584 

2660 

2736 

2812 

2888 

2964 

30*0 

3U6 

3192 

3268 

3344 

3420 

3496 

3572 

3648 

3724 

3800 

77 

2002 

2079 

2156 

2233 

2310 

2387 

2464 

2541 

2618 

2695 

2772 

2849 

2926 

3003 

3080 

3157 

3234 

33ll 

3388 

3465 

3542 

3619 

3696 

3773 

3850 

78 

2028 

2106 

2184 

2262 

2340 

2418 

2496 

2574 

2652 

2730 

2808 

2886 

2964 

3042 

3120 

3198 

3276 

3354 

3432 

3510 

3588 

3666 

3744 

3822 

3900 

79 

2054 

2133 

2212 

2291 

2370 

2449 

2528 

2607 

2686 

2765 

2844 

2923 

3002 

3081 

3160 

3239 

3318 

3397 

3476 

3555 

3634 

3713 

3792 

3871 

3950 




8 O 




fafese 

33 

iHt 



m 

IE 

giiSjj 



BBB 

IE 


jssaa 


mi 

TT 



80 

2080 

2160 

2240 

2320 

2400 

2480 

2560 

2640 

2720 



2960 

3040 

3120 


3280 1 

3360 

3440 

3520 

3600 

3680 

3760 

3840 

3920 

4000 

81 

2106 

2187 

2268 

2349 

2430 

2511 

2592 

2673 

2754 

2835 

2916 

2997 

3078 

3159 

3240 

3321 

3402 

3483 

3564 

3645 

3726 

3807 

3888 

3969 

4050 

82 

2132 

2214 

2296 

2378 

2460 

2542 

2624 

2706 

2788 

2870 

2952 

3034 

3116 

3198 

3280 

3362 

3444 

3526 

3608 

3690 

3772 

3854 

3936 

4018 

4100 

83 

2158 

2241 

2324 

2407 

2490 

2573 

2656 

2739 

2822 

2905 

2988 

3071 

3154 

3237 

3320 

3403 

3486 

3569 

3652 

3735 

3818 

3901 

3984 

4067 

4150 

84 

2184 

2268 

2352 

2436 

2520 

2604 

2688 

2772 

2856 

2940 

3024 

3108 

3192 

3276 

3360 

3444 

3528 

3612 

3696 

3780 

3864 

3948 

4032 

4116 

4200 

85 

2210 

2295 

2380 

2465 

2550 

2635 

2720 

2805 

2890 

2975 

3060 

314-5 

3230 

3315 

3400 

3485 

3570 

3655 

3740 

3S25 

3910 

3995 

4080 

4165 

42 50 

86 

2236 

2322 

2408 

2*9* 

2580 

2666 

2752 

2838 

2924 

3010 

3096 

3182 

3268 

3354 

3440 

3526 

3612 

3698 

3784 

3870 

3956 

4042 

4128 

4214 

4300 

87 

2262 

2349 

2436 

2523 

2610 

2697 

2784 

2871 

2958 

3045 

3132 

3219 

3306 

3393 

3480 

3567 

3654 

3741 

3828 

3915 

4002 

4089 

4176 

4263 

4350 

88 

2288 

2376 

2464 

2552 

2640 

272S 

2816 

2904 

2992 

3080 

3168 

3256 

3344 

3432 

3520 

3608 

3696 

3784 

3872 

3960 

4048 

4136 

4224 

4312 

4400 

83 

2314 

2403 

2492 

2581 

2670 

2759 

2848 

2937 

3026 

3H5 

3204 

3293 

3382 

3471 

3560 

3649 

3738 

3827 

3916 

4005 

4094 

4183 

4272 

4361 

4450 




3 O 

[d gn 

UBa 

KBLHH 

BH 

7T 7 

9 O 

9 O 

3 O 

90 

2340 

2430 

2520 

2610 

2700 

2790 

2880 

2970 

3060 

3150 

3240 

3330 

3420 

3510 

3600 

3690 

3780 

3870 

3960 

4050 

4140 

4230 

4320 

4410 

4500 

91 

2366 

2457 

2548 

2639 

2730 

2821 

2912 

3003 

3094 

3185 

3276 

3367 

3458 

3549 

3640 

3731 

3822 

3913 

4004 

4095 

4186 

4277 

4368 

4459 

4550 

92 

2392 

2484 

2576 

266S 

2760 

2352 

2944 

3036 

3128 

3220 

3312 

3404 

3496 

3588 

3680 

3772 

3864 

3956 

4048 

4140 

4232 

4324 

4416 

4508 

4600 

93 

2418 

251! 

2604 

2697 

2790 

2883 

2976 

3069 

3162 

3255 

3348 

3441 

3534 

3627 

3720 

3813 

3906 

3999 

4092 

4185 

4278 

4371 

4464 

4557 

4650 

94 

2444 

2538 

2632 

2726 

2320 

2914- 

3008 

3102 

3196 

3290 

338* 

3478 

3572 

3666 

3760 

3854 

3948 

4042 

4136 

4230 

4324 

4418 

4512 

4606 

4700 

95 

2470 

2565 

2660 

2755 

2850 

2945 

3040 

3135 

3230 

3325 

3*20 

3515 

3610 

3705 


3895 

3990 

4085 

4180 

4275 

*370 

4465 

4560 

4655 

4750 

96 

2496 

2592 

26S8 

2784 

2880 

2976 

3072 

3168 

3264 

3360 

3*56 

3552 

3648 

3744 

3340 

3936 

4032 

4128 

4224 

4320 

4416 

4512 

4608 

4704 

4800 

97 

2522 

26 19 

27i6 

2Si3 

2910 

3007 

3104 

3201 

3298 

3395 

3492 

3589 

3686 

3783 

3880 

3977 

4074 

4171 

4268 

4365 

4462 

4559 

4656 

4753 

4850 

98 

2548 

2646 

2744 

2642 

2940 

3038 

3136 

3234 

3332 

3430 

3528 

3626 

3724 

3822 

3920 

4018 

4116 

4214 

4312 

4410 

4508 

4606 

4704 

4802 

4900 

99 

2574 

2673 

2772 

2871 

2970 

3069 

3168 

3267 

3366 

3*65 

3564 

3663 

3762 

3861 

3960 

4059 

4158 

4257 

4356 

4455 

4554 

4653 

4752 

4851 

4950 

IOO 

2600 

\jo 

2800 

2900 

3000 

3100 

3200 

3300 

3400 

3500 

3600 

3700 

3800 

3900 

4000 

4100 

4200 

4300 

4400 

4500 

4600 

4700 

4800 

4900 

5000 


E. XPLANATION - This Computation Table 91 'ves the products 0 / all numbers ^totti I up to 100 on 
one Suk(sce lea margins), and from I to beyond 100 on the other side($ee top margins). It also 91 'ves the prod¬ 
ucts of /tactions up to with the integral numbers, as shown at the top of each le/t-hand page.The IOO*Side 
)/ the table is always complete on any two ficm? pages, as shown at the le/t margins A certain portion of 
he more extended side of the table is shown at the tops of the /acing pages. The entire table is divided into con- 
'enient reference grow- ps by means of the heavy rules, the Horizontal 0 /which show the 10’s, 20’s, 30 »s, etc. 


67 



















































































































































































































51 


COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 



r '1 

>51 

S3 

El 

54 

55l 

nnr 

57 

53 

59 

60 

Per 

6 * 

63 

64 65 

| 66 

1 67 

68 

69 

jo Eit 

72 

| 73|7*fr|75| 

F 


RAC 

T 

1 


1 

a 


N 



S 


% 

1 

• 

nar 

34 
fi 
5 1 
6 i 

17 
5t 
64- 

0 s 
^76 

4- - 1 

5 4 

6 w 

31 

4t 

5 T 

6 1 

? -2- 
0 16 

54 - 
6 1 

31 

41 

51 

7, 

3 r| 
4f 
51 
7 1 

3§ 
4 t 
51 
71 

3 rk 
4r4 

0 10 
71 

3 - 

0 , 4 . 

5 

6 

74 

O 12 
J 16 

5,4 

61 

7 f 

31 
51 
6? 
7 1 

3,1 
51 
6 1 
7 1 

4 

51 

6f 

8 

5 I 

O ia 

64 

8 i 

4i 

54 

67 

81 

**it 

5,4 

61 

8i 

4-1 

54 

6^ 

81 

4,f 

5 1 

6 1 
M 

4e 

5f 

7 

8 i 

4 1 

5 1 

‘To 

81 

44 

6 

7t 

9 

4 r? 
6,1 
71 
9 1 

4 0 
6 1 
n 
94 

4,1 

61 

74 

«r 

8 t 

8 T 

8 « 

9 

9£ 

9 4 

9 7 

9§ 

9# 

10 

104 

104 

104 

IOf 

101 

II 

IU 

114 

11 4 

11 § 

1 < i 

12 

12 4 

124 

12 4 

T 

i(H 

ioi 

I0| 

I0f 

II 

II? 

Ilf 

Ml 

"1 

12 

in 

l2f 

m 

1^7 

13 

13-5 

13 f 

13 | 

I3| 

14 

144 

I4"f 

141 

14 1 

15 

4 

in 

13 

13 k- 

13 4 

13 1 

14 

I4i 

144 

m 

15 

15-4 

154 

151 

16 

164 

164 

161 

17 

174 

17 4 

171 

18 

184 

184 

18! 

T 

17 

17 y 

17 f 

18 

I 85 - 

18 1 

19 

19 j 

19 j 

20 

204 

20 f 

2i 

2ly 

2lf 

22 

22 4 

22| 

23 

234 

234 

24 

241 

24t 

25 

• 

25! 

26 

264- 

27 

274 

28 

284 

29 

294 

30 

304 

31 

3i 4 

32 

324 

33 

334 

34 

344 

35 

354 

36 

364 

37 

374 




n 

■M 



BW 

n 

HI 




MM 

n 

tSe?* 

ggggp 

Hi 

n 

BW 



HK 

M ■ 



1 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 

72 

73 

74 

75 

3 

10 a 

104- 

106 

108 

1 10 

1 12 

114 

1 16 

118 

120 

122 

124 

126 

128 

130 

132 

134 

136 

138 

140 

142 

144 

146 

148 

150 

3 

133 

156 

159 

162 

165 

168 

171 

174 

m 

180 

183 

186 

189 

192 

195 

198 

201 

204 

207 

210 

213 

216 

219 

222 

225 

4 

204 

208 

212 

216 

220 

224 

228 

232 

236 

240 

244 

248 

252 

256 

260 

264 

268 

272 

276 

280 

284 

288 

292 

296 

300 

5 

255 

260 

265 

270 

275 

280 

285 

290 

295 

300 

305 

310 

315 

320 

325 

330 

335 

340 

345 

350 

355 

360 

365 

370 

375 

6 

306 

312 

3 18 

324 

330 

336 

342 

348 

354 

360 

366 

372 

378 

384 

390 

396 

402 

408 

414 

420 

426 

432 

438 

444 

450 

7 

357 

364 

371 

378 

385 

392 

399 

406 

413 

420 

427 

434 

441 

448 

455 

462 

469 

476 

483 

490 

497 

504 

511 

518 

525 

8 

108 

416 

424 

432 

440 

448 

456 

464 

472 

480 

488 

496 

504 

512 

520 

528 

536 

544 

552 

560 

568 

576 

584 

592 

600 

9 

459 

468 

4-77 

4-86 

495 

504 

513 

522 

531 

540 

549 

558 

567 

576 

585 

594 

603 

612 

621 

630 

639 

,648, 

657 

6 66 

675 




1 O 

—w 

HB 

■H 

H 

1 O 

iHI 

n&sl 

■■ 

HH 

EMZ 

B S& 

MS 

Ml 

HI 

□C 

m 

UBH 

9HH 

Bfl 

1 O 



10 

510 

520 

530 

540 

550 

560 

570 

580 

5901 

1600 

610 

620 

630 

640 

650 

660 

670 

680 

690 

700 

710 

720 

730 

74-0 

750 

II 

561 

572 

583 

594 

605 

616 

627 

638 

649 

660 

671 

682 

693 

704 

715 

726 

737 

748 

759 

770 

781 

792 

803 

814 

825 

13 

612 

624 

636 

648 

660 

672 

684 

696 

708 

720 

732 

744 

756 

768 

780 

792 

804 

816 

828 

840 

852 

864 

876 

888 

900 

13 

663 

676 

689 

702 

715 

728 

741 

754 

767 

780 

793 

806 

819 

832 

845 

858 

871 

884 

897 

910 

923 

936 

949 

962 

975 

It 

714 

728 

742 

756 

770 

784 

798 

812 

826 

840 

854 

868 

882 

896 

910 

924 

938 

952 

966 

980 

994 

1008 

1022 

1036 

1050 

IS 

765 

780 

795 

810 

825 

840 

855 

870 

885 

900 

915 

930 

945 

960 

975 

990 

1005 

1020 

1035 

1050 

1065 

1080 

1095 

1110 

1/25 

16 

816 

832 

848 

864 

880 

896 

912 

928 

944 

960 

976 

992 

1008 

1024 

1040 

1056 

1072 

1088 

1104 

1120 

1136 

1152 

1168 

1184 

1200 

17 

867 

884 

901 

918 

935 

952 

969 

986 

1003 

1020 

1037 

1054 

1071 

1088 

1105 

1122 

1139 

1156 

1173 

1190 

1207 

1224 

1241 

1258 

1275 

18 

918 

936 

954 

972 

990 

1008 

1026 

1044 

1062 

1080 

1098 

1116 

1134 

1152 

1170 

1188 

1206 

1224 

1242 

1260 

1278 

1296 

1314 

1332 

1350 

19 

969 

988 

1007 

1026 

1045 

1064 

1083 

1102 

1121 

1140 

1159 

1178 

1197 

1216 

1235 

1254 

1273 

1292 

I3li 

1330 

1349 

1368 

1387 

1406 

1425 


a o a 


20 

1020 

1040 

1060 

1080 

1100 

1120 

1140 

1160 

1180 

1200 

1220 

1240 

1260 

1280 

1300 

1320 

1340 

1360 

1380 

1400 

1420 

1440 

1460 

1480 

1500 

21 

1071 

1092 

1113 

1134 

1155 

1176 

1197 

1218 

1239 

1260 

1281 

1302 

1323 

1344 

1365 

1386 

1407 

1428 

1449 

1470 

1491 

1512 

1533 

1554 

1575 

22 

1122 

1144 

1166 

1188 

1210 

1232 

1254 

1276 

1298 

1320 

1342 

1364 

1386 

1408 

1430 

1452 

1474 

1496 

1518 

1540 

1562 

1584 

1606 

1628 

1650 

23 

1173 

1196 

1219 

1242 

1265 

1288 

1311 

1334 

1357 

1380 

1403 

1426 

1449 

1472 

1495 

1518 

1541 

1564 

1587 

1610 

1633 

1656 

1679 

1702 

1725 

24 

1224 

1248 

1272 

1296 

1320 

1344 

1368 

1392 

1416 

1440 

1464 

1488 

1512 

1536 

1560 

1584 

1608 

1632 

1656 

1680 

1704 

1728 

1752 

1776 

1800 

25 

1275 

1300 

1325 

1350 

1375 

1400 

1425 

1450 

1475 

1500 

1525 

1550 

1575 

1600 

1625 

1650 

1675 

1700 

1725 

1750 

1775 

1800 

1825 

1850 

1875 

26 

1326 

1352 

1378 

1404 

1430 

1456 

k482 

1508 

1534 

1560 

1586 

1612 

1638 

1664 

1690 

1716 

1742 

1768 

1794 

1820 

1846 

1872 

1898 

1924 

1950 

27 

1377 

1404 

1431 

1458 

1485 

! 5/2 

f539 

1566 

1593 

1620 

1647 

1674 

1701 

1728 

1755 

1782 

1809 

1836 

1863 

1890 

1917 

1944 

197/ 

1998 

2025 

28 

1428 

1456 

1484 

1512 

1540 

1568 

1596 

1624 

1652 

1680 

1708 

1736 

1764 

1792 

1820 

1848 

1876 

1904 

1932 

I960 

1988 

2016 

2044 

2072 

2100 

29 

1479 

1508 

1537 

1566 

1595 

1624 

1653 

1682 

1711 

1740 

1769 

1798 

1827 

1856 

1885 

1914 

1943 

1972 

2001 

2030 

2059 

2088, 

2117 

2146 

2175 

3 O 





iJL 

MB 

pMH 

I’jS-Slia 

pHB 

iXl 





3 O 

■1 



HH 

7 r 



30 

1530 

1560 

1590 

1620 

1650 

1680 

17/0 

1740 

1770 

1800 

1830 

I860 

1890 

1920 

1950 

1980 

2010 

2040 

5070 

2100 

2130 

2160 

2190 

2220 

2250 

31 

1581 

1612 

1643 

1674 

1705 

1736 

1767 

1798 

1829 

I860 

1891 

1922 

1953 

1984 

2015 

2046 

2077 

2108 

2139 

2170 

220/ 

2232 

2263 

2294 

2325 

32 

1632 

1664 

1696 

1728 

1760 

1792 

1824 

1856 

1888 

1920 

1952 

1984 

2016 

2048 

2080 

2112 

2144 

2176 

2208 

2240 

2272 

2304 

2336 

2368 

2400 

33 

1683 

1716 

1749 

1782 

1815 

1848 

1881 

1914 

1947 

1980 

20/3 

2046 

2073 

2112 

2145 

2178 

2211 

2244 

2277 

2310 

2343 

2376 

2409 

2442 

2475 

34 

1734 

1768 

1802 

1836 

1870 

1904 

1938 

1972 

2006 

2040 

2074 

2108 

2142 

2176 

2210 

2244 

2278 

2312 

2346 

2380 

2414 

2448 

2482 

2516 

2550 

35 

1785 

1820 

1855 

1890 

1925 

I960 

1995 

2030 

2065 

2100 

2135 

2170 

2205 

2240 

2275 

2310 

2345 

2380 

2415 

2450 

2485 

2520 

2555 

2590 

2625 

36 

1836 

1872 

1908 

1944 

1980 

2016 

2052 

2088 

2124 

2160 

2196 

2232 

2268 

2304 

2340 

2376 

2412 

2448 

2484 

2520 

2556 

2592 

2628 

2664 

2700 

37 

1887 

1924 

1961 

1998 

2035 

2072 

2109 

2146 

2183 

2220 

2257 

2294 

2331 

2368 

2405 

2442 

2479 

2516 

2553 

2590 

2627 

2664 

2701 

2738 

2775 

38 

1938 

1976 

2014 

2052 

2090 

2128 

2/66 

2204 

2242 

2280 

2318 

2356 

2394 

2432 

2470 

2508 

2546 

2584 

2622 

2660 

2698 

2736 

2774 

28/2 

2850 

39 

1989 

2028 

2067 

2106 

2145 

2184 

2223 

2262 

2301 

2340 

2379 

2418 

2457 

2496 

2535 

2574 

2613 

2652 

2691 

2730 

2769 

2808 

2847 

2886 

2925 


3G 





4 O 



,' v 


3E 


sssrI 


MB 

3E 

mmm 

gy gri 

Mm 


3E 



40 

2040 

2080 

2120 

2160 

2200 

2240 

2280 

2320 

2360 

2400 

2440 

2480 

2520 

2560 

2600 

2640 

2680 

\mo 

2760 

2800 

2840 

2880 

2920 

2960 

3000 

41 

2091 

2132 

2173 

2214 

2255 

2296 

2337 

2378 

2419 

2460 

2501 

2542 

2583 

2624 

26G5 

2706 

2747 

2788 

2829 

2870 

2911 

2952 

2993 

3034 

3075 

42 

2142 

'2184 

2226 

2268 

2310 

2352 

2394 

2436 

2478 

2520 

2562 

2604 

2646 

2688 

2730 

2772 

2814 

2856 

2898 

2940 

2982 

3024 

3066 

3108 

3150 

43 

2193 

2236 

2279 

2322 

2365 

2408 

2451 

2494 

2537 

2580 

2623 

2666 

2709 

2752 

2795 

2838 

2881 

2924 

2967 

3010 

3053 

3096 

3139 

3182 

3225 

44 

2244 

2288 

2332 

2376 

2420 

2464 

2508 

2552 

2596 

2640 

2G84 

2728 

2772 

2816 

2860 

2904 

2948 

2992 

3036 

3080 

3124 

3168 

3212 

3256 

3300 

45 

2295 

2340 

2385 

2430 

24-75 

2520 

2565 

26/0 

2655 

2700 

2745 

2790 

2835 

2880 

2925 

2970 

3015 

3060 

3105 

3150 

3195 

3240 

3285 

3330 

3375 

46 

2.346 

2392 

2438 

2484 

2530 

2576 

2622 

2668 

2714 

2760 

2806 

2852 

2898 

2944 

2990 

3036 

3082 

3128 

3174 

3220 

3266 

3312 

3358 

3404 

3450 

47 

2397 

2444 

2491 

2538 

2585 

2632 

2679 

2726 

2773 

2820 

2867 

2914 

2961 

3008 

3055 

3IQ2 

3149 

3196 

3243 

3290 

3337 

3384 

343/ 

3478 

3525 

48 

2498 

2496 

2544 

2592 

2640 

2688 

2736 

2784 

2832 

2880 

2928 

2976 

3024 

3072 

3120 

3168 

3216 

3264 

3312 

33bO 

3408 

3456 

3504 

3552 

3600 

49 

2499 

2548 

2597 

2646 

2695 

2744 

2793 

2842 

289/ 

2940 

2989 

3038 

3087 

3136 

3185 

3234 

3283 

3332 

3381 

3430 

3479 

3528 

3577 

3626 

3675 









































































































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. FF1 


l 1 


l '■ 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58, 

59 


61 

63 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70l 

tT 

7a 

73 

74 

75 




s o 

Ml 

Jbh 

Ml 

Mi 

3E 

HI 


BH 

Mi 

IE 

MB 

BM 


bSHSfc 

3E 




32 



50 

2550 

2600 

2650 

2700 

2750 

2800 

2850 

2900 

2950 

3000 

3050 

3100 

3150 

3200 

3250 

3300 

3350 

3400 

3+50 

3500 

3550 

3600 

3650 

3700 

3750 

bl 

2bOl 

2632 

2703 

275+ 

2805 

2856 

2907 

2958 

3009 

3060 

3111 

3162 

3213 

3264 

3315 

3366 

3417 

3+68 

3519 

3570 

3621 

3672 

3723 

3774 

3825 

52 

%5a 

2704 

2756 

2808 

2860 

2912 

2964 

3016 

3068 

3120 

3172 

3224 

3276 

3328 

3380 

3432 

3484 

3536 

3588 

3640 

3692 

3744 

3736 

3848 

3900 

53 

3703 

2756 

2809 

2862 

2315 

2968 

3021 

3074 

3127 

3180 

3233 

3286 

3339 

3392 

34+5 

3+98 

3551 

3604 

3657 

3710 

3763 

3816 

3869 

3922 

3975 

5<t 

275*+ 

2808 

2862 

2916 

2970 

3029 

3078 

3132 

3186 

3240 

329 + 

33+8 

3402 

3456 

3510 

3564 

3618 

3672 

3726 

3780 

333+ 

3888 

3942 

3996 

4050 

55 

3805 

2860 

2915 

2970 

3025 

3080 

3135 

3190 

3245 

3300 

3355 

3+10 

3465 

3520 

3375 

3630 

3685 

37+0 

3795 

3850 

3905 

3960 

+015 

4070 

4125 

58 

2856 

2912 

2968 

3024 

3080 

3136 

3192 

3248 

3304 

3360 

3416 

3472 

3528 

3584 

3640 

3696 

3752 

3808 

3864 

3920 

3976 

4032 

4088 

4144 

4200 

57 

2907 

296V 

3021 

3078 

3135 

3192 

3249 

3306 

3363 

3+20 

3477 

3534 

3591 

3648 

3705 

37G2 

3819 

3876 

3933 

3390 

4047 

4104 

4161 

4218 

4275 

58 

3958 

3016 

307V 

3132 

3190 

3248 

3306 

3364 

3422 

3480 

3538 

3596 

3654 

3712 

3770 

3828 

3886 

3944 

4002 

4060 

4118 

4176 

4234 

4292 

4350 

59 

3009 

3068 

3127 

3186 

3245 

3304 

3363 

3422j 

3481 

3540 

3599 

3658 

3717 

3776 

3835 

389+ 

3953 

4012 

4071 

4130 

4189 

4248 

4307 

4366 

4425 




yt7. 

M 



c o 





6 O 

HI 

BT.-y 


08^ 


3C 



60 

3060 

3120 

3180 

3240 


3360 

3420 

3480 

3540 

3600 

3660 

3720 

3780 

3840 

3900 

3960 

+020 

4080 

4140 


4260 

4320 

4380 

4440 

4500 

61 

3111 

3T72 1 

3233 

3294 

sis 

3416 

3477 

3538 

3599 

3660 

3721 

3782 

3843 

3904 

3935 

4028 

4087 

4148 

4209 

4270 

4331 

+392 

4453 

4514 

4575 

62 

3162 

322V 

3286 

3348 

3410 

3472 

3534 

3596 

3658 

3720 

3782 

3844 

3906 

3968 

4030 

4092 

4154 

4216 

4278 

4340 

4402 

4464 

4526 

4588 

+650 

63 

3213 

3276 

3339 

3402 

3465 

3528 

3591 

3654 

3717 

3780 

3843 

3906 

3969 

4032 

4095 

4158 

4221 

4284 

4347 

4410 

4473 

4536 

4599 

4662 

+725 

64 

326V 

3323 

3392 

3456 

3520 

3584 

3648 

3712 

3776 

3840 

3904 

3968 

4032 

4096 

4160 

4224 

4288 

4352 

4416 

4480 

454+ 

4608 

4672 

4736 

4800 

65 

3315 

3380 

3VV5 

3510 

3575 

3640 

3705 

3770 

3835 

3900 

3965 

4030 

4095 

4160 

4225 

+290 

4355 

4420 

4485 

4550 

4615 

4680 

47+5 

4810 

4875 

66 

3366 

3V32 

3498 

3564 

3630 

3696 

3762 

3828 

3894 

3960 

4026 

4092 

4158 

4224 

4290 

4356 

4422 

4488 

4554 

4620 

4686 

4752 

4818 

+884 

+950 

67 

3VI7 

3484 

3551 

3618 

3685 

3752 

3819 

3886 

3953 

4020 

4087 

4154 

4221 

4288 

4355 

4+22 

4489 

4556 

4623 

4690 

4757 

4824 

4891 

4958 

5025 

68 

3V68 

3536 

3604 

3672 

3790 

3808 

3876 

394-4 

4012 

4080 

4148 

4216 

4284 

4352 

4420 

4486 

4556 

4624 

4692 

4760 

4828 

4896 

4964 

5032 

5100 

69 

3519 

3588 

3657 

3726 

3795 

3864 

3933 

4002 

4071 

4140 

4209 

4278 

4347 

4416 

4485 

+554 

4623 

4692 

4761 

4830 

4899 

4968 

5037 

5106 

5175 




EE 

m 

BE 

MB 

Ml 

EE 

m 




EE 

Bi 




EE 




Hi 

EE 



70 

3570 

3640 

3710 

3780 

3850 

3920 

3990 

4060 

4130 

4200 

~70 

4340 

4+10 

4+80 

4550 

4620 

4690 

4760 

4830 

4900 

4970 

5040 

5M0 

5180 

5250 

71 

3621 

3692 

3763 

3834 

3905 

3976 

4047 

4118 

4189 

4260 

4331 

4402 

4473 

+5+4 

4615 

4686 

4757 

4828 

4899 

4970 

50 + 1 

5112 

5183 

525+ 

5325 

72 

3672 

3744 

3816 

3888 

3960 

4032 

4104 

4176 

4248 

4320 

4392 

4464 

4536 

4608 

4680 

4752 

4824 

4896 

4968 

5040 

5112 

5184 

5256 

5328 

5+00 

73 

3723 

3796 

3869 

3942 

9015 

4088 

4161 

4234 

4307 

4380 

4453 

4526 

4599 

4672 

4745 

4818 

4891 

4964 

5037 

5H0 

5183 

5258 

5329 

5+02 

5+75 

74 

377V 

38V8 

3922 

3996 

4070 

4144 

4218 

4292 

43 66 

4440 

4514 

4588 

4662 

4736 

4810 

4884 

4958 

5032 

5106 

5180 

525+ 

5328 

5402 

5+76 

5550 

75 

3825 

3900 

3975 

4050 

4125 

4200 

4275 

4350 

4425 

4500 

4575 

4650 

4725 

4800 

4875 

4950 

5025 

5100 

5175 

5250 

5325 

5400 

5475 

5550 

5625 

76 

3876 

3952 

4028 

4104 

4180 

4256 

4332 

4408 

4484 

4560 

4636 

4712 

4788 

4864 

4940 

5016 

5092 

5168 

5244 

5320 

5396 

5472 

5548 

5624 

5700 

77 

3927 

400V 

4081 

4158 

4235 

4312 

4389 

4466 

4543 

4620 

4697 

4774 

4851 

4928 

5005 

5082 

5159 

5236 

5313 

5390 

5+67 

5544 

5621 

5698 

5775 

78 

3978 

4056 

4134 

4212 

4290 

4363 

4446 

4524 

4602 

4680 

4758 

4836 

4914 

4992 

5070 

5148 

5226 

5304 

5382 

5460 

5538 

5616 

5694 

5772 

5850 

79 

V029 

4108 

4187 

4266 

4345 

4V24 

4503 

4582 

4661 

4740 

4819 

4898 

4977 

5056 

5135 

5214 

5293 

5372 

5451 

5530 

5609 

5688 

5767 

5846 

5925 




■■w- 

■Hi 

■M 

Ml 

■M 

IE 

M 


8£Sr 

I^H 

8 O 

n 




:E 





: E 



80 

V080 

4160 

4240 

4320 

4400 

4480 

4560 

4640 

4720 

(4800 

4880 

4960 

5040 

5120 

5200 

5280 

5360 

5440 

5520 

5600 

5680 

5760 

5840 

5920 

6000 

81 

4131 

4212 

4293 

4374 

4455 

4536 

4617 

4698 

4779 

4860 

4941 

5022 

5103 

5184 

5265 

5346 

5427 

5508 

5589 

5670 

5751 

5832 

5913 

5994 

6075 

82 

4182 

426V 

4348 

4428 

4510 

4592 

467V 

4756 

4838 

4320 

5002 

5084 

5166 

5248 

5330 

5412 

5494 

5576 

5658 

5740 

5822 

5904 

5986 

6068 

6150 

83 

4233 

4316 

4399 

4482 

4565 

4648 

4731 

4814 

4897 

4980 

5063 

5146 

5229 

5312 

5395 

5478 

5561 

5644 

5727 

5810 

5893 

5976 

6059 

6142 

6225 

84 

428 V 

V368 

4452 

4536 

4620 

4704 

4788 

4872 

4956 

5040 

5124 

5208 

5292 

5376 

5460 

5544 

5628 

5712 

5796 

5880 

596+ 

6048 

6132 

6216 

6300 

85 

V335 

4V20 

4505 

4590 

4675 

4760 

4845 

4930 

5015 

5100 

5185 

5270 

5355 

5440 

5525 

5610 

5695 

5780 

5865 

5950 

6035 

6120 

6205 

6290 

6375 

86 

V386 

4472 

4558 

4644 

4730 

4816 

4902 

4988 

5074 

5160 

5246 

5332 

5418 

5504 

5590 

5676 

5762 

5848 

5934 

6020 

6106 

6192 

6278 

6364 

6450 

87 

VV37 

V52V 

4611 

4698 

4785 

4872 

4959 

5046 

5133 

5220 

5307 

5394 

5481 

5568 

5655 

5742 

5829 

5916 

6003 

6090 

6177 

6264 

6351 

6438 

6525 

88 

4-488 

V576 

4664 

4752 

4840 

4928 

5016 

5104 

5192 

5280 

5368 

5456 

5544 

5632 

5720 

5808 

5896 

598+ 

6072 

6160 

6248 

6336 

6424 

6512 

6600 

89 

V539 

4628 

4717 

4806 

14895 

4384 

5073 

5162 

5251 

5340 

5429 

5518 

5607 

5696 

5785 

5874 

5963 

6052 

6141 

6230 

6319 

6408 

6497 

6586 

6675 




if] 

HI 

: 

— 

MB 

IE 

BM 




‘’AlJ 




ill 





9 O 



90 

4590 

4680 

4770 

2+860 

4950 

5040 

5130 

5220 

5310 

5400 

5490 

5580 

5670 

5760 

5850 

5940 

6030 

6120 

6210 

6300 

6390 

6480 

6570 

6660 

6750 

91 

4641 

4732 

4823 

4919 

5005 

5096 

5187 

5278 

5369 

5460 

5551 

5642 

5733 

5824 

5915 

6006 

6097 

6188 

6279 

6370 

6461 

6552 

6643 

6734 

6825 

92 

4692 

478V 

4876 

4968 

5060 

5152 

5244 

5336 

5428 

5520 

5612 

5704 

5796 

5888 

5980 

6072 

6164 

6256 

6348 

6440 

6532 

6624 

6716 

6808 

6900 

93 

4-743 

V836 

4929 

5022 

5115 

5208 

5301 

5394 

5487 

5580 

5673 

5766 

5859 

5952 

6045 

6138 

6231 

6324 

6417 

6510 

6603 

6636 

6789 

6882 

6975 

94 

479 V 

4888 

4982 

5076 

5170 

526V 

5358 

5452 

5546 

5640 

5734 

5828 

5922 

6016 

6110 

6204 

6298 

6392 

6486 

6580 

6674 

6768 

6862 

6956 

7050 

95 

4845 

49V0 

5035 

5130 

5225 

5320 

5415 

5510 

5605 

5700 

5795 

5890 

5985 

6080 

6175 

6270 

636b 

6+60 

6555 

6650 

6745 

6840 

6935 

mo 

ll<Xb 

96 

4896 

4992 

5088 

5184 

5280 

5376 

5472 

5568 

5664 

5760 

5856 

5952 

6048 

6144 

6240 

6336 

6432 

6528 

662+ 

6720 

6816 

6912 

7008 

7104 

7200 

97 

4-947 

50VV 

5141 

5238 

5335 

5V32 

5529 

5626 

5723 

5820 

5917 

6014 

6111 

6208 

6305 

6402 

6439 

6596 

6693 

6790 

6887 

6984 

7081 

7178 

7275 

98 

4998 

5096 

5194 

5292 

5390 

5V88 

5586 

5684 

5782 

5880 

5978 

6076 

6174 

6272 

6370 

6468 

6566 

666 + 

6762 

6860 

6958 

7056 

715+ 

7252 

7350 

99 

50V9 

5148 

5247 

5346 

5445 

55VV 

5643 

5742 

5841 

5940 

6039 

6138 

6237 

6336 

6435 

6534 

6633 

6732 

6831 

6930 

7029 

7128 

7227 

7326 

7425 

100 

5100 

5200 

5300 

5400 

5500 

5600 

5700 

5800 

5900 

6000 

6100 

6200 

6300 

6400 

6500 

6600 

6700 

6800 

6900 

7000 

7100 

7200 

7300 

7400 

7500 


Multiplication of whole Numbers — I. to find the product of any two -numbers when 

-neither of them exceeds 100, select either of them -from the rop maryin, then descend the column to the inter- 
section 0/ the other, where will be -found the product j thus, the product ot 74- by 99 is 7326. II. It one 
of the numbers exceed 100, but does not exceed the extreme limit o/the extended side of the table, select 
the lamer member -from the top maryin, then proceed as above; thus, the product of 2t9 by 89 is 22/6/. 
III. if one of the numbers does not exceed the extreme limit of the extended side (com/*. on2ft</p. a W). 


G9 


































































































IE 

COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 

IOO 

■76177178 

79 1 801 81 1 821 83 184-1 851 

186 

1 87 188 

[89 

TW1 

1 911.92 193 314- 95 1 

1 96 

37 98 

139 

liool 

F- 

RAC 


X 



■ o 

N 


s 


1 

16 

1 

12 

1 

\° 

o 

6 T 

7 T 
97 

fri 

6 7i 

7^ 

9 ik 

4i 

6 T 

7 T 
9 * 

4-H 
6;7 
U 
9 1 

5 

6 ! 

8 

10 

5 rg 

6 * 
8+7 

10 s 

5 8 
6 # 
8 y 
107 

5.i 
6 a 

8^o 

10 * 

57 

7 

8 f 

107 

5 if 
7 75 
87 

I0f 

O Q 

7i 

8 f 

107 

7 7 

8 To 

lot 

57 

77 

8 * 

II 

5 i! 

7 A 

8A, 

ll 7 

57- 

7 7 
9 

n-7 

5 re 

77 

97 

Hi 

s — 

7 7 
97 
H7 

^13 
o , 6 

7 - 

9,7 

1 1 e 

5* 

7 T 

9-7 

117 

16 
T 77 

97 

III 

6 

8 

9| 

12 

8 re 
8 T5 

9*5 
12 | 

6 w 

8 7 
9-7 
12-7 

6ii 

81 

Sfo 

I2|f 

6-7 

87 

10 

127 

■ 

~W 

12 ^ 

12 £ 

13 

13* 

137- 

137- 

13 7 

13# 

19 

197 

147 

197 

197 

•4 6 

15 

15 7 

157 

15 7 

157 

151 

16 

I6| 

16 7 

167 

16 7 

1 

"5“ 

1 

1. 

3 

•4- 

I5i 

19 

25^ 

38 

15-1 
19* 
25 f 
387- 

I5f 
19 7 
26 
39 

15* 

19* 

26j 

397- 

16 

20 

26 7 

90 

I6i 

207 

27 

907 

•6f 

207 

277 

91 

I6| 

20* 
27 f 
917 

I6| 

21 

28 

92 

17 

217 

287 

927 

ni 

217 

28f 

43 

17 I 

21* 

29 

437 

I7f 

22 

297 

44 

h* 

22 7 
297 
447 

18 

22j 

30 

45 

I8i 
22 7 
307 
457 

I8f 

23 
30 7 
46 

I8| 

237 

31 

167 

18* 

237 

317 

47 

19 

23 7 
317 
477 

19 7 

24 

32 

48 

19 7 

24 7 
327 
487 

197 

247 

32f 

49 

19* 

24 7 

33 

497 

20 

25 

33 7 

50 


1 

2 

3 

*f 

76 

152 

228 

304 

77 

159 

231 

308 

78 

156 

239 

312 

79 

158 

237 

316 

80 

160 

290 

320 

81 

162 

293 

329 

82 

169 

296 

328 

83 

166 

299 

332 

89 

168 

252 

336 

85 

170 

255 

390 

86 

172 

258 

344 

87 

179 

261 

398 

88 

176 

269 

352 

89 

178 

267 

356 

90 

180 

270 

360 

91 

182 

273 

364 

92 

184 

276 

368 

93 

186 

279 

372 

94 

188 

282 

376 

95 

190 

285 

380 

96 

192 

288 

384 

97 

194 

291 

388 

98 

196 

294 

392 

99 

198 

297 

396 

100 

200 

300 

400 

5 

3 80 

385 

390 

395 

900 

905 

4-10 

915 

920 

425 

430 

935 

440 

945 

450 

455 

460 

465 

470 

475 

480 

485 

490 

495 

500 

6 

7 

8 

8 

1+56 

532 

608 

684 

962 

539 

616 

693 

968 

596 

629 

702 

97 9 

553 

632 

711 

980 

560 

690 

720 

986 

567 

698 

729 

992 

579 

656 

738 

998 
581 
664 
7 97 

509 

588 

672 

756 

510 

595 

680 

765 

516 

602 

688 

774 

522 

609 

696 

783 

528 

616 

704 

792 

534 

623 

712 

801 

540 

630 

720 

810 

546 

637 

728 

819 

552 

644 

736 

828 

558 

651 

744 

837 

564 

658 

752 

846 

570 

665 

760 

855 

576 

672 

768 

864 

582 

679 

776 

873 

588 

6 86 
784 
882 

594 

693 

792 

891 

600 

700 

800 

900 


1 O 

" v 

IO 

760 

770 

780 

790 

800 

810 

820 

830 

890 

850 

860 

870 

880 

890 

900 

910 

920 

930 

940 

950 

960 

970 

980 

990 

1000 

11 

12 

13 

14 

836 

912 

988 

1069 

897 

929 

1001 

1078 

858 

936 

1019 

1092 

869 

998 

1027 

1106 

880 

960 

1090 

1120 

891 

972 

1053 

1139 

902 

989 

1066 

1198 

913 

996 

1079 

1162 

929 

1008 

1092 

1176 

935 

1020 

1105 

1190 

946 

1032 

1118 

1204 

957 

1044 

1131 

1218 

968 

1056 

1144 

1232 

979 

1068 

1157 

1246 

990 

1080 

1170 

1260 

1001 

1092 

1183 

1274 

1012 

1104 

1196 

1288 

1023 

1116 

1209 

1302 

1034 

1128 

1222 

1316 

1045 

1140 

1235 

1330 

1056 

1152 

1248 

1344 

1067 

1164 

1261 

1358 

1078 

1176 

1274 

372 

1089 

1188 

1287 

1386 

1100 

1200 

1300 

1400 

15 

1190 

1155 

1170 

1185 

1200 

1215 

1230 

1295 

1260 

1275 

1290 

1305 

1320 

1335 

1350 

1365 

1380 

1395 

1410 

1425 

1440 

1455 

1470 

1485 

1500 

16 

17 

18 
19 

1216 

1292 

1368 

1999 

1232 

1309 

1386 

1963 

1298 

1326 

1909 

1982 

1269 

1393 

1922 

1501 

1280 

1360 

1990 

1520 

1296 

1377 

1958 

1539 

1312 

1399 

1976 

1558 

1328 

1911 

1999 

1577 

1399 

1928 

1512 

1596 

1360 

1445 

1530 

1615 

1376 

1472 

1548 

1634 

1392 

1479 

1566 

1653 

1408 

1496 

1584 

1672 

1424 

1513 

1602 

1691 

1440 

1530 

1620 

1710 

1456 

1547 

1638 

1729 

1472 

1564 

1656 

1748 

1488 

1581 

1674 

1767 

1504 

1598 

1692 

1766 

1520 

1615 

1710 

1805 

1536 

1632 

1728 

1824 

1552 
1649 
1746 1 
1843 1 

568 

1666 

1764 

1862 

1584 

1683 

1782 

1881 

1600 

1700 

1800 

1900 


S O 

a 0 





a 0 


HM 

§3[13 

HH 


... * 

a 0 

50 

1520 

1540 

1560 

1580 

1600 

1620 

1640 

1660 

1680 

1700 

1720 

1740 

1760 

1780 

1800 

1820 

I8tf0 

I860 

1880 

1900 

1920 

1940 

I960 

1980 

2000 

21 

1596 

1617 

1638 

1659 

1680 

1701 

1722 

1743 

1764 

1785 

1806 

1827 

1848 

1869 

1890 

1911 

1932 

1953 

1974 

1995 

2016 

2037 

2058 

2079 

2/00 

22 

1672 

1694 

1716 

1738 

1760 

1782 

1804 

1826 

1848 

1870 

1892 

1914 

1936 

1958 

1980 

2002 

2024 

2046 

2068 

2090 

2112 

2134 

2156 

2178 

2200 

23 

1748 

1771 

1794 

1817 

1840 

1863 

1886 

1909 

1932 

1955 

1978 

2001 

2024 

2047 

2070 

2093 

2116 

2139 

2162 

2185 

2208 

2231 

2254 

2277 

2300 

*4 

1824 

1848 

1872 

1896 

1920 

1944 

1968 

1992 

2016 

2040 

2064 

2088 

2112 

2136 

2160 

2184 

2208 

2232 

2256 

2280 

2304 

2328 

2352 

2376 

2400 

25 

1900 

1925 

1950 

1975 

2000 

2025 

2050 

2075 

2100 

2125 

2150 

2175 

2200 

2225 

2250 

2275 

2300 

2325 

2350 

2375 

2400 

2425 

2450 

2475 

2500 

26 

1976 

2002 

2028 

2054 

2080 

2106 

2132 

2158 

2184 

2210 

2236 

2262 

2288 

2314 

2340 

2366 

2392 

2418 

2444 

2470 

2496 

2522 

2548 

2574 

2600 

27 

2052 

2079 

2106 

2133 

2160 

2187 

2214 

2241 

2268 

2295 

2322 

2349 

2376 

2403 

2430 

2457 

2484 

2511 

2538 

2565 

2592 

2619 

2646 

2673 

2700 

28 

2128 

2156 

2184 

2212 

2240 

2268 

2296 

2324 

2352 

2380 

2408 

2436 

2464 

2492 

2520 

2548 

2576 

2604 

2632 

2660 

2688 

2716 

2744 

2772 

2800 

29 

2204 

2233 

2262 

2291 

2320 

2349 

2378 

2407 

2436 

2465 

2494 

2523 

2552 

2581 

2610 

2639 

2668 

2697 

2726 

2755 

2784 

2813 

2842 

2871 

2900 

■R 



3 O 

yjy 

■n 

-1 | 


DE 

■H 


attn 

HBB 

3 O 

3 O 

3 O 

30 

2280 

2310 

2340 

2370 

2400 

2430 

2460 

2490 

2520 

2550 

2580 

2610 

2640 

2670 

2700 

2730 

2760 

2790 

2820 

2850 

2880 

29I0 1 

2940 

2970 

3000 

31 

2356 

2387 

2418 

2449 

2480 

2511 

2542 

2573 

2604 

2635 

2666 

2697 

2728 

2759 

2790 

2821 

2852 

2883 

2914- 

2945 

2976 

3007 

3038 

3069 

3100 

32 

2432 

2464 

2496 

2528 

2560 

2592 

2624 

2656 

2688 

2720 

2752 

2784 

2816 

2848 

2880 

2912 

2944 

2976 

3008 

3040 

3072 

3104 

3136 

3168 

3200 

33 

2508 

2541 

2574 

2607 

2640 

2673 

2706 

2739 

2772 

2805 

2838 

2871 

2904 

2937 

2970 

3003 

3036 

3069 

3102 

3135 

3168 

3201 

3234 

3267 

3300 

34- 

2584 

2618 

2652 

2686 

2720 

2754 

2788 

2822 

2856 

2890 

2924 

2958 

2992 

3026 

3060 

3094 

3128 

3162 

3196 

3230 

3264 

3298 

3332 

3366 

3400 

35 

2660 

2695 

2730 

2765 

2800 

2835 

2870 

2905 

2940 

2975 

3010 

3045 

3080 

3115 

3150 

3185 

3220 

3255 

3290 

3325 

3360 

3395 

3430 

3465 

3500 

36 

2736 

2772 

2808 

2844 

2880 

2916 

2952 

2988 

3024 

3060 

3096 

3132 

3168 

3204 

3240 

3216 

3312 

3348 

3384 

3420 

3456 

3492 

3528 

3564 

3600 

37 

2812 

2849 

2886 

2923 

2960 

2997 

3034 

3071 

3108 

3145 

3182 

3219 

3256 

3293 

3330 

3367 

3404 

3441 

3478 

3515 

3552 

3589 

3626 

3663 

3700 

38 

2888 

2926 

2964 

3002 

3040 

3078 

3116 

3154 

3192 

3230 

3268 

3306 

3344 

3382 

3420 

3458 

3496 

3534 

3572 

3610 

3648 

3686 

3724 

3762 

3800 

39 

2964 

3003 

3042 

3081 

3120 

3159 

3198 

3237 

3276 

3315 

3354 

3393 

3432 

3471 

3510 

3549 

3588 

3627 

3666 

3705 

3744 

3783 

3822 

3861 

3900 





HH 


pBBS 

jgB'I-j 

BHH 


H| 

B8ER r 3jTj 

BH 

jggjra 

B9E 


3E 



1* O 

40 

3040 

3080 

3120 

3160 

3200 

3240 

3280 

3320 

3360 

3400 

3440 

3480 

'3520 

3560 

3600 

3640 

3680 

3720 

3760 

3800 

3840 

3880 

3920 

3960 

4000 

41 

3116 

3157 

3198 

3239 

3280 

3321 

3362 

3403 

3444 

3485 

3526 

3567 

3608 

3649 

3690 

3731 

3772 

3813 

3854 

3895 

3936 

3977 

4018 

4059 

4100 

42 

3192 

3234 

3276 

3318 

3360 

3402 

3444 

3486 

3528 

3570 

3612 

3654 

3696 

3738 

3780 

3822 

3864 

3906 

3948 

3990 

4032 

4074 

4116 

4158 

4200 

43 

3268 

3311 

3354 

3397 

3440 

3483 

3526 

3569 

3612 

3655 

3698 

3741 

3784 

3827 

3870 

3913 

3956 

3999 

4042 

4085 

4128 

4171 

4214 

4257 

4300 

*4 

3244 

3388 

3432 

3476 

3520 

3564 

3608 

3652 

3696 

3740 

3784 

3828 

3872 

3916 

3960 

4004 

4048 

4092 

4136 

4180 

4224 

4268 

4312 

4356 

4400 

45 

3420 

3465 

3510 

3555 

3600 

3645 

3690 

3735 

3780 

3825 

3870 

3915 

3960 

4005 

4050 

4095 

4140 

4185 

4230 

4275 

4320 

4365 

4410 

4455 

4500 

46 

3496 

3542 

3588 

3634 

3680 

3726 

3772 

3818 

3864 

3910 

3956 

4002 

4048 

4094 

4140 

4186 

4232 

4278 

4324 

4370 

4416 

4462 

4508 

4554 

4600 

47 

3572 

3619 

3666 

3713 

3760 

3807 

3854 

3901 

3948 

3995 

4042 

4089 

4136 

4183 

4230 

4277 

4324 

4371 

4418 

4465 

4512 

4559 

4606 

4653 

4700 

48 

3648 

3696 

3744 

3792 

3840 

3888 

3936 

3984 

4032 

4080 

4128 

4176 

4224 

4272 

4320 

4368 

4416 

4464 

4512 

4560 

4608 

4656 

4704 

4752 

4800 

49 

3724 

3773 

3822 

3871 

3920 

3969 

4018 

4067 

4116 

4165 

4214 

4263 

4312 

4381 

4410 

4459 

4508 

4557 

4606 

4655 

4704 

4753 

4802 

4851 

4900 


70 























































































































































































































13800 


I387G 

13352 
If 028 

IflOf 


3927 

fOOf 

4-081 

4158 


If 180 


14256 
■ 4-332 
14-4-08 
14 484 


3850 


3978 

4-056 

4-134 

4212 


4235 


4312 

4389 

4466 

4543 


3900 


4390 


4368 

4446 

4524 

4602 


3950 


4023 

4108 

4187 

42G6 


4080 

4-160 

4240 

4320 


4345 


4424 
4503 
4582 
4-661 


4000 


4400 


4480 

4560 

4640 

4720 


IPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 

1. 


»• 


83 

8* 

85 I 

186 

87 

88 

8.9 

Jo] 

j 91 

97 

93 

94. 



97 

QQ 

|99 


■B 



■1 

wm 


■i 

3E 

BM 

wad 

pm 


3E 

m 




t^jp 

4050 

4100 

4150 

4200 

4250 

4300 

4350 

4400 

4450 1 

4500 

4550 

4600 

4650 

4700 

4750 

4800 

4860 

4900 

4950 

5000 

4131 

4182 

4233 

4284 

4335 

4386 

4437 

4488 

4539 

4590 

4641 

4692 

4743 

4794 

4845 

4896 

4942 

4998 

5049 

5100 

4212 

4264 

4316 

4368 

4420 

4472 

452f 

4576 

4628 

4680 

4732 

4784 

4836 

4888 

4940 

4992 

5044 

5096 

51^8 

5200 

4293 

4346 

4399 

4452 

4505 

4558 

4611 

4664 

4717 

4770 

4823 

4876 

4929 

4982 

5035 

5088 

5141 

5194 

5247 

5300 

4374 

4428 

4482 

4536 

4590 

4644 

4638 

4752 

4806 

4860 

4914 

4968 

5022 

5076 

5130 

5184 

5238 

5292 

5346 

5400 

4455 

4510 

4565 

4620 

4675 

4730 

4785 

4840 

4895 

4950 

5005 

5060 

5115 

5170 

5225 

5280 

5335 

5390 

5445 

5,500 

453b 

4592 

4648 

4704 

4760 

4816 

4872 

4928 

4984 

5040 

5096 

5152 

5208 

5264 

5320 

5376 

5432 

5488 

5544 

5600 

4617 

4674 

4731 

4788 

4845 

4902 

4959 

5016 

5073 

5130 

5182 

5244 

5301 

5358 

5415 

5472 

5529 

5586 

5643 

5700 

4698 

4756 

4814 

4872 

4930 

4388 

5046 

5104 

5162 

5220 

5278 

5336 

5394 

5452 

5510 

5568 

5626 

5684 

5742 

5800 

4779 

4838 

4897 

4956 

5015 

5074 

5133 

5192 

5251 

5310 

5369 

5428 

5487 

5546 

,5605 

5664 

5723 

5782 

5841 

5900 

■■ 


6 O 





6 O 




ng 

he-: 




60 


4560 

4620 

4680 

4740 

4800 

4860 

4920 

4980 

5040 

5100 

5160 

5220 

5280 

5340 

54-00 

5460 

5520 

5580 

5640 

5700 

5760 

5820 

5880 

5940 

6000 

61 


4636 

4697 

4758 

4819 

4880 

4941 

5002 

5063 

5124 

5185 

5246 

5307 

5368 

5429 

5490 

5551 

5612 

5673 

5734 

5795 

5856 

5917 

5978 

6039 

6100 

62 


4712 

4774 

4836 

4898 

4960 

5022 

5084 

5146 

5208 

5270 

5332 

5394 

5456 

5518 

5580 

5642 

5704 

5766 

5828 

5890 

5952 

6014 

6076 

6138 

6200 

63 


4788 

4851 

4914 

4977 

5040 

5103 

5166 

5229 

5292 

5355 

5418 

5481 

5544 

5607 

5670 

5733 

5796 

5859 

5922 

5985 

6048 

6li l 

6174 

6237 

6300 

6* 


4864 

4928 

4992 

5056 

5120 

5184 

5248 

5312 

5376 

5440 

5504 

5568 

5632 

5696 

5760 

5824 

5888 

5952 

6016 

6080 

6144 

6208 

6272 

6336 

6400 

6 5 


4940 

5005 

5070 

5135 

5200 

5265 

5330 

5395 

5460 

5525 

5590 

5655 

5720 

5785 

5850 

5915 

5980 

6045 

6110 

6175 

6240 

6305 

6370 

6435 

6500 

66 


5016 

5082 

5148 

5214 

5280 

5346 

5412 

5478 

5544 

56-10 

so u; 

5742 

5808 

5874 

5940 

6006 

6072 

6138 

6204 

6270 

633b 

6402 

6468 

6534 

6600 

67 


5092 

5159 

5226 

5293 

5360 

5427 

5494 

5561 

5628 

5695 

5762 

5829 

5896 

5963 

6030 

6097 

6164 

6231 

6298 

6365 

6432 

6499 

6566 

6633 

6700 

68 


5168 

5236 

5304 

5372 

5440 

5508 

5576 

5644 

5712 

5780 

5848 

5916 

5984 

6052 

6120 

6188 

6256 

6324 

6392 

6460 

6528 

6596 

6664 

6732 

6800 

69 


5244 

5313 

5382 

5451 

5520 

5589 

5658 

5727 

5796 

5865 

59341 

6003 

6072 

6141 

6210 

6279 

6348 

6417 

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6555 

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5740 

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6230 

6300 

6370 

6440 

6510 

6580 

6650 

6720 

6790 

6860 

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7000 

71 

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5467 

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5964 

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6248 

6319 

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6461 

6532 

6603 

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6745 

6816 

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6958 

7029 

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5472 

5544 

5616 

5688 

5760 

5822 

5904 

5976 

6048 

6120 

6192 

6264 

6336 

6408 

6430 

6552 

6624 

6696 

6768 

6840 

6912 

6984 

7056 

7128 

7200 

73 

5548 

5621 

5694 

5767 

5840 

5913 

5986 

6059 

6132 

6205 

6278 

6351 

6424 

6497 

6570 

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6716 

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6862 

6935 

7008 

7081 

7154 

7227 

7300 

7»t 

5624 

5698 

5772 

5846 

5920 

5994 

6068 

6142 

6216 

6290 

6364 

6438 

6512 

6586 

6660 

6734 

6808 

6882 

6956 

7030 

7104 

7178 

7252 

7326 

7400 

75 

5700] 

5775 

5850 

5925 

6000 

6075 

6150 

6225 

6300 

6375 

6450 

6525 

6600 

6675 

6750 

6825 

6900 

6975 

7050 

7125 

7200 

7275 

7350 

7425 

7500 

76 

5776 

5852 

5928 

6004 

6080 

6156 

6232 

6308 

6384 

6460 

6536 

6612 

6688 

6764 

6840 

6916 

6992 

7068 

7144 

7220 

7296 

7372 

7448 

7524 

7600 

77 

5852 

5929 

6006 

6083 

6160 

6237 

6314 

6391 

6468 

6545 

6622 

6699 

6776 

6853 

6930 

7007 

7084 

7161 

7238 

7315 

7332 

7469 

7546 

7623 

7700 

78 

5928 

6006 

6084 

6162 

6240 

6318 

6396 

6474 

6552 

6630 

6708 

6786 

6864 

6942 

7020 

7098 

7176 

7254 

7332 

7410 

7488 

7566 

7644 

7722 

7800 

79 

6004 

6083 

6162 

6241 

6320 

6399 

6478 

6557 

6636 

6715 

6794 

6873 

6952 

7031 

7110 

7189 

7268 

7347 

7426 

7505 

7584 

7663 

7742 

7821 

7900 





T 

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mb 

IT 7 

bm 


I* v ■ 

bm 

7F 

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tessa 

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Mb 

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80 

6080 

6160 

6240 

6320 

6400 

6490 

6560 

6640 

6720 


6680 

6960 

7040 

7120 

7200 

7280 

7360 

7440 

7520 

7600 

7680 

7760 

7840 

7920 

8000 

81 

6156 

6237 

6318 

6399 

6480 

6561 

6642 

6723 

6804 

6885 

6966 

7047 

7128 

7209 

7290 

7371 

7452 

7533 

7614 

7695 

7776 

7857 

7938 

80 >9 

8100 

8a 

6232 

6314- 

6396 

6478 

6560 

6642 

6724 

6806 

6888 

6970 

7052 

7134 

7216 

7298 

7380 

7462 

7544 

7626 

7708 

7790 

7872 

7954 

8036 

8118 

8200 

83 

6308 

6391 

6474 

6557 

6640 

6723 

6806 

6889 

6972 

7055 

7138 

7221 

7304 

7387 

7470 

7553 

7636 

7719 

7802 

7885 

7968 

8051 

8134 

8217 

8300 

84 

6384 

6468 

6552 

6636 

6720 

6804 

6888 

6972 

7056 

7140 

7224 

7308 

7392 

7476 

7560 

7644 

7728 

7812 

7896 

7980 

806* 

8148 

8232 

8316 

8400 

85 

6460 

6545 

6630 

6715 

6800 

6885 

6970 

7055 

7140 

7225 

7310 

7395 

7480 

7565 

7650 

7735 

7820 

7905 

7990 

8075 

8160 

8245 

8330 

8415 

8 500 

86 

6536 

6622 

6708 

6794 

6880 

6966 

7052 

7138 

7224 

7310 

7396 

7482 

7568 

7654 

7740 

7826 

7912 

7998 

8084 

8170 

8256 

8342 

8428 

8514 

8600 

87 

6612 

6699 

6786 

6873 

6960 

7047 

7134 

7221 

7308 

7395 

7482 

7569 

7656 

7743 

7830 

7917 

8004 

8091 

8178 

8265 

8352 

8439 

8526 

8613 

8700 

88 

6688 

6776 

6864 

6952 

7040 

7128 

7216 

7304- 

7392 

7480 

7568 

7656 

7744 

7832 

7920 

8008 

8096 

8184 

8272 

8360 

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8536 

8624 

8712 

8800 

89 

6764 

6853 

6942 

7031 

7120 

7209 

7298 

7387 

7476 

7565 

7654 

7743 

7832 

7921 

8010 

8099 

8188 

8277 

8366 

8455 

85*4 

8633 

8722 

8811 

8900 

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9 O 

9 O 

9 O 





9 O 



90 

6840 

6930 

7020 

7110 

7200 

7290 

7380 

7470 

7560 

7650 

7740 

7830 

7920 

8010 

8100 

8190 

8280 

8370 

O 

to 

00 

8550 

8640 

8730 

8820 

8910 

9000 

91 

6916 

7007 

7098 

7189 

7280 

7371 

7462 

7553 

7644 

7735 

7826 

7917 

8008 

8099 

8190 

8281 

8372 

8463 

8554 

8645 

8736 

8827 

8918 

9009 

9100 

9a 

6992 

7084 

7176 

7268 

7360 

7452 

7544 

7636 

7728 

7820 

7912 

8004 

8096 

8188 

8280 

8372 

8464 

8556 

8648 

8740 

8832 

8924 

9016 

9108 

9200 

93 

7068 

7161 

7254 

7347 

7440 

7533 

7626 

7719 

7812 

7905 

7998 

8091 

8184 

8277 

8370 

8463 

8556 

8643 

8742 

8835 

8928 

9021 

9114 

9207 

9300 

94 

7144 

7238 

7332 

7426 

7520 

7614 

7708 

7802 

7896 

7990 

8084 

8178 

8272 

8366 

8460 

8554 

8648 

8742 

8836 

8930 

9024 

9118 

9212 

9306 

9400 

95 

7220 

7315 

7410 

7505 

7600 

7695 

7790 

7885 

7980 

8075 

8170 

8265 

8360 

8455 

8550 

8645 

8740 

8835 

8930 

9025 

9120 

9215 

9310 

9*05 

9500 

96 

7296 

7392 

7488 

7584 

7680 

7776 

7872 

7968 

8064 

8160 

8256 

8352 

8448 

854* 

8640 

8736 

8832 

8928 

9024 

$120 

9216 

9312 

9408 

950* 

9600 

97 

7372 

7469 

7566 

7663 

7760 

7857 

7954 

8051 

8148 

8245 

8342 

8439 

8536 

8633 

8730 

8827 

8924 

9021 

9118 

9215 

9312 

9409 

9506 

9603 

9700 

98 

7448 

7546 

7644 

7742 

7840 

7938 

8036 

8134 

8232 

8330 

8428 

8526 

8624 

8722 

8820 

8918 

9016 

9114 

9212 

9310 

9408 

9506 

9604 

9702 

9800 

99 

7524 

7623 

7722 

7821 

7920 

8019 

8U8 

8217 

8316 

8415 

8514 

8613 

8712 

8811 

8910 

9009 

9108 

9207 

9306 

9405 

9504 

9603 

9702 

9801 

9900 

mil 

7600 

7700 

7800 

7900 

8000 

8100 

8200 

8300 

8400 

8500 

8600 

8700 

8800 

8900 

9000 

9100 

9200 

9300 

9400 

9500 

9600 

9700 

9800 

9900 

10000 


{com hi. firo™27id P back) o/ the table, and the other does -not exceed 10000, select the smaller number /row 
Ithe top margin, then, dividing the laryer number into two parts, the first two figures composing the first pan, 
take the sum of the two partial products found at the intersection of each part, annexiny two ciphers to 
the product of the second part before adding thus, the product of 9989 by 99 is(980l oc +8811/ 9889II. 
IIII. The product of any two numbers whatever may be found by multiplying in the ordinary way, the 
a you to multiply by two or three figures at a time instead of by one figure; thns-,(c<»».5«^^) 


table enabliny yot 


71 
















































































































































































































1 Ill-Ill 


COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 

1. 

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mi 


1 

1 

1 

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12? 

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12 I 

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12* 

12* 

13 

13 * 

13* 

13 g 

13* 

13* 

13* 

13* 

14 

14* 

14* 

141 

14* 

141 

14* 

141 

15 

15 p- 

15* 

15# 

15* 

15 1 

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161 

17 

17* 

17 * 

17* 

17* 

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18 

18* 

18* 

18* 

18* 

18 1 

19 

19* 

19* 

19 * 

19! 

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20 

20* 

20* 

20* 

20! 

201 

s 

20k 

20 f 

20? 

20* 

21 

21* 

21* 

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21* 

22 

22* 

22 f 

22 f 

22* 

23 

23 - 

231 

23! 

23-f 

24 

24* 

24 f 

24 § 

24f 

25 

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25* 

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26 

26* 

26* 

26* 

27 

27* 

27* 

27! 

28 

28* 

28* 

28* 

29 

29* 

29* 

29* 

30 

30 

30* 

30* 

31 

31 * 


33 f 

34 

34* 

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35 

35* 

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36 

36* 

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37 

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38 

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38 f 

39 

39* 

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40 

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41 

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50* 

51 

51* 

52 

52* 

53 

53* 

54 

54* 

55 

55* 

56 

56* 

57 

57* 

58 

58* 

59 

59* 

60 

6^ 

61 

61* 

62 

62* 

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101 

102 

103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

1 08 

1 09 

MO 

1 l 1 

1 12 

H3 

M4 

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H6 

1 17 

1 18 

119 

120 

121 

122 

123 

12*+ 


2 

202 

204 

206 

208 

210 

212 

214 

216 

218 

220 

222 

224 

226 

228 

230 

232 

234 

236 

238 

240 

242 

244 

246 

248 

250 

3 

303 

306 

309 

312 

315 

318 

321 

324 

327 

330 

333 

336 

339 

342 

345 

348 

351 

354 

357 

360 

363 

366 

369 

372 

375 

M- 

4-04 

408 

412 

416 

420 

424 

428 

432 

436 

440 

444 

448 

452 

456 

460 

464 

488 

472 

476 

480 

484 

488 

492 

496 

500 

5 

505 

510 

515 

520 

525 

530 

535 

540 

545 

550 

555 

560 

565 

570 

575 

580 

585 

590 

595 

600 

605 

610 

615 

620 

625 

6 

606 

612 

618 

624 

630 

636 

642 

648 

654 

660 

666 

672 

678 

684 

690 

6S6 

702 

708 

714 

720 

726 

732 

738 

744 

750 

7 

707 

714 

721 

728 

735 

742 

749 

756 

763 

770 

777 

784 

791 

798 

805 

812 

819 

826 

833 

840 

847 

854 

861 

868 

875 

8 

808 

816 

824 

832 

840 

848 

856 

864 

872 

880 

888 

896 

904 

912 

920 

928 

936 

944 

952 

960 

968 

976 

984 

992 

1000 

9 

909 

918 

927 

936 

945 

954 

963 

972 

981 

990 

999 

1008 

1017 

1026 

1035 

1044 

1053 

1062 

1071 

1080 

1089 

1098 

1107 

1116 

1125 


1 o 

1 o 

1 o 


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1122 

1133 

1144 

1155 

1166 

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1188 

1199 

1210 

1221 

1232 

1243 

1254 

1265 

1276 

1287 

1298 

1309 

1320 

1331 

1342 

1353 

1364 

1375 

12 

1212 

1224 

1236 

1248 

1260 

1272 

1284 

1296 

1308 

1320 

1332 

1344 

135$ 

1368 

1380 

1392 

1404 

1416 

1428 

1440 

1452 

1464 

1 476 

1488 

1500 

S3 

1313 

1326 

1339 

1352 

1365 

1378 

1391 

1404 

1417 

1430 

1443 

1456 

1469 

1482 

1495 

1508 

1521 

1534 

1547 

1560 

1573 

1586 

1599 

1612 

1625 

14- 

1414 

1428 

1442 

1456 

1470 

1484 

1498 

1512 

1526 

1540 

1554 

1568 

1582 

1596 

1610 

1624 

1638 

1652 

1666 

1680 

1694 

1708 

1722 

1736 

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15 

1515 

1530 

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1560 

1575 

1590 

1605 

1620 

1635 

1650 

1665 

1680 

1695 

1710 

1725 

1740 

1755 

1770 

1785 

1800 

1815 

1830 

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1875 

16 

1616 

1632 

1648 

1664 

1680 

1696 

1712 

1728 

1744 

1760 

1776 

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1808 

1824 

1840 

1856 

1872 

1888 

1904 

1920 

1936 

1952 

1968 

1984 

2000 

17 

1717 

1734 

1751 

1768 

1785 

1802 

1819 

1836 

1853 

1870 

1887 

1904 

1921 

1938 

1955 

1372 

1989 

2006 

2023 

2040 

2057 

2074 

2091 

2108 

2125 

18 

1818 

1836 

1854 

1872 

1890 

1908 

1926 

1944 

1962 

1980 

1998 

2016 

2034 

2052 

2070 

2088 

2106 

2124 

2142 

2160 

2178 

2196 

2214 

2232 

2250 

19 

1919 

1938 

I957j 

1976 

1995 

2014 

2033 

2052 

207M 

2090 

2109 

2128 

2147 

zwn 

2166 

2185 

2204 

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2242 

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2261 

2280 

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2499 

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2604 

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22 

2222 

2244 

2266 

2288 

2310 

2332 

2354 

2376 

2398 

2420 

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2464 

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2508 

2530 

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2574 

2596 

2618 

2640 

2662 

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270 6 

2728 

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23 

2323 

2346 

2369 

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2415 

2438 

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2507 

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2553 

2576 

2599 

2622 

2645 

2668 

2691 

2714 

2737 

2760 

2783 

2806 

2829 

2852 

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24 

2424 

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2568 

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2616 

2640 

2664 

2688 

2712 

2736 

2760 

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2808 

2832 

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2880 

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2952 

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2525 

2550 

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2600 

2625 

2650 

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2700 

2725 

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2825 

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3025 

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3100 

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26 

2626 

2652 

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2727 

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2781 

2808 

2835 

2862 

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2916 

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3159 

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3213 

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28 

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3616 

3648 

3680 

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3840 

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3936 

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33 

3333 

3366 

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3432 

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3531 

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3597 

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3663 

3696 

3729 

3762 

3795 

3828 

3861 

3894 

3927 

3960 

3993 

4026 

4059 

4092 

4125 

34 

3434 

3468 

3502 

3536 

3570 

3604 

3638 

3672 

3706 

3740 

3774 

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3842 

3876 

3910 

3944 

3978 

4012 

4046 

4080 

4114 

4148 

4182 

4216 

42 50 

35 

3535 

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3605 

3640 

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3710 

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3780 

3815 

3850 

3885 

3920 

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4060 

4095 

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4165 

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4235 

4270 

4305 

4340 

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36 

3636 

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3708 

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3816 

3852 

3888 

3924 

3360 

3S96 

4032 

4068 

4104 

4140 

4176 

4212 

4248 

4284 

4320 

47 36 

4392 

4428 

4464 

4500 

37 

3737 

3774 

3811 

3848 

3885 

3922 

3959 

3996 

4033 

4070 

4107 

4144 

4181 

4218 

4255 

4292 

4329 

4366 

4403 

4440 

447T 

4514 

4551 

4588 

4625 

38 

3838 

3876 

3914 

3952 

3990 

4028 

4066 

4104 

4142 

4180 

4218 

4256 

4294 

4332 

4370 

4408 

4446 

4484 

4522 

4560 

4598 

4636 

4674 

4712 

4750 

39 

3939 

3978 

4017 

4056 

4095 

4134 

4173 

4212 

4251 

4290 

4329 

4368 

4407 

4446 

4485 

4524 

4563 

4602 

4641 

4680 

4719 

4758 

4797 

4836 

4875 


4 O 

o **• o 


40 


psm PEFfl LfrM nm orm n.T: r«i lt.* t< i L | vr* , «i crm 

crrriL7^i'iLi^o?rTiiiTi7ii reirnPT^n.i7TiLm)imil j 

41 





iM 


75. t 

,TW: 

- 


L'VVfl 















42 

4242 

4234 

4326 

436 8 

4410 

4452 

4494 

4536 

4578 

4620 

4662 

4704 

4746 

4788 

4830 

4872 

4914 

4956 

4998 

5040 

5082 

5124 

5166 

5208 

5250 

43 

4343 

4386 

4429 

4472 

4515 

4558 

4601 

4644 

4687 

4730 

4773 

4816 

4859 

4902 

4945 

4988 

5031 

5074 

5117 

5160 

5203 

5246 

5289 

5332 

5375 

44 

4444 

4488 

4532 

4576 

4620 

4664 

470 8 

4752 

4796 

4840 

4884 

4928 

4972 

5016 

5060 

5104 

5148 

5192 

5236 

5280 

5324 

5368 

5412 

5456 

5500 

45 

4515 

4590 

4635 

4680 

4725 

4770 

4815 

4860 

4905 

4950 

4995 

5040 

5085 

5130 

5175 

5220 

5265 

5310 

5355 


5445 

5490 

5535 

5580 

5625 

46 

4646 

4692 

4738 

4784 

4830 

4876 

4922 

4968 

5014 

506 § 

5106 

5152 

519 8 

5244 

5 90 

5336 

5332 

5428 

5474 

5520 

5566 

5612 

5658 

5704 

5750 

47 

4747 

4794 

4841 

4888 

4935 

4982 

5029 

5076 

5123 

5170 

5217 

5264 

5311 

5358 

5405 

5452 

5499 

5546 

5593 

5640 

5687 

5734 

5781 

5828 

5875 

48 

4848 

4896 

4944 

4992 

5040 

5088 

5136 

5184 

5232 

5280 

5328 

5376 

5424 

5472 

5520 

5568 

5616 

5664 

5712 

5760 

5808 

5856 

5904 

5952 

6000 

49 

4949 

4998 

5047 

5096 

5145 

5194 

5243 

5292 

5341 

5390 

5439 

5488 

5537 

5586 

5635 

5684 

5733 

5782 

5831 

5880 

5929 

5978 

6027 

6076 

6125 








































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 


25 



101 

102 

103 

|I0lfr|l05 

106 

107 

108 

I09IIIO 

III 

IIS 

113 

114 

115 

116 

117 

118 

119 

ISO 

ISI 

ISS 

123 

ist 

IS5 

so 

5050 

5100 

5150 

5200 

5250 

5300 

5350 

lAj 

5400 

5450 

5500 

5550 

5600 

5650 

5700 

5750 

5800 

5850 

5900 

5950 

6000 

6050 

6100 

6150 

6200 

6250 

51 

5151 

5202 

5253 

5304 

6355 

5406 

5457 

5508 

5559 

5610 

5661 

5712 

5763 

58(4 

5865 

59(6 

5967 

6018 

6069 

6120 

6171 

6222 

6273 

6324 

6375 

52 

525°- 

5304 

5356 

5408 

5460 

5512 

5564 

5616 

5668 

5720 

5772 

5824 

5876 

5928 

5980 

6032 

6084 

6136 

6188 

6240 

6292 

6344 

6396 

6448 

6500 

53 

5353 

5406 

5459 

5512 

5565 

56!8 

5671 

5724 

5777 

5830 

5883 

5936 

5989 

6042 

6095 

6148 

6201 

6254 

6307 

6360 

6413 

6466 

6519 

6572 

6625 


5454 

5508 

5562 

5616 

5670 

5724 

5778 

5832 

5886 

5940 

5994 

6048 

6(02 

6156 

6210 

6264 

6318 

6372 

6426 

6480 

6534 

6588 

6642 

6696 

6750 

55 

5555 

5610 

5665 

5720 

5775 

5830 

5885 

5940 

5995 

6050 

6(05 

6160 

6215 

6270 

6325 

6380 

6435 

6490 

6545 

6600 

6655 

6710 

6765 

6820 

6875 

56 

5b'5b 

bin 

5768 

5824 

5880 

5936 

5992 

6048 

6104 

6160 

6216 

6272 

6328 

6384 

6440 

6496 

6552 

6608 

6664 

6720 

6776 

6832 

6888 

6944 

7000 

57 

5757 

581V 

5871 

5928 

5985 

6042 

6099 

6156 

6213 

6270 

6327 

6384 

6441 

6498 

6555 

6612 

6669 

6726 

6783 

6840 

6897 

6954 

7011 

7068 

7125 

58 

5858 

5916 

5974 

6032 

6090 

6148 

6206 

6264 

6322 

6380 

6438 

6496 

6554 

6612 

6670 

6728 

6786 

6844 

6902 

6960 

7018 

7076 

7134 

7192 

7250 

59 

5959 

6018 

6077 

6136 

6195 

6254 

6313 

6372 

6431 

6490 

6549 

6608 

6667 

6726 

6785 

5844 

6903 

6962 

7021 

7080 

7139 

7198 

7257 

7316 

7375 




.Hit*, 





^r, 





az 





a-' 





7WT1 



To 

6060 

6120 

6180 

6240 

6300 

6360 

6420 

6480 

6540 

6600 

6660 

6720 

6780 

6840 

6900 

6960 

7020 

7080 

7140 

7200 

7260 

7320 

7380 

7440 

7500 

61 

b'161 

6222 

6283 

6344 

6405 

6466 

6527 

6588 

6649 

6710 

6771 

6831 

6893 

6954 

7015 

7076 

7137 

7198 

7259 

7320 

7381 

7442 

7503 

7564 

7625 

62 

6262 

6324 

6386 

6448 

6510 

6572 

6634 

6696 

6758 

6820 

6882 

6944 

7006 

7068 

7130 

7192 

7254 

7316 

7378 

7440 

7502 

7564 

7626 

7688 

7750 

63 

6363 

6426 

6489 

6552 

6615 

6678 

6741 

6804 

6867 

6930 

6993 

7056 

7119 

7182 

7245 

7308 

7371 

7434 

7497 

7560 

7623 

7686 

7749 

7812 

7875 

64 

6464 

6528 

6592 

6656 

6720 

6784 

6848 

6912 

6976 

7040 

7104 

7168 

7232 

7296 

7360 

7424 

7488 

7552 

7616 

7680 

7744 

7808 

7872 

7936 

8000 

65 

6565 

6630 

6695 

6760 

682b 

6890 

6955 

7020 

7085 

7150 

7215 

7280 

7345 

7410 

7475 

7540 

7605 

7670 

7735 

7800 

7865 

7930 

7995 

8060 

8125 

66 

bb‘b'6" 

6732 

6798 

6864 

6930 

6996 

7062 

7128 

7194 

7260 

7326 

7392 

7458 

7524 

7590 

7656 

7722 

7788 

7854 

7920 

7986 

8052 

8118 

8184 

8250 

67 

6767 

6834 

6901 

6968 

7035 

7102 

7169 

7236 

73Q3 

7370 

7437 

7504 

7571 

7638 

7705 

7772 

7839 

7906 

7973 

8040 

8107 

8(74 

824/ 

8308 

8375 

68 

6868 

6936 

7004 

7072 

7140 

7208 

7276 

7344 

7412 

7480 

7548 

7616 

7684 

7752 

7820 

7888 

7956 

8024 

8092 

8160 

8228 

8296 

8364 

8432 

8500 

69 

6969 

7038 

7107 

7176 

7245 

7314 

7383 

7452 

7521 

7590 

7659 

7728 

7797 

7866 

7935 

8904 

8073 

8142 

8211 

8280 

8349 

8418 

8487 

8556 

[8625 




rM* 




















rM.»' 



70 

7070 

7IV0 

7210 

7280 

7350 

7420 

7490 

7560 

7630 

7700 

7770 

7840 

79(0 

7980 

8050 

8120 

8190 

8260 

8330 

8400 

8470 

8540 

8610 

8680 

8750 

71 

7171 

7242 

7313 

7384 

7455 

7526 

7597 

7668 

7739 

7810 

7881 

7952 

8023 

8094 

8165 

8236 

8307 

8378 

8449 

8520 

8591 

8662 

8733 

8804 

8 875 

72 

7272 

7344 

7416 

7488 

7560 

7632 

7704 

7776 

7848 

7920 

7992 

8064 

8136 

8208 

8280 

8352 

8424 

8496 

8568 

8640 

8712 

8784 

8856 

8928 

9000 

73 

7373 

7446 

7519 

7592 

7665 

7738 

7811 

7884 

7957 

8030 

8103 

8(76 

8249 

8322 

8395 

8468 

8541 

8614 

8687 

8760 

8833 

8906 

8979 

9052 

9125 

74 

747 V 

7548 

7622 

7696 

7770 

7844 

7918 

7992 

8066 

8140 

8214 

8288 

8362 

8436 

8510 

8584 

8658 

8732 

8806 

8880 

8954 

9028 

9102 

9176 

9250 

75 

75 75 

7650 

7725 

7800 

7875 

7950 

8025 

8100 

8175 

8250 

8325 

8400 

8475 

8550 

8625 

8700 

8775 

8850 

8925 

9000 

9075 

9150 

9225 

9300 

9375 

76 

7676 

7752 

7828 

7904 

7980 

8056 

8132 

8208 

8284 

8360 

8436 

8512 

8588 

8664 

8740 

8816 

8892 

8968 

9044 

9(20 

9196 

9272 

9348 

9424 

9500 

77 

7777 

7854 

7931 

8008 

8085 

8162 

8239 

8316 

8393 

8470 

8547 

8624 

8701 

8778 

8855 

8932 

9009 

9086 

9193 

9240 

9317 

9394 

9471 

9548 

9625 

78 

7878 

7956 

8034 

8112 

8190 

8268 

8346 

8424 

8502 

8580 

8658 

8736 

8814 

8892 

8970 

9048 

9126 

9204 

9282 

9360 

9438 

9516 

9594 

9672 

9750 

79 

7979 

8058 

8137 

8216 

8295 

8374 

8453 

8532 

8611 

8690 

8769 

8848 

8927 

9006 

9085 

9164 

9243 

9322 

9401 

9480 

9559 

9638 

9717 

9796 

9875 








DE 










E 3 E 





T17 




8080 

8160 

8240 

8320 

8400 

8480 

8560 

8640 

8720 

8800 

8880 

8960 

9040 

9120 

9200 

9280 

9360 

9440 

9520 

9600 

9680 

9760 

9840 

9920 

10000 

81 

8181 

8262 

8343 

8424 

8505 

8586 

8667 

8748 

8829 

8910 

8991 

9072 

9153 

9234 

9315 

9396 

9477 

9558 

9639 

9720 

9801 

9882 

9963 

10044 

10125 

82 

8282 

8364 

8446 

8528 

8610 

8692 

8774 

8856 

8938 

9020 

9102 

9184 

9266 

9348 

9430 

9512 

9594 

9676 

9758 

9840 

9322 

10001 

10086 

10168 

10250 

83 

8383 

8466 

8549 

8632 

8715 

8798 

8881 

8964 

9047 

9130 

9213 

9296 

9379 

9462 

9545 

9628 

9711 

9794 

9877 

9960 

10043 

10126 

10209 

10292 

10375 

84- 

8V84 

8568 

8652 

8736 

8820 

8904 

8988 

9072 

9156 

9240 

9324 

9408 

9492 

9576 

9660 

9744 

9828 

9912 

9996 

10080 

10(64 

10248 

10332 

10416 

10500 

85 

8585 

8670 

8755 

8840 

8925 

9010 

9095 

9180 

9265 

9350 

9435 

9520 

9605 

9690 

9775 

9860 

9945 

10030 

I0HS 

10200 

10285 

10370 

10455 

10540 

10625 

86 

8686 

8772 

8858 

8944 

9030 

9116 

9202 

9288 

9374 

9460 

954G 

9632 

9718 

9804 

9890 

9976 

10062 

10148 

10234 

10320 

10406 

10492 

10578 

10664 

10750 

87 

8787 

8874 

8961 

9048 

9135 

9222 

9309 

9396 

9483 

9570 

9657 

9744 

9831 

9918 

10005 

10092 

10179 

10266 

10353 

10440 

10527 

10614 

10701 

10788 

10875 

88 

8888 

8976 

9064 

9152 

9240 

9328 

9416 

9504 

9592 

9680 

9768 

9856 

9944 

10032 

10120 

10208 

10296 

10384 

10472 

10560 

10648 

10736 

10824 

10912 

11000 

89 

8989 

9078 

9167 

9256 

9345 

9434 

9523 

9612 

9701 

9790 

9879 

9968 

10057 

10146 

10235 

10324 

10413 

10502 

10591 

10680 

10769 

10858 

10947 

11036 

II125 



















IE 









9090 

9180 

9270 

9360 

9450 

9540 

9630 

9720 

9810 

9900 

9990 

10080 

10170 

10260 

10350 

10440 

10530 

10620 

10710 

10800 

10890 

10980 

11070 

II160 

11250 

91 

9191 

9282 

9373 

9464 

9555 

9646 

9737 

9828 

9919 

10010 

10101 

10192 

10283 

10374 

10465 

10556 

10647 

10738 

10829 

10920 

KOI 1 

11(02 

IH93 

11284 

11375 

92 

9292 

9384 

9476 

9568 

9660 

9752 

9844 

9936 

10028 

10120 

10212 

10304 

10396 

10488 

10580 

10672 

10764 

10856 

10948 

11040 

II132 

11224 

11316 

11408 

11500 

93 

9393 

9486 

9579 

9672 

9765 

9858 

9951 

10044 

10137 

10230 

10323 

10416 

10509 

10602 

10695 

10788 

10881 

10974 

11067 

11160 

11253 

11346 

11439 

11532 

11625 

94 

9494 

9588 

9682 

9776 

9870 

9964 

10058 

10152 

10246 

10340 

10434 

10528 

10622 

10716 

10810 

10904 

10998 

11092 

11186 

11280 

1(374 

1(468 

1(562 

11656 

11750 

95 

9595 

9690 

9785 

9880 

9975 

10070 

10165 

10260 

10355 

10450 

10545 

10640 

10735 

10830 

10925 

11020 

III 15 

11210 

11305 

11400 

11495 

1(590 

11685 

11780 

1/875 

96 

9696 

9792 

9888 

9984 

10080 

10176 

10272 

10368 

10464 

10560 

10656 

10752 

10848 

10944 

11040 

11136 

11232 

11328 

11424 

11520 

11616 

1(712 

11808 

11904 

12000 

97 

9797 

9894 

9991 

10088 

10185 

10282 

10379 

10476 

10573 

10670 

10767 

10864 

1096! 

11058 

11155 

11252 

11349 

11446 

11543 

11640 

11737 

11834 

11931 

12028 

12125 

98 

9898 

9996 

10094 

0192 

10290 

10388 

10480 

10584 

10682 

10780 

10878 

10976 

11074 

11172 

11270 

11368 

11466 

11564 

11662 

11760 

11858 

11956 

12054 

12152 

12250 

99 

9999 

0098 

10197 

10296 

10395 

10494 

0593 

10692 

10791 

10890 

10989 

11088 

II187 

11286 

11385 

11484 

11583 

11682 

11781 

11880 

11979 

12078 

12177 

12276 

12375 

100 

10 tool 10200 

0300 

10400 

10500 

10600 

0700 

10800 

10900 

11000 

moo 

11200 

11300 

11400 

1500 

11600 

11700 

11800 

11900 

12000 

12100 

12200 

12300 

12400 

12500 


l Coviiv. from indp. back) the product of 99887766 by 
is 11,386,082,98V. 99 88 77 66 

I 2.*+ 


124- 


Operation. 


818V 
95V8 
I 09 I a 
11176 


l238608a98V 


Division of whole numbers.-I.to find 

how many times one number is contained in anoth¬ 
er, when the divisor does not exceed 100, arid the 
qu-otient does not exceed the extreme limit o/ 
the extended side of. the table , select the divisor 
from the left margin, then follow (co7/imorj2n’p.ah’d) 


73 










































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. lH’1 


Ts 

i 

12 

• 

IO 

• 

8 


7 i 
10 4- 
IH 

15 1 

7 nf 

10,1 

12^ 

151 

8 

104 
IQ 1 
16 

84 

101 

|Q .& 
,X 10 

161 

8 i 
10 1 
13 

164 

8 i6 

I0H 
13 4o 
161 

8 4 

II 

13 4 
16 4 

8.4 
ii 4 

13.4 
161 

8 1 
ii 4 

I3| 

161 

84 

ni 
13 4 
16 1 


8 4 

1 1 J 

131 

17 

8 4 
114 
13,4 
17 4 

8 t 
M4 
131 
17 4 

8 ft 
Hra 

13 4 

17 1 

8 1 

Ilf 

14 

17 1 

8 ii 

Hi 
14,4 
17 1 

8 i 
Hi 
Ifi 

171 

Q 1 5 
O 16 

lira 
I4? 0 
17 1 

9 

12 

141 

18 

9 h 
124 
144 
184 


9 i 
I2i 
141 
184 

9 ft 

I2i 

I4f5 

181 

9 4 
124 
141 
181 

9 ft 

12 £ 
14,1 
18 f 

9 1 

121 

15 

18! 

• 


21 

214 

214 

214 

21 1 

21 ! 

22 

22 4 

221 

221 


221 

22| 

23 

23 4 

234 

23 1 

231 

23 4 

24 

24 4 


24 4 

241 

24 5 

24| 

25 

• 

5 

V 

• 

3 

t 

~5~ 


25 i 
311 
42 
63 

25 f 
3ii 
424 
63 i 

25f 

32 

421 
64 

251 
32 4 
43 
644 

26 

32 4 
434 
65 

264 

321 

431 

654 

261 

33 

44 

66 

261 

334 

444 

664 

261 

331 

44l 

67 

27 

331 

45 

671 


27 4 
34 
454 
68 

27 | 

344 

451 

681 

27 f 

344 

46 

69 

271 

341 

464 

691 

28 

35 

46y 

70 

284 

35 4 
47 

704 

28f 

354 

474 

71 

281 

35f 
471 
714 

281 

36 

48 

72 

29 

364 

48y 

724 


291 

361 

481 

73 

29f 

361 

49 

731 

291 

37 

491 
74 

29 5 

37 4 
491 
744 

30 

371 

50 

75 


1 ' 

126 

127 

128 

129 

130 

13 1 

132 

133 

134 

135 

136 

137 

138 

139 

140 

141 

142 

143 

144 

145 

146 

147 

148 

J 49 

150 

2 

252 

254 

256 

Q58 

260 

262 

264 

266 

268 

270 

Q72 

274 

276 

278 

280 

282 

284 

286 

288 

290 

292 

294 

296 

298 

300 

3 

378 

381 

384 

387 

390 

393 

396 

399 

402 

405 

408 

411 

414 

417 

420 

423 

426 

429 

432 

43 5 

438 

44/ 

444 

447 

450 

if 

504 

508 

5IQ 

516 

5Q0 

524 

528 

532 

536 

540 

544 

548 

552 

556 

560 

564 

568 

572 

576 

580 

584 

588 

59Q 

596 

600 

5 

630 

635 

640 

645 

650 

655 

660 

665 

670 

675 

680 

685 

690 

695 

700 

705 

710 

715 

720 

725 

790 

735 

740 

745 

750 

6 

756 

762 

768 

774 

780 

786 

792 

798 

804 

810 

816 

822 

828 

834 

840 

846 

852 

858 

864 

870 

876 

882 

888 

894 

900 

7 

882 

889 

896 

903 

910 

917 

924 

931 

938 

945 

952 

959 

966 

973 

980 

987 

994 

1001 

1008 

1015 

1022 

1029 

1036 

1043 

1050 

8 

1008 

1016 

1024 

1032 

1040 

1048 

1056 

1064 

1072 

1080 

1088 

1096 

1104 

1112 

1120 

1128 

1136 

1144 

1152 

1160 

1168 

1176 

1184 

1192 

1200 

a 

1134 

1143 

1152 

1161 

1170 

1179 

1188 

1197 

1206 

1215 

1224 

1233 

1242 

1251 

1260 

1269 

1278 

1287 

1296 

1305 

1314 

1323 

1332 

1341 

1350 




1 O 

nB 

IBB 

I^B 


l O 

BB 



B 

1 O 

BB 



BB 

1 O 

BB 



BBS 

1 O 



IO 

1260 

1270 

1280 

1290 

1300 

1310 

1320 

1330 

1340 

1350 

1360 

1370 

1380 

1390 

1400 

1410 

1420 

1430 

1440 

1450 

1460 

1470 

1480 

1490 

1500 

II 

1386 

1397 

1408 

1419 

1430 

1441 

1452 

1463 

1474 

1485 

1496 

1507 

1518 

1529 

1540 

1551 

1562 

1573 

1584 

1595 

1606 

1617 

1628 

1639 

1650 

12 

1512 

1524 

1536 

1548 

1560 

1572 

1584 

1596 

1608 

1620 

1632 

1644 

1656 

1668 

1680 

1692 

1704 

1716 

1728 

1740 

1752 

1764 

1776 

1788 

1800 

13 

1638 

1651 

1664 

1677 

1690 

1703 

1716 

1729 

1742 

1755 

1768 

1781 

1794 

1807 

1820 

1833 

1846 

1859 

1872 

1885 

1898 

1911 

1924 

1937 

1950 

Uf 

1764 

1778 

1792 

1806 

1820 

1834 

1848 

1862 

1876 

1890 

1904 

1918 

1932 

1946 

I960 

1974 

1988 

2002 

2016 

2030 

2044 

2058 

2072 

2086 

2100 

15 

1890 

1905 

1920 

1935 

1950 

1965 

1980 

1995 

2010 

2025 

2040 

2055 

2070 

2085 

2100 

2115 

2130 

2145 

2160 

2175 

2190 

2205 

2220 

2235 

2250 

16 

2016 

2032 

2048 

2064 

2080 

2096 

2112 

2128 

2144 

2160 

2176 

2192 

2208 

2224 

2240 

2256 

2272 

2288 

2304 

2320 

2336 

2352 

2368 

2384 

2400 

17 

2142 

2159 

2176 

2193 

2210 

2227 

2244 

2261 

2278 

2295 

2312 

2329 

2346 

2363 

2380 

2397 

2414 

2431 

2448 

2465 

2482 

2499 

2516 

2533 

2550 

18 

2268 

2286 

2304 

2322 

2340 

2358 

2376 

2394 

2412 

2430 

2448 

2466 

2484 

2502 

2520 

2538 

2556 

2574 

2592 

2610 

2628 

2646 

2664 

2682 

2700 

ia 

2394 

2413 

2432 

2451 

2470 

2489 

2508 

2527 

2546 

2565 

2584 

2603 

2622 

2641 

2660 

2679 

2698 

2717 

2736 

2755 

2774 

2793 

2812 

2831 

2850 

2 0 

a 0 

. 20 

a 0 

a 0 

20 

2520 

2540 

2560 

2580 

2600 

2620 

2640 

2660 

2680 

2700 

2720 

2740 

2760 

2780 

2800 

2820 

2840 

2860 

2880 

2900 

2920 

2940 

2960 

2980 

3000 

21 

2646 

2667 

2688 

2709 

2730 

2751 

2772 

2793 

2814 

2835 

2856 

2877 

2898 

2919 

2940 

2961 

2982 

3003 

3024 

3045 

3066 

3087 

3108 

3129 

3150 

22 

2772 

2794 

2816 

2838 

2860 

2882 

2904 

2926 

2948 

2970 

2992 

3014 

3036 

3058 

3080 

3102 

3124 

3146 

3168 

3190 

3212 

3234 

3256 

327 8 

3300 

23 

2898 

2921 

2944 

2967 

2990 

3013 

3036 

3059 

3082 

3105 

3128 

3151 

3174 

3197 

3220 

3243 

3266 

3289 

3312 

3335 

3358 

3381 

3404 

3427 

3450 

2if 

3024 

3048 

3072 

3096 

3120 

3144 

3168 

3192 

3216 

3240 

3264 

3288 

3312 

3336 

3360 

3384 

3408 

3432 

3456 

3480 

3504 

3528 

3552 

3576 

3600 

25 

3150 

3175 

3200 

3225 

3250 

3275 

3300 

3325 

3350 

3375 

3400 

3425 

3450 

3475 

3500 

3525 

3550 

3575 

3600 

3625 

3650 

3675 

3700 

3725 

3750 

26 

3276 

3302 

3328 

3354 

3380 

3406 

3432 

3458 

3484 

3510 

3536 

3562 

3588 

3614 

3640 

3666 

3692 

3718 

3744 

3770 

3796 

3822 

3848 

3874 

3900 

27 

3402 

3429 

3456 

3483 

3510 

3537 

3564 

3591 

3618 

3645 

3672 

3699 

3726 

3753 

3780 

3807 

3834 

3861 

3888 

3915 

3942 

3969 

3996 

4023 

4050 

28 

3528 

3556 

3584 

3612 

3640 

3668 

3696 

3724 

3752 

3780 

3808 

3836 

3864 

3892 

3920 

3948 

3976 

4004 

4032 

4060 

4088 

4116 

4144 

4172 

4200 

29 

3654 

3683 

3712 

3741 

3770 

3799 

3828 

3857 

3886 

3915 

3944 

3973 

4002 

4031 

4060 

4089 

4118 

4147 

4176 

4205 

4234 

4263 

4292 

4321 

4350 

3 O 

3 O 





3 O 

B 


IBISF 

HH 

7T 

3 O 

30 

3780 

3810 

3840 

3870 

3900 

3930 

3960 

3990 

4020 

4050 

4080 

4110 

4140 

W) 

4200 

4230 

4260 

4290 

4320 

4350 

4380 

4410 

4440 

4470 

4500 

31 

3906 

3937 

3968 

3999 

4030 

4061 

4092 

4123 

4154 

4185 

4216 

4247 

4278 

4309 

43 40 

4371 

4402 

4433 

4464 

4495 

4526 

4557 

4588 

4619 

4650 

32 

4032 

4064 

4096 

4128 

4160 

4192 

4224 

4256 

4288 

4320 

4352 

4384 

4416 

4448 

4480 

4512 

4544 

4576 

4608 

4640 

4672 

4704 

4736 

4768 

4800 

33 

4158 

4191 

4224 

4257 

4290 

4323 

4356 

4389 

4422 

4455 

4488 

4521 

4554 

4587 

4620 

4653 

4686 

4719 

4752 

4785 

4818 

4851 

4884 

4917 

4950 

34 

4284 

4318 

4352 

4386 

4420 

4454 

4488 

4522 

4556 

4590 

4624 

4658 

4692 

4726 

4760 

4794 

4828 

4862 

4896 

4930 

4964 

4998 

5032 

5066 

5100 

35 

4410 

4445 

4480 

4515 

4550 

4585 

4620 

4655 

4690 

4725 

4760 

4795 

4830 

4865 

4900 

4935 

4970 

5005 

5040 

5075 

5110 

5145 

5180 

5215 

5250 

36 

4536 

4572 

4608 

4644 

4680 

4716 

4752 

4788 

4824 

4860 

4896 

4932 

4968 

5004 

5040 

5076 

5112 

5148 

5184 

5220 

5256 

5292 

5328 

5364 

5400 

37 

4662 

4699 

4736 

4773 

4810 

4847 

4884 

4921 

4958 

4995 

5032 

5069 

5106 

5143 

5180 

5217 

5254 

5291 

,5328 

5365 

5402 

5439 

5476 

5513 

5550 

38 

4788 

4826 

4864 

4902 

4940 

4978 

5016 

5054 

5092 

5130 

5168 

5206 

5244 

5282 

5320 

5358 

5396 

5434 

5472 

5510 

5548 

5586 

5624 

5662 

5700 

39 

4914 

4953 

4992 

5031 

5070 

5109: 

5148 

5187 

5236 

5265 

5304 

5343 

5382 

5421 

5460 

5499 

5538 

5577 

5616 

5655 

5694 

5733 

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5811 

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5040 

5080 

5120 

5160 

5200 

5240 

5280 1 

5320 

5360 

5400 

5440 

5480 

5520 

5560 

5600 

5640 

5680 

5720 

5760 

5800 

5840 

5880 

5920 

5960 

6000 

41 

5166 

5207 

5248 

5289 

5330 

5371 

5412 

5453 

5494 

5535 

5576 

5617 

5658 

5699 

5740 

5781 

5822 

5863 

5904 

594-5 

5986 

6027 

6068 

6109 

6150 

42 

5292 

5334 

5376 

5418 

5460 

5502 

5544 

5586 

5628 

5670 

5712 

5754 

5796 

5838 

5880 

5922 

5964 

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6048 

6090 

6132 

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6216 

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43 

5418 

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5547 

5590 

5633 

5676 

5719 

5762 

5805 

5848 

5891 

5934 

5977 

6020 

6063 

6106 

6149 

6192 

6235 

6278 

6321 

6364 

6407 

6450 

44 

5544 

5588 

5632 

5676 

5720 

5764 

5808 

5852 

5896 

5940 

5984 

6028 

6072 

6116 

6160 

6204 

6248 

6292 

6336 

6380 

6424 

6468 

6512 

6556 

6600 

45 

5670 

57(5 

5760 

5805 

5850 

5895 

5940 

5985 

6030 

6075 

6120 

6165 

6210 

6255 

6300 

6345 

6390 

6435 

6480 

6525 

6570 

6615 

6660 

6705 

6750 

46 

5796 

5842 

5888 

5934 

5980 

6026 

6072 

6H8 

6164 

6210 

6256 

6302 

6348 

6394 

6440 

6486 

6532 

6578 

6624 

6670 

6716 

6762 

6808 

6854 

6900 

47 

5922 

5969 

6016 

6063 

6H0 

6157 

6204 

6251 

6298 

6345 

6392 

6439 

6486 

6533 

6580 

6627 

6674 

6721 

6768 

6815 

6862 

6909 

6956 

7003 

7050 

48 

6048 

6096 

6144 

6192 

6240 

6288 

6336 

6384 

6432 

6480 

6528 

6576 

6624 

6672 

6720 

6768 

6816 

6864 

6912 

6960 

7008 

7056 

7104 

7152 

7200 

49 

6174 

6223 

6272 

6321 

6370 

6419 

6468 

6517 

6566 

6615 

6664 

6713 

6762 

6811 

6860 

6909 

6958 

7007 

7056 

7105 

7154 

7203 

7252 

7301 

7350 


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i 

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COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON ■ 

1. 




has 

127 

128 

139 

130 

131 

132 

133 

134, 

135 

136 

137 

138 

139 

fl40l 

141 

14* 

143 

144 

145 

146 

147 

148 

149 

ISO 

50 


6350 

6400 

HH 

HI 

HH 

tUm 

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m 

HI 

HI 

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6450 

6500 

6550 

6600 

6650 

6700 

6750 

6800 

6850 

6900 

6950 


7050 

7100 

7150 

7200 

7250 

7300 

7350 

7400 

7950 

7500 

51 

6426 

64 II 

6528 

65/9 

6630 

6681 

6732 

6783 

6834 

6885 

6936 

6987 

7038 

7089 

7140 

7191 

7242 

7293 

7344 

7395 

7446 

7497 

7548 

7599 

7650 

52 

6552 

6604 

6656 

6708 

6760 

6812 

6864 

6916 

6968 

7020 

7072 

7124 

7176 

7228 

7280 

7332 

7384 

7436 

7488 

7540 

7592 

7644 

7696 

7748 

7800 

53 

6678 

6731 

6784 

6837 

6890 

6943 

6996 

7049 

7102 

7155 

7208 

7261 

7314 

7367 

7420 

7473 

7526 

7579 

7632 

7685 

7738 

7791 

7844 

7897 

7950 

5*t 

6804 

6858 

6912 

6966 

7020 

7074 

7128 

7182 

7236 

7290 

7344 

7398 

7452 

7506 

7560 

7614 

7668 

7722 

7776 

7830 

7884 

7938 

7992 

8046 

8100 

5b 

6930 

6985 

7040 

7095 

7150 

7205 

7260 

7315 

7370 

7425 

7480 

7535 

7590 

7645 

7700 

7755 

7810 

7865 

7920 

7975 

8030 

8085 

8140 

8195 

8250 

56 

7056 

7112 

7168 

7224 

7280 

7336 

7392 

7448 

75 04 

7560 

7616 

7672 

7728 

7784 

7840 

7896 

7952 

8008 

8064 

8120 

8176 

8232 

8288 

8349 

8400 

57 

7182 

7239 

7296 

735 3 

7410 

7467 

7524 

7581 

7638 

7695 

7752 

7809 

7866 

7923 

7980 

8037 

8094 

8151 

8208 

8265 

8322 

8379 

8436 

8493 

8550 

58 

7308 

7366 

7424 

7482 

7540 

7598 

7656 

7714 

7772 

7830 

7888 

7946 

8004 

8062 

8120 

8178 

8236 

8294 

8352 

8410 

8468 

8526 

8584 

8642 

8700 

59 

7434 

7493 

7552 

7611 

7670 

7729 

7788 

7847 

7906 

7965 

8024 

8083 

8142 

8201 

8260 

8319 

8378 

8437 

8496 

8555 

8614 

8673 

8732 

8791 

8850 

■ 



TES 

HI 

Ahe 

HH 

Hi 

6 O 





6 O 





e 0 





0 



60 

7560 

7620 

7680 

7740 

7800 

7860 

7920 

7980 

8040 

8100 

8160 

8220 

8280 

8340 

8400 

8460 

8520 

8580 

8640 

8700 


61 

7686 

7747 

7808 

7869 

7930 

7991 

8052 

8H3 

8174 

8235 

8296 

8357 

8418 

8479 

8540 

8601 

8662 

8723 

8784 

8845 

8906 

8967 

9028 

9089 

9150 

62 

7812 

7874 

7936 

7998 

8060 

8122 

8184 

8246 

8308 

8370 

8432 

8494 

8556 

8618 

8680 

8742 

8804 

8866 

8928 

8990 

9052 

9114 

9176 

9238 

9300 

63 

7938 

8001 

8064 

8127 

8190 

8253 

8316 

8379 

8442 

8505 

8568 

8631 

8694 

8757 

8820 

8883 

8946 

9009 

9072 

9135 

9198 

9261 

9324 

9387 

9450 

6M- 

8064 

8128 

8192 

8256 

8320 

8384 

8448 

8512 

8576 

8640 

8704 

8768 

8832 

8896 

8960 

9024 

9088 

9152 

9216 

9280 

9344 

9408 

9472 

9536 

9600 

65 

8190 

8255 

8320 

8385 

8450 

8515 

8580 

8645 

8710 

8775 

8840 

8905 

8970 

9035 

9100 

9165 

9230 

9295 

9360 

9425 

9490 

9555 

9620 

9685 

9750 

66 

8316 

8382 

8448 

8514 

8580 

8646 

8712 

8778 

8844 

8910 

8976 

9042 

9108 

9174 

9240 

9306 

9372 

9438 

9504 

9570 

9636 

9702 

9768 

9934 

.9900 

67 

8442 

8509 

8576 

8643 

8710 

8777 

8844 

89H 

8978 

9045 

9112 

9179 

9246 

9313 

9380 

9447 

9514 

9581 

9648 

9715 

9782 

9849- 

9916 

9983 

10050 

68 

8568 

8636 

8704 

8772 

8840 

8908 

8976 

9044 

9112 

9180 

9248 

9316 

9384 

9452 

9520 

9588 

9656 

9724 

9792 

9860 

9928 

9996 

10064 

10132 

10200 

69 

8694 

8763 

8832 

8901 

8970 

9039 

9108 

9177 

9246 

9315 

9384 

9453 

9522 

9591 

9660 

9729 

9798 

9867 

9936 

10005 

10074 

10143 

10212 

10281 

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70 

8820 

8890 

8960 

9030 

9100 

9170 

9240 

9310 

9380 

9450 

9520 

9590 

9660 

9730 


9870 

9940 

10010 

10080 

10150 

10220 

10290 

10360 

10430 

10500 

71 

8946 

9017 

9088 

9159 

9230 

9301 

9372 

9443 

9514 

9585 

9656 

9727 

9798 

9869 

9940 

100II 

10082 

10153 

10224 

10295 

10366 

10437 

10508 

10579 

10650 

72 

9072 

9144 

9216 

9288 

9360 

9432 

9504 

9576 

9643 

9720 

9792 

9864 

9936 

10008 

10080 

10152 

10224 

10296 

10368 

10440 

10512 

10584 

10656 

10728 

10800 

73 

9198 

9271 

9344 

9417 

9490 

9563 

9636 

9709 

9782 

9855 

9928 

10001 

10074 

10147 

10220 

10293 

10366 

10439 

10512 

10585 

10658 

10731 

10804 

10877 

10950 

7«f 

9324 

9398 

9475 

9546 

9620 

9694 

9768 

9842 

9916 

9990 

10064 

10138 

10212 

10286 

10360 

10434 

10508 

10582 

10656 

10730 

10804 

10878 

10952 

11026 

II100 

75 

9450 

9525 

9600 

967? 

9750 


10200 

10275 

10350 

10425 

10500 

I0S75 

10650 

10725 

10800 

10875 

10950 

H025 

moo 

11175 

11250 

76 

9576 

9652 

9728 

9804 

9880 

19956 

10032 

10108 

10184 

10260 

10336 

10412 

10488 

10564 

10640 

10716 

10792 

10868 

10944 

11020 

11096 

11172 

11248 

11324 

11400 

77 

9702 

9779 

9856 

9933 

10010 

S10087 

10164 

10241 

10318 

10395 

10472 

10549 

10626 

10703 

10780 

10857 

10934 

non 

11088 

II165 

11242 

11319 

11396 

11473 

11550 

78 

9828 

9906 

9984 

10062 

10140 

*10218 

10296 

10374 

10452 

10530 

10608 

10686 

10764 

10842 

10920 

10998 

11076 

II154 

11232 

11310 

11388 

11466 

11544 

11622 

11700 

79 

9954 

10033 

101152 

10191 

10270 

g!0349 

10428 

10507 

I0S86 

10665 

10744 

10823 

10902 

10981 

11060 

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11218 

11297 

11376 

11455 

11534 

11613 

11692 

11771 

11850 

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90 

10080 

10160 

10240 

10320 



10560 

10640 

10720 



10960 

11040 

11120 

11200 

11280 

11360 

11440 

11520 

11600 

11680 

11760 

11840 

11920 

12000 

81 

10206 

10287 

10368 

10449 

10530 

10611 

10692 

10773 

10854 

10935 

11016 

11097 

11178 

11259 

11340 

11421 

11502 

11582 

11664 

11745 

11826 

11907 

11988 

12063 

12150 

82 

10332 

10414 

10496 

10578 

10660 

10742 

10824 

10906 

10988 

11070 

11151 

11234 

11316 

11398 

11480 

11562 

11644 

11726 

11808 

11890 

11972 

12054 

12136 

12218 

12300 

83 

10458 

10541 

10624 

10707 

10790 

10873 

10956 

11039 

11122 

11205 

11288 

11371 

11454 

11537 

11620 

11703 

11786 

11869 

11952 

12035 

12118 

12201 

12284 

12367 

12450 

84- 

10584 

10668 

10752 

10836 

10920 

11004 

11088 

II172 

11256 

11340 

11424 

11508 

11592 

11676 

11760 

11844 

11928 

12012 

12096 

12180 

12264 

12348 

12432 

12516 

12600 

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11135 

11220 

11305 

11390 

11475 

11560 

11645 

11730 

11815 

11900 

11985 

12070 

12155 

12240 

12325 

12410 

12495 

12580 

12665 

12750 

86 

10836 

10922 

11008 

11094 

11180 

11266 

11352 

11438 

11524 

11610 

11696 

11782 

11868 

11954 

12040 

12126 

12212 

12298 

12384 

12470 

12556 

12642 

12728 

12814 

12900 

87 

10962 

11049 

11136 

11223 

11310 

11397 

11484 

11571 

11658 

11745 

11832 

11919 

12006 

12093 

12180 

12267 

12354 

12441 

12528 

12615 

12702 

12789 

12876 

12963 

13050 

88 

11088 

II176 

11264 

11352 

11440 

11528 

11616 

11704 

11792 

11880 

11968 

12056 

12144 

12232 

12320 

12408 

12496 

12584 

12672 

12760 

12848 

12936 

13024 

13112 

13200 

89 

11214 

11303 

11392 

11481 

11570 

11659 

11748 

11837 

11926 

12015 

12104 

12193 

12282 

12371 

12460 

12549 

12638 

12727 

12816 

12905 

12994 

13083 

13172 

13261 

13350 

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pH 



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H 

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1 LEI 

11340 

11430 

11520 

H 610 

11700 

11790 


11970 


112150 

I2Q40 


12420 

12510 



12780 

12870 

12960 


13140 

13230 

13320 

13410 

13500 

Tf 

11466 

11557 

11648 

11739 

11830 

11921 

12012 

12103 

12194 

12285 

12376 

12467 

12558 

12649 

12740 

12831 

12922 

13013 

13104 

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13286 

13377 

13468 

13559 

13650 

92 

11592 

11684 

11776 

11868 

11960 

12052 

12144 

12236 

12328 

12420 

12512 

12604 

12696 

12788 

12880 

12972 

13064 

13156 

13248 

13340 

13432 

13524 

13616 

13708 

13800 

93 

11718 

11811 

11904 

11997 

12090 

12183 

12276 

12369 

12462 

12555 

12648 

12741 

12834 

12927 

13020 

13113 

13206 

13299 

13392 

13485 

13578 

13671 

13764 

13857 

13950 

94 

11844 

11938 

12032 

12126 

12220 

12314 

12408 

12502 

12596 

12690 

12784 

12878 

12972 

13066 

13160 

13254 

13348 

13442 

13536 

13630 

13724 

13818 

13912 

14006 

14100 

95 

11970 

12065 

12160 

12255 

12350 

12445 

12540 

12635 

12730 

12825 

12920 

13015 

13110 

13205 

13300 

13395 

13490 

13585 

13680 

13775 

13870 

13965 

14060 

14155 

14250 

96 

12096 

12192 

12288 

12384 

12480 

12576 

12672 

12768 

12864 

12960 

13056 

13152 

13248 

J3344 

13440 

13536 

13632 

13728 

13824 

13920 

14016 

14112 

14208 

14304 

14400 

97 

12222 

12319 

12416 

12513 

12610 

12707 

12804 

12901 

12998 

13095 

13192 

13289 

13386 

13483 

13580 

13677 

13774 

13871 

13968 

14065 

14162 

14259 

14356 

14453 

14550 

98 

12348 

12446 

12544 

12642 

127 40 

12838 

12936 

13034 

13132 

13230 

13328 

13426 

13524 

13622 

13720 

13818 

13916 

14014 

141 ia 

14210 

14308 

14406 

14504 

14602 

14700 

99 

12474 

12573 

12672 

12771 

12870 

12969 

13068 

13167 

13266 

13365 

13464 

13563 

13662 

13761 

13860 

13959 

14058 

14157 

14256 

14355 

14454 

14553 

14652 

14751 

14850 

100 

12600 

12700 

12800 

12900 

13000 

13100 

13200 

13300 

13400 

13500 

13600 

13700 

13800 

13900 

14000 

14100 

14200 

14300 

14400 

14500 

14600 

14100 

14800 

14900 

15000 


( COviiv. from 2nd p. back) the row of /ipures to the riyht ot the divisor until you come to the number to be divid¬ 
ed for the nearest approximate not exceediny it), then the quotient will be found at the head 0 / that column, -r 
the dividend be greater than the number thus found, Subtract it from the dividend, and the difference will be 
the remainder: thus, the quotient of 14-771 divided by 99 is 1*9, with a remainder of 20. (see intersection of 
99 with 14-9 above). II. To /ind how m any times one number is contained m another, when the divisor 
does not exceed the extreme limit of the extended side. 0 / the table, (the dividend may be any number), {con.^vdp.ahd) 


7o 










































































































































fFTl 


COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 

1. 


Lkid 

□ 

HsT 


153 

I54II55I 

1 156|157 

158 159 I60II6I 

|I6S|I63 164 165 

166 

167 168 169 I701I7I I7S 



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191- 

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15 | 
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Q *5 
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131 
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131 

16% 

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16% 

201 

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161 
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14 

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21 

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21 B 

1 

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251 

251 

26 

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261 

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271 

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28 

28} 

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29 

29 i 

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30 if 

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301 

30$ 

31 

311 

315- 

311 

31 1 

32 

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34 

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35 

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381 

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39 

391 

391 

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40 

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421 

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I 42 1 

43 

43% 

43} 

43 % 

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51 

511 

51 | 

52 

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53 

531 

53} 

54 

54} 

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55 

55} 

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56 

56} 

56} 

157 

57} 

57} 

58 

58} 

1 

TT 


76 

76 4 

77 

771 

78 

781 

79 

791 

80 

801 

81 

81} 

82 

82} 

83 

83} 

84 

84} 

85 

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86 

86} 

87 

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mh 

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152 

153 

154- 

155 

156 

157 

158 

159 

160 

161 

162 

163 

164 

165 

166 

167 

168 

169 

170 

j 71 

172 

173 

174 

175 

a 

302 

304 

306 

308 

310 

312 

314 

316 

318 

320 

322 

324 

326 

328 

330 

332 

334 

336 

338 

340 

342 

344 

346 

348 

350 

3 

453 

456 

459 

462 

465 

468 

4-71 

474 

477 

480 

483 

486 

489 

492 

495 

498 

501 

504 

507 

510 

513 

516 

519 

522 

525 

4 

604 

608 

612 

616 

620 

624 

628 

632 

636 

640 

644 

648 

652 

656 

660 

664 

668 

672 

676 

680 

684 

688 

692 

696 

700 

5 

755 

760 

765 

770 

775 

780 

785 

790 

795 

800 

805 

810 

815 

820 

825 

830 

835 

840 

845 

850 

855 

860 

865 

870 

875 

6 

906 

912 

918 

924 

930 

936 

942 

948 

954 

960 

966 

972 

978 

984 

990 

996 

1002 

1008 

1014 

1020 

1026 

1032 

1038 

1044 

1050 

7 

1057 

1064 

1071 

1078 

1085 

1092 

1099 

1106 

1113 

1120 

1127 

1134 

1141 

1148 

1155 

1162 

1169 

1176 

1183 

1190 

1197 

1204 

1211 

1218 

1225 

8 

1208 

1216 

1224 

1232 

1240 

1248 

1256 

1264 

1272 

1280 

1288 

1296 

1304 

1312 

1320 

1328 

1336 

1344 

1352 

1360 

1368 

1376 

1384 

1392 

1400 

9 

1359 

1368 

1377 

1386 

1395 

1404 

1413 

1422 

1431 

1440 

1449 

1458 

1467 

1476 

1485 

1494 

1503 

1512 

152 i 

1530 

1539 

1548 

1557 

1566 

1575 




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1510 

1520 

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1540 

1550 

1560 

1570 

1580 

1590 

1600 

1610 

1620 

1630 

1640 

1650 

1660 

1670 

1680 

1690 

1700 

mo 

1720 

1730 

1740 

1750 

II 

1661 

1672 

1683 

1694 

1705 

1716 

1727 

1738 

1749 

1760 

1771 

1782 

1793 

1804 

1815 

1826 

1837 

1848 

1859 

1870 

1881 

1892 

1903 

1914 

1925 

IS 

1812 

1824 

1836 

1848 

I860 

1872 

1884 

1896 

1908 

1920 

1932 

1944 

1956 

1968 

1980 

1992 

2004 

2016 

2028 

2040 

2052 

2064 

2076 

2088 

2100 

13 

1963 

1976 

1989 

2002 

2015 

2028 

2041 

2054 

2067 

2080 

2093 

2106 

2119 

2132 

2145 

2158 

2171 

2184 

2197 

2210 

2223 

2236 

2243 

2262 

2275 

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2114 

2128 

2142 

2156 

2170 

2184 

2198 

2212 

2226 

2240 

2254 

2268 

2282 

2296 

2310 

2324 

2338 

2352 

2366 

2380 

2394 

2408 

2422 

2436 

2450 

15 

2265 

2280 

2295 

2310 

2325 

2340 

2355 

2370 

2385 

2400 

2415 

2430 

2445 

2460 

2475 

2490 

2505 

2520 

2535 

2550 

2565 

2580 

2595 

2610 

2625 

16 

2416 

2432 

2448 

2464 

2480 

2496 

2512 

2528 

2544 

2560 

2576 

2592 

2608 

2624 

2640 

2656 

2672 

2688 

2704 

2720 

2736 

2752 

2768 

2784 

2800 

17 

2567 

2584 

2601 

2618 

2635 

2652 

2669 

2686 

2703 

2720 

2737 

2754 

2771 

2788 

2805 

2822 

2839 

2856 

2873 

2890 

2907 

2924 

2341 

2958 

2975 

18 

2718 

2736 

2754 

2772 

2790 

2808 

2826 

2844 

2862 

2880 

2898 

2916 

2934 

2952 

2970 

2982 

3006 

3024 

3042 

3060 

3078 

3096 

3114 

3132 

3150 

19 

2869 

2888 

2907 

2926 

2945 

2964 

2983 

3002 

3021 

3040 

3059 

3078 

3097 

3116 

3135 

3154 

3173 

3192 

3211 

3230 

3249 

3268 

3287 

3306 

3325 


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3020 

3040 

3060 

3080 

3100 

3120 

3140 

3160 

3180 

3200 

3220 

3240 

3260 

3280 

3300 

3320 

3340 

3360 

3380 

3400 

3420 

3440 

3460 

3480 

3500 

21 

3171 

3192 

3213 

3234 

3255 

3276 

3297 

3318 

3339 

3360 

3381 

3402 

3423 

3444 

3465 

3486 

3507 

3528 

3549 

3570 

3591 

3612 

3633 

3654 

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22 

3322 

3344 

3366 

3388 

3410 

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3520 

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3910 

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4002 

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3624 

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3720 

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3768 

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3816 

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3912 

3936 

3960 

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4008 

4032 

4056 

4080 

4104 

4128 

4152 

4176 

4200 

25 

3775 

3800 

3825 

3850 

3875 

3900 

3925 

3950 

3975 

4000 

4025 

4050 

4075 

4100 

4125 

4150 

4175 

4200 

4225 

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4275 

4300 

4325 

4350 

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26 

3926 

3952 

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4030 

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4108 

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4212 

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4264 

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4316 

4342 

4368 

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4420 

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4472 

4498 

4524 

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27 

4077 

4104 

4131 

4158 

4185 

4212 

4239 

4266 

4293 

4320 

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4401 

4428 

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4482 

4509 

4536 

4563 

4590 

4617 

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4671 

4698 

4725 

28 

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4256 

4284 

4312 

4340 

4368 

4396 

4424 

4452 

4480 

4508 

4536 

4504 

4592 

4620 

4648 

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4704 

4732 

4760 

4788 

4816 

4844 

4872 

4900 

29 

4379 

4408 

4437 

4466 

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4524 

4553 

4582 

4611 

4640 

4669 

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4727 

4756 

4785 

4814 

4843 

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4901 

4930 

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4530 

4560 

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4620 

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4680 

4710 

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4770 

4800 

4830 

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4920 

4950 

4980 

5010 

5040 

5070 

5100 

5130 

5160 

5190 

5220 

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31 

4681 

4712 

4743 

4774 

4805 

4836 

4867 

4898 

4929 

4960 

4991 

5022 

5053 

5084 

5115 

5146 

5177 

5208 

5239 

5270 

5301 

5332 

5363 

5394 

5425 

32 

4832 

4864 

4896 

4928 

4960 

4992 

5024 

5056 

5088 

5120 

5152 

5184 

5216 

5248 

5280 

5312 

5344 

5376 

5408 

5440 

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5504 

5536 

5568 

5600 

33 

4983 

5016 

5049 

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5115 

5148 

5181 

5214 

5247 

5280 

5313 

5346 

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5412 

5445 

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5511 

5544 

5577 

5610 

5643 

5676 

5709 

5742 

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34 

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5168 

5202 

5236 

5270 

5304 

5338 

5372 

5406 

5440 

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5542 

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5610 

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5712 

5746 

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5814 

5848 

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5916 

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5320 

5355 

5390 

5425 

5460 

5495 

5530 

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5600 

5635 

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5705 

5740 

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5810 

5845 

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5915 

5950 

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6020 

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36 

5436 

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5544 

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6920 

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41 

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6232 

6273 

6314 

6355 

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6437 

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6519 

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6724 

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7238 

7285 

7332 

7379 

7426 

7473 

7520 

7567 

7614 

7661 

7708 

7755 

7802 

7849 

7896 

7943 

7990 

8037 

8084 

8131 

8178 

8225 

48 

7248 

7296 

7344 

7392 

7440 

7488 

7536 

7584 

7632 

7680 

7728 

7776 

7824 

7872 

7920 

7968 

8016 

8064 

8112 

8160 

8208 

8256 

8304 

8352 

8400 

49 

7399 

7448 

7497 

7548 

7595 

7644 

7693 

7742 

7791 

7840 

7889 

7938 

7987 

8036 

8085 

8134 

8183 

8232 

8281 

8330 

8379 

8428 

8477 

8526 

8575 


76 
































































































































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. flFFI 


1151 152 

153 154 I55|I56 157 158 159 I60| 

[ieT 

162 163 I6M> T6S| 

11661167 

I68|I69|I70| 

lm| 

17*1 

173 

174(175 


s 0 





S O 





S O 

gras 




S 0 



hm 

BBS 



1 

FT! 

7550 

7600 

7650 

7700 

7750 

7800 

7850 

7900 

7950 

8000 


8100 

8150 

8200 

8250 

3300 

8350 

8400 

8450 

8500 

8550 

8600 

8650 

8700 

8750 

51 

7701 

7752 

7803 

7854 

7905 

7956 

8007 

8058 

8109 

8160 

8211 

8262 

8313 

8364 

8415 

8466 

8517 

8568 

8619 

8670 

8721 

8772 

8823 

8874 

8925 

52 

7852 

7904 

7956 

8008 

8060 

8112 

8164 

8216 

8268 

8320 

8372 

8424 

8476 

8528 

8580 

8632 

8684 

8736 

8788 

8840 

8892 

8944 

8996 

9048 

9100 

53 

8003 

8056 

8109 

8162 

8215 

8268 

8321 

8374 

8427 

8430 

8533 

8586 

8639 

8692 

8745 

8798 

8851 

8304 

8957 

9010 

9063 

9116 

9169 

9222 

9275 

54 

8154 

8208 

8262 

8316 

8370 

8424 

8478 

8532 

8586 

8640 

8694 

8748 

8802 

8856 

8910 

8964 

9018 

9072 

9126 

9180 

9234 

9288 

9342 

9396 

9450 

55 

8305 

8360 

8415 

8470 

8525 

8580 

8635 

8690 

8745 

8800 

8855 

8910 

8965 

9020 

9075 

9130 

9185 

9240 

9295 

9350 

9405 

9460 

9515 

9570 

9625 

56 

8458 

8512 

8568 

8624 

8680 

8136 

8792 

8848 

8904 

8960 

9016 

9072 

9128 

9184 

9240 

9296 

9352 

9408 

9464 

9520 

9576 

9632 

9688 

9744 

9800 

57 

8607 

8664 

8721 

8778 

8835 

8892 

8949 

9006 

9063 

9120 

9177 

9234 

9291 

9348 

9405 

9462 

9519 

9576 

9633 

9690 

9747 

9804 

9861 

9918 

9975 

58 

8758 

8816 

8874 

8932 

8990 

9048 

9106 

9164 

9222 

9280 

9338 

9396 

9454 

9512 

9570 

9628 

9686 

9744 

9802 

9860 

9918 

9976 

10034 

10092 

10150 

59 

8909 

8968 

9027 

9086 

9145 

9204 

9263 

9322 

9381 

9440 

9499 

9558 

9617 

9676 

9735 

9794 

9853 

9912 

9971 

10030 

10089 

10148 

10207 

10266 

10325 


6 O 

6 O 

6 O 





6 O 

.... 1,** 




B O 


1 

lm 

9060 

9120 

9180 

9240 

9300 

9360 

9420 

9480 

9540 

9600 

9660 

9720 

9780 

9840 

9900 

9960 

10020 

10080 

10140 

10200 

10260 

10320 

10380 

10440 

10500 

61 

9211 

9272 

9333 

9394 

9455 

9516 

9577 

9638 

9699 

9760 

9821 

9882 

9943 

10004 

10065 

10126 

10187 

10248 

10309 

10370 

10431 

10492 

10553 

10614 

10675 

62 

9362 

9424 

9486 

9548 

9610 

9672 

9734 

9796 

9858 

9920 

9982 

10044 

10106 

10168 

10230 

10292 

10354 

10416 

10478 

10540 

10602 

10664 

10726 

10788 

10850 

63 

9513 

9576 

9639 

9702 

9765 

9828 

9891 

9954 

10017 

10080 

10143 

10206 

10269 

10332 

10395 

10458 

10521 

10584 

10647 

10710 

10773 

10836 

10899 

10962 

11025 

64 

9664 

9728 

9792 

9856 

9920 

9984 

10048 

10112 

10176 

10240 

10304 

10368 

10432 

10496 

10560 

10624 

10688 

10752 

10816 

10880 

10944 

11008 

11072 

II136 

11200 

65 

9815 

9880 

9945 

10010 

10075 

10140 

10205 

10270 

10335 

10400 

10465 

10530 

10595 

10660 

10725 

10790 

10855 

10920 

10985 

11050 

III 15 

II180 

11245 

11310 

11375 

66 

9966 

10032 

10098 

10164 

10230 

10296 

10362 

10428 

10494 

10560 

10626 

10692 

10758 

10824 

10890 

10956 

11022 

11088 

11154 

11220 

11286 

11352 

11418 

11484 

11550 

67 

10117 

10184 

10251 

10318 

10385 

10452 

10519 

10586 

10653 

10720 

10737 

10854 

10921 

10988 

11055 

II122 

II189 

11256 

11323 

11390 

11457 

11524 

11591 

11658 

11725 

68 

10268 

10336 

10404 

10472 

10540 

10608 

10676 

10744 

10812 

10880 

10948 

11016 

11084 

11152 

11220 

11288 

11356 

11424 

11492 

11560 

11628 

11696 

11764 

11832 

11900 

69 

10419 

10488 

10557 

10626 

10695 

10764 

10833 

10902 

10971 

11040 

11109 

11178 

11247 

11316 

11385 

11454 

11523 

11592 

11661 

11730 

11799 

11868 

11937 

12006 

12075 

1 



7 O 

HH 

■■ 

■Hi 


E2E 

IBM 

flm 


!!BKi 

rfl' 

&£& 

ES&SiJ 


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7 O 

70 

10570 

10640 

10710 

10780 

10850 

10920 

10990 

11060 

11130 

11200 

11270 

11340 

H4I0 

11480 

M550 

11620 

11690 

11760 

11830 

11900 

111970 

12040 

12110 

12180 

12250 

71 

10721 

10792 

10863 

10934 

11005 

11076 

II147 

11318 

11289 

I13S0 

11931 

11502 

11573 

11644 

11715 

11786 

11857 

11928 

11999 

12070 

12141 

12212 

12283 

12354 

12425 

72 

10872 

10944 

11016 

11088 

11160 

11232 

11304 

11376 

11448 

11520 

11592 

11664 

11736 

11808 

11880 

11952 

12024 

12096 

12168 

12240 

12312 

12384 

12456 

12528 

12600 

73 

11023 

11096 

II169 

11242 

11315 

11388 

11461 

11534 

11607 

11680 

11753 

11826 

11899 

11972 

12045 

12118 

12191 

12264 

12337 

12410 

12483 

12556 

12629 

12702 

12775 

74 

11174 

11248 

11322 

11396 

11470 

11544 

11618 

11692 

11766 

11840 

11914 

11988 

12062 

12136 

12210 

12284 

12358 

12432 

12506 

12580 

12654 

12728 

12802 

12876 

12950 

75 

11325 

11400 

11475 

11550 

11625 

11700 

11775 

11850 

11925 

12000 

12075 

12150 

12225 

12300 

12375 

12450 

12525 

12600 

12675 

12750 

12825 

12900 

12975 

13050 

13125 

76 

11476 

11552 

11628 

11704 

11780 

11856 

11932 

12008 

12084 

12160 

12236 

12312 

12388 

12454 

12540 

12616 

12692 

12768 

12844 

12920 

12996 

13072 

13148 

13224 

13300 

77 

11627 

11704 

11781 

11858 

11935 

12012 

12089 

12166 

12243 

12320 

12397 

12474 

12551 

12628 

12705 

12782 

12859 

12936 

13013 

13090 

13167 

13244 

13321 

13398 

13475 

78 

11778 

11856 

11934 

12012 

12090 

12168 

12246 

12324 

12402 

12480 

12558 

12636 

12714 

12792 

12870 

12948 

13026 

13104 

13182 

13260 

13338 

13416 

13494 

13572 

13650 

79 

11929 

12008 

12087 

12166 

12245 

12324 

12403 

12482 

12561 

12640 

12719 

12798 

12877 

12956 

13035 

13114 

13193 

13272 

nr? 

13351 

13430 

13509 

13588 

13667 

13746 

13825 


2080 


2231 

2382 

2533 

2684 


12160 


12312 

12464 

12616 

12768 


12240 12320 12400 


12393 

12546 

12699 

12852 


12474 

12628 

12782 

12936 


12555 

12710 

12865 

13020 


12480 


12636 

12792 

12948 

13104 


12560 


12717 

12874 

13031 

13188 


1264012720 12800 


12798 

12956 

13114 

13272 


12879 

13038 

13197 

13356 


12360 

13120 

13280 

13440 


12880 


13041 

13202 

13363 

13524 


12960 

13122 

13284 

13446 

13608 


13040 13120 13200 


13203 

13366 

13529 

13692 


13284 

13448 

13612 

13776 


13365 

13530 

13695 

13860 


13280 13360 134401352013600 


13446 

13612 

13778 

13944 


[13527 

13694 

13861 

14028 


13608 

13776 

1394' 

I4H2 

14280 


13689 

13858 

4|I4027 

14196 

14365 


13770 

13940 
14110 
14280 
14450 


13680 


13851 

14022 

14193 

14364 

14535 


13760 


13932 

14104 

14276 

14448 

14620 


13840 


14013 

14186 

14359 

14532 

14705 


13920 


14094 

14268 

14442 

14616 

14790 


14000 


14175 

14350 

14525 

14700 

14875 


2835 


12920 


13005 


13090 


13175 


13260 


13345 


13430 


13515 


13600 


13685 


13770 


I385S13940 


14025 


14110 


14195 


2986 

3137 

3288 

3439 


13072 

13224 

13376 

13528 


13158 
13311 


13244 

13398 


I3 464|I3552 
13706 



13330 

13485 

13640 

13795 


13416 

13572 
13728 
138841 


13502 

13659 

13816 

3973 


13588 

13746 

13904 

14062 


13674 

13833 

13992 

14151 


13760 

13920 

14080 

14240 


13846 

14007 

14168 

14329 


13932 

14094 

14256 

14418 


14018 

14181 


14104 

14268 


1434414432 


91 

91 

93 

94 


96 

97 

98 

99 


3741 

3892 

4043 

4194 


13832 

13984 

14136 

14288 


13770 13860 13950 


13923 

14076 

14229 

14382 


14014 

14168 

14322 

14476 


14105 

14260 

14415 

14570 


14040 


14196 

14352 

14508 

14664 


14130 


14287 

14444 

14601 

14758 


14220 


14378 

14536 

14694 

14852 


14310 


ms9 

14628 

14787 

14946 


14400 


14560 

14720 

14880 

15040 


14490 


14651 

14812 

14973 

15134 


14580 


14507 

£K1 


14596 


14190 

14355 

14520 

14685 


14276 

14442 

14608 

14774 


14362 

14529 

14696 

14863 


14742 

14904 

15066 

15228 


14670 1476014850 


14833 

14996 

15159 

15322 


14924 

15088 

15252 

15416 


15015 

15180 

15345 

15510 


15106 

15272 

15438 

156041 


14448 

14616 

14784 

14952 

ESC 


I49W 15030 15120 


15197 

15364 

15531 

5698 


14534 

14703 

14872 

15041 

15210 


15188 

15456 

15624 

15792 


14620 

14790 

14960 

15130 

15300 


15379 

15548 

15717 

15886 

16055 

16224 


15470 

15640 

15810 

15980 

16150 

16320 


14706 

14877 

15048 

15219 

15390 


14792 

I4964| 

15136 

15480 


15561 

15732 

15903 

16074 

16245 

16416 


I4878| 

15051 

152241 

;I5397| 

15570 


1496 

15138 

15312 

1548' 


4)15050 

15225 

15400 

6)15575 


15652 

15824 

15996 

16168 

16340 

16512 


15743 

15916 

16089 

16262 

16435 

16608 


15660 


15750 


15834 

16008 

16182 

16356 

16530 

16704 


15925 

16100 

16275 

16450 

16625 


4345 


14440 


14535 


14630 


14725 


14820 


14915 


15010 


15105 


15200 


15295 


15390 


15485 


15580 


15675 


15770 


15865 

16032 


15960 

16128 


4496 

4647 

4798 

4949 


14592 

14744 

14896 

15048 


14688 

14841 

14994 

15147 


14784 

14938 

15092 

15246 


14880 

15035 

15190 

15345 


14976 

15132 

15288 

15444 


15072 

15229 

15386 

15543 


15168 

15326 

154841 

15642 


15264 

15423 

15582 

15741 


15360 

15520 

15680 

15840 


15456 

15617 

15778 

15939 


15552 

15714 

15876 

16038 


15648 

15811 
15974 
16137 


15744 

15908 

16072 

16236 


15840 

16005 

16170 

16335 


15936 

16102 

16268 

16434 


16199 

16366 

16533 


16296 

16464 

16632 


16393 

16562 

16731 


16490 

16660 

16830 


16587 

16758 

16929 


16684 

16856 

17028 


5100 


15200 


15300 


15400 


15500 


15600 


15700 


15800 


15900 


16000 


16100 


16200 


16300 


16400 


16500 


16600 


16700 


16800 


16900 


17000 


17100 


17200 


16781 

16954 

17127 

17300 


16878 

17052 

17226 


17400 


16800 

16975 

17150 

17325 

17500 


icovtiit. /ram ZtuJ p. bick) select the divisor from the top maryiM, then descend the col- 
uttin to that number correspond in 9 to (or nearest approximating, but rot exceeding the left 
part o/ the dividend which contains the divisor a sufficient number of times to 91 ve two quotient fibres, 
then at the le/t maryin will be -found the first two quotient f^ures. Af ter this proceed as in ordi¬ 
nary division, usin9 two /inures at a time instead 0/one,as shown at the riyht; thus,thequo- 
tiento/ 98945665 divided by 166 is 596058, with a remainder 0/ 37 


Operati on. 

166)98945665(596058 
' 97 9 4 
10 0 5 6 
,9.9.6_0 
9 6 65 
9 6 28 

37 


77 


































































































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 

Il9<t|l95|l96|l97 



1176 

177 

178- 

179(1801 

5 

03 

*3 

I83|l8<t|!85| 

|186|187 

co 

CO 



i 

II 

III* 

n# 

1 1 ~ 

• 1 16 

II# 

ii.4 

III 


H4 

"si 

Hf 

nil 

II#: 

■ 

la 

14# 

14# 

14# 

IL.il 
IM- , a 

15 

15,4 

154 

15# 

154 

15,4 

154 

154 

I5j 

a 

1 o 

17# 

17 j# 

17# 

17- 

1 « io 

18 

184 

184 

I8f 0 

184 

184 

184 

18,-c 

18# 

i 

o 

22 

22 s 

224 

22# 

224 

22# 

221 

224 

23 

23§ 

23 4 

231 

234 

i 

294 

294 

294 

29# 

30 

30# 

304 

304 

CO 

0 

30# 

31 

31? 

3. 4 

i 

~5~ 

35# 

35# 

35 # 

35# 

36 

36# 

36# 

36# 

36# 

37 

37# 

37 4 

37# 

■ 

if 


44# 

444 

44# 

45 

45# 

454 

45# 

46 

46 4 

464 

46# 

4-7 

• 

3 

58# 

59 

594 

59f 

60 

604 

60f 

61 

614 

614 

62 

624 

624 

1 

a 

88 

88? 

89 

89 4 

90 

904 

91 

914 

92 

92# 

93 

934 

94 


[I90| 

# Ills Hi llriP^ 

4 

23 f 

FTITIfciT 


94# 


19811991200 


hif 
I5f4 
19 fe 
23# 

12 

16 

19 4 

24 

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16,-5 

194 

24# 

12 4 
164 
19 | 
244 

I2i# 

164 

194 

24s 

I24 1 
16# 
19# 
24 4 

I2l 
• 6 if 
19 rs 

241 

12 | 
16 4 
19# 
24# 

I2i#l 

16,4 
19 4 

24 s 

Il24 

16# 

20 

25 

31# 

32 

32# 

324 

324 

32# 

32# 

33 

33# 

33 4 

38# 

47# 

634 

954 

38f 

48 

64 

96 

38# 

484 

644 

964 

38# 

48# 

644 

97 

39 

48# 

65 

97# 

39# 

49 
65 4 
98 

39# 

49# 

654 

98# 

[39# 

49 4 
66 
99 

39# 

49# 

664 

994 

40 

50 

664 

100 




1 

176 

177 

178 

179 

180 

181 

182 

183 

184 

185 

186 

187 

188 

189 

190 

191 

192 

193 

194 

195 

196 

197 

198 

199 

200 

a 

352 

354 

356 

358 

360 

362 

364 

366 

368 

370 

372 

374 

376 

378 

380 

382 

384 

386 

388 

390 

392 

394 

396 

398 

400 

3 

528 

531 

534 

537 

540 

543 

546 

549 

552 

555 

558 

561 

564 

567 

570 

573 

576 

579 

582 

585 

588 

591 

594 

597 

600 

*+ 

704 

708 

712 

716 

720 

724 

728 

732 

736 

740 

744 

749 

752 

756 

760 

764 

768 

772 

776 

780 

794 

788 

792 

796 

800 

5 

880 

885 

890 

895 

900 

905 

910 

915 

920 

925 

930 

935 

940 

945 

950 

955 

960 

965 

970 

975 

980 

985 

990 

995 

1000 

6 

1056 

1062 

1068 

1074 

1080 

1086 

1092 

1098 

M04 

1110 

1116 

1122 

1128 

1134- 

114-0 

1146 

1152 

1158 

1164 

1170 

1176 

1182 

1188 

1194 

1200 

7 

1232 

1239 

1246 

1253 

1260 

1267 

1274 

1281 

1288 

1295 

1302 

1309 

1316 

1323 

1330 

1337 

1344 

1351 

1358 

1365 

1372 

1379 

1386 

1393 

1400 

8 

1408 

1416 

1424 

1432 

1440 

1448 

1456 

1464 

1472 

1480 

1488 

1496 

1504 

1512 

1520 

1528 

1536 

1544 

1552 

1560 

1568 

1576 

1584 

1592 

1600 

9 

1584 

1593 

1602 

1611 

1620 

1629 

1638 

1647 

1656 

1665 

1674 

1683 

1692 

1701 

1710 

1719 

1728 

1737 

1746 

1755 

1764 

1773 

1782 

1791 

1800 



MM 

OE 

Ms 

ETTTBT 

■M 

HH 

□E 

■M 

Mfi 

M| 

■Ml 

1 O 

■H 



HH 

USE 

MM 

—M 


MnJi 

CK 


SHI 

IO 

1760 

1770 

1780 

1790 

1800 

1810 

1820 

1830 

1840 

1850 

I860 

1870 

1880 

4890 

1900 

1910 

1920 

1930 

1940 

'1950 

I960 1 

1970 

1980 

1990 

2000 

11 

1936 

1947 

1958 

1959 

1980 

1991 

2002 

2013 

2024 

2035 

2046 

2057 

2068 

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2156 

2167 

2178 

2189 

2200 

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2112 

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2136 

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2160 

2172 

2184 

2196 

2208 

2220 

2232 

2244 

2256 

2268 

2280 

2292 

2304 

2316 

2328 

2340 

2352 

2364 

2376 

2388 

2400 

13 

2288 

2301 

2314 

2327 

2340 

2353 

2366 

2379 

2392 

2405 

2418 

2431 

2444 

2457 

2470 

2433 

2496 

2509 

2522 

2535 

2543 

2561 

2574 

2587 

2600 

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2464 

2478 

2492 

2506 

2520 

2534 

2548 

2562 

2576 

2590 

2604 

2618 

2632 

2646 

2660 

2674 

2688 

2702 

2716 

2730 

2744 

2758 

2772 

2786 

2800 

15 

2640 

2655 

2670 

2685 

2700 

2715 

2730 

2745 

2760 

2775 

2790 

2805 

2820 

2835 

2850 

2865 

2880 

2895 

2910 

2925 

2940 

2955 

2970 

2985 

3 000 

16 

2816 

2832 

2848 

2864 

2880 

2896 

2912 

2928 

2944 

2960 

2976 

2992 

3008 

3024 

3040 

3056 

3072 

3088 

3104 

3120 

3136 

3152 

3168 

3184 

3200 

17 

2992 

3009 

3026 

3043 

3060 

3077 

3094 

3111 

3128 

3145 

3162 

3179 

3196 

3213 

3230 

3247 

3264 

3281 

3298 

3315 

3332 

3349 

3366 

3383 

3400 

18 

3168 

3186 

3204 

3222 

3240 

3258 

3276 

3294 

3312 

3330 

3348 

3366 

3384 

3402 

3420 

3438 

3456 

3474 

3492 

3510 

3528 

3546 

3564 

3582 

3600 

19 

3344 

3363 

3382 

3401 

3420 

3439 

3458 

3477 

3496 

3515 

3534 

3553 

3572 

3591 

3610 

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3648 

3667 

3686 

3705 

3724 

3743 

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3520 

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3620 

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3700 

3720 

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3800 

3820 

3840 

3860 

3880 

3900 

3920 

3940 

3960 

3980 

4000 

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3696 

3717 

3738 

3759 

3780 

3801 

3822 

3843 

3864 

3885 

3906 

3927 

3948 

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4032 

4053 

4074 

4095 

4116 

4137 

4158 

4179 

4200 

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3872 

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3916 

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4026 

4048 

4070 

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4114 

4136 

4158 

4180 

4202 

4224 

4246 

4268 

4290 

4312 

4334 

4356 

4378 

4400 

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4048 

4071 

4094 

4117 

4140 

4163 

4186 

4209 

4232 

4255 

4278 

4301 

4324 

4347 

4370 

4393 

4416 

4439 

4462 

4485 

4508 

4531 

4554 

4577 

4600 

24- 

4224 

4248 

4272 

4296 

4320 

4344 

4368 

4392 

4416 

4440 

4464 

4488 

4512 

4536 

4560 

4584 

4608 

4632 

4656 

4680 

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4728 

4752 

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4800 

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4400 

4425 

4450 

4475 

4500 

4525 

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4625 

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4675 

4700 

4725 

4750 

4775 

4800 

4825 

4850 

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4900 

4925 

4950 

4975 

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26 

4576 

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4628 

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4680 

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4914 

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5018 

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5200 

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4779 

4806 

4833 

4860 

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4914 

4941 

4968 

4995 

5022 

5049 

5076 

5103 

5130 

5157 

5184 

5211 

5238 

5265 

5292 

5319 

5346 

5373 

5400 

28 

4928 

4956 

4984 

5012 

5040 

5068 

5096 

5124 

5152 

5180 

5208 

5236 

5264 

5292 

5320 

5348 

5376 

5404 

5432 

5460 

5488 

5516 

5544 

5572 

5600 

29 

5104 

5133 

5162 

5191 

5220 

5249 

5278 

5307 

5336 

5365 

5394 

5423 

5452 

5481 

5510 

5539 

5568 

5597 

5626 

5655 

5684 

5713 

5742 

5771 

5800 


30 

5280 

5310 

5340 

5370 

5400 

5430 

5460 

5490 

5520 

5550 

5580 

5610 

5640 

5670 

5700 

5730 

5760 

5790 

5820 

5850 

5880 

5910 

5940 

5970 

6000 

31 

5456 

5487 

5518 

5549 

5580 

5611 

5642 

5673 

5704 

5735 

5766 

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5828 

5859 

5890 

5921 

5952 

5983 

6014 

6045 

6076 

6107 

6138 

6169 

6200 

32 

5632 

5664 

5696 

5728 

5760 

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5824 

5856 

5888 

5920 

5952 

5984 

6016 

6048 

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6144 

6176 

6208 

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6304 

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6400 

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6138 

6171 

6204 

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6426 

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6528 

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6630 

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6732 

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6230 

6265 

6300 

6335 

6370 

6405 

6440 

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6510 

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6720 

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6790 

6825 

6360 

6895 

6930 

6965 

7000 

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7030 

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9350 

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9600 

9650 

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9850 

9900 

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51 

8976 

9027 

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9129 

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9231 

9282 

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9537 

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9945 

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10149 

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9152 

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10036 

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10140 

10192 

10244 

10296 

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53 

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9936 

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10152 

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10314 

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10422 

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10530 

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10638 

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55 

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10010 

10065 

10120 

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103 40 

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10450 

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10560 

10615 

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10725 

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10835 

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10029 

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10136 

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59 

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10502 

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12627 

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19596 

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15744 

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16072 

16154 

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16318 

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83 

19608 

14691 

14779 

14857 

19990 

15023 

15106 

15189 

15272 

15355 

15438 

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15687 

15770 

15853 

15936 

16019 

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16185 

16268 

16351 

16434 

16517 

16600 

84 

19789 

14868 

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15036 

15120 

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15372 

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15540 

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15708 

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15876 

15960 

16044 

16128 

16212 

16296 

16380 

16464 

16548 

16632 

16716 

16800 

85 

19960 

15045 

15130 

15215 

15300 

15385 

15470 

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15640 

15725 

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15895 

15980 

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16320 

16405 

16490 

16575 

16660 

16745 

16830 

16915 

17000 

86 

15136 

15222 

15308 

15394 

15980 

15566 

IS652 

15738 

15824 

15910 

15996 

16082 

16168 

16254 

16340 

16426 

16512 

16598 

16684 

16770 

16856 

16942 

17028 

1711* 

17200 

87 

15312 

15399 

15486 

15573 

15660 

15797 

15834 

15921 

16008 

16095 

16132 

16269 

16356 

16443 

16530 

16617 

16704 

16791 

16878 

16965 

17052 

17139 

17226 

17313 

17400 

88 

15988 

15576 

15664 

15752 

15890 

15928 

16016 

16104 

16192 

16280 

16368 

16456 

16544 

16632 

16720 

16808 

16896 

16984 

17072 

17160 

17248 

17336 

17424 

17512 

17600 

89 

15661 

15753 

15842 

15931 

16020 

16109] 

16198 

16287 

16376 

16465 

16554 

16643 

16732 

16821 

16910 

16999 

17088 

17177 

IT266 

17355 

17444 

17533 

17622 

177II 

17800 





mi 

m 

Iekb 

—1 

3E 

|^H 

BH 

WSt s 

MB 


Bfl 


BB 

BB 

9 O 





9 O 



EE1 

15890 

15930 

16020 

16110 

16200 

16290 

16380 

16470 

16560 

16650 

16740 

16830 

16920 

17010 

17100 

17190 

17280 

17370 

17460 

17550 

17640 

17730 

17820 

17910 

18000 

91 

16016 

16107 

16198 

16289 

16380 

16971 

16562 

16653 

16744 

16835 

16926 

17017 

17108 

17199 

17290 

17381 

17472 

17563 

17654 

17745 

17836 

17927 

18018 

18109 

18200 

9a 

16192 

16284 

16376 

16468 

16560 

16652 

16744 

16836 

16928 

17020 

17112 

17204 

17296 

17388 

17480 

17572 

17664 

17756 

17848 

17940 

18032 

18124 

18216 

18308 

18400 

93 

16368 

16461 

16559 

16647 

16790 

16833 

16926 

17019 

171 Id 

17205 

17298 

17391 

17484 

17577 

17670 

17763 

17856 

17949 

18042 

18135 

18228 

18321 

18414 

18507 

18600 

94- 

16599 

16638 

16732 

16826 

16920 

17014 

17108 

17202 

17296 

17390 

17484 

17578 

17672 

17766 

17860 

17954 

18048 

18142 

18236 

18330 

18424 

18518 

18612 

18706 

18800 

95 

16720 

16815 

16910 

17005 

17100 

17195 

17290 

17385 

17480 

17575 

17670 

17765 

17860 

17955 

18050 

18145 

18240 

18335 

18430 

18525 

18620 

18715 

18810 

18905 

19000 

96 

16896 

16992 

17088 

17184 

17280 

17376 

17472 

17568 

17664 

17760 

17856 

17952 

18048 

18144 

18240 

18336 

18432 

18528 

18624 

18720 

18816 

18912 

19008 

19104 

19200 

97 

17072 

17169 

17266 

17363 

17960 

17557 

17654 

17751 

17848 

17945 

18042 

18139 

18236 

18333 

18430 

18527 

18624 

18721 

18818 

18915 

19012 

19109 

19206 

19303 

19400 

98 

17298 

17346 

17994 

17542 

17690 

17738 

17836 

17934 

18032 

18130 

18228 

18326 

18424 

18522 

18620 

18718 

18816 

18914 

19012 

19110 

19208 

19306 

19404 

19502 

19600 

99 

17929 

17523 

17622 

17721 

17820 

17919 

18018 

18117 

18216 

18315 

18414 

18513 

18612 

18711 

18810 

18909 

19008 

19107 

19206 

19305 

19404 

19503 

19602 

19701 

19800 

100 

17600 

17700 

17800 

17900 

18000 

18100 

18200 

18300 

18400 

18500 

18600 

18700 

18800 

18900 

19000 

19100 

19200 

19300 

19400 

19500 

19600 

19700 

19800 

19900 

20000 


Multiplication of fractions .— To multiply any number not exceeding the extreme limit 
of the extended side of the table as shown alony -the top maryiris, by any mixed number not exceeding 
100, and the fractional part 0 / which is found at the head of each left-hand paye, to the product of the 
inteyral parts astound at the intersection of the multiplier with the multiplicand, add the product of 
the fractional part as found at the intersection of the fraction with the multiplicand ; thus, the prod¬ 
uct of 185 multiplied by 4-9(% ' s (9055 + I 1% ) 9076]%. II. If there be more {contin. on findp.ah’d) 


79 











































































































E 

i*l i 

mm 

COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 

1. 

I 

sss 


ao»[aoal 

203 

im 

205 

206 

207 208 

209 

210 

211 

212 

213 

2l>t 

215 

216 

ai7 

218 219 

220 

921 


323 

■PI 


16 

1 

7T i 

i 

• O 

1 

8 

12,! 

16! 

20! 

25! 

at 

10 i 
25! 

I6ii 
20 ft 

25! 

2 f 

17 

20! 

25! 

12 ri 
17,! 
20! 
25 il 

in 

20! 

25! 

12,1 

17! 

20! 

25! 

13 

it! 

20| 

26 

13ft 

17,! 
20! 
26 ! 

13 i 
17! 
21 

26! 

13! 

17! 

21 ft 
26| 

13! 

if! 

21 T 

26j 

13 ft 

17 i 

21 ft 
261 

13! 

17! 
21 ! 
26! 

13 ft 

17 r! 
21! 
26! 

13! 

18 

21 1 
27 

13 ft 

18 ft 
aift 

27 5 

i3 i 
I8y 
21 ! 
27! 

131! 

18! 

21ft 

27 § 

13 J 
18! 
22 
27! 

131 

•8 ia 

22 ft 

27 | 

13? 

18! 

22! 

27! 

131 
18 ft 
22 ft 
27! 

14 
I8f 
22 ft 
28 

14ft 
18 ft 
22! 
28! 

• 

6 

33! 

33! 

33 f 

34 

347? 

34! 

34! 

34! 

34 I 

35 

35i 

35! 

35! 

35! 

35 | 

36 

36 g 

36! 

36! 

36! 

36! 

37 

37 ! 

37! 

37! 

1 

~5 

• 

H- 

1 

3 

J 

•x 

40! 

50! 

67 

100! 

40! 

50! 

67! 

101 

401 
50f 
67 § 
101! 

40! 

51 

68 

102 

41 

51 ! 
68! 
02! 

41! 
51! 
68| 
103 

41! 

51 i 

69 

103! 

41! 

52 

69! 

104 

41! 

52! 

69! 

104! 

42 

52! 

70 

105 

42! 

52! 

70! 

105! 

42! 

53 

70| 

106 

42 | 

53! 

71 

106? 

42 | 

53! 

71! 

107 

43 

53! 
71 i 

107! 

43 5 

54 

72 

108 

43 1 

54! 

72! 

108! 

43| 

54! 
72 t 
109 

43 "s 
54! 
73 

109! 

44 

55 

73! 

no 

44i 
55 ! 
73 y 
110! 

44 f 

55! 

74 

III 

44! 

55.ft 

74! 

in'! 

44| 

56 

74ft 

112 

45 

56! 

75 

112! 


msssm 

■■ 

MJM 

mmmmmh 

MBfl'MHnMHMSMS 

BBi 

BBI 

H 



IBM 

SB El 

MaBMBI 

r 

a 

3 

4- 

201 

402 

603 

804 

202 

404 

606 

808 

203 

406 

609 

812 

20-4 

408 

612 

816 

205 

410 

615 

820 

206 

412 

618 

824 

207 

414 

621 

828 

208 

416 

624 

832 

209 

418 

627 

836 

2 10 
420 
630 
840 

211 

422 

633 

844 

212 

424 

636 

848 

213 

426 

639 

852 

214- 

428 

642 

856 

215 

430 

645 

860 

216 

432 

648 

864 

217 

434 

651 

868 

218 

436 

654 

872 

219 

438 

657 

876 

220 

440 

660 

880 

221 
442 
6 63 
884 

222 

444 

666 

888 

223 

446 

669 

892 

224 
44 8 
672 
896 

225 

450 

675 

900 

5 

1005 

1010 

1015 

1020 

1025 

1030 

1035 

1040 

1045 

1050 

1055 

1060 

1065 

1070 

1075 

1080 

1085 

1090 

1095 

1100 

1105 

1110 

1115 

1120 

1125 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1206 

1407 

1608 

1809 

1212 

1414 

1616 

1818 

1218 

1421 

1624 

1827 

1224 

1428 

1632 

1836 

1230 

1435 

1640 

1845 

1236 

1442 

1648 

1854 

1242 

1449 

1656 

1863 

1248 

1456 

1664 

1872 

1254 

1463 

1672 

1881 

1260 

1470 

1680 

1890 

1266 

1477 

1688 

1899 

1272 

1484 

1696 

1908 

1278 

1491 

1704 

1917 

1284 

1498 

1712 

1926 

1290 

1505 

1720 

1935 

1296 

1512 

1728 

1944 

1302 

1519 

1736 

1953 

1308 

1526 

1744 

1962 

1314 

1533 

1752 

1971 

1320 

1540 

1760 

1980 

1326 

1547 

1768 

1989 

1332 

1554 

1776 

1998 

1338 

1561 

1784 

2007 

1344 

1568 

1792 

2016 

1350 

1575 

1800 

2025 

EHM 



1 O 



MH 

MB 

1 O 

M 

AMP 


HH 

"■F! 

MB 



HH 

1 O 

i o 

10 

2010 

2020 

2030 

2040 

2050 

2060 

2070 

2080 

2090 

2100 

2110 

2I20 1 

2130 

2140 

2150 

2160 

2170 

2180 

2190 

2200 

2210 

2220 

2230 

2240 

2250 

11 

12 

2211 

2412 

2222 

2424 

2233 

2436 

2244 

2448 

2255 

2460 

2266 

2472 

2277 

2434 

2288 

2496 

2299 

2508 

2310 

2520 

2321 

2532 

2332 

2544 

2343 

2556 

2354 

2568 

2365 

2580 

2376 

2592 

2387 

2604 

2398 

2616 

2409 

2628 

2420 

2640 

2431 

2652 

2442 

2664 

2453 

2676 

2464 

2688 

2475 

2700 

13 

2613 

2626 

2639 

2652 

2665 

2678 

2691 

2704 

2717 

2730 

2743 

2756 

2769 

2782 

2795 

2808 

2821 

2834 

2847 

2860 

2873 

2886 

2899 

2912 

2925 

m 

2814 

2828 

2842 

2856 

2870 

2884 

2898 

2912 

2926 

2940 

2954 

2968 

2982 

2996 

3010 

3024 

3038 

3052 

3066 

3080 

3094 

3108 

3122 

3136 

3150 

15 

3015 

3030 

3045 

3060 

3075 

3090 

3105 

3120 

3135 

3150 

3165 

3180 

3195 

3210 

3225 

32*0 

3255 

r 3270 

3285 

3300 

3315 

3330 

3345 

3360 

3375 

16 

3216 

3232 

3248 

3264 

3280 

3296 

3312 

3328 

3344 

3360 

3376 

3392 

3408 

3424 

3440 

3456 

3472 

3488 

3504 

3520 

3536 

3552 

3568 

3584 

3600 

17 

3*17 

3434 

3451 

3468 

3485 

3502 

3519 

3536 

3553 

3570 

3587 

3604 

3621 

3638 

3655 

3672 

3689 

3706 

3723 

3740 

3757 

3774 

3791 

3808 

3825 

18 

3618 

3636 

3654 

3672 

3690 

3708 

3726 

3744 

3762 

3780 

379S 

3816 

3834 

3852 

3870 

3888 

3906 

3924 

3942 

3960 

3978 

3996 

4014 

4032 

4050 

19 

3819 

3838 

3857 

3876 

3895 

3914 

3933 

3952 

3971 

3990 

4009 

4028 

4047 

4066 

4085 

4104 

4123 

4142 

4161 

4180 

4199 

4218 

4237 

4256 

4275 

1||M 



2 O 

2 O 


2 O 

2 O 

2 O 

ao 

4020 

4040 

4060 

4080 

4100 

4120 

4140 

4160 

4180 

4200 

4220 

4240 

4260 

4280 

4300 

4320 

4340 

4360 

4380 

4400 

4420 

44*0 

4460 

4480, 

4500 

21 

4221 

4242 

4263 

4284 

43 05 

4326 

4347 

4368 

4389 

4410 

4431 

4452 

4473 

*494 

4515 

*536 

4557 

4578 

4599 

4620 

*6*1 

*662 

468? 

4704 

4725 

22 

4*22 

4444 

4466 

4488 

4510 

4532 

4554 

4576 

4598 

4620 

4642 

4664 

4686 

4708 

4730 

4752 

4774 

4796 

4818 

4840 

*862 

*88* 

4906 

4928 

4950 

23 

4623 

4646 

4669 

4692 

4715 

4738 

4761 

4784 

4807 

4830 

4853 

4876 

4899 

4922 

49*5 

4968 

4991 

5014 

5037 

5060 

5083 

5106 

5129 

5152 

5175 

2if 

4824 

4848 

4872 

4896 

4920 

4944 

4968 

4992 

5016 

5040 

5064 

5088 

5112 

5136 

5160 

5184 

5208 

5232 

5256 

5280 

530* 

5328 

5352 

5376 

5400 

25 

5025 

5050 

5075 

5100 

5125 

5150 

5175 

5200 

5225 

5250 

5275 

5300 

5325 

5350 

5375 

5400 

5425 

5450 

5475 

5500 

5525 

5550 

5575 

5600 

5625 

26 

5226 

S252 

5278 

5304 

5330 

5356 

5382 

5408 

5434 

5460 

5486 

5512 

5538 

5564 

5590 

5616 

5642 

5668 

5694 

5720 

57*6 

5772 

5798 

5824 

5850 

27 

5427 

5454 

5481 

5508 

5535 

5562 

5589 

5616 

5643 

5670 

5697 

5124 

5751 

5778 

5805 

5832 

5859 

5886 

5913 

5940 

5967 

599* 

6021 

6048 

6075 

28 

5628 

5656 

5684 

5712 

5740 

5768 

5796 

5824 

5852 

5880 

5908 

5936 

5964 

5992 

6020 

6048 

6076 

6104 

6132 

6160 

6188 

6216 

6244 

6272 

6300 

29 

5829 

5858 

5887 

5916 

5945 

5974 

6003 

6032 

6061 

6090 

6119 

6148 

6177 

6206 

6235 

6264 

6293 

6322 

6351 

6380 

6*09 

6*38 

6467 

6496 

6525 

II 3 C 

3 O 

3 O 


3 O 

3 O 

30 

6030 

6060 

6090 

6120 

6150 

6180 

6210 

6240 

6270 

6300 

6330 

6360 

6390 

6420 

6450 

6480 

6510 

65*0 

6570 

6600 

6630 

6660 

6690 

6720 

6750 

31 

6231 

6262 

6293 

6324 

6355 

6386 

6417 

6448 

6479 

6510 

6541 

6572 

6603 

6634 

6665 

6696 

6727 

6758 

6789 

6820 

6851 

6882 

6913 

6944 

6975 

32 

6H32 

6464 

6496 

6528 

6560 

6592 

6624 

6656 

6688 

6720 

6752 

6784 

6816 

6848 

6880 

6912 

6944 

6976 

7008 

7040 

7072 

7104 

7136 

7168 

7200 

33 

6633 

6666 

6699 

6732 

6765 

6798 

6831 

6864 

6897 

6930 

6963 

6996 

7029 

7062 

70S5 

7128 

7161 

719* 

7227 

7260 

7293 

7326 

7359 

7392 

7425 

3f 

6834 

6868 

6902 

6936 

6970 

7004 

7038 

7072 

7106 

7140 

7174 

7208 

7242 

7276 

7310 

7344 

7378 

7*12 

7446 

7*80 

7514 

7548 

7582 

7616 

7650 

35 

7035 

7070 

7105 

7140 

7175 

7210 

7245 

7280 

7315 

7350 

7385 

7420 

7455 

7490 

7525 

7560 

759? 

7630 

7665 

7700 

7735 

7770 

7805 

7840 

7875 

36 

7236 

7272 

7308 

7344 

7380 

7416 

7452 

7488 

7524 

7560 

7596 

7632 

7668 

7704 

7740 

7776 

7812 

7848 

7884 

7920 

7956 

7992 

8028 

8064 

8100 

37 

7437 

7474 

7511 

7548 

7585 

7622 

7659 

7696 

7733 

7770 

7807 

7844 

7881 

7918 

7955 

7992 

8029 

8066 

8103 

8140 

8177 

8214 

8251 

8288 

8325 

38 

7638 

7676 

7TI4 

7752 

7790 

7828 

7866 

7904 

7942 

7980 

8018 

8056 

8094 

8132 

8170 

8208 

8246 

8284 

8322 

8360 

8398 

8436 

8474 

8512 

8550 

39 

7839 

7878 

7917 

7956 

7995 

8034 

8073 

8112 

8151 

8190 

8229 

8268 

8307 

8346 

8385 

8424 

8463 

8502 

8541 

8580 

8619 

8658 

8697 

8736 

8775 

BBSS 



O 

BH 




TBTjHBI 

MM 


SSB 

3E 

MBS 




7B-MM 




3E 



40 

8040 

8080 

8120 

8160 

8200 

8240 


8920 

8360 

8400 

8440 

8480 

8520 

8560 


86*0 

8680 

8720 

8760 

'8800 

18840 8880 

8920 

8960 

9000 

41 

824! 

8282 

8323 

8364 

8405 

8446 

8487 

8528 

8569 

8610 

8651 

8692 

8733 

877* 

8815 

8856 

8897 

8938 

8979 

9020 

|906l 9102 

9143 

9184 

9225 

42 

8442 

8484 

8526 

8568 

8610 

8652 

8694 

8736 

8778 

8820 

8862 

8904 

8946 

8988 

9030 

9072 

9114 

9156 

9198 

3240 

9282 

9324 

9366 

9408 

9450 

43 

8643 

8686 

8729 

8772 

8815 

8858 

8901 

8944 

8987 

9030 

9073 

9116 

9159 

9202 

9245 

9288 

9331 

9374 

9417 

9460 

9503 

9546 

9589 

9632 

9675 

44 

8844 

8888 

8932 

8976 

9020 

9064 

9108 

9152 

9196 

9240 

9284 

9328 

9372 

9416 

9460 

950* 

9548 

9592 

9636 

9680 

9724 

9768 

9812 

9856 

9900 

45 

9045 

9090 

9135 

9180 

9225 

9270 

9315 

9360 

9405 

9450 

9*95 

9540 

9585 

9630 

9675 

9720 

9765 

9810 

9855 

9900 

9945 

9990 

10035 

10080 

10125 

46 

47 

9246 

94*7 

9292 

9494 

9338 

9541 

9384 

9588 

9430 

9635 

9476 

9682 

9522 

9729 

9568 

9776 

9614 

9823 

9660 

9870 

9706 

9917 

9752 

9964 

9798 

10011 

9844 

10058 

9890 

10105 

9936 

10152 

9982 

10199 

10028 

102*6 

10074 

10293 

10120 

103*0 

10166 

10387 

10212 

10*3* 

10258 

10481 

10304 

10528 

10350 

10575 

48 

96*8 

9696 

9744 

9792 

9840 

9888 

9936 

9984 

10032 

10080 

10128 

10176 

1022* 

10272 

10320 

10368 

10416 

1046* 

10512 

10560 

10608 

10656 

10704 

10752 

10800 

49 

9849 

9898 

9947 

9996 

10045 

10094 

10143 

10192 

10241 

10290 

10339 

10388 

10437 

10486 

10535 

10584 

10633 

10682 

10731 

10780 

10829 

10878 

10927 

10976 

11025 


80 





















































































































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 


|20l 202 

203 20«t 2051206 207 208 209 2I0|2II 212 213 

mlaisl 

Iai6|ai7|ai8 2l9t220i 

|22i|m 

2l3|m|225 


s o 

s o 


50 

10050 

10100 

10150 

10200 

10250 

10300 

10350 

10400 

10450 

10500 

10550 

10600 

10650 

10700 

10750 

10800 

10850 

10900 

10950 

11000 

11050 

moo 

11150 

11200 

11250 

51 

10251 

10302 

10353 

10404 

10455 

10506 

10557 

10608 

10659 

10710 

10761 

10812 

10863 

10914 

10965 

11016 

11067 

III 18 

II169 

11220 

11271 

11322 

11373 

11424 

11475 

52 

10452 

10504 

10556 

10608 

10660 

10712 

10764 

10816 

10868 

10920 

10972 

11024 

11076 

II128 

II180 

11232 

11284 

11336 

11388 

11440 

11492 

11544 

11596 

11648 

11700 

53 

10653 

10706 

10759 

10812 

10865 

10918 

10971 

11024 

11077 

11130 

II183 

11236 

11289 

11342 

11395 

11448 

11501 

11554 

11607 

11660 

11713 

11766 

11819 

11872 

11925 

5«t 

10854- 

10908 

10962 

11016 

11070 

II124 

II178 

11232 

11286 

11340 

11394 

11448 

11502 

11556 

11610 

11664 

11718 

11772 

11826 

11880 

11934 

11988 

12042 

12096 

12150 

55 

11055 

IIIIO 

11165 

11220 

11275 

11330 

11385 

11440 

11495 

11550 

11605 

11660 

11715 

11770 

11825 

11880 

H935 

11990 

12045 

12100 

12155 

12210 

12265 

12320 

12375 

56 

11256 

11312 

11368 

11424 

11480 

11536 

11592 

11648 

11704 

11760 

11816 

11872 

11928 

11984 

12040 

12096 

12152 

12208 

12264 

12320 

12376 

12432 

12488 

12544 

12600 

57 

11457 

11519 

11571 

11628 

11685 

11742 

11799 

11856 

11913 

11970 

12027 

12084 

12141 

12198 

12255 

12312 

12369 

12426 

12483 

12540 

12597 

12654 

127II 

12768 

12825 

58 

11658 

11716 

11774 

11832 

11890 

11948 

12006 

12064 

12122 

12180 

12238 

12296 

12354 

12412 

12470 

12528 

12586 

12644 

12702 

12760 

12818 

12876 

12934 

12992 

13050 

59 

11859 

11918 

11977 

12036 

12095 

12154 

12213 

12272 

12331 

12390 

12449 

12508 

12567 

12626 

12685 

12744 

12803 

12862 

12921 

12980 

13039 

13098 

13157 

13216 

13275 


6 O 

6 O 

6 O 

6 O 





6 O 




12060 

12120 

12180 

12240 

12300 

12360 

12420 

12480 

12540 

12600 

12660 

12720 

12780 

12840 

12900 

12960 

13020 

13080 

13140 

13200 

13260 

13320 

13380 

13440 

13500 

61 

12261 

12322 

12383 

12444 

12505 

12566 

12627 

12688 

12749 

12810 

12871 

12932 

12993 

13054 

13115 

13176 

13237 

13298 

13359 

13420 

13481 

13542 

13603 

13664 

13725 

62 

12462 

12524 

12586 

12648 

12710 

12772 

12834 

12896 

12958 

13020 

13082 

13144 

13206 

13268 

13330 

13392 

13454 

13516 

13578 

13640 

13702 

13764 

13826 

13888 

13950 

63 

12663 

12726 

12789 

12852 

12915 

12978 

13041 

13104 

13167 

13230 

13293 

13356 

13419 

13482 

13545 

13608 

13671 

13734 

13797 

13860 

13923 

13988 

14049 

14112 

14175 

6«f 

12864 

12928 

12992 

13056 

13120 

13184 

13248 

13312 

13376 

13440 

13504 

13568 

13632 

13696 

13760 

13824 

13888 

13952 

14016 

14080 

14144 

14208 

14272 

14336 

14400 

65 

13065 

13130 

13195 

13260 

13325 

13390 

13455 

13520 

13585 

13650 

13715 

13780 

13845 

13910 

13975 

14040 

14105 

14170 

14235 

14300 

14365 

14430 

14495 

14560 

14625 

66 

13266 

13332 

13398 

13464 

13530 

13596 

13662 

13728 

13794 

13860 

13926 

13992 

14058 

14124 

14190 

14256 

14322 

14388 

14454 

14520 

14586 

14652 

14718 

1478V 

14850 

67 

13467 

13534 

13601 

13668 

13735 

13802 

13869 

13936 

14003 

14070 

14137 

14204 

14271 

14338 

14405 

14472 

14539 

14606 

14673 

14740 

14807 

14874 

14941 

15008 

15075 

68 

13668 

13736 

13804 

13872 

13940 

14008 

14076 

14144 

14212 

14280 

14348 

14416 

14484 

I4S52 

14620 

14688 

14756 

14824! 

14892 

14960 

15028 

15096 

15164 

15232 

15300 

69 

13869 

13938 

14007 

14076 

14145 

14214 

14283 

14352 

14421 

14490 

14559 

14628 

14697 

14766 

I483S 

14904 

14973 

15042 

15111 

15180 

15249 

15318 

15387 

15456 

15525 





EXE 

HESS 

BB23H3| 

■1 

■■ 

r JIf. 1 

Jggg 

SBH 

hw 

HHi 

EXE 


m 

n 

HH 

EXE 

HHHHHRflB&HflSH 




70 

14070 

14140 

14210 

14280 

14350 

14420 

14490 

14560 

14630 

14700 

14770 

14840 

14910 

14980 

15050 

15120 

15190 

15260 

15330 

15400 

15470 

15540 

15610 

15680 

15750 

71 

14271 

14342 

14413 

14484 

14555 

14626 

14697 

14768 

14839 

14910 

14981 

15052 

15123 

15194 

15265 

15336 

15407 

15478 

15549 

15620 

15691 

15762 

15833 

15904 

15975 

72 

14472 

14544 

14616 

14688 

14760 

14832 

14904 

14976 

15048 

15120 

15192 

15264 

15336 

15408 

15480 

15552 

15624 

15696 

15768 

15840 

15912 

15984 

16056 

16128 

16200 

73 

14673 

14746 

14819 

14892 

14965 

15038 

151II 

15184 

15257 

15330 

15403 

15476 

15549 

15622 

15695 

15768 

15841 

15914 

15987 

16060 

16133 

16206 

16279 

16352 

16425 

74 

14874 

14948 

15022 

15096 

15170 

15244 

15318 

15392 

15466 

15540 

15614 

15688 

15762 

15836 

15910 

15984 

16058 

16132 

16206 

16280 

16354 

16428: 

16502 

16576 

16650 

75 

15075 

15150 

15225 

15300 

15375 

15450 

15525 

15600 

15675 

15750 

15825 

15900 

15975 

16050 

16125 

16200 

16275 

16350 

16425 

16500 

16575 

16650 

16725 

16800 

16875 

76 

15276 

15352 

15428 

15504 

15580 

15656 

15732 

15808 

15884 

15960 

16036 

16112 

16188 

16264 

16340 

I64'6 

16492 

16568 

16644 

16720 

16796 

16872 

16948 

17024 

17100 

77 

15477 

15554 

15631 

IS 708 

15785 

15862 

15939 

16016 

16093 

16170 

16247 

1632* 

16*01 

16478 

16555 

16632 

16709 

16786 

16863 

16940 

17017 

17094 

17171 

17248 

17325 

78 

15678 

15756 

15834 

15912 

15990 

16068 

16146 

16224 

16302 

16380 

16458 

16536 

16614 

16692 

16770 

168*8 

16926 

117004 17082 

17160 

■ 17238)17316 

17394 

17472 

17550 

79 

15879 

15958 

16037 

16116 

16195 

16274 

16353 

16432 

I65H 

16590 

16669 

16748 

16827 

16906 

16985 

17064 

17143 

||7222|I730I 

17380 

|l7459|l7538i 

17617 

17696 

17775 




8 O 





8 O 

8pi 


tan 

nH 

[ « 1BKHK 

mm 

tan 

ESBH 

:«• 



HRS! 

HHE 

8 O 


16080 

16160 

16240 

16320 

16400 

16480 

16560 

16640 

16720 

16800 

16880 

16960 

17040 

17120 

17200 

17280 

173 6 0 

I7W0 

17520 

17600 

17680 

17760 

17840 

17920 

18000 

81 

16281 

16362 

16443 

16524 

16605 

16686 

16767 

16848 

16929 

17010 

17091 

17172 

17253 

17334 

17415 

17496 

17577 

17658 

17739 

17820 

17901 

17982 

18063 

18144 

18225 

81 

16482 

16564 

16646 

16728 

16810 

16892 

16974 

17056 

17138 

17220 

17302 

17384 

17466 

17548 

17630 

17712 

17794 

17876 

17958 

18040 

18122 

18204 

18286 

18368 

18450 

83 

16683 

16766 

16849 

16932 

17015 

17098 

17181 

17264 

17347 

17430 

17513 

17596 

17679 

17762 

17845 

17928 

18011 

18094 

18177 

18260 

18343 

18426 

18509 

18592 

18675 

84 

16884 

16968 

17052 

17136 

17220 

17304 

17388 

17472 

17556 

17640 

17724 

17808 

17892 

17976 

18060 

18144 

18228 

18312 

18396 

18480 

18564 

18648 

18732 

18816 

18900 

85 

17085 

17170 

17255 

17340 

17425 

17510 

17595 

17680 

17765 

17850 

17935 

18020 

18105 

18190 

18275 

18360 

18445 

18530 

18615 

18700 

18785 

18870 

18955 

19040 

19/25 

86 

17286 

17372 

17458 

17544 

17630 

17716 

17802 

IT888 

17974 

18060 

18146 

18232 

18318 

18404 

18490 

18576 

18662 

18748 

18834 

18920 

19006 

19092 

19178 

19264 

19350 

87 

17487 

17574 

17661 

17748 

17835 

17922 

18009 

18096 

18183 

18270 

18357 

18444 

18531 

18618 

18705 

18792 

18879 

18966 

19053 

19140 

19227 

19314 

19401 

19488 

19575 

88 

17688 

17776 

17864 

17952 

18040 

18128 

18216 

18304 

18392 

18480 

18568 

18656 

18744 

18832 

18920 

19008 

19096 

19184 

19272 

19360 

19448 

19536 

19624 

19712 

19800 

89 

17889 

17978 

18067 

18156 

18245 

18334 

18423 

18512 

18601 

18690 

18779 

18868 

18957 

19046 

19135 

19224 

19313 

19402 

19491 

19580 

19669 

19758 

19847 

1 19936 

20025 


9 O 





9 O 



mi 


9 O 

9 O 

9 O 

B3 

18090 

18180 

18270 

18360 

18450 

18540 

18630 

18720 

18810 

- - ,M 

18990 


19170 

19260 

19350 

19440 

19530 

19620 

19710 

19800 

19890 

19980 

20070 

20160 

20250 

91 

18291 

18382 

18473 

18564 

18655 

18746 

18837 

18928 

19019 

19110 

19201 

19292 

19383 

19474 

19565 

19656 

19747 

19838 

19929 

20020 

20111 

20202 

20293 

20384 

20475 

92 

18492 

18584 

18676 

18768 

18860 

18952 

19044 

19136 

19228 

19320 

19412 

19504 

19596 

19688 

19780 

19872 

19964 

20056 

20148 

20240 

20332 

20424 

20516 

20608 

20700 

93 

18693 

18786 

18879 

18972 

19065 

19158 

19251 

19344 

19437 

19530 

19623 

19716 

19809 

19902 

19995 

28088 

20181 

20274 

20367 

20460 

20553 

20646 

20739 

20832 

20925 

94 

18894 

18988 

19082 

19176 

19270 

19364 

19458 

19552 

19646 

19740 

19834 

19928 

20022 

20116 

20210 

20304 

20398 

20492 

20586 

20680 

20774 

20868 

20962 

21056 

. 

21150 

95 

19095 

19190 

19285 

19380 

19475 

19570 

19665 

19760 

19855 

19950 

20045 

20140 

20235 

20330 

20425 

20520 

20615 

20710 

20805 

20900 

20995 

21090 

21185 

21280 

21375 

96 

19296 

19392 

194&. 

19584 

19680 

19776 

19872 

19968 

20064 

20160 

20256 

20352 

20448 

20544 

20640 

20736 

20832 

20928 

21024 

21120 

21216 

21312 

21408 

21504 

21600 

97 

19497 

19594 

19691 

19788 

19885 

19982 

20079 

20176 

20273 

20370 

20467 

20564 

20661 

20758 

20855 

20952 

21049 

21146 

21243 

21340 

21437 

21534 

21631 

21728 

21825 

98 

19698 

19796 

19894 

19992 

20090 

20188 

20286 

20384 

20482 

205S0 

20678 

20776 

20874 

20972 

21070 

21168 

21266 

21364 

21462 

21560 

21658 

21756 

21854 

21952 

22050 

99 

19899 

19998 

20097 

20196 

20295 

20394 

20493 

20592 

20691 

20790 

20889 

20988 

21087 

21186 

21285 

21384 

21483 

21582 

21681 

21790 

21879 

21978 

22077 

22176 

22275 

100 

20100 

20200 

20300 

20400 

20500 

20600 

20700 

20800 

20900 

21000 

21100 

21200 

21300 

21400 

21500 

21600 

21700 

21800 

21900 

22000 

22100 

22200 

22300 

22400 

22500 


( contm. /tom 2-nd p. bzck) -fractional units thfn one in the multiplier, multiply the quantity piven at the inter¬ 
section of the fractional part with the multiplicand by the number of fractional units, then proceed as in the 
last example; thus, the product of 2.25 multiplied by 39§- is ((fractional part,28g X7= I96i)8775 + I96g)897l|-. 
III. If there be fractions in both multiplier and multiplicand, and the numbers do not exceed the limits 
of the table,reduce them to improper fractions, then divide the product of the numerators by the product of 
f the denominators, usiny different sections of the table for obtaininy the products {cont/n.orr Und p.ah V) 


81 




































































































































































































I IPlETFI COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. Iwlsl 


ES3ESIEE3EEaEE3 E3BEE3EE3EK3ES3 E53E51Eg3E?nSI3 OTEESE31EI3EII3 MkiyEHEniEn 

c- t=> a r T I O N 



I4i 

I4,| 

14 i 

I4,| 


14$ 

I4+- 

14 ,* 

14# 

14 M 

14* 

I4}| 

14 * 

I4f| 

15 

15$ 

15 + 

15$ 

15 + 

•5$ 

15* 

>5 if 

15 + 

15$ 

]£t 


18* 

18# 

19 

19 * 

19 + 

19 +• 


19 $ 

19 + 

19.-4 

I9f 

19 + 

19 i 

19,+ 

20 

20 + 

20 + 

20 + 

20 + 

20$ 

20+ 

20 j* 

20* 

20-* 

20-f 


221 

22 $ 

22 | 

21$ 

23 

23 

23 + 

23 ,* 

23 * 

23 + 

23 f 

23$ 

23* 

23$ 

24 

24$ 

24 + 

14$ 

24* 

24 + 

24* 

M 

24* 

24$ 

25 


28 + 

28 * 

28 + 

281 

28 * 

28-+ 

29 

29 + 

29 + 

29+- 

29 + 

29 f 

29* 

29 + 

30 

30 + 

30 + 

30 + 

30+ 

301 

30* 

30* 

31 

Hi 

31 + 


374 

37# 

38 

38* 

38 + 

38 + 

38+ 

38# 

39 

39+ 

39+ 

39 i 

39* 


4 

40i 

40 + 

40 i 

40 * 

40 | 

41 

Hi 

41 T 

41 * 

M 


45 + 

45 + 


45 + 

46 

46 + 


46* 

Wi 

47 

47 + 

47 | 

47 | 


48 

48 + 

48 + 

48* 

48* 

49 

49 + 

49 + 

497 

49* 

50 


56 + 

664 

57 

57-+ 

57 + 

57* 

58 

58 + 

58 + 

58* 

59 

59 + 

59 + 

59* 

60 

60 + 

60+ 

60* 

61 

61 + 

61 + 

61* 

62 

62 + 

62 * 


75 + 

75f 

76 

76 + 

76 + 

77 

77 + 

771 

78 


781 

79 

79 + 

79 f 

80 

80+ 

80* 

81 

81 + 

81* 

82 

82 + 

82* 

83 

83 + 


113 

113+ 

114 

114+ 

115 

115+ 

116 

116+ 

117 

117 + 

118 

118+ 

119 

119 + 

120 

120+ 

121 

121 + 

122 

122 + 

123 

123* 

124 

124+ 

125 

ll 

22? 

227 

228 

229 


231 

232 


234 

235 

236 

237 

238 

239 

24-0 

24 1 

24-2 

243 

244 

245 

246 

247 

248 

249 

250 

a 

452 

454 

456 

458' 

460 

462 

464 

466 

468 

470 

472 

474 

476 

478 

480 

482 

484 

486 

486 

490 

492 

494 

496 

498 

500 

3 

678 

681 

684 

687 

590 

693 

696 

699 

702 

705 

708 

711 

714 

717 

720 

723 

726 

729 

732 

735 

738 

741 

744 

747 

750 

»f 

904 

908 

912 

916 

920 

924 

928 

932 

936 

940 

944 

948 

952 

956 

960 

964 

968 

972 

976 

980 

984 

988 

992 

996 

1000 

5 

1130 

1135 

1140 

1145 

1150 

1155 

TT60 

1165 

1170 

1175 

1180 

1185 

1190 

1195 

1200 

1205 

1210 

1215 

1220 

1225 

1230 

1235 

1240 

1245 

1250 

6 

1356 

1362 

1368 

1374 

1380 

1386 

1392 

1398 

1404 

1410 

1416 

1422 

1428 

1434 

1440 

i44o 

1452 

1458 

1464 

14 70 

1476 

1482 

1488 

1494 

1500 

7 

1582 

1589 

1596 

1603 

1610 

1617 

1624 

1631 

1638 

1645 

1652 

1659 

1666 

1673 

1680 

1687 

1694 

1701 

1708 

1715 

1722 

1729 

1736 

1743 

,1750 

8 

1808 

1816 

1824 

1832 

1840 

1848 

1856 

1864 

1872 

1880 

1888 

1896 

1904 

1912 

1920 

1928 

1936 

1944 

1952 

I960 

1968 

1976 

1984 

1992 

2000 

8 

2034 

2043 

2052 

2061 

2070 

2079 

2088 

2097 

2106 

2115 

2124 

2133 

2142 

2151 

2160 

2169 

2178 

2187 

2196 

2205 

2214 

2223 

Sc 


2250 

10 

2260 


BE 

2280 

2290 

2300 

• 

2320 

2W 

2340 

2350 

2360 

2370 

2380 

2390 

2400 

2410 

2420 

2430 

2440 

2450 

246? 

2470 

2480 

2490 

2500 

II 

2486 

2497 

2508 

2519 

2530 

2541 

2552 

2563 

2574 

2585 

2596 

2607 

2618 

2629 

2640 

265 f 

2662 

2673 

2684 

2695 

2706 

2717 

2728 

2739 

2750 

12 

2712 

2724 

2736 

2748 

2760 

2772 

2784 

2796 

2808 

2820 

2832 

2844 

2856 

2868 

2880 

2892 

2904 

2916 

2928 

2940 

2952 

2964 

2976 

2988 

3000 

13 

2938 

2951 

2964 

2977 

2990 

3003 

3016 

3029 

3042 

3055 

3068 

3081 

3094 

3107 

3120 

3133 

3146 

3159 

3172 

3185 

3198 

3211 

3224 

3237 

3250 

14- 

3164 

3178 

3192 

3206 

3220 

3234 

3248 

3262 

3276 

3290 

3304 

3318 

3332 

3346 

3360 

3374 

3388 

3402 

3416 

3430 

3444 

3458 

3472 

3486 

3500 

15 

3390 

3405 

3420 

3435 

3450 

3465 

3480 

3495 

3510 

3525 

3540 

3555 

3570 

3585 

3600 

3615 

3630 

3645 

3660 

3675 

369CT 

3705 

3720 

3735 

3750 

16 

■ 

3632 

3648 

3664 

3680 

3636 

3712 

3728 

3744 

3760 

3776 

3792 

3808 

3824 

3840 

3356 

3872 

3889 

3904 

3920 

3936 

3952 

3968 

3984 

4000 

17 

3842 

3859 

3876 

3893 

3910 

3927 

3944 

3961 

3978 

3995 

4012 

4029 

4046 

4063 

4080 

4097 

4114 

4131 

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18 

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4313 

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29 

6554 

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6612 

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10168 

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10363 

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10032 

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10395 

10440 

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11907 

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120.54 

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61 


COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. CTrlO 

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50 

11300 

11350 

Ilf 00 

11450 

H500 

H550 

M600 

H650 

11700 

11750 

11800 

11850 

11900 

11950 

12000 

112050 

12100 

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12350 

12400 

12450 

12500 

51 

1152b 

115// 

11628 

11679 

11730 

11731 

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11883 

11934 

11985 

12036 

12087 

12138 

12189 

12240 

■ 12291 

12342 

12393 

12444 

12495 

12546 

12597 

12648 

12699 

12750 

52 

11752 

11804 

11856 

11908 

11960 

12012 

12064 

12116 

12168 

12220 

12272 

12324 

12376 

12428 

12480 

112532 

12584 

12636 

'12688 

12740 

12792 

12844 

12896 

12948 

13000 

53 

11978 

12031 

12084 

12137 

12190 

12243 

12296 

12349 

12402 

12455 

12508 

12561 

12614 

12667 

12720 

112773 

12826 

12879 

12932 

12985 

13038 

13091 

13144 

13197 

13250 

54 

12204 

12258 

12312 

12366 

12420 

12474 

12528 

12582 

12636 

12690 

12744 

12798 

12852 

12906 

12960 

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13068 

13122 

13176 

13230 

13284 

13338 

13392 

13446 

13500 

55 

12430 

12485 

12540 

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12650 

12705 

12760 

12815 

12870 

12925 

12980 

13035 

13090 

13145 

13200 

i 13255 

13310 

13365 

13420 

13475 

13530 

13585 

13640 

13695 

13750 

56 

12556 

12712 

12758 

12824 

12880 

12936 

12992 

13048 

13104 

13160 

13216 

13272 

13328 

13384 

13440 

@13496 

13552 

13608 

13664 

13720 

13776 

13832 

13888 

13944 

14000 

57 

12882 

12939 

12996 

13053 

13110 

13167 

13224 

13281 

13338 

13395 

13452 

13509 

13566 

13623 

13680 

§ 13737 

13794 

13851 

13908 

13965 

14022 

14079 

14136 

14193 

14250 

58 

13108 

13166 

13224 

13282 

13340 

13393 

13456 

13514 

13572 

13630 

13688 

13748 

13804 

13862 

13920 

§13978 

14036 14094 

14152 

14210 

14268 

14326 

14384 

14442 

14500 

58 

13334 

13393 

13452 

13511 

13570 

13629 

13688 

13747 

13806 

13865 

13924 

13983 

14042 

14-101 

14160 

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14278 14337 

14396 

14455 

14514 

14573 

14632 

14691 

14750 




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13560 

13620 

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14280 

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14460 

14520 

14580 

14640 

1470 0 

14760 

14820 

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14940 

15000 

13786 

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13969 

14030 

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14213 

14274 

14335 

14396 

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14518 

14579 

14640 

14701 

14762 

14823 

14884 

14945 

15006 

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15189 

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14074 

14136 

14198 

14260 

14322 

14384 

14446 

14508 

14570 

14632 

14694 

14756 

14818 

14880 

14942 

15004 

15066 

15128 

15190 

15252 

15314 

15376 

15438 

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14238 

14301 

1436 4 

14427 

14490 

14553 

14616 

14679 

14742 

14805 

14868; 

14931 

14994 

15057 

15120 

15183 

15246 

15309 

15372 

15435 

1549S 

15561 

15624 

15687 

15750 

14464 

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14656 

14720 

14784 

14848 

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15040 

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15168 

15232 

15296 

15360 

15424 

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15616 

15680 

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15872 

15936 

16000 

14690 

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14820 

14885 

14950 

15015 

15080 

15145 

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15275 

15340 

15405 

15470 

15535 

15600 

15665 

15730 

15795 

15860 

15925 

15990! 

16055 

16120 

16185 

16250 

14916 

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15180 

15246 

15312 

15378 

15444 

15510 

15576 

15642 

15708 

15774 

15840 

15906 

15972 

16038 

16104 

16170 

16236 

16302 

16368 

16434 

16500 

15142 

15209 

15276 

15343 

15410 

15477 

15544 

15611 

15678 

15745 

15812 

15879 

i5946 

16013 

16080 

16147 

16214 

16281 

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16415 

16482 

16549 

16616 

16683 

16750 

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15436 

15504 

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15640 

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15844 

15912 

15980 

16048 

16116 

16184 

16252 

16320 

16388 

16456 

16524 

16592 

16660 

16728 

16796 

16864 

16932 

17000 

15594 

15663 

15732 

15801 

15870 

15939 

16008 

16077 

16146 

16215 

16284 

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16431 

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16836 

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16660 

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16800 

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17360 

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16259 

16330 

16401 

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16969 

17040 

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17395 

17466 

17537 

17608 

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17750 

16272 

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16416 

16488 

16560 

16632 

16704 

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168481 

16920 

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17064 

17136 

17208 

17280 

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17424 

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17640 

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17856 

17928 

18000 

16498 

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16644; 

16717 

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16863 

16936; 

17009 

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17155 

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17520 

17593 

17666 

17739 

17812 

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17958 

18031 

18104 

18177 

18250 

167241 

16788 

16872 

16946 

17020 

17094 

17168 

17242 

17316 

17390 

17464 

17538 

17612 

17686 

17760 

17834 

17908 

17982 

18056 

18130 

18204 

18278 

18352 

18426 

18500 

16950; 

17025 

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18675 

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17176: 

17252 

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17480 

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17860 

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13088 

18164 

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18316 

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18468 

18544 

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18848 

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18711 

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18865 

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19096 

19173 

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17340 

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19032 

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19266 

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19422 

19500 

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17933 

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18328 

18407 

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18565 

18644 

18723 

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18960 

19039 

19118 

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19276 

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19434 

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19750 


71 


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18080 

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19360 

19440 

19520 

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19760 

19840 

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20000 

81 

82 

83 

84 


18306 

18532 

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18984 

18387 

18614 

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19068 

18468 

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18924 

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18549 

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19007 

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18630 

18860 

19090 

19320 

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19488 

18873 

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19339 

19572 

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19188 

19422 

19656 

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19740 

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19588 

19824 

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19671 

19908 

19278 

19516 

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20254 

20501 

20748 

20088 

20336 

20584 

20832 

20169 

20418 

20667 

20916 

20250 

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19210 

19295 

19380 

19465 

19550 

19635 

19720 

19805 

19890 

19975 

20060 

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20315 

20400 

20485 

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20740 

20825 

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21080 

21165 

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20064 

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21208 

21449 

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21296 

21538 

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21141 

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21627 

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21228 

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21560 

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21648 

21894 

21242 

21489 

21736 

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21328 

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22072 

21414 

21663 

21912 

22161 

21500 

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20340 

20430 

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20880 

20970 

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21780 

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22410 

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91 

92 

93 

94 

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21018 

21244 

20657 

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21338 

20748 

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21204 

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20839 

21068 

21297 

21526 

20930 

21160 

21390 

21620 

21021 

21252 

21483 

21714 

21112 

21344 

21576 

21808 

21203 

21436 

21669 

21902 

21294 

21528 

21762 

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21385 

21620 

21855 

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21476 

21712 

21948 

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21804 

22041 

22278 

21658 

21896 

22134: 

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21749 

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22466 

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22560 

21931 

22172 

22413 

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22022 

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22748 

22113 

22356 

22599 

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22204 

22448 

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22936 

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22540 

22785 

23030 

22386 

22632 

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23124 

22477 

22724 

22971 

23218 

22568 

22816 

23064' 

23312 

72659 

22908 

23157' 

23406 

22750 

23000 

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21470 

21565 

21660 

21755 

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21945 

22040 

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22230 

22325 

22420 

22515, 

22610 

22705 

22800 

22895 

22990 

23085. 

23180 

23275 

23370 

23465 

23560 

23655 

23750 

96 

97 

98 

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21696 

21922 

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21792 

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22572 

21984 

22213 

; 22442 

22671 

22080 
22310 
225 40 
22770 

22176 

22407 

22638 

22869 

22272 

22504 

22736 

22968 

22368 

22601 

22834 

23067 

22464 

22698 

22932 

23166 

22560 

22795 

23030 

23265 

22656 

22392 

23128 

23364 

227521 

22989 

23226 

23463 

22848 

23086 

23324 

23562 

22944 

23183 

23422 

23661 

23040 

23280 

23520 

23760 

23136 
23377 
23618 ! 
23859 

23232! 

23474! 

23716! 

23358 

22328! 

23571 

23814: 

24057 

23424 

23668 

23912 

24156 

23520 

23765 

24010 

24255 

23616 

23862 

24108 

24354 

23712 

23959 

24206 

24453 

23808 

24056 

24304 

24552 

23904 
241 S3 
24402 
24651 

24000 

24250 

24500 

24750 

100 

\ 

22600 

22700 

22800 

22900 

23000 

23100 

23200 

23300 

23400 

23500 

23600 

23700 

23800 

23900 

24000 

24100 

24200 

24300 

24400 

24500 

24600 

24700 

24800 

24900 

25000 

( Coviin. 
number 
duce 16 
at the a| 
■to divid 
•follow t 

■fro 

i 

£ ai 

>p er 
e 13- 
he r 

m «2 
us, 
ttd 2 
CO rr 

!33 t 
ow ( 

■ 77 d / 

the | 

U-L 

r 8 
iers 
3: 
3 / fi 

0 . t>ac 
jrodi 
to it 
of th 
2, tu 
y u res 

A) and -the final quotient in reducing the last improper fraction to a whole or mixed 
tct of I6i multiplied by 24-i is ( 16$ = Tp- , 2 * 3 - = ^, t X ^ = 3 U 1 ) 1*1655 (To re- 
nproper fractions by usiny the table, turn to section 1 to 25,'as shown in white figures 
le payes , to multiply together the numerators, 67 and 199, turn to section 176 to 200; 
rn to section 4-01 to 425, and, selectiny 32 from the left waryin of the left-hand paye, 

; to the riyht until cotniny to the number 13312; then the g\io\coni'>n.o-n 2.-nd p. Jh V) 


83 





























































































































































































IS 

5 


COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON ■ 

1. 


12751 

EEESJEffl HiraHMUifJMifclkVil] kWJtiiJy^JLhJLlS 



ip 



R 


A 


c 



T 





O 


I> 





• 

16 

is & 

7s7 

!5fi 

15 §- 

15 jf 

16 

16# 

16 # 

16% 

16# 

16% 

16# 

16% 

16# 

16 % 

16 f 

16% 

16 ? 

16 H 

•6 i 

16 Sf 

17 

17% 

17# 

17% 


20^ 

21 

21A 

21# 

21# 

21# 

211 

21 # 

21% 

21# 

21# 

211 

21% 

22 

22% 

22# 

22# 

22# 

22% 

22# 

22% 

22 | 

22 l 

22 f 

22 % 

» 

254 

25 # 

25,% 

25# 

25# 

25# 

25 

251 

25% 

26 

26% 

26# 

26% 

26 | 

26# 

26| 

26% 

261 

26% 

27 , 

27% 

27# 

27% 

27 i 

27 # 

V 0 

n 

311 

31 4- 

311 

31 1 

31 h 

32 

32# 

321 

311 

32# 

32 f 

32# 

321 

33 

33# 

33# 

331 

33# 

331 

33# 

3ii 

34 

34 -k 

34# 

34# 

6 

41# 

42 

42# 

42? 

42# 

42? 

42# 

43 

43# 

43# 

43# 

431 

43 f 

44 

44# 

44# 

44# 

441 

44 f 

45 

45# 

45# 

45 a 

45 1 

45| 

i - 

T 

50# 

50 f 

50# 

50# 

51 

51 # 

51 1 

51 f 

51# 

52 

52# 

52 | 

52 | 

52# 

53 

53# 

53 | 

53 f 

53# 

54 

54# 

54 § 

54 f 

54 f 

55 


62# 

63 

63# 

63# 

63 f 

64 

64# 

64# 

64# 

65 

65# 

65 # 

65# 

66 

66# 

66# 

66# 

67 

67# 

67# 

67# 

68 a 

68# 

68# 

68 # 

3 

831 

84 

84# 

84# 

85 

85# 

85# 

86 

86# 

86# 

87 

87# 

87# 

88 

88# 

88# 

89 

89# 

89# 

90 

90# 

90# 

91 

91# 

91 # 

T 

1254 

126 

126# 

127 

127# 

128 

128# 

129 

129# 

130 

130# 

131 

131# 

132 

132# 

133 

133# 

134 

134# 

135 

135# 

136 

136# 

137 

137 # 




ri 




mi 





■■ 

MM 

Hi 

HI 

SHES5 

■9 

HI 

HI 


BH 

^H 

m 

274 

275 


251 

252 

253 

254 

255 

256 

2b l 

258 

259 

260 

2b l 

262 

263 

264- 

265 

266 

267 

268 

269 

270 

271 

272 

273 

2 

502 

504 

506 

508 

510 

512 

514 

516 

518 

520 

522 

524 

526 

528 

530 

532 

534 

536 

538 

540 

542 

544 

546 

548 

550 

3 

753 

756 

759 

762 

765 

768 

771 

774 

777 

780 

783 

786 

789 

792 

795 

798 

801 

804 

807 

810 

813 

816 

819 

822 

825 

!f 

1004 

1008 

1012 

1016 

1020 

1024 

1028 

1032 

1036 

1040 

1044 

1048 

1052 

1056 

1060 

1064 

1068 

1072 

1076 

1080 

1084 

1088 

1092 

1096 

1100 

5 

1255 

1260 

1265 

1270 

1275 

1280 

12851 

1290 

1295 

1300 

1305 

1310 

1315 

1320 

1325 

1330 

1335 

1340 

1345 

1350 

1355 

1360 

1365 

1370 

1375 

6 

1506 

1512 

1518 

1524 

1530 

1536 

1542 

1548 

1554 

1560 

1566 

1572 

1578 

1584 

1590 

1596 

1602 

1608 

1614 

1620 

1626 

1632 

1638 

1644 

1650 

7 

1757 

1764 

1771 

1778 

1785 

1792 

1799 

1806 

1813 

1820 

1827 

1834 

1841 

1848 

1855 

1862 

1869 

1876 

1883 

1890 

1897 

1904 

1911 

1918 

1925 

8 

2008 

2016 

2024 

2032 

2040 

2048 

2056 

2064 

2072 

2080 

2088 

2096 

2104 

2112 

2120 

2128 

2136 

2144 

2152 

2160 

2168 

2176 

2184 

2192 

2200 

8 

2259 

2268 

2277 

2286 

2295 

2304 

2313 

2322 

2331 

2340 

2349 

2358 

2367 

2376 

2385 

2394 

2403 

2412 

2421 

2430 

2439 

2448 

2457 

2466 

2475 




1 o 

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2510 

2520 

2530 

2540 

2550 

2560 

2570 

2580 

2590 

2600 

26I0 1 

2620 

2630 

2640 

2650 

2660 

2670 

2680 

2690 

2700 

2710 

2720 

2730 

2740 

2750 


2761 

2772 

2783 

2794 

2805 

281? 

2827 

2838 

2849 

2860 

2871 

2882 

2893 

2904 

2915 

2926 

2937 

2948 

2959 

2970 

2981 

2992 

3003 

3014 

3025 


3012 

3024 

3036 

3048 

3060 

3072 

3084 

3096 

3108 

3120 

3132 

3144 

3156 

3168 

3180 

3192 

3204 

3216 

3228 

3240 

3252 

3264 

3276 

3288 

3300 


3263 

3276 

3289 

3302 

3315 

3328 

3341 

3354 

3367 

3380 

3393 

3406 

3419 

3432 

3445 

3458 

3471 

3484 

3497 

3510 

3523 

3536 

3549 

3562 

3575 


3514 

3528 

3542 

3556 

3570 

3584 

3598 

3612 

3626 

3640 

3654 

3668 

3682 

3696 

3710 

3724 

3738 

3752 

3766 

3780 

3794 

3808 

3822 

3836 

3850 


3765 

3780 

3795 

3810 

3825 

3840 

3855 

3870 

3885 

3900 

3915 

3930 

3945 

3960 

3975 

3990 

4005 

4020 

4035 

4050 

4065 

4080 

4095 

4110 

4125 

Tel 

4-016 

4032 

4048 

4064 

4080 

4096" 

4112 

4128 

4144 

4160 

4176 

4192 

4208 

4224 

4240 

4256 

4272 

4288 

4304 

4320 

4336 

4352 

4368 

4384 

4400 

17 s 

4267 

4284' 

4301 

4318 

4335 

4352 

4369 

4386 

4403 

4420 

4437 

4454 

4471 

4488 

4505 

4522 

4539 

4556 

4573 

4590 

4607 

4624 

4641 

4658 

4675 

181 

4518 

4536 

4554 

4572 

4590 

4608 

4626 

4644 

4662 

4680 

4698 

4716 

4734 

4752 

4770 

4788 

4806 

4824 

4842 

4860 

4878 

4896 

4914 

4932 

4950 

19 

4769 

4788 

4807 

4826 

4845 

4864 

4883 

4902 

4921 

4940 

4959 

4978 

4997 

5016 

5035 

5054 

5073 

5092 

5111 

5130 

5149 

5168 

5187 

5206 

5225 

1 



2 O 





2 O 

gUgf 



HI 

2 O 

m 

bh 


fWHB 

2 O 

BH 




2 O 



m 

5020 

5040 

50601 

5080 

5100 

5120 

5140 

5160 

5180 

5200 

5220 

5240 

5260 

5280 

5300 

5320 

5340 

5360 

5380 

5400 

5420 

5440 

5460 

5480 

5500 

I 2S 

5271 

5292 

5313 

5334 

5355 

5376 

539? 

5418 

5439 

5460 

5481 

5502 

5523 

5544 

5565 

5586 

5607 

5628 

5649 

5670 

5691 

5712 

5733 

5754 

5775 

R w 

5522 

5544 

5566 

5588 

5610 

5632! 

5654 

5676 

5698 

5720 

5742 

5764 

5786 

5808 

5830 

5852 

5874 

5896 

5918 

5940 

5962 

5984 

6006 

6028 

6050 

| 23 

5772 

5796 

5819 

5842 

5865 

5888 

5911 

59341 

5957 

5980 

6003 

6026 

6049 

6072 

6095 

6H8 

6141 

6164 

6187 

6210 

6233 

6256 

6279 

6302 

6325 

1 ^ 

6024 

6048 

6072 

6096 

6120 

6144' 

6168 

6192 

6216 

6240 

6264 

6288 

6312 

6336 

6360 

6384 

6408 

6432 

6456 

6480 

6504 

6528 

6552 

6576 

6600 

Eg 

6275 

6300 

6325 

6350 

6375 

6400' 

64251 

6450 

6475 

6500 

6525 

6550 

6575 

6600 

6625 

6650 

6675 

6700 

6725 

6750 

6775 

6800 

6825 

6850 

6875 

H *« 

6526 

6552 

6578 

6604 

6630 

6656 

6682 

6708 

6734 

6760 

6786 

6812 

6838 

6864 

6890 

6916 

6942 

6968 

6994 

7020 

7046 

7072 

7098 

7124 

7150 

1 27 

6777 

6804 

6831 

6858 

6885 

6912 

6939 

6966 

6993 

7020 

7047 

7074 

7101 

7128 

7155 

7182 

7209 

7236 

7263 

7290 

7317 

7344 

7371 

7398 

7425 

1 28 

7028 

7056 

7084 

7112 

7140 

7168 

7196 

7224 

7252 

7280 

7308 

7336 

7364 

7392 

7420 

7448 

7476 

7504 

7532 

7560 

7588 

7616 

7644 

7672 

7700 

I 29 

7279 

7308 

7337 

7366 

7395 

7424 

74S3 

7482 

7511 

7540 

7569 

7598 

7627 

7656 

7685 

7714 

7743 

7772 

7801 

7830 

7859 

7888 

7917 

7946 

7975 


3 0 

3 0 3 0 

3 0 3 0 

P 




■ 31 

7781 

7812 

78431 

7874 

7905 

7936 

7967 

7998! 

8029 

8060 

8091 

8122 

8153 

8184 

8215 

8246 

8277 

8308 

8339 

8370 

8401 

8432 

8463 

8494 

8525 


8032 

8064 

8096 

8128 

8160 

8192 

8224 

8256 

8288 

6320 

8352 

8384 

8416 

8448 

8480 

8512 

8544 

8576 

8608 

8640 

8672 

8704 

8736 

8768 

8800 

1 33 

8283 

8316 

8349 

8382 

8415 

8448 

8481 

8514 

8547 

8580 

8613 

8646 

8679 

8712 

8745 

8778 

8811 

8844 

8877 

8910 

8943 

8976 

9009 

9042 

9075 

| 3*f 

8534 

8568 

8602 

8636 

8670 

8704 

8738 

8772 

8806 

8840 

8874 

8908 

8942 

8976 

9010 

9044 

9078 

9112 

9146 

9180 

9214 

9248 

9282 

9316 

9350 

m 

8785 

8820 

8855 

8890 

8925 

8960 

8995 

9030 

9065 

9100 

3135 

9170 

9205 

9240 

9275 

9310 

9345 

9380 

9415 

9450 

9485 

9520 

9555 

9590 

9625 

■ 36 

9036 

9072 

9108 

9144 

9180 

9216 

9252 

9288 

9324 

9360 

9396 

9432 

9468 

9504 

9540 

9576 

9612 

9^48 

9684 

9720 

9756 

9792 

9828 

9864 

9900 

1 37 

9287 

9324 

9361 

9398 

9435 

9472 

9509 

9546 

9583 

9620 

9657 

9694 

9731 

9768 

9805 

9842 

9879 

9916 

9953 

9990 

10027 

10064 

10101 

10138 

10175 

1 33 

9538 

9576 

9614 

9652 

9690 

9728 

9766 

9804 

9842 

9880 

9918 

9956 

9994 

10032 

10070 

10108 

10146 

10184 

10222 

10260 

10298 

10336 

10374 

10412 

10450 

| 39 

9789 

9828 

9867 

9906 

9945 

9984 

10023 

10062 

10101 

10140 

10179 

10218 

10257 

10296 

10335 

10374 

10413 

10452 

10491 

10530 

10569 

10608 

10647 

10686 

10725 

b 

4 O 1*0 4.0 40 40 

lIMao i (n mo fHFn trim imp] fT^ifa^iir^vTiiiimiiioi^rii iTifflnnTETiTiiiTiS^ IMU [Mil ft titf] md'io 1 

4-1 

10291 

10332 

10373 

10414 

10455 

10496 

10537 

10578 

10619 

10660 

10701 

10742 

10783 

10824 

10865 

10906 

10947 

10988 

110291 

11070 

Hill 

MI5^ 

11193 

IIQ34 

11275 

42 

10542 

10584 

10626 

10668 

10710 

10752 

10794 

10836 

10878 

10920 

10962 

11004 

11046 

11088 

II130 

II172 

11214 

11256 

11298 

11340 

11382 

11424 

11466 

11508 

11550 

43 

10793 

10836 

10879 

10922 

10965 

11008 

11051 

11094 

11137 

11180 

11223 

11266 

11309 

11352 

11395 

11438 

11481 

11524 

11567 

11610 

11653 

11696 

11739 

11782 

11825 

44 

11044 

11088 

II132 

II176 

11220 

11264 

11308 

11352 

11396 

11440 

11484 

11528 

11572 

11616 

11660 

11704 

11748 

11792 

11836 

11880 

11924 

11968j 

12012 

i:o:t. 

12100 

45 

11295 

11340 

11385 

11430 

11475 

11520 

11565 

11610 

11655 

11700 

11745 

11790 

11835 

11880 

11925 

11970 

12015 

12060 

12105 

IQ 150 

12195 

12240 

12285 

12330 

12375 

46 

11546 

11592 

11638 

11684 

11730 

11776 

11822 

11868 

11914 

11960 

12000 

15052 

12098 

12144 

12190 

12236 

12282 

12328 

12374 

12420 

1746b 

12512 

12558 

12604 

12650 

47 

11797 

11844 

11891 

11938 

11985 

12032 

12079 

12126 

12173 

12220 

12267 

12314 

12361 

12408 

12455 

12502 

12549 

12596 

12643 

12690 

12737 

12784 

12831 

12878 

12925 

48 

12048 

12096 

12144 

12192 

12240 

12288 

12336 

12384 

12432 

12480 

12528 

12576 

12624 

12672 

12720 

12763 

12816 

12864 

12912 

12960 

13008 

13056 

13104 

13152 

13200 

49 

12299 

12348 

12397 

12446 

12495 

12544 

12593 

12642 

12691 

12740 

12789 

12838 

12887 

12936 

12985 

13034 

13083 

13132 

13181 

13230 

13279 

13328 

13377 

13426 

13475 


84 















































































































251 


COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1 

1. 

3 


□ 

[25F 252 253 

25V 2551 

[256]a57 

258l959|260| 

|26lj262|263|26V|265| 

|266|267|268|269|270| 

1*7 1 1*72 

273|27V|275 

SGB 

■■I 


■CM- 

■H 


pan 

WJL 



5 O 



• £• 


S O 

SSSfc 


#533^ 

K3SB 

5 0 



50 

12550 

12600 

12650 

12700 

12750 

12800 

12850 

12900 

12950 

13000 

13050 

13100 

13 ISO 

13200 

13250$ 

13300 

13350 

13400 

13450 

13500 

13550 

13600 

13650 

13700 

13750 

51 

12801 

12852 

12903 

12954 

13005 

13056 

13107 

13158 

13209 

13260 

133II 

13362 

13413 

"13464 

13515 1 

13566 

13617 

13668 

13719 

13770 

13821 

13872 

13923 

13974 

14025 

52 

13052 

13104- 

13156 

13208 

13260 

13312 

13364 

13416 

13468 

13520 

13572 

13624 

13676 

13728 

I3780B 

13832 

13884 

13936 

12988 

14040 

14092 

14144 

14196 

14248 

14300 

53 

13303 

13356 

13409 

13462 

13515 

I35G8 

13621 

13674 

13727 

13780 

13833 

13886 

13939 

13992 

14045 P 

14098 

14151 

14204 

14257 

14310 

14363 

14416 

14469 

14522 

14575 

5*t 

13554 

13608 

13662 

13716 

13770 

13824 

13878 

13932 

13986 

14040 

14094 

14148 

14202 

14256 

14310 

14364 

14418 

14472 

14526 

14580 

14634 

14688 

14742 

14796 

14850 

55 

13805 

13860 

13915 

13970 

14025 

14080 

14135 

14190 

14245 

14300 

14355 

14410 

14465 

14520 

14575 

14630 

14685 

14740 

14795 

14850 

14905 

14960 

15015 

15070 

15125 

56 

14056 

14112 

14168 

14224 

14280 

14336 

14392 

14448 

14504 

14560 

14616 

14672 

14728 

14784 

14840 

14896 

14952 

15008 

15064 

15120 

15176 

15232 

15288 

15344 

15400 

57 

14307 

14364 

14421 

14478 

14535 

14592 

14649 

14706 

14763 

14820 

14877 

14934 

14991 

15048 

15105 

15162 

15219 

15276 

15333 

15390 

15447 

<5504 

15561 

15618 

15675 

58 

14558 

14616 

14674 

14732 

14790 

14848 

14906 

14964 

15022 

15080 

15138 

15196 

15254 

15312 

15370 

15428 

15486 

15544 

15602 

15660 

15718 

15776 

15834 

15892 

15950 

59 

14809 

14868 

14927 

14986 

15045 

15104 

15163 

15222 

15281 

15340 

15399 

15458 

15517 

15576 

15635 

15694 

15753 

15812 

15871 

15930 

15989 

16048 

16107 

16166 

16225 


G O 

6 O 

GO 





G O 

mm 



itHSt 

6 O 



m 

15060 

15120 

15180 

15240 

15300 

15360 

15420 

15480 

15540 

15600 

15660 

15720 

15780 

15840 

15900 

15960 

16020 

16080 

16140 

16200 

16260 

16320 

16380 

16440 

16500 

61 

15311 

15372 

15433 

15494 

15555 

15616 

15677 

15738 

15799 

15860 

15921 

15982 

16043 

16104 

16165 

16226 

16287 

16348 

16409 

16470 

16531 

16592 

16653 

16714- 

16775 

62 

15562 

15624 

15686 

15748 

15810 

15872 

15934 

15996 

16058 

16120 

16182 

16244 

16306 

16368 

16430 

16492 

16554 

16616 

16678 

16740 

16802 

16864 

16926 

16988 

17050 

63 

15813 

15876 

15939 

16002 

16065 

16128 

16191 

16254 

16317 

16380 

16443 

16506 

16569 

16632 

16695 

16758 

16821 

16884 

16947 

17010 

17073 

17136 

17199 

17262 

1732 5 

64 

16064 

16128 

16192 

16256 

16320 

16384 

16448 

16512 

16576 

16640 

16704 

16768 

16832 

16896 

16960 

17024 

17088 

17152 

17216 

17280 

17344 

17408 

17472 

17536 

17600 

65 

16315 

16380 

16445 

16510 

16575 

16640 

16705 

16770 

16835 

16900 

16965 

17030 

17095 

17160 

17225 

17290 

17355 

17420 

17485 

17550 

17615 

17680 

17745 

17810 

17875 

66 

16566 

16632 

16698 

16764 

16830 

16896 

16962 

17028 

17094 

17160 

17226 

17292 

17358 

17424 

17490 

17556 

17622 

17688 

17754 

17820 

17886 

17952 

18018 

18084 

18150 

67 

16817 

16884 

16951 

17018 

17085 

17152 

17219 

17286 

17353 

17420 

17487 

17554 

17621 

17688 

17755 

17822 

17889 

17956 

18023 

18090 

18157 

18224 

18291 

18358 

18425 

68 

17068 

17136 

17204 

17272 

17340 

17408 

17476 

17544 

17612 

17680 

17748 

17816 

17884 

17952 

18020 

18088 

18156 

18224 

18292 

18360 

18428 

18496 

18564 

18632 

18700 

69 

17319 

17388 

I7«7 

nri 

17526 

17595 

17664 

17733 

17802 

—mt 

17871 

17940 

18009 

18078 

18147 

rar.i 

18216 

18285 

18354 

18423 

I8W2 

18561 

18630 

18699 

18768 

18837 

u ».l 

18906 

18$ 75 

70 

17570 

17640 

17710 

17780 

17850 

17920 

17990 

r fli i 

18060 

18130 

18200 

18270 

18340 

UBLJ 

18410 

18480 

18550 

13620 

18690 

sLaRLJ 

18760 

18830 

18900 

18970 

19040 

LJn.— 

19110 

19180 

19250 

71 

17821 

17892 

17963 

18034 

18105 

18176 

18247 

18318 

18389 

18460 

18531 

18602 

18673 

18744 

18815 

18886 

18957 

19028 

19099 

19170 

19241 

19315 

19383 

19454 

19525 

72 

18072 

18144 

18216 

18288 

18360 

18432 

18504 

18576 

18648 

18720 

18792 

I88S4 

18936 

19008 

19080 

19152 

19224 

19296 

19368 

19440 

19512 

19584 

19656 

19728 

19800 

73 

18323 

18396 

18469 

18542 

18615 

18688 

18761 

18834 

18907 

18980 

19053 

19126 

19199 

19272 

19345 

19418 

19491 

19564 

19637 

19710 

19783 

19856 

19929 

20002 

20075 

74 

18574 

18648 

18722 

18796 

18870 

18944 

19018 

19092 

19166 

19240 

19314 

19388 

19462 

19536 

19610 

19684 

19758 

19832 

19906 

19980 

20054 

20128 

20202 

20276 

20350 

75 

18825 

18900 

18975 

19050 

19125 

19200 

19275 

19350 

19425 

19500 

19575 

19650 

19725 

19800 

19875 

19950 

20025 

20100 

20175 

20250 

20325 

20400 

20475 

20550 

20625 

76 

19076 

19152 

19228 

19304 

19380 

19456 

19532 

19608 

19684 

19760 

19836 

19912 

19988 

20064 

20140 

20216 

20292 

20268 

20444 

20520 

20596 

20672 

20748 

20824 

20900 

77 

19327 

19404 

19481 

19558 

19635 

19712 

19789 

19866 

19943 

20020 

20097 

20174 

20251 

20328 

20405 

20482 

20559 

20636 

20713 

20790 

20867 

20944 

21021 

21098 

21175 

78 

19578 

19656 

197 34 

19812 

19890 

19968 

20046 

20124 

20202 

20280 

20358 

20436 

20514 

20592 

20670 

20748 

20826 

20904 

20982 

21060 

21138 

21216 

21294 

21372 

21450 

79 

19829 

19908 

19987 

20066 

20145 

20224 

20303 

20382 

20461 

20540 

20619 

20698 

20777 

20856 

20935 

21014 

21093 

21172 

21251 

21330 

21409 

21488 

21567 

21646 

21725 


tu 

- 8 O 

8 O 

8 O 

8 

"iSCl 


20080 

20160 

20240 

20320 

20400 

20480 

20560 

20640 

20720 

20800 

20880 

20960 

21040 

21120 

21200 

21280 

21360 

21440 

21520 

21600 

21680 

21760 

21840 

21920 

22000 

81 

82 

83 

8* 

20331 

20582 

20833 

21084 

20412 

20664 

20916 

21168 

20493 

20746 

20999 

21252 

20574 

20828 

21082 

21336 

20655 

20910 

21165 

21420 

20736 

20992 

21248 

21504 

20817 

21074 

21331 

21588 

20898 

21158 

21414 

21672 

20979 

21238 

21497 

21756 

21060 

21320 

21580 

21840 

21141 

21402 

21663 

21924 

21222 

21484 

21746 

22008 

21303 

21566 

21829 

22092 

21384 

21648 

21912 

22176 

21465 

21730 

21995 

22260 

21546 

21812 

22078 

22344 

21627 

21894 

22161 

22428 

21708 

21976 

22244 

22512 

21789 

22058 

22327 

22596 

21870 

22140 

22410 

22680 

2195! 

22222 

22493 

22764 

22032 

22304 

22576 

22848 

22113 

22386 

,22659 

22932 

22194 

22468 

22742 

23016 

22275 

22550 

22825 

23100 

85 

21335 

21420 

21505 

21590 

21675 

21760 

2184!) 

21930 

22015 

22100 

22185 

22270 

22355 

22440 

22525 

22610 

22695 

22780 

22865 

22950 

23035 

23120 

23205 

23290 

23375 

86 

87 

88 
89 

21586 

21837 

22088 

22339 

21672 

21924 

22176 

22428 

21758 

22011 

22264 

22517 

21844 

22098 

22352 

22606 

21930 

22185 

22440 

22695 

22016 

22272 

22528 

22784 

22102 

22359 

22616 

22873 

22188 

22446 

22704 

22962 

22274 

22533 

22792 

23051 

22360 

22620 

22880 

23140 

22446 

22707 

22968 

23229 

22532 

22794 

23056 

23318 

22618 

22881 

23144 

23407 

22704 

22968 

23232 

23496 

22790 

23055 

23320 

23585 

22876 

23142 

23408 

23674 

22962 

23229 

23496 

23763 

23048 

23316 

23584 

23852 

23134 

23403 

23672 

23941 

23220 

23490 

23760 

24030 

23306 

23577 

23848 

24119 

23392 

23664 

23936 

24208 

23478 

23751 

24024 

24297 

23564 

23838 

24112 

24386 

23650 

23925 

24200 

24475 

9 O 




9 O 


9 


24210 

24300 

24390 

24480 

TM 7 

24*570 

24660 

24750 

SO 

22590 

22680 

22770 

22860 

22950 

23040 

23130 

23220 

23310 

23400 

22490 

23580 

23670 

23760 

23850 

23940 

24030 

24120 

91 

92 

93 
9V 

22841 

23092 

23343 

23594 

22932 

23184 

23436 

23688 

23023 

23276 

23529 

23782 

23114 

23368 

23622 

23876 

23205 

23460 

23715 

23970 

23296 

23552 

23808 

24064 

23387 

23644 

23901 

24158 

23478 

23736 

23994 

24252 

23569 

23828 

24087 

24346 

23660 

23920 

24180 

24440 

23751 

24012 

24273 

24534 

23842 

24104 

24366 

24628 

23932 

24196 

24459: 

24721 

24024 

24288 

24552 

24816 

24H5 

24380 

24645 

24910 

24206 

24472 

24738 

25004 

24297 

24564 

24831 

25098 

24388 

24656 

24924 

25192 

24479 

24748 

25017 

25286 

24570 

24840 

25110 

25380 

24661 

24932 

25203 

25474 

24752 

25024 

25296 

25568 

24843 

25116 

25389 

25662 

24934 

25208 

25482 

25756 

25025 

25300 

25575 

25850 

95 

23845 

23940 

24035 

24130 

24225 

24320 

24415 

24510 

24605 

24700 

24795 

24890 

24985 

25080 

25175 

25270 

25365 

25460 

25555 

25650 

25745 

25840 

25935 

26030 

26125 

96 

97 

98 

99 

24096 

24347 

24598 

24849 

24192 

24444 

24696 

24948 

24288 

24541 

24794 

25047 

24384 

24638 

24892 

25146 

24480 

24735 

24990 

25245 

24576 

24832 

25C88 

25344 

24672 

24929 

25186 

25443 

24768 

25026 

25284 

25542 

24864 

25123 

25382 

25641 

24960 

25220 

25480 

25740 

25056 

25317 

25578 

25839 

25152 

25414 

25676 

25938 

25248 

25511 

25774 

26037 

25344 

25608 

25872 

26136 

25440 

25705 

25970 

26235 

25536 

25802 

26068 

26334 

25632 

25899 

26166 

26433 

25728 

25996 

26264 

26532 

25824 

26093 

26362 

26631 

25920 

26190 

26450 

26730 

26016 

26287 

26558 

26829 

26112 

26384 

26656 

26928 

26208 

26481 

26754 

27027 

26304 

26578 

26852 

27126 

26400 

26675 

26950 

27225 

100 

25100 

25200 

25300 

25400 

25500 

25600 

25700 

25800| 

25900 

26000 

26100 

26200 

26300 

26400 

26500 

26600 

26700 

26800 

26900 

27000 

27100 

27200 

27300 

27400 

27500 


( covtiv. from iUU p.back) tient, 4-16, is found at the head of this column, the remainder 21 beiny the difference 
between 13312 and 13333). The table beiny grouped by -fives and tens throuyhout to 100, the tens beiny shown by 
white fiyures, and the fives midway between the tens by means of a doable rale, by a little practice in >ts use, 
the yreat majority of problems involviny fractions,and which come up in business life, may be easily and rapidly 
solved withoat the use of pencil and paper. It will be of aid to the memory in selectiny any number from the 
body of the table by descending^colamns from the top matyinal numbers, to notice \covtiv.o-n £nd-p. ah’4 ) 


85 





















































































































































































10231 


COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 

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23 

23 iV 

23 1 

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231 

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231 

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231 

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24 ns 

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28 rn 

281 

28 $ 
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29 

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29 1 

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29 j* 

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35 

35* 

351 

351 

35* 

35 i 

36 

361 

361 

361 

361 

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36 g 

37 

37 1 

371 

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371 

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4 6: 

16 1 

161 

17 

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17 1 

47 1 

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48 

481 

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481 

481 

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49 

49# 

49 5 

49 1 

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50 


55# 

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55f 

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56 

56 * 

56# 

701 

561 

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57 

57# 

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57 | 

57# 

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58# 

59 

59 

59# 

591 

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60 


69 

691 

69* 

70 

70 * 

71 

71 1 

711 

71* 

72 

72* 

72 1 

72* 

73 

731 

731 

73* 

74 

741 

741 

74* 

75 


92 

92* 

92 1 

93 

93 j 

93 f 

91 

911 

911 

95 

951 

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96 

961 

96 * 

97 

97 * 

97 | 

98 

98 1 

98 j 

99 

99# 

99# 

too 

l 

138 


139 

139 j 

110 

110 j 

111 

111* 

112 

1421 

143 

111 

1441 

145 

1451 

146 

1461 

147 

Mg 

148 

148 1 

149 

1491 

150 

■'* 

276 

277 

'278 

:m 

280 

281 

282 

283 

284 

285 

286 

787 

288 

289 

290 

291 

292 

293 

294 

295 

29b 

297 

298 

299 

300 

2 

552 

551 

556 

558 

560 

562 

561 

566 

568 

570 

572 

574 

576 

578 

580 

582 

584 

586 

588 

590 

592 

594 

596 

598 

600 

3 

828 

831 

831 

837 

810 

813 

816 

849 

852 

855 

858 

861 

864 

867 

870 

873 

876 

879 

882 

885 

888 

891 

894 

897 

900 

•f 

1101 

1108 

1112 

1116 

1120 

1121 

1128 

1132 

1136 

1140 

1144 

1148 

1152 

1156 

1160 

1164 

1168 

1172 

1176 

1180 

1184 

1188 

1192 

1196 

1200 

5 

1380 

13851 

1390 

1395 

1100 

1105 

mcT 

1415 

1420 

1425 

1430 

1435 

1440 

1445 

1450 

1455 

1460 

1465 

1470 

1475 

1480 

1485 

1490 

1495 

1500 

6 

16561 

166? 

1668 

1671 

1680 

1686 

1692 

1698 

1704 

1710 

1716 

1722 

1728 

1734 

1740 

1746 

1752 

1758 

1764 

1770* 

1 

1782 

1788 

1794 

1800 

7 

1932 

1939 

1916 

1953 

I960 

1967 

1971 

1981 

1988 

1995 

2002 

2009 

2016 

2023 

2030 

2037 

2044 

2051 

2058 

2065 

2072 

2079 

2086 

2093 

2100 

8 

2208 

2216 

2221 

2232 

2210 

2218 

2256 

2264 

2272 

2280 

2288 

2296 

2304 

2312 

2320 

2328 

2336 

2344 

2352 

2360 

2368 

2376 

2384 

2392 

2400 

9 

2181 

2193 

2502 

2511 

2520 

2529 

2538 

2547 

2556 

2565 

2574 

2583 

2592 

2601 

2619 

2619 

2628 

2637 

2646 

2655 

2664 

2673 

2682 

2691 

2700 

in 

2760 

2770 

2780 

7790 

2800 

2810 

2820 

2830 

2840 

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2860 

2870 

2880 

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2900 

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2920 

2930 

2940 

2930 

2960 

2970 

2980 

2990 

3000 

Ul 

3036 

3017 

30581 

3069 

3080 

3091 

3102 

3113 

3124 

3135 

3146 

3157 

3168 

3179 

3190 

2201 

3212 

3223 

3234 

3245 

3256 

3267 

3278 

3289 

3300 

0 

3312 

3321 

3336 

3318 

3360 

3372 

3381 

3396 

3408 

3420 

3432 

3444 

3456 

3468 

3480 

3492 

3504 

3516 

3528 

3540 

3552 

3564 

3576 

3588 

3600 

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3588 

3601 

3611 

3627 

3610 

3653 

3666 

3679 

3692 

3705 

3718 

3731 

3744 

3757 

3770 

3783 

3796 

3809 

3822 

3835 

3848 

3861 

3874 

3887 

3900 

Irfl 

3861 

3878 

3892 

3906 

3920 

3931 

3918 

3962 

3976 

3990 

4004 

4018 

4032 

4046 

4060 

4074 

4088 

4102 

4116 

4130 

4144 

4158 

4172 

4186 

4200 

in 

1110 

1155 

4-170 

1185 

4500 

1215 

123? 

4215 

4260 

4275 

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4320 

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4350 

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4380 

4395 

4410 

4425 

4440 

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4470 

4485 

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1132 

1448 

1164 

1180 

1196 

1512 

4528 

4544 

4560 

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4640 

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4688 

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4736 

4752 

4768 

4784 

4800 

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1692 

1709 

4726 

4743 

1760 

1777 

1791 

4811 

4828 

4845 

4862 

4879 

4896 

4913 

4930 

4947 

4964 

4981 

4998 

5015 

5032 

5049 

5066 

5083 

5100 

la 

1968 

1986 

5001 

5022 

5010 

5058 

5076 

5091 

5112 

5130 

5148 

5166 

5184 

5202 

5220 

5238 

5256 

5274 

5292 

5310 

5328 

5346 

5364 

5382 

5400 

0 

5211 

5263 

5282 

5301 

5320 

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5358 

5377 

5396 

5415 

5434 

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5431 

5510 

5529 

5548 

5567 

5586 

5605 

5624 

5643 

5662 

5681 

5700 

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5520 

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5560 

5580 

5600 

5620 

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5820 

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5817 

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5901 

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6069 

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6132 

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Mi 


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22 

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6091 

6116 

6138 

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6182 

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6314 

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6358 

6380 

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6424 

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6468 

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6512 

6534 

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6600 

23 

6313 

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6394 

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6532 

6555 

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6601 

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6716 

6739 

6762 

6785 

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24 

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6912 

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6900 

6925 

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7025 

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7075 

7100 

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7225 

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7300 

7325 

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7400 

7425 

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26 

7176 

7202 

7228 

7251 

7230 

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7332 

7358 

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7410 

7436 

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7488 

7514 

7540 

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7670 

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7722 

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27 

7152 

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7506 

7533 

7560 

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7611 

7641 

7668 

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7722 

7749 

7776 

7803 

7830 

7857 

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7911 

7938 

7965 

7992 

8019 

8046 

8073 

8100 

28 

7728 

7756 

7781 

7812 

7810 

7868 

7896 

7921 

7952 

7980 

8008 

8036 

8064 

8092 

8120 

8148 

8176 

8204 

8232 

8260 

8288 

8316 

8344 

8372 

8400 

29 

8001 

8033 

8062 

3091 

8120 

8119 

8178 

8207 

8236 

8265 

8294 

g323 

8352 

8381 

9410 

8439 

:: tv 

8497 

8526 

8555 

S5S4 

8613 

8642 

8671 

8700 


8280 

8310 

8340 

8370 

8400 

8430 

8460 

8490 

8520 

8550 

8580 

8610 

8640 

8670 

8700 

8730 


!« 

8820 

: < I. 1 

8880 

8910 

3E 

8940 

8970 

9000 

31 

8556 

8587 

8618 

8619 

8680 

87! i 

8742 

8773 

8804 

8835 

3866 

!IS97 

8928 

8959 

* 

Si :i 

9055 

9083 

9114 

9145 

9176 

9207 

9238 

9269 

9350 

32 

8832 

8861 

8896 

8928 

8960 

8992 

9024 

9056 

9088 

9120 

9152 

9184 

9216 

9248 

9280 

9312 

,9344 

9376 

9408 

9440 

9472 

9504 

9536 

9568 

9600 

33 

9108 

9111 

9171 

9207 

9210 

9273 

9306 

9339 

9372 

9405 

9438 

9471 

9504 

9537 

9570 

9603 

9636 

9669 

9702 

9735 

9768 

9801 

9834 

9867 

9900 

34 

9381 

9118 

9152 

9186 

9520 

9551 

9588 

9622 

9656 

9690 

9724 

9758 

9792 

9826 

9860 

9894 

9928 

9962 

9996 

11'"-o 

10064 

10098 

10132 

10166 

I02p0 

35 

9660 

9695 

973? 

9765 

9800 

9835 

9870 

9905 

9940 

9975 

10010 

I0IW5 

10080 

10115 

10150 

10185 

10220 

10255 

10290 

00325 

10360 

10395 

I0430 1 

10465 

10500 

36 

9936 

9972 

10008 

10044 

10080 

10116 

10152 

10188 

10224 

10260 

10296 

00332 

10368 

10404 

10440 

10476 

10512 

10548 

10584 

0 

10656 

10692 

10728 

10764 

10800 

37 

10212 

10219 

10286 

10323 

10360 

10397 

10134 

10171 

10508 

10545 

10582 

10619 

10656 

10693 

10730 

10767 

10804 

10841 

10878 

10915 

10952 

10989 

lie HO 

11063 

moo 

38 

10188 

10526 

10561 

10602 

10610 

10678 

10716 

10751 

10792 

10830 

10868 

taw. 

10944 

10982 

11020 

11058 

11096 

11134 

II172 

11210 

11248 

11286 

11324 

11362 

11400 

39 

10761 

10803 

10812 

10831 

10920 

10959 

10998 

11037 

11076 

11115 

11154 

Inm 

11232 

11271 

11310 

11349 

11388 



01505 

11544 

11583 

11622 

11661 

11700 

ca 

"UL-: 

11080 

II130 

11160 


11210 

112511 

11320 

11360 

n 400 

11440 

[H48Q 


11560 

11600 

11640 

11680 

3C 

11720 

i' 


11840 

11880 

11920 

11960 

12000 

K7I 

11316 

11357 

11398 

11439 

'IV- ' 

11521 

11562 

11603 

11644 


11726 

01767 

11808 

11849 

11890 

119 3 r 

11972 

12013 

12054 

12095 

171.? 1 - 

12177 

12218 

12259 

12300 


11592 

11631 

11676 

11718 

11760 

11802 

11841 

1886 

11928 

11970 

12012 

;i2:i54 

12096 

12138 

12180 

12222 

12264 

12306 

12348 

12390 

12432 

12474 

12516 

12558 

12600 

lVJ 

11868 

H9II 

11951 

11997 

12010 

12083 

12126 

12169 

12212 

12255 

12298 

02341 

12384 

12427 

12470 

12513 

I25S6 

12599 

12642 


12728 

12771 

12814 

12857 

12900 

m 

12111 

12188 

12232 

12276 

12320 

12361 

12108 

12152 

12496 

12540 

12584 


12672 

12716 

12760 

12804 

12848 

12892 

12936 

12980 

13024 

13068 

13112 

13156 

13200 

LU 

12420 

12165 

12510 

12555 

12600 

:-i' 

12690 

12735 

12780 

12825 

12870 

12915 

12960 

13005 

13050 

13095 

13140 

13185 

13230 

13275 

13320 

13365 

13410 

13455 

13500 

Ul 

12696 

12712 

12788 

12834 

i:s'so 

12926 


13018 

13064 

13110 

13156 


13248 

13294 

13340 

13386 

13432 

13478 

13524 

:i?s:o 

13616 

13662 

13708 

13754 

13800 

a 

12972 

13019 

13066 

13113 

13160 

13207 

13254 

13301 

13348 

13395 

13442 

13489 

13536 

13583 

13630 

13677 

13724 

13771 

13818 


13912 

13959 

14006 

14053 

14100 

Co 

13218 

13296 

13311 

13392 

13110 

13188 

13536 

13581 

13632 

13680 

13728 

077# 

13824 

13872 

13920 

13968 

14016 

14064 

111 12 

14160 

14208 

14256 

14304 

14352 

14400 

m 

13521 

13573 

13622 

13671 

13720 

13769 

13818 

13867 

13916 

13965 

14014 

[14063 

14112 

14161 

14210 

14259 

14308 

14357 

14406 

[14455 

14504 

14553 

14602 

14651 

14750 


86 
















































































M COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 


1- 

|m 

■ ■ ■ J 

277 278 279 280|28l 282 283 284 285|286 287 288 289 290|29l 

29? 

293 

29«t 295] 

12961297 

1 

- .. J 

299 300 

5 0 

S O 

S 0 





3E 

HEH 


«n 

. *7 




50 

13800 

13850 

13900 

13950 

14000 

14050 

14100 

14150 

K200 

14250 

||4300[i4350 

14400 

14450 

14500 

14550 

14600 

14650 

14700 

14750 

14800' 

14850' 

14900 

14950 

15000 

51 

l*+ 076 

Wl27 

14178 

14229 

14280 

14331 

14382 

14 **33 

14484 

14535 

14586 14637 

14688 

14739 

14790 

14841 

14892 

14943 

14994 

15045 

15096 

15147 

15198 

15249 

15300 

52 

14352 

14404 

14456 

14508 

W560 

14612 

14664 

147*6 

14763 

14820 

||4872*I4924 

14976 

15028 

15080 

15132 

15184 

15236 

15288 

15347 

15392 

15444 

15496 

15548 

15600 

53 

14-628 

14681 

14734 

14787 

14840 

14893 

14946 

14999 

15052 

15*05 

15*58 

1521* 

15264 

15317 

15370 

15423 

15476 

15529 

15582 

15635 

15688 

15741 

15794 

15847 

15900 

54 

14-904 

14958 

15012 

15066 

15120 

15174 

15228 

15282 

15336 

15390 

15444 

15498 

15552 

15606 

15660 

15714 

15768 

15822 

15876 

15930 

15984 

16038 

16092 

16146 

16200 

i55 

15180 

15235 

15290 

15345 

15400 

15455 

15510 

15565 

15620 

15675 

I5730 1 

15785 

158401 

15895 

15950 

16005 

16060 

36115 

16170 

16225 

16280 

16335 

16390 

16445 

16500 

156 

15456 

15512 

15568 

15624 

15680 

15736 

15792 

15848 

15904 

15960 

iGOit 

16072 

76128" 

16184 

96240 

16296 

06352 

06408 

16464 

16520 

16576 

16632 

16688 

16744 

16800 

57 

15732 

15789 

15846 

15903 

15960 

16017 

16074 

16131 

16188 

16245 

16302 

16359 

16416 

16473 

16530 

16587 

16644 

16701 

16758 

16815 

16872 

16929 

16936 

17043 

17100 

58 

16008 

16066 

16124 

16182 

16240 

16298 

16356 

16414 

16472 

16530 

16588 

16646 

16704 

16762 

16820 

16878 

16936 

16994 

17052 

17110 

17168 

17226 

17284 

17342 

17400 

59 

16284 

16343 

16402 

16461 

16520 

16579 

16638 

16697 

16756 

16815 

16874 

16933 

16992 

17051 

17110 

17169, 

17228 

17287 

,173461 

,17405 

17464 

17523 

17582 

17641 

17700 


e o 

6 0 





6 0 

HM 

xmm. 

pK£3H 

HMl 

bMbs 



■■ 

3E 



m 

16560 

16620 

166801 

16740 

16800 

16860 

16920 

16980 

17040 

17100 

17160 

17220 

17280 

17340 

117400 

I746F 

17520 

17580 

1764-G 

17700 

17760 

'17820 

17880 

17940 

18000 

61 

16836 

16897 

16958 

17019 

17080 

17141 

17202 

17263 

17324 

17385 

17446 

17507 

775681 

17629 

17690 

17751 

17812 

17873 

17934 

17995 

18056 

18117 

18178 

18239 

18300 

62 

17112 

17174 

17236 

17298 

17360 

17422 

17484 

17546 

17608 

17670 

17732 

17794 

I78S6 

17918 

17980 

18042 

18104 

13166 

18228 

18299 

18352 

18414 

18476 

18538 

18600 

63 

17388 

17451 

17514 

17577 

17640 

17703 

17766 

17829 

17892 

17955 

18018 

18081 

18144 

18207 

13270 

18333 

18396 

18459 

18522 

18585 

18648 

18711 

18774 

18837 

18900 

64 

17664 

17728 

17792 

17856 

17920 

17984 

18048 

18112 

18176 

18240 

18304 

18368 

18432' 

18496 

18560 

18624 

18688 

18752 

18816 

18880 

18944 

19008 

19072 

19136 

19200 

65 

17940 

18005 

18070 

18135 

18200 

18265 

18330 

18395 

18460 

18525 

18590 

18655 

18720 

18785 

18850 

18915 

18980 

19045 

19110 

19175 

19240 

13305 

13370 

19435 

19500 

66 

18216 

18282 

18348 

18414 

18480 

18546 

18612 

18678 

18744 

18810 

18876 

18942 

19008 

13074 

19140 

19206 

19272 

19338 

19404 

[9470* 

19536 

1S602 

13668 

19734 

19800 

67 

18492 

18559 

18626 

18693 

18760 

18827 

18894 

18961 

19028 

19095 

19162 

19229 

19296 

19363 

19430 

19497 

19564 

19631 

19698 

19765 

19832 

19899 

19966 

20033 

20100 

68 

18768 

18836 

I89Q4 

18972 

19040 

19108 

19176 

19244 

19312 

19380 

19448 

19516 

19584 

19652; 

13720 

19788 

19856 

19924 

13992 

20060 

20128 

20196 

20264 

20332 

20400 

69 

19044 

19113 

19182 

19251 

19320 

19389 

19458 

19527 

19596 

13665 

19734 

19803 

19872 

19941 

20010 

20079 

20148 

20217 

20286, 

20355 

20424 

20493 

20562 

20631 

20700 


70 

■ 19320 

19390 

19460 

19530 

19600 

19670 

19740 

19810 

19880 

19950 

20020 

20090 

20160 

20230, 

20300 

20370 

20440 

20510 

20580 

20650 


20720 

20790 

20860 

20930 

21000 

71 

72 

73 

74 

■ 19596 

■ 19872 
■20148 
■20424 

19667 

19944 

20221 

20498 

19738 

20016 

20294 

20572 

19809 

20088 

20367 

20646 

19880 

20160 

20440 

20720 

19951 

20232 

20513 

20794 

20022 

20304 

20586 

20868 

20093 

20376 

20659 

20942 

20164 

20448 

20732 

21016 

20235 

20520 

20805 

21090 

20306 

20592 

20878 

21164 

20377 

20664 

20951 

21238 

20448 

20736 

21024 

21312 

20519 

20808 

21097 

21386 

20590 

20880 

21170 

21460 

20661 

20952 

21243 

21534 

20732 

21024 

21316 

21608 

20803 

21096 

21389 

21682 

20874 

21168 

21462 

21756 

20945 

21240 

21535 

21830 


21016 

21312 

21608 

21904 

21087 

21384 

21681 

21978 

21158 

21456 

21754 

22052 

21229 

21528 

21827 

22126 

21300 

21600 

21900 

22200 

75 


20775 

20850 

20925 

21000 

21075 

21150 

21225 

21300 

21375 

21450 

21525 

21600 

21675 

21750 

21825 

21900 

21975 

22050 

22125 


22200 

22275 

22350 

22425 

22500 

7l5 

77 

78 

79 

§20376 

■21252 

121528 

121804 

21052; 

21329! 

21606 

21883 

21128 

21406 

21684 

21962 

21204 

21483 

21762 

22041 

21280 

21560 

21840 

22120 

21356 

21637 

21918 

22199 

21432 

21714 

21996 

22278 

21508 

21791 

22074 

22357 

21584 

21868 

22152 

22436 

21G60 

21945 

22230 

22515 

21736 

22022 

22308 

22594 

21812 

22099 

22386 

22673 

21888 

22176 

22464 

22752 

21964 

22253 

22542 

22831 

22040 

22330 

22620 

22910 

22116 

22407 

22698 

22939 

22192 

22484 

22776 

23068 

22268 

22561 

22854 

23147 

22344 

22638 

22932 

23226 

22420 

22715 

23010 

23305 


22496 

22792 

23088 

23384 

22572 

22869 

23166 

23463 

22648 

22946 

23244 

23542 

22724 

23023 

23322 

23621 

22800 

23100 

23900 

23700 





8 O 


EH] 


22160 

22240 

22320 

22400 

22480 

22560 

22640 

22720 

22800 

22880 

22960 

23040 

23120 

23200 

23280 

23360 

23440 

23520 

23600: 


23680 

237601 

23840i 

23920 

29000 

81 

82 

83 

84 

22356 

22632 

22908 

23184 

22437 

22714 

22991 

23268 

22518 

22796 

23074 

23352 

22599 
22878 
23157 
23 436 

22680 

22960 

23240 

23520 

22761 

23042 

23323 

23604 

22842 

23124 

23406 

23688 

22923 

23206 

23489 

23772 

23004 

23288 

23572 

23856 

23085 

23370 

23655 

23940 

23166 

23452 

23738 

24024 

23247 

23534 

23821 

24108 

23328 

23616 

23904 

24192 

23409 

23698 

23987! 

24276. 

23490 

23730 

24070 

24360 

23571 

23862 

24153 

24444 

23652 

23944 

24236 

24528 

23733 

24026 

24319 

24612 

23814 

24108 

24402 

24696 

23895' 

24190 

24485 

24780 


23976 

24272 

24568 

24864! 

24057 1 

24354 

24651 

24948 

29138 

24436 

29734 

25032 

29219 

29518 

24817 

25116 

293&0 

29600 

29900 

25200 

85 

23460 

23545 

23630 

23715 

23800 

23885 

23970 

24055 

24140 

24225 

24310 

24395 

24480 

245651 

24650 

24735 

24820 

249051 

24990 

25075 


25160 

25245 

25330 

25915 

25500 

86 

87 

88 
89 

23736 

24012 

24288 

24564 

23822 

24099 

24376 

24653 

23908 

24186 

24464 

24742 

23994 

24273 

24552 

24831 

24080 

24360 

24640 

24920 

24166 

24447 

24728 

25009 

24252 

24534 

24816 

25098 

24338 

24621 

24984 

25187 

24424 

24708 

24992 

25276 

24510 

24795 

25080 

25365 

24596 

24S82 

25168 

25454 

24682 

24969 

25256 

25543, 

24768 

25056 

25344 

25632 

24854; 

25143; 

25432! 

25721 

24940 

25230 

25520 

25810 

25026 

25317 

25G08 

25899 

25112 

25404 

25696 

25988 

25198 

25491 

25784 

26077 

25284 

25578 

25872 

26166 

25370 

25665 

25960 

26255 

- 

25456 

25752 

26048 

26344 

25542 

25839 

26136 

26433 

25628 

25926 

26224 

26522 

25719 

26013 

26312 

26611 

25800 

26100 

26900 

26700 



29840 

24930 

25020 

25110 

25200 

25290 

25380 

25470 

25560 

25650 

25740 

25830 

25920 

26010 

26100 

26190 

26280 

26370 

26460 

26550' 


26640 

26730 

26820 

26910 

27000 

91 

92 

93 

94 

25116 

25392 

25668 

25944 

25207 

25484 

25761 

26038 

25298 

25576 

25854 

26132 

25389 

25668 

25947 

26226 

25480 

25760 

26040 

26320 

25571 

25852 

26133 

26414 

25662 

25944 

26226 

26508 

25753 

26036 

26319 

26602 

25844 

26128 

26412 

26696 

25935 

26220 

26505 

26790 

26026 

26312 

26598 

268S4 

26117 

26404 

26691 

26978 

26208 

26496 

26784 

27072 

26299 

26588 

26877 

27166 

26390 

26680 

26970 

27260 

26481 

26772 

27063 

27354 

26572 

26864 

27156 

27448 

26663 

26956 

27249 

27542 

26754 

27048 

27342 

27636 

26845 

27140 

27435 

27730 


26936 

27232 

27528 

27824 

27027 

27324 

27621 

27918 

27118 

27416 

27714 

23012 

27209 

27508 

27807 

28106 
-1 

27300 

27600 

27900 

28200 

95 

26220 

26315 

26410 

26505 

26600 

26695 

26790 

26885 

26980 

27075 

27170 

27265 

27360 

27455 

27550 

27645 

27740 

27835 

27930 

28025 


28120 

28215 

28310 

28405, 

28500 

96 

97 

98 
89 

26996 

2677? 

27048 

27324 

26592 

26869 

27146 

27423 

26688 

26966 

27244 

27522 

26784 

27063 

27342 

27621 

26880 

27160 

27440 

27720 

26976 

27257 

27538 

27813 

27072: 

27354' 

27636 

27918 

27168 

27451 

27734 

28017 

27264 

27548 

27832 

28116 

27360 

27645 

27330 

28215 

27956 

27742 

28028 

28314 

27552 

27839 

28126 

28413 

27648 

27936 

28224 

28512 

27744 

28033 

28322 

28611 

27890 

28130 

28920 

28710 

27936 

28227 

28518 

2881$ 

28032 

28324 

286I6| 

28908' 

28128 

28421 

28714 

29007 

28229 

28518 

28812 

29106 

28320 

28615 

28910 

29205 


28416 

28712 

29008 

29304 

28512 

28809' 

29106 

29403 

28608 

28906 

29204 

29502 

28704 

29003 

29302 

29601 

28800 

29100 

29400 

29700 

[IE 

27600 

27700 

27800 

27900 

28000 

28100 

28200 

28300 

28400, 

28500 

28600 

28700 

28800 

28900 

29000 

29100 

29200 

29300 

29400 

29500 


29600 

29700 

29800 

29900 

30000 


(contiv. from And p. back) the fiyure in which' the maryinal numbers end ; thus, the numbers at the h e a d of 
the first column to the riyht of the heavy vertical rules always ends in either 6 or I ; the second column 
to the right, 7 or 2 ; the middle column, 8 or 3; the second column to the left of the heavy vertical rules 
is always 9 or ‘t, and the first column to the left is 5 or. 0. With the end figures thus fixed in the mind , 
and by noticiny the positions of the numbers in the body of the table with reference to the tens and fives, any 
desired' number may be seen instantly, and without stoppiny to yet the intersection with the left maryinal nu 7 nber. 










































































































































































































E 

eu 



COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 

1 . 


325 

■ 

301 302 

303 

3041305 g 

[306 307 308 309 310 ■ 311 312 313 314 3151316 317 

318 319 320|32l 322 

323 324 325 

1 

• 6 

1 

12 

• 

10 

1 

3 


I 8 if 
25* 
30 rk 
37| 

18 i 
25* 
30 * 
37 i 

SI! 

25 ^ 
30,| 
37 * 

19 

25 5 
301 
38 

19,* 
25 ft 
30 * 
38* 

19 8 
25* 
30| 
38* 

19 is 

25 * 
30 f 0 
38# 

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51 * 

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60 i 

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157 

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304 

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306 

307 

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308 

309 

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312 

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3 14 

3 15 

316 

317 


319 

320 

321 

322 

323 

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325 

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604 

606 

608 

610 

612 

614 

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618 

620 

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624 

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630 

632 

634 

636 

638 

640 

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648 

650 

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912 

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924 

927 

930 

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957 

960 

963 

966 

969 

972 

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1204 

1208 

1212 

1216 

1220 

1224 

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1236 

1240 

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1252 

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1260 

1264 

1268 

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1276 

1280 

1284 

1288 

1292 

1296 

1300 

5 

i 

1505 

1510 

1515 

1520 

1525 

1530 

1535 

1540 

1545 

1550 

1555 

1560 

1565 

1570 

1575 

1580 

1585 

1590 

1595 

1600 

1605 

1610 

1615 

1620 

1625 

6 


1806 

1812 

1818 

1824 

1830 

1836 

1842 

1848 

1854 

I860 

1866 

1872 

1878 

1884 

1890 

1896 

1902 

1908 

1914 

1920 

1926 

1932 

1938 

1944 

1950 

7 


2107 

2114 

2121 

2128 

2135 

2142 

2149 

2156 

2163 

2170 

2177 

2184 

2191 

2198 

2205 

2212 

2219 

2226 

2233 

2240 

2247 

2254 

2261 

2268 

2275 

8 


2408 

2416 

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2432 

2440 

2443 

2456 

2464 

2472 

2480 

2488 

2496 

2504 

2512 

2520 

2528 

2536 

2544 

2552 

2560 

2568 

2576 

2584 

2592 

2600 

9 


2709 

2718 

2727 

2736 

2745 

2754 

2763 

2772 

2781 

2790 

2799 

2808 

2817 

2826 

2835 

2844 

2853 

2862 

2871 

2880 

2889 

2898 

2907 

2916 

2925 


10 

3010 

3020 

3030 

3040 

3050 

3060 

3070 

3080 

3090 

3100 

3110 

3120 

3130 

3140 

3150 

3160 

3170 

3180 

3190 

3200 

3210 

3220 

3230 

3240 

3250 

n 

3311 

3322 

3333 

3344 

3355 

3366 

3377 

3388 

3399 

3410 

3421 

3432 

3443 

3454 

3465 

3476 

3487 

3498 

3509 

3520 

3531 

3542 

3553 

3564 

3575 

12 

3612 

3624 

3636 

3648 

3660 

3672 

3684 

3696 

3708 

3720 

3732 

3744 

3756 

3768 

3780 

3792 

3804 

3816 

3828 

3840 

3852 

3864 

3876 

3888 

3900 

13 

3913 

3926 

3939 

3952 

3965 

3978 

3991 

4004 

4017 

4030 

4043 

4056 

4069 

4082 

4095 

4108 

4121 

4134 

4147 

4160 

4173 

4186 

4199 

4212 

4225 

m 

4214 

4228 

4242 

4256 

4270 

4284 

4298 

4312 

4326 

43 4 0 

4354 

4368 

4382 

4396 

4410 

4424 

4438 

4452 

4466 

4480 

4494 

4508 

4522 

4536 

4550 

15 

4515 

4530 

4545 

4560 

4575 

459(3 

4605 

4620 

4635 

4650 

4665 

4680 

4695 

4710 

4725 

4740 

4755 

4770 

4785 

4800 

4815 

4830 

4845 

4860 

4875 

16 

4816 

4832 

4848 

4864 

4880 

4896 

4912 

4928 

4944, 

4960 

4976 

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5008 

5024 

5040 

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5072 

5088 

5104 

5120 

5136 

5152 

5168 

5184 

5200 

17 

5117 

5134 

5151 

5168 

5185 

5202 

5219 

5236 

5253 

5270 

5287 

5304 

5321 

5338 

5355 

5372 

5389 

5406 

5423 

5440 

5457 

5474 

5491 

5508 

5525 

18 

5418 

5436 

5454 

5472 

5490 

15503 

5526 

5544' 

5562 

5580 

5598 

5616 

5634 

5652 

5670 

5688 

5706 

5724 

5742 

5760 

5778 

5796 

5814 

5832 

5850 

13 

5719 

5738 

5757 

5776 

5795 

15814 

5833 

5852 

5871 

5890 

5909 

5928 

5947 

5966 

5985 

6004 

6023 

6042 

6061 

6080 

6099 

6118 

6137 

6156 

6175 

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2 O 

2 O 


2 O 

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6020 

6040 

6060 

6080 

6100 

§6120 

6140 

6160 

6180 

6200 

■6220 

6240 

6260 

6280 

6300 

6320 

6340 

6360 

6380 

6400 

6420 

6440 

6460 

6480 

6500 

21 

6321 

6342 

6363 

6384 

6405 

6426 

6447 

6468 

6489 

6510 

■ 6531 

6552 

6573 

6594 

6615 

6636 

6657 

6678 

6699 

6720 

6741 

6762 

6783 

6804 

6825 

22 

6622 

6644 

6666 

6688 

6710 

6732 

6754 

6776 

6798 

6820 

*6842 

6864 

6886 

6908 

6930 

6952 

6974 

6996 

7018 

7040 

7062 

7084 

7106 

7128 

7150 

23 

6923 

6946 

6969 

6992 

7015 

7038 

7061 

7084 

7107 

7130 

7153 

7176 

7199 

7222 

7245 

7268 

7291 

7314 

7337 

7360 

7382 

7406 

7429 

7452 

7475 

24 

7224 

7248 

7272 

7296 

7320 

7344 

7368 

7392 

7416 

7440 

7464 

7488 

7512 

7536 

7560 

7584 

7608 

7632 

7656 

7680 

7704 

7728 

7752 

7776 

7800 

25 

7525 

7550 

7575 

7600 

7625 

7650 

7675 

7700 

7725 

7750 

7775 

7800 

7825 

7850 

7875 

7900 

7925 

7950 

7975 

8000 

8025 

8050 

8075 

8100 

8125 

26 

7826 

7852 

7878 

7304 

7930 

7956 

7982 

8008 

8034 

8060 

8086 

8112 

8138 

8164 

8190 

8216 

8242 

8268 

8294 

8320 

8346 

8372 

8398 

8424 

8450 

27 

8127 

8154 

8181 

8208 

8235 

8262 

8289 

8316 

8343 

8370 

8397 

8424 

8451 

8478 

8505 

8532 

8559 

8586 

8613 

8640 

8667 

8694 

8721 

8748 

8775 

28 

8428 

8456 

8484 

8512 

8540 

8568 

8596 

8624 

8652 

8680 

8708 

8736 

8764 

8792 

8820 

8848 

8876 

8904 

8932 

8960 

8988 

9016 

9044 

3072 

9100 

29 

8729 

8758 

8787 

8816 

8845 

8874 

8903 

8932 

8961 

8990 

9019 

9048 

9077 

9106 

9135 

9164 

9193 

9222 

9251 

9280 

9309 

9338 

9367 

9396 

9425 

d- 

30 

19030 

Imo 

9090 

JSSs 

9120 

9150 

9180 

9210 

9240 

9270 

9300 

9330 

9360 

9390 

9420 

9450 

9480 

9510 

9540 

9570 

9600 

9630 

9660 

9690 

9720 

9750 

31 

B933I 

9362 

9393 

9424 

9455 

9486 

9517 

9548 

9579 

9610 

9641 

9672 

9703 

9734 

9765 

9796 

9827 

9858 

9889 

9920 

9951 

9982 

10013 

10044 

10075 

32 

9632 

9664 

9696 

9728 

9760 

9792 

9824 

9856 

9888 

9920 

9952 

9984 

10016 

10048 

10080 

10112 

10144 

10176 

10208 

10240 

10272 

10304 

10336 

10368 

10400 

33 

9933 

9966 

9999 

10032 

10065 

10098 

10131 

10164 

10197 

10230 

10263 

10296 

10329 

10362 

10395 

10428 

10461 

10494 

10527 

10560 

10593 

10626 

10659 

10692 

10725 

34 

10234 

10268 

10302 

10336 

10370 

10404 

10438 

10472 

10506 

10540 

10574 

10608 

10642 

10676 

10710 

10744 

10773 

10812 

10846 

10880 

10914 

10948 

10982 

11016 

11050 

35 

10535 

10570 

10605 

10640 

10675 

10710 

10745 

10780 

10815 

10850 

10885 

10920 

10955 

10990 

11025 

11060 

11095 

II130 

II165 

11200 

11235 

11270 

11305 

11340 

11375 

36 

10836 

10872 

10908 

10944 

10980 

11016 

11052 

11088 

11124- 

II160 

II196 

11232 

11268 

11304 

11340 

11376 

114-12 

11448 

H484 

11520 

11556 

11592 

11628 

11664 

11700 

37 

11137 

II174 

11211 

11248 

11285 

11322 

11359 

11396 

11433 

11470 

11507 

11544 

11581 

11618 

11655 

11692 

11729 

11766 

11803 

11840 

11877 

11914 

11951 

11988 

12025 

38 

11438 

11476 

11514- 

11552 

11590 

11628 

11666 

11704 

11742 

11780 

11818 

11856 

11894 

11932 

11970 

12008 

12046 

12084 

12122 

12160 

12198 

12236 

12274 

12312 

12350 

39 

H739 

11778, 

11817 

11856 

11895 

11934 

11973 

12012 

12051 

12090 

12129 

12168 

12207 

12246 

12285 

12324 

12363 

12402 

12441 

12480 

12519 

12558 

12597 

12636 

12675 


W 

43 

44 


45 

46 

47 

48 

49 


12341 

12642 

12943 

13244 


I3545i 

13846 

14147 

14448 

14749 


12382 

12684 

12986 

13288 


13590 

13892 


12423 

12726 

13029 

13332 


13635 1 

13938 

14241 

14544 

14847 


13464 

1276$ 

13072 

13376 


3680 

13684 

14288 

14592 

14896 


12200 12240 


12505 

12810 

I3H5 

I342Q 


13725 

14030 

14335 

14640 

14945 


12546 

12852 

13158 

13464 


13770 


12280 


12587 

12894 

13201 

13508 


13815 


12320 


12628 

12936 

13244 

13552 


13860 


12360 


12669 

12978 

13287 

13596 


13905 


12400 


12710 

13020 

13330 

13640 


13950 


1244012480 12520 


12751 

13062 

13373 

13684 


13995 


12792 

13104 

13416 

13728 


12833 

13146 

13459 

13772 


14040 '4085 


12560 


12874 

13188 

13502 

13816 


14130 


12600 


12915 

13230 

13545 

13860 


14175 


1264012680 


12956 

13272 

13588 

13904 


14220 


12997 

13314 

13631 

13948 


14265 


12720 


13038 

13356 

13674 

13992 


14310 


12760 


13079 

13398 

13717 

14036 


14355 


12800 


13120 

13440 

13760 

14080 

14400 


12840 


13161 

13482 

13803 

14124 


14445 


12880 


12920 


13202 

13524 

13846 

14168 


13243 

13566 

13889 

14212 


14490 


14535 


12960 


13284 

13608 

13932 

14256 


14580 


13000 


13325 

13650 

13975 

14300 


1 4625 

14950 

15275 

15600 

15925 


14194 

14496 

14798 


14076 

14382 

14688 

14994 


14122 

14429 

14736 

15043 


14168 

14476 

14784 

15092 


14214 

14523 

14832 

15141 


14260 

14570 

14880 

15190 


14306 

14617 

14928 

15239 


14352 

14664 

14976 

15288 


14398 

14711 
15024 
15337 


14444 

14758 

15072 

15386 


14490 

14805 

15120 

15435 


14536 

14852 

15168 


14582 

14899 

15216 


14628 

14946 

15264 

15582 


14674 

14993 

15312 

15631 


14720 

15040 

15360 

15680 


14766 

15087 

15408 

15729 


14812 

15134 

15456 

15778 


14858 

15181 

15504 

15827 


14904 

15228 

15552 

15876 



88 

























































































































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 


□ 

1301 302 303 30f 3051 

|306 307130813091310 1311 

312 

313 

314-131S A 316 

317 

318 

31913201 

13211322 

3231334(325 

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"TW • 



RSHEs 

... 

S O 

S o 





s o 





s o 



50 

15050 

15100 

15150 

15200 

15250 

15300 

15350 

15900 

15950 

15500 

15550 

15600 

15650 

15700 

15750 

15800 

15850 

15900 

15950 

16000 

16050 

16100 

16150 

16200 

16250 

51 

15351 

15902 

15953 

15509 

15555 

15606 

I5G57 

15708 

15759 

15810 

15861 

15912 

15963 

16019 

16065 

16116 

16167 

16218 

16269 

16320 

16371 

16922 

16973 

16529 

16575 

52 

15652 

15709 

15756 

15808 

15860 

15912 

15969 

16016 

16068 

16120 

16172 

16229 

16276 

16328 

16380 

16932 

16989 

16536 

16588 

16690 

16692 

16799 

16796 

16848 

16900 

53 

15953 

16006 

16059 

16112 

16165 

16218 

16271 

16329 

16377 

16930 

16983 

16536 

16589 

16692 

16695 

16798 

16801 

16859 

16907 

16960 

17013 

17086 

17119 

17172 

17225 

5<f 

1625'+ 

16308 

16362 

16916 

16970 

16529 

16578 

16632 

16686 

16790 

16799 

16898 

16902 

16956 

17010 

17069 

17118 

17172 

17226 

17280 

17339 

17388 

17992 

17996 

17550 

55 

16555 

16610 

16665 

16720 

16775 

16830 

16885 

16990 

16995 

17050 

17105 

17160 

17215 

17270 

17325 

17380 

17935 

17990 

17595 

17600 

17655 

17710 

17765 

17820 

17875 

56 

16856 

16912 

16968 

17029 

17080 

17136 

17192 

17298 

17309 

17360 

17916 

17972 

17528 

17589 

17690 

17696 

17752 

17808 

17869 

17920 

17976 

18032 

18088 

18194 

18200 

57 

17157 

17219 

17271 

17328 

17385 

17992 

17999 

17556 

17613 

17670 

17727 

17789 

17891 

17898 

17955 

18012 

18069 

18126 

18183 

18290 

18297 

18359 

189-11 

18468 

18525 

58 

17458 

17516 

17579 

17632 

17690 

17798 

17806 

17869 

17922 

17980 

18038 

18096 

18159 

18212 

18270 

18328 

18386 

18999 

18502 

18560 

18618 

18676 

18739 

18792 

18850 

59 

17759 

17818 

17877 

17936 

17995 

18059 

18113 

18172 

18231 

18290 

18399 

18908 

18967 

18526 

18585 

18699 

18703 

18762 

18821 

18880 

18939 

18998 

19057 

19116 

19175 


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6 O 

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hi 

18060 

18120 

13180 

18290 

18300 

18360 

18920 

18980 

18590 

18600 

18660 

18720 

18780 

18890 

18900 

18960 

19020 

19080 

19190 

19200 

19260 

19320 

19380 

19940 

19500 

61 

18361 

18922 

18983 

18599 

18605 

18666 

18727 

18788 

18899 

18910 

18971 

19032 

19093 

19159 

19215 

19276 

19337 

19398 

19959 

19520 

19581 

19692 

19703 

19764 

19825 

62 

18662 

18729 

18786 

18898 

18910 

18972 

19039 

19096 

19158 

19220 

19282 

19399 

19906 

19968 

19530 

19592 

19659 

19716 

19778 

19890 

19902 

19969 

20026 

20088 

20150 

63 

18963 

19026 

19089 

19152 

19215 

19278 

19391 

19909 

19967 

19530 

19593 

19656 

19719 

19782 

19895 

19908 

19971 

20039 

20097 

20160 

20223 

20286 

20399 

20912 

20975 

6<t 

19269 

13328 

19392 

19956 

19520 

19589 

19698 

19712 

19776 

19890 

19909 

19968 

20032 

20096 

20160 

20229 

20288 

20352 

20916 

20980 

20599 

20608 

20672 

20736 

20800 

65 

19565 

19630 

19695 

19760 

19825 

19890 

19955 

20020 

20085 

20150 

20215 

20280 

20395 

20910 

20975 

20590 

20605 

20670 

20735 

20800 

20865 

20930 

20995 

21060 

21125 

66 

19866 

19932 

19998 

20069 

20130 

20196 

20262 

20328 

20399 

20960 

20526 

20592 

20658 

20729 

20790 

20856 

20922 

20988 

21059 

21120 

21186 

21252 

21318 

21389 

21950 

67 

20167 

202 3 9 

20301 

20368 

20935 

20502 

20569 

20636 

20703 

20770 

20837 

20909 

20971 

21038 

21105 

21172 

21239 

21306 

21373 

21990 

21507 

21579 

21691 

21708 

21775 

68 

20968 

20536 

20609 

20672 

20790 

20808 

20876 

20999 

21012 

21080 

2H98 

21216 

21289 

21352 

21920 

21988 

21556 

21629 

21692 

21760 

21828 

21896 

21969 

22032 

22100 

69 

20769 

20838 

20907 

20976 

21095 

21119 

21183 

21252 

21321 

21390 

21959 

21528 

21597 

21666 

21735 

21809 

21873 

21992 

22011 

22080 

22199 

22218 

22287 

22356 

22925 


70 

21070 

21190 

21210 

21280 

21350 

21920 

21490 

21560 

21630 

21700 

21770 

21840 

'21910 

21980 

220SO 

22120 

22190 

22260 

22330 

22400 

22470 

22540 

22610 

22680 

22750 

71 

72 

73 

74 

21371 

21672 

21973 

22274 

21992 

21799 

22096 

22398 

21513 

21816 

22119 

22922 

21589 

21888 

22192 

22996 

21655 

21960 

22265 

22570 

21726 

22032 

2233S 

22644 

21797 

22109 

22911 

22718 

21868 

22176 

22484 

22792 

21939 

22248 

22557 

22866 

22010 

22320 

22630 

22940 

22081 

22392 

22703 

23014 

22152 

22464 

22776 

23088 

22223 

22536 

22849 

23162 

22294 

22608 

22922 

23236 

22365 

22680 

22995 

23310 

22+36 

22752 

23068 

2338+ 

22507 

22824 

23141 

23458 

22578 

22896 

23214 

23532 

22649 

22968 

23287 

23606 

22720 

23040 

23360 

23680 

22791 

23H2 

23433 

23754 

22862 

23184 

23506 

23828 

22933 

23256 

23579 

23902 

23004 

23323 

23652 

23976 

23075 

234-00 

23725 

24050 

75 

22575 

22650 

22725 

22800 

22875 

22950 

23025 

23100 

23175 

23250 

23325 

23400 

23475 

23550 

23625 

23700 

23775 

23850 

23925 

24000 

24075 

24150 

24225 

24300 

24375 

76 

77 

78 

79 

22876 

23177 

2397S 

23779 

22952 

23259 

23556 

23858 

23028 

23331 

23639 

23937 

23109 

23908 

23712 

29016 

23180 

23985 

23790 

29095 

23256 

23562 

2386S 

29174 

23332 

23639 

23996 

24053 

23908 
23716 
29 029 
24332 

23484 

23793 

24102 

24411 

23560 

23870 

24180 

24490 

23636 

23947 

24258 

24569 

23712 

24024 

24336 

24648 

23788 

24101 

24414 

24727 

23864 

24178 

24492 

24806 

23940 

24255 

24570 

24885 

24016 

24332 

24648 

24364 

24092 

24409 

24726 

25043 

24168 

24486 

24804 

25122 

24244 

24563 

24882 

25201 

24320 

24640 

24960 

25280 

24396 

24717 

25038 

25359 

24472 

24794 

25116 

25438 

24548 

24871 

25194 

25517 

24624 

24948 

25272 

255S6 

24700 

25025 

25350 

25675 


- • 




8 O 




24080 

29160 

29290 

29320 

29900 

24980 

29560 

29640 

24720 

24800 

24880 

24960 

25040 

25120 

25200 

25280 

25360 

25440 

25520 

25600 

25680 

25760 

25840 

25920 

26000 


29381 

29682 

29983 

25284 

29 962 
29769 
25066 
25368 

29593 

29896 

25199 

25952 

29629 

29328 

25232 

25536 

29705 

25010 

25315 

25620 

29786 

25032 

25398 

25709 

29867 

25179 

25981 

25788 

24948 

25256 

25564 

25872 

25029 

25338 

25647 

25956 

25110 

25420 

25730 

26040 

25191 

25502 

25813 

26124 

25272 

25584 

25896 

26208 

25353 

25666 

25979 

26292 

25434 

25743 

26062 

26376 

25515 

25830 

26145 

26460 

25596 

25912 

26228 

26544 

25677 

25994 

26311 

26628 

25758 

26076 

26394 

26712 

25839 

26158 

26477 

26796 

25920 

26240 

26560 

26880 

26001 

26322 

26643 

26964 

26082 

26904 

26726 

27048 

26163 

26486 

26809 

27132 

26244 

26568 

26892 

27216 

26325 

26650 

26975 

27300 


25585 

25670 

25755 

25890 

25925 

26010 

26095 

26180 

26265 

26350 

26435 

26520 

26605 

26690 

26775 

26860 

26945 

27030 

27115 

27200 

27285 

27370 

27455 

27540 

27625 


25886 

26187 

2648S 

26789 

25972 

26279 

26576 

26878 

26058 

26361 

26669 

26967 

26199, 

26998 

26752 

27056 

26230 

26535 

26890 

27145 

26316 

26622 

2692S 

27234 

26902 

26709 

27016 

27323 

2S488 

26796 

27104 

27412 

26574 

26883 

27192 

27501 

26660 

26970 

27280 

27590 

26746 

27057 

27368 

27679 

26832 

27144 

27456 

27768 

26918 

27231 

27544 

27857 

27004 

27318 

27632 

27946 

27090 

27405 

27720 

28035 

27176 

27492 

27808 

28124 

27262 

27579 

27896 

28213 

27348 

27666 

27984 

28302 

27434 

27753 

28072 

28391 

27520 

27840 

28160 

284S0 

27606 

27927 

28248 

28569 

27692 

28014 

28336 

28658 

27778 
28101 
28 424 
28747 

27864 

28188 

28512 

28836 

27950 

28275 

28600 

,28925 


9 O 



B O 


9 O 

9 O 


Em 

27090 

27180 

27270 

27360 

27450 

27540 

27630 

27720 

27810 

27900 

27990 

28080 

28170 

28260 

283501 

28440 

28530 

28620 

28710 

28800 

28890 

28980 

29070 

29160 

29250 

I9f 

92 

93 

94 

27391 

27692 

27993 

28299 

27982 

27789 

28086 

28388 

27573 

27876 

28179 

28982 

276S9 

27968 

28272 

28576 

27755 

28060 

28365 

28670 

27896 

28152 

28958 

28769 

27937 

28299 

28551 

28858 

28028 

28336 

28644 

28952 

28119 

28428 

28737 

29046 

28210 

28520 

28830 

29140 

28301 

28612 

28923 

29234 

28392 

28704 

29016 

29328 

28483 

28796 

29109 

29422 

28574 

28888 

29202 

29516 

28665 

28980 

29295 

29610 

28756 

29072 

29388 

29704 

28847 

29164 

29481 

29798 

28938 

29256 

29579 

29892 

29029 

29348 

29667 

29986 

29120 

23440 

29760 

30080 

29211 

29532 

29853 

30174 

29302 

29624 

29946 

30268 

293931 

29716 

3D039 

30362 

29484 

29808 

30132 

30456 

29575 

29900 

30225 

30550 

9i> 

28595 

28690 

28785 

28880 

28975 

29070 

29165 

29260 

29355 

29450 

29545 

29640 

29735 

29830 

29925 

30020 

30115 

30210 

30305 

30400 

30495 

30590 

30685 

30780 

30875 

96 

97 

98 

99 

24896 

29127 

29498 

29799 

28992 

29299 

29596 

29898 

29083 

29391 

29694 

29997 

29189 

29988 

29792 

30096 

29280 

29585 

29890 

30195 

29376 

29682 

29988 

30299 

29972 

29779 

30086 

30393 

29568 

29876 

30184 

30492 

29664 

29973 

30282 

30591 

29760 

30070 

303S0 

30690 

29856 

30167 

30478 

30789 

29952 

30264 

30576 

30888 

30048 

30361 

30674 

30987 

30144 

30458 

30772 

31086 

30240 

30555 

30870 

31185 

30336 

30652 

30968 

31284 

30432 

30749 

31066 

31383 

30528 

30846 

31164 

31482 

30624 

30943 

31262 

31581 

30720 

31040 

31360 

31680 

30816 

31137 

31458 

31779 

30912 

31234 

31556 

31878 

31008 

31331 

31654 

31977 

31104; 

31428, 

31752 

32076 

31200 

31525 

31850 

32175 

100 

30100 

30200 

30300 

30900 

30500 

30600 

30700 

30800 

30900 

31000 

31100 

31200 

31300 

31400 

31500 

31600 

31700 

31800 

31900 

32000 

32100 

32200 

32300 

32400 

32500 

D 

ter 
o f 
-tioi 
vid< 
wh 

1VI! 

ded 
’ach 
i of 
i 32 
ich i. 

>10 

side 

1 ett 
the 
5 bi 
> the 

N ( 

of tl 

papi 

mu 

1 COI 

he t£ 
e, se 
n be? 

des 

'reel 

Fract 

tble as shi 
:lect the n 
■ correspo 
;cend the 
; quotien 

iois 

)wtl 

lUtlt 

ndi? 
CO 7 1 

t. ] 

IS.- 

alo? 
>er 4 
19 tc 
uni 1 

II. 

• I. To divide any number rot exceediny the extreme limit 0 / ihe ex- 
19 the top maryi-n, by any of the tractions yiven at the upper left -maryin 
;o be divided from upper maryin, then descend the column to the bitersec- 
) the denominator of the traction, which is the quotient; thus, to di- 
troin 325 to the intersection of 16, where is -found the number 5200, 
It there be wore fractional units than one, proceed {co-ntf-n.2,nd />. a/>v) 


89 




























































































































































































I 326 

~ 

COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1 

1. 

1 

35 

§j 


326 

327 

328 

329 

330 

331 

332 

333 

324 

335 

336 

337 

338 

339 

340 

341 

342 

L343|344 

3*t5 

346 

347 

348 

349 

■ 

350 

■1 

16 

20| 

Izm 

20,-i 

20! 

20,| 

HlJ 

20# 

20 ,! 

20! 

20 rf 

20| 

20.; j 

21 

21A 

2>i 

21A 

211 

21,! 

aff 

21,1 

2l! 

21? 

2^ 

2iri 

21 % 

21 ri 



27! 

27 i 

27! 

27 £ 

27! 

27 a 

27! 

27! 

27 | 

27,! 

28 

28,i 

28! 

28! 

28! 

28! 

28! 

28 ia 

28! 

281 

28! 

28,! 

29 

29 h 

29 i 

io 

32 | 

32* 

32 | 

32,| 

33 

33 ,o 

33 5 

33,| 

33 | 

33 ! 

33 i 

33,1 

33| 

331 

34 

34! 

34! 

34,! 

34| 

34! 

34| 

34 § 

34| 

341 

35 

l', 

401 

40! 

41 

41 * 

41 4 

tU 

4l! 

411 

41 ! 

41* 

42 J 

42 g 

42 4 

42 § 

42! 

421 

421 

42 § 

43 

>34 

431 

43 a 

43 5 

43 | 

431 


54 4 

5H 

54-T 

mi 

55 

55 ! 

55! 

55! 

55! 

55 1 

56 

56*1 

56! 

56! 

56f 

56! 

57 

57! 

57! 

57 ! 

57! 

57! 

58 

58! 

58! 

5 

65 s 

65* 

65| 

65 * 

66 

66! 

66| 

66| 

66* 

67 

67! 

67| 

67! 

67| 

68 

68! 

68f 

681 

683 

69 

69! 

69| 

69| 

69! 

70 

4: 

81 ! 

81 i 

82 

82-4 

82! 

82| 

83 

83 1 

83! 

83! 

84 

841 

84! 

841 

85 

85! 

85! 

85f 

86 

861 

86! 

861 

87 

871 

87! 

1 

~3 

I08§ 

109 

109!- 

109 1 

no 

110! 

HO! 

in 

111! 

Ill f 

112 

112 ! 

I12| 

113 

Il3j 

113! 

114 

114! 

H4| 

115 

115! 

I15| 

116 

116! 

1165- 

2 

163 

163! 

164 

164! 

165 

165! 

166 

166! 

167 

167! 

168 

168! 

169 

169! 

170 

170! 

171 

171! 

172 

172! 

173 

173 ! 

174 

174! 

175 

m 

326 

327 


329 

>30 

331 

332 

333 

334 


336 

337 

338 

339 

3 40 

341 

342 

343 

344 

345 

346 

347 


3 49 

350 

2 

652 

654 

656 

658 

660 

662 

664 

666 

668 

670 

672 

674 

676 

678 

680 

682 

684 

686 

688 

690 

692 

694 

696 

698 

700 

3 

978 

981 

984 

987 

990 

993 

996 

999 

1002 

1005 

1008 

1011 

1014 

1017 

1020 

1023 

1026 

1029 

1032 

1035 

1038 

1041 

1044 

1047 

1050 

»f 

1304 

1308 

1312 

1316 

1320 

1324 

1328 

1332 

1336 

1340 

1344 

1348 

1352 

1356 

1360 

1364 

1368 

1372 

1376 

1380 

1384 

1388 

1392 

1396 

1400 

5 

1630 

1635 

1640 

1645 

1650 

1655 

1660 

1665 

1670 

1675 

IWIillLftKlITOI'llL^KlIMiIi] 

1705 

1710 

msl 

1720 

1725 

1730 

1735 

1740 

1745 

1750 

6 

1956 

1962 

1968 

1974 

1980 

1986 

1992 

1998 

2004 

2010 

QOI6 

2022 

2028 

2034 

2040 

2046 

2052 

2058 

2064 

2070 

2076 

2082 

2088 

2094 

2100 

7 

2282 

2289 

2296 

2303 

2310 

2317 

2324 

2331 

2338 

2345 

2352 

2359 

2366 

2373 

2380 

2387 

2394 

2401 

2408 

2415 

2422 

2429 

2436 

2443 

2450 

8 

2608 

2616 

2624 

2632 

2640 

2648 

2656 

2664 

2672 

2680 

2688 

2696 

2704 

2712 

2720 

2728 

2736 

2744 

2752 

2760 

2768 

2776 

2784 

2792 

2800 

9 

2934 

2943 

2952 

2961 

2970 

2979 

2988 

2997 

3006 

3015 

3024 

3033 

3042 

3051 

3060 

3069 

3078 

3087 

3096 

3105 

3114 

3123 

3132 

3141 

3150 

10 

32 GO 

3270 

UHL 

3280 

3290 

3300 

3310 

3320 

i M'l 

3330 

3340 

3350 

3360 

3370 

LM1 

3380 

3390 

3400 

3410 

3420 

LKJ 

3430 

3440 

3450 

3460 

3470 

3480 

3490 

3500 

ii 

3586 

3597 

3608 

3619 

3630 

3641 

3652 

3663 

3674 

3685 

3696 

3707 

3718 

3729 

3740 

3751 

3762 

3773 

3784 

3795 

3806 

3817 

3828 

3839 

3850 

12 

3912 

3924 

3936 

3948 

3960 

3972 

3984 

3996 

4008 

4020 

4032 

4044 

4056 

4068 

4080 

4092 

4104 

4116 

4128 

4140 

4152 

4164 

4176 

4188 

4200 

13 

4238 

4251 

4264 

4277 

4290 

4303 

4316 

4329 

4342 

43 55 

4368 

4381 

4394 

4407 

4420 

4433 

4446 

4459 

4472 

4485 

4498 

4511 

4524 

4537 

4550 

II- 

4564 

4578 

4592 

4606 

4620 

4634 

4648 

4662 

4676 

4690 

4704 

4718 

4732 

4746 

4760 

4774 

4788 

4802 

4816 

4830 

4844 

4858 

4872 

4886 

4900 

15 

4890 

4905 

4920 

4935 

4950 

4965 

4980 

4995 

5010 

5025 

5040 

5055 

5070 

5085 

5100 

5115 

5130 

5145 

5160 

5175 

5190 

5205 

5220 

5235 

5250 

16 

521G 

5232 

5248 

5264 

5280 

5296 

5312 

5328 

5344 

5360 

5376 

5392 

5408 

5424 

5440 

5456 

5472 

54w 

5504 

5520 

5536 

5552 

5568 

558? 

5600 

17 

5542 

5559 

5576 

5593 

5610 

5627 

5644 

5661 

5678 

5695 

5712 

5729 

5746 

5763 

5780 

5797 

5814 

5831 

5848 

5865 

5882 

5899 

5916 

5933 

5950 

18 

5868 

5886 

5904 

5922 

5940 

5958 

5976 

5994 

6012 

6030 

6048 

6066 

6084 

6102 

6120 

6138 

6156 

6174 

6192 

6210 

6228 

6246 

6264 

6282 

6300 

19 

6194 

6213 

6232 

6251 

6270 

6289 

6308 

6327 

6346 

6365 

6384 

6403 

6422 

6441 

6460 

6473 

6498 

6517 

6536 

6555 

6574 

6593 

6612 

6631 

6650 

20 

6520 

6540 

6560 

6580 

6600 

6620 

6640 

6660 

6680 

6700 

6720 

6740 

6760 

6780 

6800 

6820 

6840 

"Mi * 1 

6860 

6880 

6900 

6920 

6940 

6960 

6980 

7000 

21 

6846 

6867 

6888 

6909 

6930 

6951 

6972 

6993 

7014 

7035 

7056 

7077 

7098 

71-19 

7140 

7161 

7182 

7203 

7224 

7245 

7266 

7287 

7308 

7329 

7350 

22 

7172 

7194 

7216 

7238 

7260 

7282 

7304 

7326 

7348 

7370 

7392 

7414 

7436 

7458 

7480 

7502 

7524 

7546 

7568 

7590 

7612 

7634 

7656 

7678 

7700 

23 

7498 

7521 

7544 

7567 

7590 

7613 

7636 

7659 

7682 

7705 

7728 

7751 

7774 

7797 

7820 

7843 

7866 

7889 

7912 

7935 

7958 

7981 

8004 

8027 

8050 

24- 

7824 

7848 

7872 

7896 

7920 

7944 

7968 

7992 

8016 

8040 

8064 

8088 

8U2 

8136 

8160 

8184 

8208 

8232 

8256 

8280 

8304 

8328 

8352 

8376 

8400 

25 

8150 

8175 

8200 

8225 

8250 

8275 

8300 

8325 

8350 

8375 

8400 

8425 

8450 

8475 

8500 

8525 

8550 

8575 

8600 

8625 

8650 

8675 

8700 

8725 

8750 

26 

8470 

8502 

8528 

8554 

8580 

8606 

8632 

8658 

8684 

8710 

8736 

8762 

8788 

8814 

8840 

8866 

8892 

8918 

8944 

8970 

8996 

9022 

9048 

9074 

9100 

27 

8802 

8829 

8856 

8883 

8910 

8937 

8964 

8991 

9018 

9045 

9072 

9099 

9126 

9153 

9180 

9207 

9234 

9261 

9288 

9315 

9342 

9369 

9396 

9423 

9450 

28 

9128 

9156 

9184 

9212 

9240 

9268 

9296 

9324 

9352 

9380 

9408 

9436 

9464 

9492 

9520 

9548 

9576 

9604 

9632 

9660 

9688 

9716 

9744 

9772 

9800 

29 

9454 

9483 

9512 

9541 

9570 

9599 

9628 

9657 

9686 

9715 

9744 

9773 

9802 

9831 

9860 

9889 

9918 

9947 

9976 

10005 

10034 

10063 

10092 

10121 

10150 

1 



3 0 



3 0 3 0 



3 O 





3 O 



|FTj 

RS^R^t^nfiiiiwiiiriTiwii liiiMiiiiiimUiTMtlWiilUMtni 


31 

10106 

m. 




IIWtT 

10292 

10323 

10354 

10385 

10416 

10447 

10478 

10509 

10540 

10571 

10602 

10633 

10664 

10695 

10726 

10757 

10788 

10819 

10850 

32 

10432 

10464 

10496 

10528 1 

10560 

10592 

10624 

10656 

10688 

10720 

10752 

10784 

10816 

10848 

10880 

10912 

10944 

10976 

11008 

11040 

11072 

11104 

11136 

11168 

11200 

33 

I07S8 

10791 

10824 

10857 

10890 

10923 

10956 

10989 

11022 

11055 

11088 

II121 

II154 

11187 

11220 

11253 

11286 

11319 

11352 

11385 

11418 

114-51 

11484 

11517 

11550 

34- 

11084 

111 18 

11152 

11186 

11220 

11254 

11288 

11322 

11356 

11390 

11424 

11458 

11492 

11526 

11560 

11594 

11628 

11662 

11696 

11730 

11764 

11798 

11832 

11866 

11900 

3b 

11410 

11445 

11480 

11515 

11550 

11585 

11620 

11655 

11690 

11725 

11760 

11795 

11830 

11865 

11900 

11935 

11970 

12005 

12040 

12075 

I2H0 

12145 

12180 

12215 

12250 

36 

1113b 

11772 

11808 

11844 

11880 

11916 

11952 

11988 

12024 

12060 

12096 

12132 

12168 

12204 

12240 

12276 

12312 

12348 

12384 

12420 

12456 

12492 

12528 

12564 

12600 

37 

12062 

12099 

12136 

12173 

12210 

12247 

12284 

12321 

I23S8 

12395 

12432 

12469 

12506 

12543 

12580 

12617 

12654 

12691 

12728 

127 6 5 

12802 

12839 

12876 

12913 

12950 

38 

12388 

12426 

12464 

12502 

125 4 0 

12578 

12616 

12654 

I2S92 

12730 

12768 

12806 

12844 

12882 

12920 

12958 

12996 

13034 

13072 

13110 

13148 

13186 

13224 

13262 

13300 

39 

12714 

12753 

12732 

12831 

12870 

12909 

12948 

12987 

13026 

13065 

13104 

13143 

13182 

13221 

13260 

13299 

13338 

13377 

13416 

13455 

13494 

13533 

13572 

136II 

13650 




4. O 


EBB 




3HK 

BB 

HI 



Khm 

iran 

■HI 

■■i 

4 C 





u 0 



>*0 

13040 

13080 

13120 

13160 

13200 

13240 

13280 

13320 

13360 

13400 

13440 

13480 

13520 

13560 

13600 

13640 

13680 

13720 

13760 

13800 

13840 

13880 

13920 

13960 

14000 

41 

13306 

13407 

13448 

13489 

13530 

13571 

13612 

13653 

13694 

13735 

13776 

13817 

13858 

13899 

13940 

13981 

14022 

14063 

14104 

14145 

14186 

14227 

14268 

14309 

14350 

42 

13692 

13734 

13776 

13818 

13860 

13902 

13944 

13986 

14028 

14070 

14112 

14154 

14196 

14238 

14280 

14322 

14364 

14406 

14448 

14490 

14532 

14574 

14616 

14658 

14700 

43 

14018 

14061 

14104 

14147 

14190 

14233 

14276 

14319 

14362 

14405 

14448 

14491 

14534 

14577 

14620 

14663 

14706 

14749 

14792 

14835 

14878 

14921 

14954 

15007 

15050 

44 

1434 4 

14388 

14432 

14476, 

14520 

14564 

14608 

14652 

14696 

147 4 0 

14784 

14828 

14872 

14916 

14960 

15004 

15048 

15092 

15136 

15180 

15224 

15268 

15312 

15356 

15400 

45 

14670 

14715 

If760 

14805 

14850 

14395 

14940 

I4'<8.‘ 

15030 

15075 

15120 

15165 

15210 

15255 

15300 

15345 

15390 

15435 

15480 

15525 

15570 

15515 

15660 

15705 

15750 

46 

14991 )' 

15042 

15088 

15134 

15180 

15226 

15272 

15318 

15364 

15410 

15456 

15502 

15548 

15594 

15640 

15686 

15732 

15778 

15824 

15870 

15916 

15962 

16008 

16054 

16IOO 

47 

15322 

15369 

15416 

15463 

15510 

15557 

15604 

15651 

15698 

15745 

15792 

15839 

15886 

15933 

15980 

16027 

16074 

16121 

16168 

16215 

16262 

16309 

16356 

16403 

16450 

48 

15648 

15696 

15744 

15792 

15840 

15888 

15936 

15984 

16032 

16080 

16128 

16176 

16224 

16272 

16320 

16368 

16416 

16464 

16512 

16560 

16608 

16656 

16704 

16752 

16800 

49 

15974 

16023 

16072 

16121 

16170 

16219 

16268 

16317 

16366 

16415 

16464 

16513 

16562 

166II 

16660 

16709 

16758 

16807 

16856 

16905 

16954 

17003 

17052 

17101 

17150 














































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 


326)327 1328|329|330| 3311332 [333133*»1335 j 336) 3371338 [ 339) 3M-0B3M-113M-2| 3^3 l3«fd-13^»5 l3*f 6 [347 134813W[350 


50 

16300 

BB 

sT 

16450 

Bos 

Bo 

■B 



ism 


BBS 



— 

16350 

16400 

if 

16650 

16700 

16750 

16800 

16850 

16900 

16950 

17000 

17050 

17100 

17150 

17200 

17250 

17300 

17350 

17400 

17450 

17500 

51 

16656 

16677 

16728 

16779 

16830 

16881 

16932 

16983 

17034 

17085 

17136 

17187 

17238 

17289 

17340 

17391 

17442 

17493 

17544 

17595 

17646 

17693 

I77U3 

17799 

17850 

52 

16952 

17004 

17056 

17108 

17160 

17212 

17264 

17316 

17368 

17420 

17472 

17524 

17576 

17628 

17680 

17732 

17784 

17836 

17888 

17940 

17992 

18044 

18096 

18148 

18200 

53 

17278 

17331 

17384 

17437 

17490 

17543 

17596 

17649 

17702 

17755 

17808 

17861 

17914 

17967 

IS020 

18073 

18126 

18179 

18232 

18285 

18338 

18391 

18444 

18497 

19550 

54- 

17604 

17658 

17712 

17766 

17820 

17874 

17928 

17982 

18038 

18090 

18144 

18198 

18252 

18306 

18360 

18414 

18468 

18522 

18576 

18630 

18684 

18738 

18792 

18846 

18900 

155 

17330 

17985 

18040 

18095 

18150 

18205 

18260 

18315 

18370 

18425 

184-80 

18535 

18590 

18645 

18700 

18755 

18810 

18865 

18920 

18975 

19030 

19085 

19140 

19195 

19250 

56 

18256 

18312 

18368 

18424 

18480 

18536 

18592 

18648 

18704 

18760 

18816 

18872 

18928 

18984 

19040 

19096 

19152 

19208 

19264 

19320 

19376 

19432 

19488 

19544 

19600 

57 

18582 

18639 

18696 

18753 

18810 

18867 

18924 

1898! 

19038 

19095 

19152 

19209 

19266 

19323 

19380 

19437 

19494 

19551 

19608 

19665 

19722 

19779 

19836 

19893 

19950 

58 

18908 

18966 

19024 

19082 

19140 

19198 

19256 

19314 

19372 

13430 

19488 

19546 

19604 

19662 

19720 

19778 

19836 

19894 

19952 

20010 

20068 

20126 

20184 

20242 

20300 

59 

19234 

19293 

19352 

19411 

19470 

19529 

19588 

19647, 

19706 

19765 

19824 

19883 

19942 

20001 

20060 

20119 

20178 

20237 

20296 

20355 

20414 

20473 

20532 

20591 

20650 



6 O 


6 O 


6 O 

lid 

19560 

19620 

19680 

19740 

19800 

19860 

19920 

19980 

20040 

20100 

20160 

20220 

20280 

20340 

20400 

20460 

20520 

20580 

20540 

20700 

20760 

20820 

20880 

20940 

21000 

SI 

62 

G3 

64 

19836 

20212 

20538 

20864 

19347 

20274 

20601 

20928 

20008 

20336 

20664 

20992 

20069 

20398 

20727 

21056 

20130 

20460 

20790 

21120 

20191 

20522 

20853 

21184 

20252 

20584 

20916 

21248 

20313 

20646 

20979; 

21312 

20374 

20708 

21042 

21376 

20435 

20770 

21105 

21440 

20496 

20832 

21168 

21504 

20557 

20894 

21231 

21568 

20618 

20956 

21294 

21622 

20679 

21018 

21357 

21696 

20740 

21080 

21420 

21760 

20801 

21142 

21433 

21824 

20862 

21204 

21546 

21888 

20923 

21266 

21609 

21952 

20984 

21328 

21672 

22016 

21045 

21390 

21735 

22080 

21106 

21452 

21798 

22144 

21167 

21514 

21861 

22208 

21228 

21576 

21924 

22272 

21289 

21638 

21987 

22336 

21350 

21700 

22050 

22400 

G5 

21190 

21255 

21320 

21385 

21450 

21515 

21580 

21645 

21710 

21775 

21840 

21905 

21970 

22035 

22100 

22165 

22230 

22295 

22360 

22425 

22490 

22555 

22620 

22685 

22750 

66 

67 

63 

69 

21516 

21842 

22168 

22494, 

21582 

21909 

22236 

22563 

21648 

21976 

22304 

22632 

21714 

22043 

22372? 

22701 

21780 

22110 

22440 

22770 

21846 

22177 

22508 

22839 

21912 

22244 

22576 

22908 

21978 

22311 

22644 

22977 

rML 

22044 

22378 

22712 

23046 

22110 

22445 

22780 

23115 

22176 

22512 

22848 

23184 

22242 

22579 

22916 

23253 

22308 

22646 

22984 

23322 

SE 

22374 

22713 

23052 

23391 

22440 

22780 

23120 

23460 

22506 

22847 

23188 

23529 

22572 

22914 

23256 

23598 

22638 

22981 

23324 

23667 

SE 

22704 

23048 

23392 

23736 

22770 

23115 

23460 

23805 

22S36 

23182 

23528 

23874 

22902 

23249 

23596 

23943 

22968 

23316 

23664 

24012 

rML 

23034 

23383 

23732 

24081 

23100 

23450 

23800 

24150 


m 

22820 

22890 

22960 

23030 

23100 

23170 

23240 

23310 

23380 

23450 

23520 

23590 

23660 

23730 

23800 

23870 

23940 

24010 

24080 

24150 

24220 

24290 

24360 

24430 

24500 

71 

72 

73 
7«t 

23145 

23472 

23798 

24124 

232J7 

23544 

23871 

24198 

23288 

23616 

23944 

24272 

23 359 
23688 
24017 
24346 

23430 
23760 
24090 
24 420 

23501 

23832 

24163 

24494 

23 572 
23904 
24236 
24568 

23643 

23976 

24309 

24642 

23714 

24048 

24382 

24716 

23785 

24120 

24455 

24790 

23856 

24192 

21528 

21861 

23927 

24264 

24601 

24938 

23998 

24336 

24674 

25012 

24069 

24408 

24747 

25086 

24140 

24480 

24820 

25160 

24211 

24552 

24893 

25234 

24282 

24G24 

24966 

25308 

24353 

24696 

25039 

25382 

24424 

24768 

25112 

25456 

24495 

24840 

25185 

25530 

24566 

24912 

25258 

25604 

24637 

24984 

25331 

256*78 

24708 

25056 

25404 

25752 

24779 

25128 

25477 

25826 

24850 

25200 

25550 

25900 

75 

2445*: 

24525 

24600 

24675 

24750 

24825 

24900 

24975 

25050 

25125 

25200 

25275 

25350 

25425 

25500 

25575 

25650 

25725 

25800 

25875 

25950 

26025 

26100 

26175 

26250 

76 

77 

78 

79 

24776 

25102 

25428 

25754 

24852 

25179 

25506 

25833 

24928 

25256 

25584 

25912 

25004 

25333 

25662 

25991 

25080 

25410 

25740 

26070 

25156 

25487 

25818 

26149 

25232 

25564 

25896 

26228 

25308 

25641 

25974 

26307 

25384 

25718 

26052 

26386 

25460 

25795 

26130 

26465 

25536 

25872 

26208 

26511 

25612 

25949 

26286 

26623 

25688 

26026 

26364 

26702 

25764 

26103 

26442 

26781 

25840 

26130 

26520 

26860 

25916 

26257 

26598 

26939 

25992 

26334 

26676 

27018 

26068 

26411 

26754 

27097 

26144 

26488 

26832 

27176 

26220 

26565 

26910 

27255 

26296 

26642 

26988 

27334 

26372 

26719 

27066 

27413 

26448 

26796 

27144 

27492 

26524 

26873 

27222 

27571 

26600 

26950 

27300 

27650 


H O 

8 0 

St' 


s 0 

8 O 


8 O 

• v-. •- 


26960 


27200 

127280 

27360! 

27440 

27520 

27600 

27680 

27760 

27840! 

27920 

28000 

80 

2G030 

26160 

26240 

26320 

26400 

26480 

26560 

26640 

26720 

268006 

26880 

27040 

27120 

81 

82 

83 

26406 

26732 

27058 

27384 

26487 

26814 

27141 

27468 

26568 

26896 

27224 

27552 

26649 

26978 

27307 

27636 

26730 

27060 

27390 

27720 

26811 

27142 

27473 

27804 

26892 

27224 

27556 

27888 

26973 

27306 

27639 

27972 

27054 

27388 

27722 

28056 

27135 

27470 

27805 

28140 

27216 

27552 

27888 

28221 

27297 

27634 

27971 

28308 

27378 

27716 

28054 

28392 

27459 

27798 

28137 

28476 

27540 

27880 

28220 

28560 

127621 

127962 

828303 

28G44 

27702 

28044 

28386 

28728 

27783 

28126 

28469 

28812 

27864 

28208 

28552 

28896 

27945 

28290 

28635 

28980 

28026 

28372 

28718 

29064 

28107 

28454 

28801 

29148 

28188 

28536 

28884 

29232 

28269 

28618 

28967 

29316 

28350 

28700 

29050 

29400 

85 

27710 

27795 

27880 

27965 

28050 

28135 

28220 

28305 

28390 

28475 

28560 

28645 

28730 

28815 

28900 

28985 

29070 

29155 

29240 

29325 

29410 

29495 

29580 

29665 

29750 

86 

87 

88 
89 

28036 

28362 

28688 

29014 

28122 

28449 

28776 

29103 

28208 

28536 

28864 

29192 

28294 

28623 

28952 

29281 

28380 

28710 

29040 

29370 

28466 

28797 

29128 

29459 

28552 

28884 

29216 

29548 

28638 

28971 

29304 

29637 

28724 

29058 

29392 

29726 

28810 

29145 

29480 

,29815 

28896 

29232 

29568 

29904 

28982 

29319 

29658 

129993 

29068 

29406 

29744 

30082 

29154 

29493 

29832 

30171 

29240 

29580 

29920 

30260 

29326 

59667 

30008 

30349 

29412 

29754 

30096 

30438 

29498 

2984! 

30184 

30527 

29584 

29928 

30272 

30616 

29670 

30015 

30360 

30705 

29756 

30102 

30448 

30794 

29842 

30189 

30536 

30883 

29928 

30276 

30624 

30972 

30014 

30363 

30712 

31061 

30100 

30450 

30800 

31150 


9 O 

> ;.r ' 



30870; 

30960 

31050 

5BiaHaE9 

•*M*I 

31320 

31410 

31500 

Pli] 

29340 

29430 

29520 

29610 

29700 

29790 

29880 

29970 

30060 

30150 

30240 

30330 

30420 

30510 

31)600 

30690 

3U780 

3M40 

31230 

91 

92 

93 
Sif 

29666 

29992 

30318 

30644 

29757 

30084 

30411 

30738 

29848 

30176 

30504 

30832 

29939 

30268 

30597 

30926 

30030 

30360 

30690 

31020 

30121 

30452 

30783 

31114- 

30212. 

30544 

30876 

31208 

30303 

30636 

30969 

31302 

30394 

30728 

31062 

31396 

30485 

30820 

31155 

31490 

30576 

30912 

31248 

31584 

30667 

31004 

31341 

31678 

30758 

31096 

31434 

31772 

30849 

31188 

31527 

31866 

3094 0 

31280 

31620 

31960 

31031 

31372 

31713 

32054 

31122 

31464 

31806 

32148 

31213 

31556 

31899 

32242 

31304 

31648 

31992 

32336 

31395 

31740 

32085 

32430 

31486 

31832 

32178 

32524 

31577 

31924 

3227! 

32618 

31668 

32016 

32364 

32712 

31759 

32108 

32457 

32806 

31850 

32200 

32550 

32900 

95 

30970 

31065 

31160 

31255 

31350 

31445 

31540 

31635 

31730 

31825 

31920 

32015 

32110 

32205 

32300 

32395 

32490 

32585 

32680 

32775 

32870; 

32965 

39060 

33155 

33250 

96 

97 

98 

99 

31296 

31622 

31948 

32274 

31392 

31719 

32046 

32373 

31488 

31816 

32144 

32472 

31584 

31913 

32242 

32571 

3I6S0 

32010 

32340 

32670 

31776 

32107 

32438 

32769 

31872 

32204 

32536 

32868 

31968 

32301 

32634 

32967 

32061 

32398 

32732 

33066 

32160 

32495 

32830 

33165 

32256 

32592 

32928 

33264 

32352 

32689 

33026 

33363 

32448 

32786 

33124 

33462 

32544 

32883 

33222 

33561 

32640 

32980 

33320 

33660 

32736 

33077 

33418 

33759 

32832 

33174 

33516 

33858 

32928 

33271 

33614 

33957 

33024 

33368 

33712 

34056 

33120 

33465 

33810 

34155 

33216 ! 
33562 
3390S 
34254 

33312 

33659 

34006, 

34353 

33408 

33756 

34104 

34452 

33504 

33853 

34202 

34551 

33600 

33950 

34300 

34650 

100 

32600 

32700 

32800 

32900 

33000 

33100 

33200 

33300 

33400 

33500 

3360u 

33700 

33800 

33900 

34000 

34100 

34200 

34300 

34400 

34500 

34600 

34700 

34800 

34900 

35000 


(cotitm. from £vd p. tact) as in last example, then divide the quotient thus obtained by the number ot fractional 
units which is the numerator of the traction j thus, 326 divided by jg- is (5216 • 15) 3 , 5 . (Use the table to 

divide 5216 by 15; from 15 at the lett margin on the opposite page, tollow to the right until coming to the number 
5205 then the quotient, 34-7, is at the head ot this column ; subtractiny 5205 trom 5216, the remainder is 11, 
giving tor the complete quotient 3 4-7-ff). III. Any number not exceeding the extreme limit of the table 
as shown along the top margin, may be divided by any proper traction whatever whose (covtirt. findp. ah’dJ 


91 





































































































































































































f EEU 



COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 

1. 

1 

KWd] 

in 

[35T 

352 

[353 

[354 

[3551 

1356 

1357 

[358 

T359 

1360] 

fcftHMfrlHinMinMiM EMIfrHJEttlEKIEEB 



F 



R 



V 


c 



T 



1 


1 

> 



. 


S 


16 

2 HI 

22 

22,' fi 

nk 

22,4 

22* 

22;| 

221 

22,* 

22* 


221 

22,* 

22* 

22 g 

22 * 

22$ 

23 

23 h 

23* 

23* 6 

23* 

23 ft 

231 

23 7* 

1 

13 

29; 

29 I 

29 A 

29 ; 

29 4 

29| 

29; 

29| 

29 /* 

30 


30* 

30* 

30* 

30 if 

30* 

30,* 

30 f 

30* 

30# 

30t? 

31 

31,* 

31 * 

31 * 

J_ 

35.4 

35 j 

35,4 

35 f 

35 y 

35 | 

351 

35* 

35| 

36 


36* 

36* 

36* 

36* 

36| 

36,* 

36* 

36*o 

37 

37,* 

37* 

37,* 

37 f 

37* 

a 

43 4 

44 


4-4- ; 

44 o 

44; 

44 * 

44; 

44* 

45 

45 b 

45i 

45 * 

45* 

45 e 

45* 

45* 

46 

46* 

46* 

46* 

46* 

46* 

46* 

46* 

e 

58 j 

58 i 

58 g 

59 

59 s 

59; 

59 t 

59* 

59 g 

60 

60* 

60* 

60* 

60* 

601 

61 

61 * 

611 

61 * 

61 i 

61 * 

62 

62; 

62* 

62* 

• 

“s 

20 s 

70 ^ 

70| 

701* 

71 

71 5 

71 i 

71 f 

71$ 

72 

72* 

721 

72 f 

72 3 

73 

73 5 

73* 

73* 

73* 

74 

7H 

74-1 

74* 

74 § 

75 

* 

87; 

88 

88; 

88* 

881 

89 

89; 

89* 

89* 

90 

90 i 

90* 

90* 

91 

91* 

91* 

91* 

92 

92* 

92* 

92 * 

93 

93* 

93* 

93* 

i 

117 

117 * 

mf 

M8 

H8 f 

118* 

119 

119* 

119 | 

120 

120* 

I20f 

121 

121* 

121* 

122 

122* 

1221 

123 

123* 

123 f 

124 

124* 

124* 

125 

~2T 

175s 

176 

116* 

177 

177* 

178 

178* 

179 

179* 

180 

180* 

181 

181* 

182 

182* 

183 

183* 

184 

184* 

185 

m 

186 

In 

187 

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28348 

28721 

29094 

29467 

28424 

28798 

29172 

29546 

28500 

28875 

29250 

29625 

-80 

8 

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8 

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80 

28080 

28160 

28240 

28320 

28400 

28480 

28560 

28640 

28720 

28800 

28880 

28960 

29040 

29120 

29200 

29280 

29360 

29440 

29520 

29600 

29680 

29760 

29840 

29920 

30000 

81 

82 

83 

84 

28431 

28782 

29133 

29484 

28512 

28864 

29216 

29568 

28593 

28946 

29299 

29652 

28674 

29028 

29382 

29736 

28755 

29110 

29465 

29820 

28836 

29192 

29548 

29904 

28917 

29274 

29631 

29988 

28998 

29356 

29714 

30072 

29079 

29438 

29797 

30156 

29160 

29520 

29S80 

30240 

29241 

29602 

29963 

30324 

29322 

29684 

30046 

30408 

29403 

29766 

30129 

30492 

29484 

29848 

30212 

30576 

29565 

29930 

30295 

30660 

29646 

30012 

30378 

30744 

29727 

30094 

30461 

30828 

29808 

30176 

30544 

30912 

29889 

30258 

30627 

30996 

29970 

30340 

30710 

31080 

30051 

30422 

30793 

31164 

30132 

30504 

30876 

31248 

30213 

30586 

30959 

31332 

30294 

30668 

31042 

31416 

30375 

30750 

3.1125 

31500 

85 

29835 

29920 

30005 

30090 

30175 

30260 

30345 

30430 

30515 

30600 

30685 

30770 

30855 

30940 

31025 

31110 

31195 

31280 

31365 

31450 

31535 

31620 

31705 

31790 

31875 

86 

87 

88 
89 

30186 

30537 

30888 

31239 

30272 

30624 

30976 

31328 

30358 

30711 

31064 

31417 

30444 

30798 

31152 

31506 

30530 

30885 

31240 

31595 

30616 

30972 

31328 

31684 

30702 

31059 

31416 

31773 

30788 

3114-6 

31504 

31862 

30874 

31233 

31592 

31951 

30960 

31320 

31680 

32040 

31046 

31407 

31768 

32129 

31132 

31494 

31856 

32218 

31218 

31581 

31944 

32307 

31304 

31668 

32032 

32396 

31390 

31755 

32120 

32485 

31476 

31842 

32208 

32574 

31562 

31929 

32296 

32663 

31648 

32016 

32384 

32752 

31734 

32103 

32472 

32841 

31820 

32190 

32560 

32930 

31906 

32277 

32648 

33019 

31992 

32364 

32736 

33108 

32078 

32451 

32824 

33197 

32164 

32538 

32912 

33286 

32250 

32625 

33000 

33375 


9 O 

9 

o 

9 

o 

9 


9 O 

EHI 

31590 

31680 

31770 

31860 

31950 

32040 

32130 

32220 

32310 

32400 

32490 

32580 

32670 

32760 

32850 

32940 

33030 

33120 

33210 

33300 

33390 

33480 

33570 

33660 

33750 

91 

92 

93 

94 

31941 

32292 

32643 

32994 

32032 

32384 

32736 

33088 

32123 

32476 

32829 

33182 

32214 

32568 

32922 

33276 

32305 

32660 

33015 

33370 

32396 

32752 

33108 

33464 

32487 

32344 

33201 

33558 

32578 

32936 

33294 

33652 

32669 

33028 

33387 

33746 

32760 

33120 

33480 

33840 

32851 

33212 

33573 

33934 

32942 

33304 

33666 

34028 

33033 

33396 

33759 

34122 

33124 

33488 

33852 

34216 

33215 

33580 

33345 

34310 

33306 

33672 

34038 

34404 

33397 

33764 

34131 

34498 

33488 

33856 

34224 

34592 

33579 

33948 

34317 

34686 

33670 

3404C 

34410 

34780 

33761 

34132 

34503 

34874 

33852 

34224 

34596 

34968 

33943 

34316 

34689 

35062 

34034 

34408 

34782 

35156 

34125 

34500 

34875 

35250 

95 

33345 

33440 

33535 

33630 

33725 

33820 

33915 

34010 

34105 

34200 

34295 

34390 

34485 

34580 

34675 

34770 

34865 

34960 

35055 

35150 

35245 

35340 

35435 

35530 

35625 

96 

97 

98 
39 

33696 

34047 

34398 

34749 

33792 

34144 

34496 

34848 

33888 

34241 

34594 

34947 

33984 

34338 

34692 

35046 

34080 

34435 

34790 

35145 

34176 

34532 

34888 

35244 

34272 

34629 

34986 

35343 

34368 

34726 

35084 

35442 

34464 

34823 

35182 

35541 

34560 

34920 

35280 

35640 

34656 

35017 

35378 

35739 

34752 

35114 

35476 

35838 

34848 

35211 

35574 

35937 

34944 

35308 

35672 

36036 

35040 

35405 

35770 

36135 

35136 

35502 

35868 

36234 

35232 

35599 

35966 

36333 

35328 

35696 

36064 

36432 

35424 

35793 

36162 

36531 

35520 

3589 0 
36260 
36630 

35616 

35987 

36358 

36729 

35712 

36084 

36456 

36828 

35808 

36181 

36554 

36927 

35904 

36278 

36652 

37026 

36000 

36375 

36750 

37125 

100 

35100 

35200 

35300 

35400 

35500 

35600 

35700 

35800 

35900 

36000 

36100 

36200 

36300 

36400 

36500 

36600 

36700 

36800 

36900 

37000 

37100 

37200 

37300 

37400 

37500 

(coj 

ft 0 

rig 

qu-o 

due 

/or 

itl V. 

m 31 
it ur 
tien 
ed tc 
the 

/ton 
51 a 
itil 

t; s 
the 
com 

n 3.r 
bove 
com 
ubt' 
lov 
plete 

d p- 
to 
r\g 4 
ract 
/est 
: quo 

back ) denominator does not exceed 100; thus, to divide 351 by fy, descend the column 
the intersection o/ 5 1 *-, where is /ound 18954-; from 51 at the le/t margin /allow to the 
,o the -number 18921, at the top o/ which column is 371, which is the integral part o/ the 
in 9 18921 /rom 18954-, the -remainder is 33, which written over the divisor 51, and re¬ 
terms is ( |f = jy) it i this annexed to the intepral part o/ the quotien-t becomes371 
itient.IIIX. To divide one Traction by another Traction, invert (contirr. on3.vdp.ath’d) 


93 













































































































































































































■■■ 

mam 

mm 

■■■ 

maa 

mmm 

■MM 

■■■ 

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mmm 

mmm 

■■■ 

mmm 

mma 

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mmm 


mmm 

■■■ 

■■■ 

mmm 


■■■ 

— 


1 zvan 


COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON * 

1. 


□ 

EErl 


376 

377 

378 

379 

380 

381 

382383 

38* 

385 

386 

387 

388 

389 

390 

391 

392 

393 

Cm 

395 

396 

397 

398 

E3 

400, 


23 5 

!-JI 

23,1 

231 

231 

23 | 

23 H 

23 a 

[23? 

24 

24,'/ 

24 p 

24,1 

m 

24-k 

24# 

241 

24# 

24k 

24# 

24| 

24# 



241 

:2tn 

25 

13 

31 g 

31* 

31 1 

31* 

31 f 

31 k 

311 

31 fk 

3? 

32,k 

32 k 

32 k 

32# 

32 if 

32# 

32 TT 

32# 

32 k 

321 

32# 

33 

33# 

33 k 

33 k 

33 k 

t 

37 1 

37# 

371 

37 # 

38 

38 f n 

38k 

38 # 

38| 

38k 

38f 

38# 

38| 

38# 

39 

39# 

39# 

39# 

39! 

39 k 

39# 

39# 

39! 

39 # 

40 

£T 

17 

47 # 

47 k 

47 k 

47 k 

47 1 

47 k 

w* 

48 

48 k 

48 k 

48 k 

48 t 

48 f 

48 k 

48 k 

49 

49 # 

49 k 

49! 

49 k 

49| 

49 k 

491 

50 

i 

62 k 

62 f 

63 

63 k 

63k 

63 k 

63 ! 

63 -f 

64 

64k 

64k 

G4-t 

64k 

64 f 

65 

65k 

65 k 

65 k 

65! 

65! 

66 

66 k 

66 k 

66 k 

6Gi 

#r 

in 

75 f 

75 f 

75 t 

76 

76 k 

76| 

76 f 

76 k 

77 

77k 

77 ! 

77 | 

77! 

78 

78# 

78f 

78# 

78! 

79 

1 9# 

79! 

79 | 

79 k 

80 


94 

94k 

94k 

94k 

95 

95 k 

95 k 

95 k 

96 

96k 

96k 

96 k 

97 

97k 

97 k 

97 k 

98 

98 k 

98 k 

S8k 

99 

99 k 

99 k 

99 k 

100 

■ 

125k 

125 f 

126 

126 k 

126 j 

127 

127 k 

127 § 

128 

128k 

128# 

129 

129 k 

129 j 

130 . 

130k 

130 ! 

131 

131 # 

1311 

132 

122 k 

I32| 

133 

133 k 

1 

*sT 

188 

1881 

189 

189 k 

190 

190k 

191 

191 k 

192 

192k 

193 

19^ 

194 

194k 

195 

195 k 

196 

196 k 

197 

197 k 

198 

198 k 

199 

199 k 

200 

i 

376 

377 

■Ji 

378 

379 

^80S 

I38 1 

38T 

383 

384 

385 

386 

?87 

H 9 

388 

389 

390 

391 

392 

393 

394 

395 

396 

397 

398 

399 

4 00 

7 . 

7 52 

754 

756 

758 

760 

762 

764- 

766 

768 

770 

772 

774 

776 

778 

780 

782 

784- 

786 

788 

790 

792 

794 

796 

798 

8 00 

3 

1128 

1131 

1134 

1137 

1140 

114-3 

1146 

1149 

1152 

1155 

1158 

1161 

1164 

1167 

1170 

1173 

1176 

1179 

1182 

1185 

1188 

1191 

1194 

1197 

1200 

4 - 

1504 

1508 

1512 

1516 

1520 

1524 

1528 

1532 

1536 

1540 

1544 

1548 

1552 

1556 

1560 

1564 

1568 

1572 

1576 

1580 

1584 

1588 

1592 

1596 

1600 

111 

EES 

REE 

REE 


RED 


EE 

EE 

Mb) 


IFJE 

\m\ 

lEE 

EE 


1955 

I960 

1965 

1970 

1975 

1980 

1985 

1990 

1995 

2000 

6 

2256 

2262 

2268 

2274 

2280 

2286 

2292 

2298 

2304 

2310 

2316 

2322 

2328 

2334 

2340 

2346 

5352 

2358 

2364 

2370 

2376 

2382 

2388 

2394 

2400 

7 

2632 

2639 

2646 

2653 

2660 

2667 

2674 

2681 

2688 

2695 

2702 

2709 

2716 

2723 

2730 

2737 

2744 

2751 

2758 

2765 

2772 

2779 

2786 

2793 

2800 

8 

3008 

3016 

3024 

3032 

3040 

3048 

3056 

3064 

3072 

3080 

3088 

3096 

3104 

3112 

3120 

3128 

3136 

3144 

3152 

3160 

3168 

3176 

3184 

3192 

3200 

8 

3384 

3393 

3402 

3411 

3420 

3429 

3438 

3447 

3456 

3465 

3474 

3483 

3492 

3501 

3510 

3519 

3528 

3537 

3546 

3555 

3564 

3573 

3582 

3591 

3600 

!uT 

3760 

3170 

LM^ 

3780 

3790 

3300 

3810 

3820 

3830 

3840 

3850 

3860 

3870 

3880 

3890 

3900 

33.0 

3920 

3930 

3940 

3950 

39 <30 

3970 

3380 

3990 

4000 

ii 

4136 

4147 

4158 

4169 

4180 

4191 

4202 

4213 

4224 

4235 

4246 

4257 

4268 

4279 

4290 

4301 

4-312 

4323 

4334 

4345 

4356 

4367 

4378 

4389 

4400 

12 

4512 

4524 

4536 

4548 

4560 

4572 

4584 

4596 

4608 

4620 

4632 

4644 

4656 

4668 

4680 

4692 

4704 

4716 

4728 

4740 

4752 

4764 

4776 

47 88 

4800 

13 

4888 

4901 

4914 

4927 

4940 

4953 

4966 

4979 

4992 

5005 

5018 

5031 

5044 

5057 

5070 

5083 

5096 

5109 

5122 

5135 

5148 

5161 

5174 

5187 

5200 

14 

5264 

5278 

5292 

5306 

5320 

5334 

5348 

5362 

5376 

5390 

5404 

5418 

5432 

5446 

5460 

5474 

5488 

5502 

5516 

5530 

5544 

5558 

5572 

5586 

5600 

15 

5640 

5655 

5670 

5685 

5700 

5715 

5730 

5745 1 

5760 

5775 

5790 

5805 

5820 

5835 

5850 

5865 

[5880 

5895 

5910 

5925 

5940 

5955 

5970 

5985 

6000 


6016 

6032 

6048 

6064 

6080 

6096 

6112 

6128 

6144 

6160 

6176 

6192 

6208 

6224 

6240 

6256 

[6272 

6288 

6304 

6320 

6336 

[6352 

6368 

6384 

6400 

17 

6392 

6409 

6426 

6443 

6460 

6477 

6494 

6511 

6528 

6545 

6562 

6579 

6596 

6613 

6630 

6647 

6664 

6681 

6698 

6715 

6732 

6749 

6766 

6783 

6800 

18 

6768 

6786 

6804 

6822 

6840 

6858 

6876 

6894 

6912 

6930 

6948 

6966 

6984 

7002 

7020 

7038 

7056 

7074 

7092 

7110 

7128 

7146 

7164 

7182 

7200 

IS 

7144 

7163 

7182 

7201 

7220 

7239 

7258 

7277 

7296 

7315 

7334 

7353 

7372 

7391 

7410 

7429 

7448 

7467 

7486 

7505 

7524 

7543 

7562 

7581 

7600 

lm 

7520 

7541 

7560 

7580 

7600 

7620 

7640 

7660 

7680 

7700 

7720 

7740 

7760 

7780 

7800 

7820 

7840 

7860 

7880 

7900 

ifKHTTH t!i Pfc I* r#i F ■ 

| 21 

7896 

7917 

7938 

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8001 

8022 

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8064 

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8106 

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8169 

8190 

8211 

8232 

8253 

8274 

8295 

8316 

8337 

8358 

8379 

8400 

1 22 

8272 

8294 

8316 

8338 

8360 

8382 

8404 

8426 

8448 

8470 

8492 

8514- 

8536 

8558 

8580 

8602 

8624 

8646 

8668 

8690 

8712 

8734 

8756 

8778 

8800 

1 23 

8648 

8671 

8694 

8717 

8740 

8763 

8786 

8809 

8832 

8855 

8878 

8901 

8924 

8947 

8970 

8993 

9016 

9039 

9062 

9085 

9108 

9131 

9154 

9177 

9200 

B 24 

9024 

9048 

9072 

9096 

9120 

9144 

9168 

9192 

9216 

9240 

9264 

9288 

9312 

9336 

9360 

9384 

9408 

9432 

9456 

9480 

9504 

9528 

9552 

9576 

9600 

IEH 

9400 

9425 

9450 

9475 

9500 

9525 

9550 

9575 

9600 

9625 

9650 

9175 

9700 

9725 

9750 

9775 

9800 

9825 

9850 

9875 

9900 

9925 

9950 

9975 

10000 

1 26 

9776 

9802 

9828 

9854 

9880 

9906 

9932 

9958 

9984 

10010 

10036 

10062 

10088 

10114 

10140 

10166 

10192 

102*8 

10244 

H0270 

10296 

10322 

10348 

10374 

10400 

I 27 

10152 

10179 

10206 

10233 

10260 

10287 

10314 

10341 

10368 

10395 

10422 

10449 

10476 

10503 

10530 

10557 

10584 

10611 

10638 

10665 

10692 

10719 

10746 

10773 

10800 

1 23 

10528 

10556 

10584 

10612 

10640 

10668 

10696 

10724 

10752 

107 SO 

10808 

10836 

10864 

10892 

10920 

10948 

10976 

11004 

11032 

11060 

11088 

11)16 

II144 

11172 

11200 

1 29 

10904 

10933 

10962 

10991 

11020 

11049 

11078 

II107 

11136 

11165 

11194 

11223 

11252 

11281 

11310 

11339 

11368 

11397 

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11455 

11484 

11513 

11542 

11571 

11600 

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11904 

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12028 

12059 

12090 

12121 

12152 

12183 

12214 

12245 

12276 

12307 

12338 

12369 

12400 

1 32 

12032 

12064 

12096 

12128 

12160 

12192 

12224 

12256 

12288 

12320 

12352 

12384 

12416 

12448 

12480 

12512 

12544 

12576 

12608 

12640 

12672 

12704 

12736 

12768 

12800 

| 33 

12408 

12441 

12474 

12507 

12540 

12573 

12606 

12639 

12672 

12705 

12738 

12771 

12804 

12837 

12870 

12903 

12936 

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13035 

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13101 

13134 

13167 

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1 34 

12784 

12818 

12852 

12886 

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12988 

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13056 

13090 

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17380 

17424 

17468 

17512 

17556 

17600 

lea 

16920 

16965 

17010 

17055 

17100 

17145 

17190 

17235 

17280 

17325 

17370 

17415 

17460 

17505 

17550 

17595 

17640 

17685 

17730 

17775 

17820 

17865 

17910 

17955 

18000 

46 

17296 

17342 

17388 

17434 

17480 

17526 

17572 

17618 

17664 

17710 

17756 

17802 

17848 

17894 

17940 

17986 

18032 

18078 

18124 

18170 

18216 

18262 

18308 

18354 

18400 

47 

17672 

17719 

17766 

17813 

17860 

17907 

17954 

18001 

18048 

18095 

18142 

18189 

18236 

18283 

18330 

18377 

18424 

18471 

18518 

18565 

18612 

18659 

18706 

18753 

18800 

48 

18048 

18096 

18144 

18192 

18240 

18288 

18336 

18384 

18432 

18480 

18528 

18576 

18624 

18672 

18720 

18768 

18816 

18864 

18912 

18960 

19008 

19056 

19104 

19152 

19200 

49 

18424 

18473 

18522 

18571 

18620 

18669 

18718 

18767 

18816 

18365 

18914 

18963 

19012 

19061 

19110 

19159 

19208 

19257 

19306 

19355 

19404 

19453 

19502 

19551 

19600 


94 










































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 


400 


376 377 378 379 


391 392 


393 391 3951396 397 398 399 400 


5 O 

S 

3 

s 


-HW*jBRHflBSSSc 



50 

IS300 

18850 

18900 

18950 

19000 

19050 

19100 

19150 

19200 

19250 

19300 

19350 

19400 

19450 

19500 

19550 

19600 

19650 

19700 

19750 

19800 

19850 

19900 

[SEKl'MtruM 

r 5l 

52 

53 
54- 

19176 

19552 

19923 

20304 

19227 

19604 

19981 

20358 

19278 

19656 

20034 

20412 

19329 

19708 

20087 

20466 

19380 

19760 

20140 

20520 

19431 

19812 

20193 

20574 

19482 

19864 

20246 

20628 

19533 

19916 

20299 

20682 

19584 

19968 

20352 

20736 

19635 

20020 

20405 

20790 

19686 

20072 

20458 

20894 

19737 

20124 

20511 

20898 

19788 

20176 

20564 

20952 

19839 

20228 

20617 

21006 

19890 

20280 

20670 

21060 

19941 

20332 

20723 

21114 

19992 

20384 

20776 

21168 

20043 

20436 

20829 

21222 

20094 

20488 

20882 

21576 

20145 

20540 

20935 

21330 

20196 

20592 

20938 

21384 

20247 

20644 

21041 

21438 

20298 

20696 

21094 

21492 

20349 

20748 

21147 

21546 

20400 

20800 

21200 

21600 

55 

20680 

20735 

20790 

20845 

20900 

20955 

21010 

21065 

21120 

21175 

21230 

21285 

21340 

21395 

20+50 

21505 

21560 

21615 

21670 

21725 

21780 

21835 

21890 

21945 

22000 

56 

57 

58 

59 

21056 

21432 

21808 

22184 

21112 

21489 

21866 

22243 

21168 

21546 

21924 

22302 

21224 

21603 

21982 

22361 

21280 

21660 

22040 

22420 

21336 

21717 

22098 

22478 

21392 

21774 

22156 

22538 

21448 

21831 

22214 

22597 

21504 

21888 

22272 

22656 

21560 

21345 

22330 

22715 

21616 

22002 

22388 

22774 

21672 

22059 

22446 

22833 

21728 

22116 

22504 

22892 

21784 

22173 

22562 

2295! 

21840 

22230 

22620 

23010 

21896 

22287 

22678 

23069 

21952 

22344 

22736 

23128 

22008 

22401 

22794 

23187 

22064 

22458 

22852 

23246 

22120 

22515 

22910 

23305 

22176 

22572 

22968 

23364 

22232 

22629 

23026 

23423 

22288 

22686 

23084 

23482 

22344 

22743 

23142 

23541 

22400 

22800 

23200 

23600 


6 O 

6 

o 

... •> 6 

o 

6 O 


6 O 

■ 

_ 

m 

22560 

22620 

22680 

22740 

22800 

22860 

22920 

22980 

23040 

23100 

23160 

23220 

23280 

23340 

23400 

23460 

23520 

23580 

23640 

23700g23760 

23820 

23880 

23940 

24000 

61 

62 

63 

64 

22936 

23312 

23638 

24064 

22997 

23274 

23751 

24128 

23058 

23436 

23814 

24192 

23119 

23498 

23877 

24256 

23180 

23560 

23940 

24320 

23241 

23622 

24003 

24384 

23302 

23684 

24066 

24448 

23363 

23746 

24129 

24512 

23424 

23808 

24192 

24576 

23485 

23870 

24255 

24640 

23596 

23932 

29318 

29709 

23607 

23994 

24381 

24768 

'23668 

24056 

24444 

24832 

23729 

24118 

24507 

24896 

23730 

24180 

24570 

24960 

23851 

24242 

24533 

25024 

23912 

24304 

24696 

25088 

23973 

24366 

24759 

25152 

24034 

24428 

24822 

25216 

24095 

24490 

24885 

25280 

24156 

24552 

24948 

25344, 

24217 

24614 

25011 

25408 

24278 

24676 

25074 

25472 

24339 

24738 

25137 

25536 

24400 

24800 

25200 

25600 

65 

24440 

24505 

24570 

24635 

24700 

24765 

24830 

24895 

24960 

25025 

25090 

25155 

25220 

25285 

25350 

25415 

25480 

25545 

25610 

25675 

25740 

25805 

25870 

25935 

26000 

66 

67 

68 
69 

24816 

25192 

25563 

25344 

24882 

25259 

25636 

26013 

24948 

25326 

25704 

26082 

25014 

25393 

25772 

26151 

25080 

25460 

25840 

26220 

25146 

25521 

25908 

26289 

25212 

25594 

25976 

26358 

25278 

25661 

26044 

26427 

25344 

25728 

26112 

26496 

25410 

25795 

26180 

26565 

25476 

25862 

26248 

26639 

25542 

25929 

26316 

26703 

25608 

25996 

26384 

26772 

25674 

26063 

26452 

26841 

25740 

2GI30 

26520 

26910 

25806 

26197 

26588 

26979 

25872 

26264 

26656 

27048 

25938 

26331 

26724 

27117 

26004 

26398 

26792 

27186 

26070 

26465 

26860 

27255 

26136 

26532 

26928 

27324 

26202 

26599 

26996 

27393 

26268 

26666 

27064 

27462 

26334 

26733 

27132 

2753! 

26400 

26800 

27200 

27600 





26320 

26390 

26460 

26530 

26600 

26670 

26740 

26810 

26880 

26950 

27020 

27090 

27160 

27230 

27300 

27370 

27440 

27510 

27580 

27650 

27720 

27790 

27860 

27930 

28000 

28400 

28800 

29200 

29600 

71 

72 

73 

7»f 

26696 

27072 

27448 

27824 

26767 
27144 
27521 
27898 

26838 

27216 

27594 

27972 

26909 

27288 

27667 

28046 

26980 

27360 

27740 

28120 

27051 

27432 

27813 

28194 

27122 

27504 

27886 

28268 

27193 

27576 

27959 

28342 

27264 

27648 

28032 

28416 

27335 

27720 

28105 

28490 

27906 

27792 

28178 

28564 

27477 

27864 

28251 

28638 

27548 

27936 

28324 

28712 

27619 

28008 

28397 

28786 

27690 

28080 

28470 

28860 

27761 

26152 

28543 

28934 

27832 

28224 

28616 

29008 

27903 

28296 

28689 

29082 

27974 

28368 

28162 

29156 

28045 

28440 

28835 

29230 

28116 

28512 

28908 

29304 

28187 

28584 

28981 

29378 

B258 

28656 

29054 

29452 

28329 

28728 

29127 

29526 

75 

28200 

28275 

28350 

28425 

28500 

28575 

28650 

28725 

28800 

28875 

28950 

29025 

29100 

29175 

29250 

29325 

29400 

29475 

29550 

29625 

29700 

29775 

29850 

29925 

30000 

76 

77 

78 

79 

28576 

28352 

29328 

29704 

28652 

29029 

29406 

29783 

28728 

29106 

29484 

29862 

28804 

29183 

29562 

29941 

28880 

29260 

29640 

30020 

23956 

29337 

29718 

30099 

29032 

29414 

29796 

30178 

29108 

29491 

29874 

30257 

29184 

29568 

29952 

30336 

29260 

29645 

30030 

30415 

29336 

29722 

30108 

30999 

29412 

29799 

30186 

30573 

29488 

29876 

30264 

30652 

29564 

29953 

30342 

30731 

29640 

30030 

30420 

30810 

29716 

30107 

30498 

30889 

29792 

30184 

30576 

30968 

29868 

30261 

30654 

31047 

29944 

30338 

30732 

31126 

30020 

30415 

30810 

31205 

30096 

30492 

30888 

31284 

30172 

30569 

30966 

31363 

30248 

30646 

31044 

31442 

30324 

30723 

31122 

31521 

30400 

30800 

31200 

31600 


20080 


30160 


30240 


30320 


30400 


30480 


30560 


30640 


30120 


30800 


30880 30960 31040 3H20 31200 


31280 31360 31440 


31520 


3.1600 


31680 


31760 


31840 31920 


81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 
89 


91 

92 

93 
34 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 


30456 

30832 

31208 

31584 


30531 

30914 

31291 

31668 


30618 

30996 

31374 

31752 


30699 

31078 

31457 

31836 


30180 

31160 

31540 

31920 


30861 

31242 

31623 

3200' 


30942 
31324 3 
31706 
432088 


31023 

1406 

31789 

32172 


31104 

31488 

31872 

32256 


31185 

31570 

31955 

32340 


31266 

31652 

32038 

32424 


31347 

3173' 

32121 

32508 


31428 
431816 
32204 3: 
32592 


31509 

31898 

5287 

32676 


31590 

31980 

32370 

32760 


31671 

32062 

32453 

32844 


31752 

32144 

32536 

32928 


31833 

32226 

32619 

33012 


31914 

32308 

32702 

33096 


31995 

32390 

32785 

33180 


32076 

32472 

32868 

332643: 


32157 

32554 

32951 

3348 


32238 

32636 
33034 3: 
33432 


32319 

32718 

3117 

33516 


32400 

32800 

33200 

33600 


31960 


32045 


32130 


32215 


32300 


32385 


32470 


32555 


32640 


32725 


32810 


32895 


32980 


33065 


33150 


33235 


33320 


33405 


33490 


33575 


33660 


33745 


33830 


33915 


34000 


32336 
32712 
33088 
33464 3: 


32422 

32799 

33176 

3553 


32508 

32886 

33264 

33642 


32594 

32973 

33352 

33731 


32680 

33060 

33440 

33820 


32766 

33147 

33528 

33909 


32852 

33234 

33616 

33998 


|33840;3: 


132938 

33321 

337041 

34087 

3E 

34470 


33024 

33401 

33792 

34176 


33110 

833495 

33880 

34265 


33196 

33582 

33968 

34354 


33282 

33669 


33368 

33756 


3405634144 


34443 


34560 


34650 


34532 

DE 


33454 

33843 

34232 

34621 


33540 

33930 

34320 

34710 


33626 

34017 

34408 

34799 


33712 

34104 

34496 

34888 


34740 34830 34920 


35010 


35100 


33798 

34191 

34584 

34977 

HE 


33884 

34278 

34672 

35066 


33970 

34365 

34760 

35155 


34056 

34452 

34848 

3524 


34142 

34539 

34936 

435333 


34228 

34626 

35024 

35422 


35190 35280 35370 


3546035550 


35640 


35730 35820 


34314 

34713 

35112 

35511 

35910 


34400 

34800 

35200 

35600 

36000 


34216 
34592 
349683: 
35344 3 


34307 

34684 

5061 

5438 


34398 

34776 

35154 

35532 


3448: 

348683' 

35247 

35626 


:9 34580 
4960 
35340 
35720 


34671 

35052 

35433 

35814 


34762 

35144 

35526 

35908 


34853 

35236 

35619 

36002 


3494 

35328 

35712 

36096 


435035 

35420 

35805 

36190 


35126 

35512 

358983: 

36284 


35217 

3560 

5991 

36378 


35308 

435696 

36084 

36472 


35399 

35 788 
36177 
36566 


35490 

35880 

36270 

36660 


35581 

35972 

36363 

36754 


35672 

36064 
364563 
36848 3' 


35763 

36156 

6549 

6942 


358543 

36248 3' 

36642 

37036 


5945 

6340 

36735 

37130 


36C36 3i 

3643! 
36828 
3722' 


6127 

2 365243: 

36921 
14 37318 


36218 

6616 

37014 

37412 


36309 

36708 

37107 

37501 


36400 

36800 

37200 

637600 


35720 35815 


35910 


3600536100 


36195 


36290 


36385 


3648036575 


36670 


3 6 765 3 6 860 


36955 


37050 


37145 


3724037335 


37 430 


37525 


37620 


37715 


37810 


37905 


36096 
36472 
36848 3: 
37224 3 


36192 

365S9 

6946 

7323 


36288 

36666 

37044 

37422 


37600 


37700 


37800 


363843 

36763 

37142 

37521 

3790' 


6480 

36860 

37240 

37620 


36576 

36957 

37338 

37719 


36672 

37054 

37436 

37818 


36768 

37151 

37534 

37917 


36864 

37248 

37632 

38016 


36960 

37345 

37730 

38115 


37056 

37442 

37828 

38214 


37152 

37539 

37926 

38313 


37248 

37636 

38024 

38412 


37344 

37733 

38122 

38511 


37440 

37830 

38220 

38610 


37536 

37927 

38318 

38709 


37632 

38024 

38416 

38808 


37728 

38121 

38514 

38907 


37824 3 

38218 3 

38612 

39006 


7920 

8315 

38710 

39105 


38016 

38412 
38808 
39204 3: 


38H2 

38509 3: 
38906 3' 
9303 


382083 

8606 

9004 

39402 


10 38000 


38100 


38200 


38300 


38400 385001 


38600 


3870038800 


38900 


39000 


39100 


39200 


39300 


3940039500 


39600 


8304 

38703 
39102 
39501 
397003980039900 


38000 

38400 

38800 

39200 

39600 


40000 


[contin. from 2nd p. back) the divisor, then divide the product of the numerators by the product of the de¬ 
nominators ; thus, the quotient of §y divided by yp = = . 1384 ) I m • ( Turn to 

section I to 25 of the table to qet the products of the numerators and denominators), 
jffll. jo divide one mixed number by another mixed number, reduce both to improper fractions, 
then proceed as in the last example; thus, the quotient of I9i divided by 8y is ( I9g 4- 8y = 

— x = 2^ ) 2^|-. ( Use table to perform all operations in this example). 


ILL _i. £2. 

7 


95 










































































































































































































trgSf l COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. iLT^vl 



HOI 

4-02 

403 

404 

HO 5 

406 

2 ?f 

331 
40f 
50f 

407 

25? 
33re 
40 jo 
501 

408 

251 
34 
401 
51 

409 

25| 
34,1 
40 re 
511 

4IO 

411 

412 

413 

414 

415 

416 

417 

|*H8[4I9 

[420 

421 

422 

BOMB 

423 

f434 

Ki 

425 

A 

t 

25.4 
33 if 
f04 
504 

25i 
33 5 - 
foi 
50 v 

25 ^ 
33 £ 

m 

50* 

25 i 
33| 
40f 
50-j- 

25j| 
33 £ 
40f 
50| 

251 

341 

41 

511 

25,1 
341 
41 io 
51 1 

25 1 

341 

411 

511 

25 f| 

34j| 

41 re 
51# 

5? 

341 
4lf 
511 

25,1 

341 

411 

511 

26 
341 
411 
52 

261 

34f 
41 jo 
521 

261 

341 
411 
521 

26f 6 

34M 

52 i 

F? 

35 

42 

521 

26,| 

351 

421 

521 

26i 
351 
421 
521 

26 f 6 

351 
42 re 
521 

261 

351 

421 

53 

26i| 
351 
421 
531 

T 

661 

67 

67 i 

67 i 

67 1 

67 t 

67 | 

68 

68 i 

68 y 

681 

681 

68 f 

69 

69 g 

69 1 

691 

691 

691 

\W~ 

70* 

701 

70 a 

TOi 

701 

■ 

s 

"4? 

■ 

3 

804 
I00| 
133 4 
2004 

80 § 
100 ^ 
134 
201 

80f 

iooi 

I34j 

2015 - 

801 

101 

m} 

202 

81 

1011 

135 

202 i 

81 5 
1011 
135 5 
203 

811 

1011 
1351 
2031 

811 

102 

136 

204 

811 

1021 

1361 

2041 

82 

1021 

1361 

205 

821 

1021 

137 

2051 

82# 

103 
*371 
206 

821 

1031 
1371 
2061 

821 

1031 

138 

207 

83 

1031 
1381 
207 j 

831 

104 

1381 

208 

83| 

1041 

139 

2081 

831 

1041 

1391 

209 

■ n 

831 

1041 

I39f 

2091 

105 

140 

210 

841 

1051 

I40y 

2101 

841 

1051 

!40l 

211 

84f 

1051 

141 

2ll! 

841 

106 

I4ll 

212 

85 

1061 
I4if 
212 j 

2 

3 

4 

4-01 

802 

1203 

1604- 

*+02 

804 

1206 

1608 

403 

806 

1209 

1612 

404 

808 

1212 

1616 

'40 5 

8IO 

1215 

1620 

4-0G 

812 

1218 

1624 

407 

8)4 

1221 

1628 

408 

816 

1224 

1632 

409 

818 

1227 

1636 

410 

820 

1230 

1640 

41 1 

822 

1233 

1644 

412 

824 

1236 

1648 

BJH 

413 

826 

1239 

1652 

414 

828 

1242 

1656 

415 

830 

1245 

1660 

Vi v 

832 

1248 

1664 

417 

834 

1251 

1668 

418 

836 

1254 

1672 

419 

838 

1257 

1676 

420 

840 

1260 

1680 

421 

842 

1263 

1684 

422 

844 

1266 

1688 

423 

846 

1269 

1692 

424 

848 

1272 

1696 

425 

850 

1275 

1700 

S 

2005 

2010 

2015 

2020 

2025 

2030 

2035 

2040 

2045 

2050 

2055 

2060 

2065 

2070 

2075 

2080 

2085 

2090 

2095 

2100 

2105 

2110 

2115 

2120 

2125 

6 

7 

8 

9 

24-06 

2807 

3208 

3609 

24-12 

2814- 

3216 

3618 

2418 

2821 

3224 

3627 

2424 

2828 

3232 

3636 

2430 

2835 

3240 

3645 

243 G 

2842 

3248 

3654 

2442 

2849 

3256 

3663 

2448 

2856 

3264 

3672 

2454 

2863 

3272 

3681 

2460 

2870 

3280 

3690 

2466 

2877 

3288 

3699! 

2472 

2884 

3296 

3708 

2478 

2891 

3304 

3717 

2484 

2898 
3312 
3726 1 

2490 

2905 

3320 

3735 

2496 

29!2 

3328 

3744 

2502 

2919 

3336 

37531 

2508 

2926 

3344 

3762 

2514 

2933 

3352 

3771 

2520 

2940 

3360 

3780 

2526 

2947 

3368 

3789 

2532 

2954 

3376 

3798 

2538 

2961 

3384 

3807 

2544 

2968 

3392 

3816 

2550 

2975 

3400 

3825 

10 

1 0 


1 0 

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18568 

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18189 

18612 

17384 

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18232 

18656 

17425 

17850 

18275 

18700 

45 

18045 

18090 

18135 

18180 

18225 

18270 

18315 

18360 

18405 

18450 

18495 

18540 

18585 

18630 

18675 

18720 

18765 

18810 

18855 

18900 

18945 

18990 

19035 

19080 

19125 

46 

47 

48 

49 

18446 

18847 

19248 

19649 

18492 

18894 

19296 

19698 

18538 

18941 

19344 

19747 

18584 

18988 

19392 

19796 

18630 

19035 

19440 

19845 

18676 

19082 

19488 

19894 

18722 

19129 

19536 

19943 

18768 

19176 

19584 

19992 

18814 

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19632 

20041 

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19680 

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18906 

19317 

19728 

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19364 

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19411 

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20237 

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19872 

20286 

19090 

19505 

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20256 

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20304 

20727 

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19928 

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19550 

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COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 




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s o 

20050 

20100 

20150 

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20350 

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20550 

20600 

20650 

20700 

20750 

20800 

20850 

20900 

20950 

21000 

21050 

21100 

21150 

21200 

21250 

51 

53 

53 

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204-51 

20852 

21253 

21654- 

20502 

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21306 

21708 

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20956 

21359 

21762 

20604 

21008 

21412 

21816 

20655 20706 

21060 21112 
21465 21518 
21870 21924 

20757 

21164 

21571 

21978 

20808 

21216 

21624 

22032 

20859 

21268 

21677 

22086 

20910 

21320 

21730 

22140 

20961 

21372 

21783 

22194 

21012 

21424 

21836 

22248 

21063 

21476 

21889 

22302 

21114 

21528 

21942 

22356 

21165 

21580 

21995 

22410 

21216 

21632 

22048 

22464 

21267 

21684 

22101 

22518 

21318 

21736 

22154 

22572 

21369 

21788 

22207 

22626 

21420 

21840 

22260 

22680 

21471 

21892 

22313 

22734 

21522 

21944 

22366 

22788 

21573 

21996 

22419 

22842 

21624 

22048 

22472 

22896 

21675 

22100 

22525 

22950 

55 

22055 

22110 

22165 

22220 

22275 22330 

22385 

22440 

22495 

22550 

22605 

22660 

22715 

22770 

22825 

22880 

22935 

22990 

23045 

23100 

23155 

23210 

23265 

23320 

23375 

56 

57 

58 

59 

22456 

22857 

23258 

23659 

22512 

22914 

23316 

23718 

22568 

22971 

23374 

23777 

22624 

23028 

23432 

23836 

22680 22736 

23085 23142 
23490 23548 
23895 23954 

22792 

23199 

23606 

24013 

22848 

23256 

23664 

24072 

22904 

23313 

23722 

24131 

22960 

23370 

23780 

24190 

23016 

23427 

23838 

24249 

23072 

23484 

23896 

24308 

23128 

23541 

23954 

24367 

23184 

23598 

24012 

24426 

23240 

23655 

24070 

24485 

23296 

23712 

24128 

24544 

23352 

23769 

24186 

24603 

23408 

23826 

24244 

24662 

23464 

23883 

24302 

24721 

23520 

23940 

24360 

24780 

23576 

23997 

24418 

24839 

23632 

24054 

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24898 

23688 

24111 

24534 

24957 

23744 

24168 

24592 

25016 

23800 

24225 

24650 

25075 


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24060 

24120 

24180 

24240 

24300 

24360 

24420 

24480 

24540 

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24660 

24720 

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24840 

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24960 

25020 

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25140 

25200 

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25380 

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61 

62 

63 

64 

24461 

24862 

25263 

25664 

24522 

24924 

25326 

25728 

24583 

24986 

25389 

25792 

24644 

25048 

25452 

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24705 

25110 

25515 

25920 

24766 

25172 

25578 

25984 

24827 

25234 

35641 

26048 

24888 

25296 

25704 

26112 

24949 

25358 

25767 

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25420 

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26240 

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25482 

25893 

26304 

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26368 

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25606 

26019 

26432 

25254 

25668 

26082 

26496 

25315 

25730 

26145 

26560 

25376 

25792 

26208 

26624 

25437 

25854 

26271 

26688 

25 498 
25916 
26334 
26752 

25559 

25978 

26397 

26816 

25620 

26040 

26460 

26830 

25631 

26102 

26523 

26944 

25742 

26164 

26586 

27008 

25803 

26226 

26649 

27072 

25864 

26288 

26712 

27136 

25925 

26350 

26775 

27200 

65 

28065 

26130 

26195 

26260 

26325 

26390 

26455 

26520 

26585 

26650 

26715 

26780 

26845 

26910 

26975 

27040 

27105 

27170 

27235 

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27365 

27430 

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27560 

27625 

66 

67 

68 
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26466 

26867 

27268 

27669 

26532 

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27336 

27738 

26598 

27001 

27404 

27807 

26664 

27068 

27472 

27876 

26730 

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27269 

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28083 

2.6928 

27336 

27744 

28152 

26994 

27403 

27812 

28221 

27060 

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27126 

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27948 

28359 

27192 

27604 

28016 

28428 

27258 

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28084 

28497 

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28152 

28566 

27390 

27805 

28220 

28635 

27456 

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28288 

28704 

27522 

27939 

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28006 

28424 

28842 

27654 

28073 

28492 

28911 

27720 

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28207 

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29118 

27918 

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28764 

29187 

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28408 

28832 

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70 

23070 

28140 

28210 

28280 

28350 

28420 

28490 

28560 

28630 

28700 

28770 

28840 

28910 

28980 

29050 

29120 

29190 

29260 

29330 

29400 

29470 

29540 

29610 

29680 

29750 

71 

72 

73 

74 

28471 

28872 

29273 

29674 

28542 

28944 

29346 

29748 

28613 

29016 

29419 

29822 

28684 

29088 

29492 

29896 

28755 

29160 

29565 

29970 

28826 

29232 

29638 

30044 

28897 

29304 

29711 

30118 

28968 

29376 

29784 

30192 

29039 

29448 

29857 

30266 

29110 

29520 

29930 

30340 

29181 

29592 

30003 

30414 

29252 

29664 

30076 

30488 

29323 

29736 

30149 

30562 

29394 

29808 

30222 

30636 

29465 
298 80 
30295 
30710 

29536 

29952 

30368 

30734 

29607 

30024 

30441 

30858 

29678 

30096 

30514 

30932 

29749 

30168 

30587 

31006 

29820 

30240 

30660 

31080 

29891 

30312 

30733 

31154 

29962 

30384 

30806 

31228 

30033 

30456 

30879 

31302 

30104 

30528 

30952 

31376 

30175 

30600 

31025 

31450 

75 

30075 

30150 

30225 

30300 

30375 

30450 

30525 

30600 

30675 

30750 

30825 

30900 

30975 

31050 

31125 

31200 

31275 

31350 

31425 

31500 

31575 

31650 

31725 

31800 

31875 

76 

77 

78 

79 

30476 

30877 

31278 

31679 

30552 

30954 

31356 

31758 

30628 

31031 

31434 

31837 

30704 

31108 

31512 

31916 

30780 

31185 

31590 

31995 

30856 
31262 
31668 
32074 

30932 

31339 

31746 

32153 

31008 

31416 

31824 

32232 

31084 

31493 

31902 

32311 

31160 

31570 

31980 

32390 

31236 

31647 

32058 

32469 

31312 

31724 

32136 

32548 

31388 

31801 

32214 

32627 

31464 

31878 

32292 

32706 

31540 

31955 

32370 

32785 

31616 

32032 

32448 

32864 

31692 

32109 

32526 

32943 

31768 

32186 

32604 

33022 

31844 

32263 

32682 

33101 

31920 

32340 

32760 

33180 

31996 

32417 

32838 

33259 

32072 

32494 

32916 

33338 

32148 

32571 

32994 

33417 

32224 

S2648 

33072 

33496 

32300 

32725 

33150 

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8 O 

8 

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80 

32080 

32160 

32240 

32320 

32400 

32480 

32560 

32640 

32720 

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32960 

33040 

33120 

33200 

33280, 

33360 

33440 

33520 

33600 

33680 

33760 

33840 

33920 

34000 

81 

82 

83 

84 

32481 

32882 

33283 

33684 

32562 

32964 

33366 

33768 

32643 

33046 

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33852 

32724 

33128 

33535 

33936 

32805 

33210 

33615 

34020 

32886 

33292 

33698 

34104 

32967 

33374 

33781 

34188 

33048 

33456 

33S64 

34272 

33129 

33538 

33947 

34356 

33QIO 

33620 

34030 

34440 

33291 

33702 

34113 

34524 

33372 

33784 

34196 

34608 

33453 

33866 

34279 

34692 

33534 

33948 

34362 

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33615 

34030 

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34860 

33696 

34112 

34523 

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34194 

34611 

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34278 

34694 

35112 

33939 

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35196 

34020 

34440 

34860 

35280 

34101 

34522 

34943 

35364 

34182 

34604 

35026 

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34263 

34686 

35109 

35532 

34344 

34768 

35192 

35616 

34425 

34850 

35275 

35700 

85 

34085 

34170 

34255 

34340 

34425 

34510 

34595 

34680 

34765 

34850 

34935 

35020 

35105 

35190 

35275 

35360 

35445 

35530 

35615 

35700 

35785 

35870 

35955 

36040 

36125 

86 

87 

88 
89 

34486 

34887 

35288 

35639 

34572 

34974 

35376 

35778 

34658 

35061 

35464 

35867 

34744 

35148 

35552 

35956 

34830 

35235 

35640 

3G045 

34916 

35322 

35728 

3SI34 

35002 

35409 

35816 

36223 

35088 

35496 

35904 

36312 

35174 

35583 

35992 

36401 

35260 

35670 

36080 

36490 

35346 

35757 

36168 

36579 

35432 

35844 

36256 

36668 

35518 

35931 

36344 

36757 

35604 

36018 

36432 

36846 

35690 

36105 

36520 

36935 

35776 

36192 

36608 

37024 

35862 

36279 

36696 

37113 

35948 

36366 

36784 

37202 

36034 

36453 

36872 

37291 

36120 

36540 

36960 

37380 

36206 

36627 

37048 

37469 

36292 

36714 

37136 

37558 

36378 

36801 

37224 

37647 

36464 

36888 

37312 

37736 

36550 

36975 

37400 

37825 


9 O 

9 

o 

9 

o 

9 

O 

9 

o 

\m 

36090 

36180 

36270 

36360 

36450 

36540 

36630 

36720 

36810 

369(10 

36990 

37080 

37170 

37260 

37350 

37440 

37530 

37620 

37710 

37800 

37890 

37980 

38070 

38160 

38250 

91 

92 

93 

94 

36491 

36892 

37293 

37694 

36582 

36884 

37386 

37788 

36673 

37076 

37479 

37882 

36764 

37168 

37572 

37976 

36855 

37260 

37665 

38070 

36946 

37352 

37758 

38164 

37037 

37444 

37851 

38258 

37128 

37536 

37944 

38352 

37219 

37628 

38037 

38446 

37310 

37720 

38130 

38540 

37401 

37812 

38223 

38634 

37492 

37904 

38316 

38728 

37583 

37996 

38409 

38822 

37674 

38088 

38502 

38916 

37765 

38180 

38595 

39010 

37856 

38272 

38688 

39104 

37947 

38364 

38781 

39198 

38038 

38456 

38874 

39292 

38129 

38548 

38967 

39386 

3S220 

38640 

39060 

39480 

38311 

38732 

39153 

39574 

38402 

38824 

39246 

39668 

38493 

38916 

39339 

39762 

38584 

39008 

39432 

39856 

38675 

39100 

39525 

39950 

95 

38095 

38190 

38285 

38380 

38475 

38570 

38665 

38760 

38855 

38950 

39045 

39140 

39235 

39330 

39425 

39520 

39615 

39710 

39805 

39900 

3S995 

40090 

40185 

40280 

40375 

96 

97 

98 

99 

38496 

38897 

39298 

39699 

38592 

38994 

39396 

39798 

38688 

39091 

39494 

39897 

38784 

39188 

39592 

39996 

38880 

39285 

39690 

4-0095 

38976 

39382 

39788 

40194 

39072 

39479 

39886 

40293 

39168 

39576 

39984 

40392 

39264 

39673 

40082 

40491 

39360 

39770 

40180 

40590 

39456 

39867 

40278 

40689 

39552 

39964 

40376 

40788 

39648 

40061 

40474 

40887 

39744 

40158 

40572 

40986 

39840 

40255 

40670 

41085 

39336 

40352 

40768 

41184 

40032 

40449 

40866 

41283 

40128 

40546 

40964 

41382 

40224 

40643 

41062 

41481 

40320 

40740 

41160 

41580 

40416 

40837 

41258 

41679 

40512 

40934 

41356 

41778 

40608 

41031 

41454 

41877 

40704 

41128 

41552 

41976 

40800 

41225 

41650 

42075 

100 

40100 

40200 

40300 

40400 

40500 

40600 

40700 

40800 

40900 

41000 

41100 

41200 

41300 

41400 

41500 

41600 

41700 

41800 

41300 

42000 

42100 

42200 

42300 

42400 

42500 

N 

en 

ent 

art 

the 

0/ 

UM 

quari 

atu 

icles 

lirn 

irtic 

IBE 

tity 

CO 

of 
its 
les i 

R C 

0 i C 
mp r 
whai 
of t 
s 91 v 

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en i 

3US 

n, se 
isive 
' kir 
able, 
n co 

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ed, e 
o/ a 
id sc 
Fo- 
nnec 

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tc., 
my 
Id b 

Y CO 
tion 

N A 

whe 
ever 
y th 
live- 
hei 

NY GIVEN \WEIGHT. — To find the number of bushels inanypiv- 
n -measured by weight, the table will be found to be the most conveni- 
cornpiled for this purpose, as it includes the weiphts per bushef of all 
e bushel, and the number of pounds per bushel in which does not exceed 
nience of reference in connection with the table, a comprehensive list 
ewith, showing the lepal weipht per bushel of {contin. on 2.-nd p. a h’d) 


97 


























































































































































































[cpjr. 

COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 

□bul 

14261427 

428142914301431142214331434-143514361437143814-39 I440I441144214431444|4451446 447 

8 *+4-9 



S 

1 

• 6 

1 

ia 

i 

IO 

a 

e 

26 I 
35* 
42 | 
53 * 

26 ri 
35 
42,* 
53 £ 

26 * 
35* 
42 f 
53 * 

26 H 
35 * 

53 1 

26* 
35 | 
43 

53 1 

2611 
35 ia 
43 i* 
53 b 

27 

36 

43 j 
54 

27 4 
36 
43,* 
54* 

27* 
36* 
43 | 
54 i 

27 
36* 
43* 
54 i 

27* 
36* 
4-3 | 
54* 

27 & 
367* 
43 £ 
54 | 

27 1 
36* 
43 * 
54*: 

07 1 
16 

36 i* 
43 h 
54* 

27* 

36* 

44 

55 

27,| 
36 * 
44 1 * 
55* 

27 f 

36 f 
44* 
55 * 

27 a 
36 f* 
443j 
55 f 

27* 

37 

44 1 
55* 

27 fi 
37 i* 
44* 
55 f 

27* 

37* 

44# 

55* 

27*| 
37* 
44 IO 
55* 

28 

37* 

44* 

56 

28f e 

3H 

44* 

56* 

28* 

37* 

45 

56 * 

c 

71 

71 * 

71 * 

71 * 

71 4 

71 1 

72 

72 * 

72* 

72* 

72# 

72 f 

73 

73 * 

73* 

73* 

73* 

731 

74 

74* 

fill 

74* 

74* 

741 

75 

• 

5 

• 

H 

l 

3 

• 

85 i 
106 j 
m 
213 

85 f 
106* 
142 r 
213* 

85 f 
107 
142 * 
214 

85 f 
107* 
143 
214* 

86 

107 * 
143 * 
215 

86 * 

107* 

143* 

215* 

86 * 
108 
144 
216 

86 5 
108* 
144* 
216* 

86 f 
108* 
144* 
217 

87 

108 * 

145 

217* 

87 * 
109 
145* 
218 

87 f 

109* 

I45| 

218* 

87 f 

109* 

146 

219 

87 * 

109* 

146* 

219* 

88 

110 

146* 

220 

88 * 

no* 

147 

220 * 

88 * 

no* 

147* 

221 

88 § 

110 * 

147* 

221 * 

88 * 

III 

148 

222 

89 

III * 
148* 
222 * 

89* 

III * 
148* 
223 

89 f 

III* 

149 

223* 

89# 

112 

149* 

224 

89 * 

112 * 

149* 

224* 

90 

112 * 

150 

225 






1 

2 

3 

4- 

426 

852 

1278 

1704 

427 

854 

1281 

1708 

428 

856 

1284 

1712 

429 

858 

1287 

1716 

430 

860 

1290 

1720 

431 

862 

1293 

1724 

432 

864 

1296 

1728 

433 

866 

1299 

1732 

434 

868 

1302 

1736 

435 

870 

1305 

1740 

436 

872 

1308 

1744 

437 

874 

1311 

1748 

438 

876 

1314 

1752 

439 

878 

1317 

1756 

440 

880 

1320 

1760 

441 

882 

1323 

1764 

442 

884 

1326 

1768 

443 

886 

1329 

1772 

444 

888 

1332 

1776 

445 

890 

1335 

1780 

446 

892 

1338 

1784 

447 

894 

1341 

1788 

448 

896 

1344 

1792 

449 

898 

1347 

1796 

450 

900 

1350 

1800 

5 

2130 

2135 

2140 

2145 

2150 

2155 

2160 

2165 

2170 

2175 

2180 

2185 

2190 

2195 

2200 

2205 

2210 

2215 

2220 

2225 

2230 

2235 

2240 

2245 

2250 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2556 

2982 

3408 

3834 

2562 

2989 

3416 

3843 

2568 

2996 

3424 

3852 

2574 

3003 

3432 

3861 

2580 

3010 

3440 

3870 

2586 

3017 

3448 

3879 

2592 

3024 

3456 

3888 

2598 

3031 

3464 

3897 

2604 

3038 

3472 

3906 

2610 

3045 

3480 

3915 

2616 

3052 

3488 

3924 

2622 

3059 

3496 

3933 

2628 

3066 

3504 

3942 

2634 

3073 

3512 

3951 

2640 

3080 

3520 

3960 

2646 

3087 

3528 

3969 

2652 

3094 

3536 

3978 

2658 

3101 

3544 

3987 

2664 

3108 

3552 

3996 

2670 

3115 

3560 

4005 

2676 

3122 

3568 

4014 

2682 

3129 

3576 

4023 

2688 

3136 

3584 

4032] 

2694 

3143 

3592 

4041 

2700 

3150 

3600 

4050 

uf 

>+260 

4270 

EHZ 

i+280 

4290 

4300 

4310 

4320 

□d 

4330 

4340 

>+350 

4360 

4370 

4380 

4390 

4400 

4410 

4420 

4430 

4440 

4-450 

4460 

4470 

IM, 

4480 

4490 

4500 

11 

12 

13 

14 

4886 

5112 

5538 

5964 

4697 

5124 

5551 

5978 

4708 

5136 

5564 

5992 

4719 

5148 

5577 

6006 

4730 

5160 

5590 

6020 

4741 

5172 

5603 

6034 

4752 

5184 

5616 

6048 

4763 

5196 

5629 

6062 

4774 

5208 

5642 

6076 

4785 

5220 

5655 

6090 

4796 

5232 

5668 

6104 

4807 

5244 

5681 

6 H 8 

4818 

5256 

5694 

6132 

4829 

5268 

5707 

6146 

4840 

5280 

5720 

6160 

4851 

5292 

5733 

6174 

4862 

5304 

5746 

6188 

4873 

5316 

5759 

6202 

4884 

5328 

5772 

6216 

4895 

5340 

5785 

6230 

4906 

5352 

5798 

6244 

49H 

5364 

5811 

6258 

4928 

5376 

5824 

6272 

4939 

5388 

5837 

6286 

4950 

5400 

5850 

6300 

15 

G3S0 

6405 

6420 

6435 

6450 

6465 

6480 

6495 

6510 

6525 

6540 

6555 

6570 

6585 

6600 

6615 

6630 

6645 

6660 

6675 

6690 

6705 

6720 

6735 

6750 

16 

17 

18 
19 

8816 

7242 

7668 

8094 

6832 

7259 

7686 

8113 

6848 

7276 

7704 

8132 

6864 

7293 

7722 

8151 

6880 

7310 

7740 

8170 

6896 

7327 

7758 

8189 

6912 

7344 

7776 

8208 

692 

73C 

772 

822 

Tl 

8 

>1 

4 

17 

rr 

6944 

7378 

7812 

8246 

6960 

7395 

7830 

8265 

6976 

7412 

7848 

8284 

6992 

7429 

7866 

8303 

70C 

744 

78£ 

832 

r rm 

8 

6 

14 

2 

rr 

7024 

7463 

7902 

8341 

7040 

7480 

7920 

8360 

7056 

7497 

7S38 

8379 

7072 

7514 

7956 

8398 

70S 

753 

797 

841 

>TU 

8 

1 

4 

7 

rr 

7104 

7548 

7992 

8436 

7120 

7565 

8010 

8455 

7136 

7582 

8028 

8474 

7152 

7599 

8046 

8493 

7168 

7616 

8064 

8512 

7184 

7633 

8082 

8531 

7200 

7650 

8100 

8550 

55 

8520 

8540 

8560 



362? 

8640 

866 

L- 

;o 


8700 

8720 

8740 

r-M 

87 e 

Ll 

>0 



8820 

8840 

88 ( 

LL. 

>0 



8920 

8940 

8960 



21 

22 

23 

24 

8948 

9372 

9798 

10224 

8967 

9394 

9821 

10248 

8988 

9416 

9844 

10272 

9009 

9438 

9867 

10296 

9030 

9460 

9890 

10320 

9051 

9482 

9913 

10344 

9072 

9504 

9936 

10368 

9093 

9526 

9959 

10392 

9114 

9548 

9982 

10416 

9135 

9570 

10005 

10440 

9156 

9592 

10028 

10464 

9177 

9614 

10051 

10488 

9198 

9636 

10074 

10512 

9219 

9658 

10097 

10536 

9240 

9680 

10120 

10560 

9261 

9702 

10143 

10584 

9282 

9724 

10166 

10608 

9303 

9746 

10189 

10632 

9324 

9768 

10212 

10656 

9345 

9790 

10235 

10680 

9366 

9812 

10258 

10704 

9387 

9834 

10281 

10728 

9408 

9856 

10304 

10752 

9429 

9878 

10327 

10776 

9450 

9900 

10350 

10800 

25 

10650 

10675 

10700 

10725 

10750 

10775 

10800 

10825 

10850 

10875 

10900 

10925 

10950 

10975 

11000 

11025 

11050 

11075 

11700 

11125 

11150 

11175 

11200 

11225 

H250 

26 

27 

28 
29 

11076 

11502 

11928 

12351 

II 102 
11529 
11956 
12383 

II128 
11556 
11984 
12412 

11154 

11583 

12012 

12441 

II180 

11610 
12040 
12470 

11206 

11637 

12068 

12499 

11232 

11664 

12096 

12528 

11258 

11691 

12124 

12557 

11284 

11718 

12152 

12586 

11310 

11745 

12180 

12615 

11336 

11772 

12208 

12644 

11362 

11799 

12236 

12673 

11388 

11826 

12264 

12702 

114-14- 

11853 

12292 

12731 

11449 

11880 

12320 

12760 

11466 

11907 

12348 

12789 

11492 

11934 

12376 

12818 

11518 

11961 

12404 

12847 

11544 

11988 

12432 

12876 

11570 

12015 

12460 

12905 

11596 

12042 

12488 

12934 

II622 
12069 
12516 
12963 

11648 

12096 

12544 

12992 

11674 

12123 

12572 

13021 

11700 

12150 

12600 

13050 

1 ' 3 O 

3 

o 

3 

O 

3 


3 O 1 

30 

12780 

12810 

12840 

12870 

12900 

12930 

12960 

12990 

13020 

13050 

13080 

131 i 0 

13140 

13170 

13200 

13230 

13260 

13290 

I33QO 

13350 

13380 

13410 

13440 

13470 

13500 

31 

32 

33 

34 

13206 

13632 

14058 

14181 

13237 

13664 

14091 

14518 

13268 

13696 

14124 

14552 

13299 

13728 

14157 

14586 

13330 

13760 

14190 

14620 

13361 

13792 

14223 

14654 

13392 

13824 

I425S 

14688 

13423 

13856 

14289 

14722 

13454 

13888 

14322 

14756 

13485 

13920 

14355 

14790 

13516 

13952 

14338 

14824 

13547 

13984 

14421 

14858 

13578 

14016 

14454 

14892 

13609 

14048 

14487 

14926 

13640 

14080 

14520 

14960 

13671 

14112 

14553 

{4994 

13702 

14144 

14586 

15028 

13733 

14176 

14618 

15062 

13764 

14208 

14652 

15096 

13795 

14240 

14685 

15130 

13826 

14272 

14718 

15164 

13857 

14304 

14751 

15198 

13888 

14336 

14784 

15232 

13919 

14368 

14817 

15266 

13950 

14400 

14850 

15300 

35 

14910 

14945 

14980 

15015 

15050 

15085 

15120 

15155 

15190 

15225 

15260 

15295 

15330 

15365 

15400 

15435 

15470 

15505 

15540 

15575 

15610 

15645 

15680 

15715 

15750 

36 

37 

38 

39 

15336 

15762 

16188 

16614 

15372 

15799 

16226 

16653 

15408 

15836 

16264 

16692 

15444 

15873 

16302 

16731 

15480 

15910 

16340 

16770 

15516 

15947 

16378 

16809 

15552 

15984 

16416 

16848 

15588 

16021 

16454 

16887 

15624 

16058 

16492 

16926 

15660 

16095 

16530 

16965 

15696 

16132 

16568 

17004 

15732 

16169 

16606 

17043 

15768 

16206 

16644 

17082 

15804 

16243 

16682 

17121 

15840 

16280 

16720 

17160 

15876 

16317 

16758 

17199 

15912 

16354 

16796 

17238 

15948 

16391 

16834 

17277 

15984 

16428 
16872 
1731G 

16020 

16465 

16910 

17355 

16056 

16592 
16948 
1739 4 

16092 

16539 

16986 

17433 

16128 

16576 

17024 

17472 

16164 
16613 
17062 
17511 

16200 

16650 

17100 

17550 

■ a tihctb ■ 

40 

17040 

17080 

17120 

17160 

17200 

17240 

17280 

17320 

17360 

17400 

17440 

17480 

17520 

17560 

17600 

17640 

17680 

17720 

17760 

17800 

17840 

17880 

17920 

17960 

18000 

41 

42 

43 

44 

I746S 

17892 

18318 

18744 

17507 

17934 

18361 

18788 

17548 

17976 

18404 

18832 

17589 

18018 

18447 

18876 

17630 

18060 

18490 

18920 

17671 

18102 

18533 

18964 

17712 

18144 

18576 

19008 

17753 

18186 

18619 

19052 

17794 

18228 

18662 

19096 

17835 

18270 

18705 

19140 

17876 

18312 

18748 

19184 

17917 

18354 

18791 

19228 

17958 

18396 

18834 

19272 

17999 

18438 

18877 

19316 

18040 

18480 

18920 

19360 

18081 

18522 

I89S3 

19404 

18122 

18564 

19006 

19448 

18163 

18606 

19049 

19492 

18204 

18648 

19092 

19536 

18245 

18690 

19135 

19580 

18286 

18732 

19178 

19624 

18327 

18774 

19221 

19668 

18368 

18816 

19264 

19712 

18409 

18858 

19307 

19756 

18450 

18900 

19350 

19800 

45 

19170 

19215 

19260 

19305 

19350 

19395 

19440 

19485 

19530 

19575 

19620 

19665 

19710 

19755 

19800 

19845 

19890 

18935 

19980 

20025 

20070 

20115 

20160 

20205 

2025(1 

46 

47 

48 

49 

19596 

20022 

20448 

20874 

19642 

20069 

20496 

20923 

19688 

20116 

20544 

20972 

19734 

20163 

20592 

21021 

19780 

20210 

20640 

21070 

19826 

20257 

2068S 

21119 

19872 

20304 

20736 

21168 

19918 

20351 

20784 

21217 

19964 

20398 

20832 

21266 

20010 

20445 

20880 

21315 

20056 

20492 

20928 

21364 

20102 

20539 

20976 

21413 

20148 

20586 

21024 

21462 

20194 

20633 
21072 
21511 

20240 

20680 

21120 

21560 

20286 

20727 

21168 

21609 

20332 

20774 

21216 

21658 

20378 

20821 

21264 

21707 

20424 

20868 

21312 

21756 

20470 

20915 

21360 

21805 

20516 

20962 

21408 

21854 

20562 

21009 

21456 

21903 

20608 

21056 

21504 

21952 

20654 

21103 

21552 

22001 

20700 

21150 

21600 

22050 


98 
















































































































































































































LTtlti COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 


PTrTI 


□ 

1426 427 

428 429 430 J 

[431 432 

433 434 435fl436|437|438|439|440|4>fl|442|443|444|445|446|447 

•*4814191450 


': V'. ? W&&3BaB3ti&Wn8!m 

s o 

V 5 

O 


O 

s o 

50 

21300 

21350 

21400 

21450 

21500 

21550 

21600 

21650 

21700 

21750 

21800 

21850 

21900 

21950 

22000 

22050 

22100 

22150 

22200 

22250 

22300 

22350 

22400 

22450 

22500 

51 

52 

53 
5«f 

21726 

22152 

2257S 

23004 

21777 

22204 

22631 

23058 

21828 

22256 

22684 

23112 

21879 

22308 

22737 

23166 

21930 

22360 

22790 

23220 

21981 

22412 

22843 

23274 

22032 

22464 

22896 

23328 

22083 

22516 

22949 

23382 

22134 

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29512 

29946 

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29212 

29648 

30084 

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29279 

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28974 

29413 

29852 

30291 

29040 

29480 

29920 

30360 

29106 

29547 

29988 

30429 

29172 

29614 

30056 

30498 

29238 

29681 

30124 

30567 

29304 

29748 

30192 

30636 

29370 

29815 

30260 

30705 

29436 

29882 

30328 

30774 

29502 

29949 

30396 

30843 

29568 

30016 

30464 

30912 

29634 

30083 

30532 

30981 

29700 

30150 

30600 

31050 


70 

29820 

29890 

29960 

30030 

30100 

30170 

30240 

30310 

30380 

30450 

30520 

30590 

30660 

30730 

30800 

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31010 

31080 

31150 

31220 

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31360 

31430 

31500 

177 

72 

73 

74 

30246 

30672 

31038 

31524 

30317 

30744 

31171 

31598 

30388 

30816 

31244 

31672 

30459 

30888 

31317 

31746 

30530 

30960 

31390 

31820 

30601 

31032 

31463 

31894 

30672 

31104 

31536 

31968 

30743 

31176 

31609 

32042 

30814 

31248 

31682 

32116 

30885 

31320 

31755 

32190 

30956 

31392 

31828 

32264 

31027 

31464 

31901 

32338 

31098 

31536 

31974 

32412 

31169 

31608 

32047 

32486 

31240 

31680 

32120 

32560 

31311 
31752 
32193 
32634 

31382 

31824 

32266 

32708 

31453 

31896 

32339 

32782 

31524 

31968 

32412 

32856 

31595 

32040 

32485 

32930 

31666 

32112 

32558 

33004 

31737 

32184 

32631 

33078 

31808 

32256 

32704 

33152 

31879 

32328 

32777 

33226 

31950 

32400 

32850 

33300 

75 

31950 

32025 

32100 

32175 

32250 

32325 

32400 

32475 

32550 

32625 

32700 

32775 

32850 

32925 

33000 

33075 

33150 

33225 

33300 

33375 

33450 

33525 

33600 

33675 

33750 

176 

77 

78 

79 

32376 

32802 

3322S 

33654 

32452 

32873 

33306 

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32528 

32956 

33384 

33812. 

32604 

33033 

33462 

33891 

32680 

33110 

33540 

33970 

32756 

33187 

33618 

34049 

32832 

33264 

33696 

34128 

32908 

33341 

33774 

34207 

32984 

33418 

33852 

34286 

33060 

33435 

33930 

34365 

33136 

33572 

34008 

34444 

33212 

33649 

34086 

34523 

33288 

33726 

34164 

34602 

33364 

33803 

34242 

34681 

33440 

33880 

34320 

34760 

33516 

33957 

34398 

34839 

33592 

34034 

34476 

34918 

33668 

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34554 
34997 

33744 

34188 

34632 

35076 

33820 

34265 

34710 

35155 

33896 

34342 

34788 

35234 

33372 

34419 

34866 

35313 

34048 

34496 

34944 

35392 

34124 

34573 

35022 

35471 

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34650 

35100 

35550 


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8 

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34080 

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35520 

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35014 

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35868 

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35096 

35524 

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34749 

35178 

35607 

36036 

34830 

35260 

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36120 

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35342 

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36204 

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35424 

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36283 

35073 

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35939 

36372 

35154 

35588 

36022 

36456 

35235 

35670 

36105 

36540 

35316 

35752 

36188 

36624 

35397 

35834 

36271 

36708 

35478 

35916 

36354 

36792 

35559 

35998 

36437 

36876 

35640 

36080 

36520 

36960 

35721 

36162 

36603 

37044 

35802 

36244 

36686 

37128 

35883 

36326 

36769 

37212 

35964 

36408 

36852 

37296 

36045 

36490 

36935 

37380 

36126 

36572 

37018 

37464 

36207 

36654 

37101 

37548 

36288 

36736 

37184 

37632 

36369 

36818 

37267 

37716 

36450 

36900 
373 5 0 
37800 

85 

36210 

36295 

36380 

36465 

36550 

36635 

36720 

36805 

36830 

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37060 

37145 

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37315 

37400 

37485 

37570 

37655 

37740 

37825 

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37995 

38080 

38165 

38250 

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37488 

37914 

36722 

37149 

37576 

38003 

36808 

37236 

37664 

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37323 

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38181 

36980 

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37840 

38270 

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37497 

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38359 

37152 

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38016 

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37238 

37671 

38104 

38537 

37324 

37758 

38192 

38626 

37410 

37845 

38280 

38715 

37496 

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38368 

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38019 

38456 

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37668 

38106 

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37754 

38193 

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37840 

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39160 

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39249 

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38454 

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39338 

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39516 

38270 

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39160 

39605 

38356 

38802 

39248 

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38889 

39336 

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38614 

39063 

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39961 

38700 

39150 

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40050 

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9 O 

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38430 

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39510 

39600 

39690 

39780 

39870 

39960 

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40230 

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40410 

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92 

93 

94 

38766 

39192 

39618 

40044 

38857 

39284 

39711 

40138 

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39376 

39804 

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39468 

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39652 

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40362 

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41013 

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41736 

40495 

40940 

41385 

41830 

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41032 

41478 

41924 

40677 

41124 

41571 

42018 

40768 

41216 

41664 

42112 

40859 

41308 

41757 

42206 

40950 

41400 

41850 

42300 

95 

40470 

40565 

40660 

40755 

40850 

40945 

41040 

41135 

41230 

41325 

41420 

41515 

41610 

41705 

41800 

41895 

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42085 

42180 

42275 

42370 

42465 

42560 

42655 

42750 

96 

97 

98 

99 

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41322 

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42174 

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41419 

41846 

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41472 

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41664 

42098 

42532 

42966 

41760 

42195 

42630 

43065 

41850 

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43164 

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42389 

42826 

43263 

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42924 

43362 

42144 
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42240 

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43120 

43560 

42336 

42777 

43218 

43659 

42432 

42874 

43316 

43758 

42528 

42971 

43414 

43857 

42624 

43068 

43512 

43956 

42720 

43165 

43610 

44055 

42816 

43262 

43708 

44154 

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43806 

44253 

43008 

43456 

43904 

44352 

43104 

43553 

44002 

44451 

43200 

43650 

44100 

44550 

100 

42600 

42700 

42800 

42900 

43000 

43100 

43200 

43300 

43400 

43500 

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43700 

43800 

43900 

44000 

44100 

44200 

44300 

44400 

44500 

44600 

44700 

44800 

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bus 
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ck ) various articles as adopted b the different States. I. To find the number of 
97 pounds, from 68 (the Ie 9 al weiyht of a bushel of corn) at the left margin above, 
ti 1 com in 9 to the num ber 29988, at the top of which column is 4- 1 , the inteyra 1 
x-btractin 9 29988 from 29997, the remainder is 9, which is the excess i-n pounds, 
ber of bushels of yrain in an ordinary load, turn back to the first sections of 
as above; thus, to find the number o-f bushels of oats in a {contin. on Avdp.ah’d) 


99 






















































































































































































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918 

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922 

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926 

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f 67 
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936 

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938 

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340 

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942 

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472 

944 

1416 

1888 

473 

946 

1419 

1892 

474 

943 

1422 

1896 

475 

9 50 
1425 
1900 

5 

2255 

2260 

2265 

2270 

2275 

2280 

2285 

2290 

2295 

2300 

2305 

2310 

2315 

2320 

2325 

2330 

2335 

2340 

2345 

2350 

2355 

2360 

2365 

2370 

2375 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

2706 

3157 

3608 

4059 

2712 

3164 

3616 

4068 

2718 

3171 

3624 

4077 

2724 

3178 

3632 

4086 

2730 

3185 

3640 

4095 

2736 

3192 

3648 

4104 

2742 

3199 

3656 

4113 

2748 

3206 

3664 

4122 

2754 

3213 

3672 

4131 

2760 

3220 

3680 

4140 

2766 

3227 

3688 

4149 

2772 

3234 

3696 

4158 

2778 

3241 

3704 

4167 

2784 

3248 

3712 

4176 

2790 

3255 

3720 

,4185 

2796 

3262 

3728 

4194 

2802 

3269 

3736 

4203 

2808 

3276 

3744 

4212 

2814 

3283 

3752 

4221 

2820 

3290 

3760 

4230 

2826 

3297 

3768 

4233 

2832 

3304 

3776 

4248 

2838 

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2850 

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4680 

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4700 

4710 

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5005 

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5915 

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5928 

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5580 

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6510 

5126 

5592 

6058 

6524 

5137 

5604 

6071 

6538 

5148 

5616 

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6552 

5159 

5628 

6097 

6566 

5170 

5640 

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6580 

5181 

5652 

6123 

6594 

5192 

5664 

6136 

6608 

5203 

5676 

6149 

6622 

5214 

5688 

6162 

6636 

5225 

5700 

6175 

6650 

15 

6765 

6780 

6795 

6810 

6825 

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6855 

6870 

6885 

6900 

6915 

6930 

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7005 

7020 

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7065 

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7095 

7110 

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7684 

8136 

8588 

7248 

7701 

8154 

8607 

7264 

7718 

8172 

8626 

7280 

7735 

8190 

8645 

7296 

7752 

8208 

8664 

7312 

7769 

8226 

8683 

7328 

7786 

8244 

8702 

7344 

7803 

8262 

8721 

7360 

7820 

8280 

8740 

7376 

7837 

8298 

8759 

7392 

7854 

8316 

8778 

7408 

7871 

8334 

8797 

7424 

7888 

8352 

8816 

7440 

7905 

8370 

8835 

7456 

7922 

8388 

8854 

7472 

7939 

8406 

8873 

7488 

7956 

8424 

8892 

7504 

7973 

8442 

8911 

7520 

7990 

3460 

8930 

7536 

8007 

8478 

8949 

7552 

8024 

8496 

8968 

7568 

8041 

8514 

8987 

7584 

8058 

8532 

9006 

7600 

8075 

8550 

9025 

9020 

9C40 

57T 

BBB 


BH 

IHB 

2 O 


BBS 

■B 

■H 

3E 



sHH 

BMfl 

32 

BBB 

BHB 

BMfl 

BMB 

2 O 



9060 

9080 


9120 

9140 

9160 

9180 

9200 

9220 

9240 

9260 

9280 

9300 

9320 

9340 

9360 

9380 

9400 

9420 

9440 

9460 

9480 

9500 

21 

22 

23 

2f 

9471 

9922 

10373 

10824 

9492 

9944 

10396 

10848 

9513 

9966 

10419 

10872 

9534 

9938 

10442 

10896 

9555 

IOUIO 

10465 

10920 

9576 

10032 

10488 

10944 

3597 

10054 

10511 

10968 

9618 

10076 

10534 

10992 

9639 

10098 

10557 

11016 

9660 

10120 

10580 

11040 

9681 

10142 

10603 

11064 

9702 

10164 

10626 

11088 

9723 
10186 
10649 
II112 

9744 

10208 

10672 

11136 

9765 

10230 

10695 

11160 

9786 

10252 

10718 

11184 

9807 

10274 

10741 

11208 

9828 

10296 

10764 

11232 

9849 

10318 

10787 

11256 

9870 

10340 

10810 

11280 

9891 

10362 

10833 

11304 

9912 

10384 

10856 

11328 

3933 

10406 

10873 

11352 

9954 

10428 

10902 

11376 

9975 

10450 

10325 

11400 

25 

11275 

11300 

11325 

11350 

11375 

11400 

11425 

11450 

11475 

11500 

11525 

11550 

11575 

11600 

11625 

11650 

11675 

11700 

11725 

11750 

11775 

11800 

11825 

11850 

11875 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

11726 

12177 

12628 

13079 

11752 

12204 

12656 

13108 

11778 

12231 

12684 

13137 

11804 

12258 

12712 

13166 

11830 

12285 

12740 

13195 

11856 

12312 

12768 

13224 

11882 

12339 

12796 

13253 

11908 

12366 

12824 

13282 

11934 
12393 
12852 
133II 

11960 

12420 

12830 

13340 

11986 

12447 

12908 

13369 

12012 

12474 

12936 

13398 

12038 

12501 

12964 

13427 

12064 

12528 

12992 

13456 

12090 

12555 

13020 

13485 

12116 

12582 

I304S 

13514 

12142 

12609 

13076 

13543 

12168 

12636 

13104 

13572 

12194 

12663 

13132 

13601 

12220 

12690 

13160 

13630 

12246 

12717 

13188 

13659 

12272 

12744 

13216 

13688 

12298 

12771 

13244 

13717 

12324 

12798 

13272 

13746 

12350 

12825 

13300 

13775 

13530 

13560 

3 O 

■n 

■SB 

■u 

HH 

<3E 

n 

BBS 

SB 

BBB 

3E 





3 O 

■BB 

ns 

BBM 


3E 

14220 

14250 

13590 

136201 

13650 

13680 

13710 

13740 

113770 

13800 

13830 

13860 

13890 

13920 

13950 

13980 

14010 

14040 

14070 

14100 

14130 

14160 

14190 

31 

32 

33 

3f 

13981 

14432 

14883 

15334 

14012 

14464 

14916 

15368 

14043 

14496 

14949 

15402 

14074 

14528 

14982 

15436 

14105 

14560 

15015 

15470 

I413G 

14592 

15048 

15504 

14167 

14624 

15081 

15538 

14198 

14656 

15114 

15572 

14229 

14688 

15147 

15606 

14260 

14720 

15180 

15640 

14291 

14752 

15213 

15674 

14322 

14784 

15246 

15708 

14353 

14816 

15279 

15742 

14384 

14848 

15312 

15776 

14415 

14880 

15345 

15810 

14446 

14912 

15378 

15844 

14477 

14944 

15411 

15878 

14508 

14976 

15444 

15912 

14539 

15008 

15477 

15946 

14570 

15040 

15510 

15980 

14601 

15072 

15543 

16014 

14632 

15104 

15576 

16048 

14663 

15136 

15609 

16082 

14694 
15168 
15642 
16116 

14725 

15200 

15675 

16150 

35 

15785 

15820 

15855 

15890 

15925 

15960 

15995 

16030 

16065 

16100 

16135 

16170 

16205 

16240 

16275 

16310 

16345 

16380 

16415 

16450 

16485 

16520 

16555 

16550 

16625 

36 

37 

38 

39 

16236 

16687 

17138 

17589 

16272 

16724 

17176 

17628 

16308 

16761 

17214 

17667 

16344 

16798 

17252 

17706 

16380 

16835 

17290 

17745 

16416 

16872 

17328 

17784 

16452 

16909 

17366 

17823 

16488 

16946 

17404 

17862 

16524 

16983 

17442 

17901 

16560 

17020 

17480 

17940 

16596 

17057 

17518 

17979 

16632 

17094 

17556 

18018 

16668 

17131 

17594 

18057 

16704 

17168 

17632 

18096 

16740 

17205 

17670 

18135 

16776 

17242 

17708 

18174 

16812 

17279 

17746 

18213 

16848 

17316 

17784 

18252 

16884 

17353 

17822 

18291 

16920 

17390 

17860 

18330 

16956 

17427 

I7S98 

18369 

16992 

17464 

17936 

18408 

17028 

17501 

17974 

18447 

17064 

17538 

18012 

18486 

17100 

17575 

18050 

18525 




JW. 

i^M 

■hi 

mu 


Tar 

■I^B 

VtjRSSi 


—a 


HH 




par 

M^fl 


SMB) 

BBM 

□E 


. • 

40 

18040 

18080 

18120 

18160 

18200 

18240 

18280 

18320 

18360 

18400 

18440 

18480 

18520 

18560 

18600 

13640 

18680 

18720 

18760 


18840 

18880 

18920 

18960 

19000 

41 

42 

43 

44 

18491 

18942 

19393 

19844 

18532 

18984 

19436 

19888 

185/3 

19026 

19479 

19932 

18614 

19068 

19522 

19976 

18655 

19110 

19565 

20020 

18696 

19152 

19608 

20064 

1873/ 

19194 

19651 

20108 

18778 

19236 

19694 

20152 

18819 

19278 

19737 

20196 

18860 

19320 

19780 

20240 

18901 

19362 

19823 

20284 

18942 

19404 

19866 

20328 

18983 

19446 

19909 

20372 

19024 

19488 

19952 

20416 

19065 

19530 

19995 

20460 

19106 

19572 

20038 

20504 

19147 

19614 

20081 

20548 

19188 

19656 

20124 

20592 

19229 

19698 

20167 

20636 

19270 

19740 

20210 

20680 

193II 

19782 

20253 

20724 

19352 

19824 

20296 

20768 

19393 

19866 

20339 

20812 

19434 

19908 

20382 

20856 

19475 

19950 

20425 

20900 

45 

20295 

20340 

20385 

20430 

20475 

20520 

20565 

20610 

20655 

20700 

20745 

20790 

20835 

20880 

20925 

20970 

21015 

21060 

21105 

21150 

21195 

21240 

21285 

21330 

21375 

46 

47 

48 

49 

20746 

21197 

21648 

22099 

20792 

21244 

21696 

22148 

20838 

21291 

21744 

22197 

20884 

21338 

21792 

22246 

20930 

21385 

21840 

22295 

20976 

21432 

21888 

22344 

21022 

21479 

21936 

22393 

21068 

21526 

21984 

22442 

211 lf 

21573 

22032 

22491 

21160 

21620 

22080 

22540 

21206 

21667 

22128 

22589 

21252 

21714 

22176 

22638 

21298 

21761 

22224 

22687 

21344 

21808 

22272 

22736 

21390 

21855 

22320 

22785 

21436 

21902 

2236S 

22834 

21482 

21949 

22416 

22883 

21528 

21996 

22464 

22932 

21574 

22043 

22512 

22981 

21620 

22090 

22560 

23030 

2f6G6 

22137 

22608 

23079 

21712 

22184 

22656 

23128 

21758 

22231 

22704 

23177 

21804 

22278 

22752 

23226 

21850 

22325 

22800 

23275 


CEE] 


100 




























































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 


□EE 


H-54 4551^36 457 


12255012' 


22700 


22750 


22800 22850 


458|459|460B46l|462|463|464|465|466|467j46|||469|470|4-7l|47X|473|474-|475 


22900 


22950 


23000 


23050 


23100 


23150 


23200 


23250 


23300 23350 23100 234-50 23500 23550 




23600 


23650 


23700 


23750 


23001 

23452 

23903 

2435' 


23052 
23504 
23956 
4 24408 2 


23103 

23556 

24-009 

4462 


23154 

23608 

24062 

24516 


23205 

23660 

24115 

24570 


23256 

23712 

24168 

246242' 


23307 

237641 

24221 

4678 


23358 

23816 

2427' 

24732 


23409 
23868 
4 24327 
24786 


23460 

23920 

24380 

24840 


23511 

23972 

24433 

248941 


23562 

24024 

24486 

24948 


23613 

24071 

24539 

25002 


23664 
’6 24128 
245922 
25056 2 


23715 

24180 

4645 

5110 


23766 
242322 
24698 2' 
25164 


23817 

428' 

4751 

25218 


23868 
4 24336 
24804)2 
25272 


23919 

24388 

485 

25326 


23970 
24440 
7 24910 
25380 


24021 

24492 

24963 

25434 


24072 

24544 

25016 

25488 


24123 

24596 

250692, 

25542 


24174 

2464! 

5122 

25596 


24225 

8)24700 

25175 

25650 


55 


2480524860 


24915 


2497025025 


25080 


25135 


25190 


25245 


25300 


25355 


25410 


25465 


25520 


25575 


25630 


25685 


25740 


25795 


25850 


25905 


25960 


26015 


26070 


26125 


56 

57 

58 

59 


252562! 

25707 

26158 

26609 


5312 

25764 

26216 

26668 


25368 

25821 

26274 

26727 


25424 2! 
25878 
26332 
26786 


5480 

25935 

26390 

26845 


25536 
25992 
26448 
26904 2' 


25592 

26049 

26506 

6963 


25648 
26106 2 
265642' 
27022 2 


25704 

6163 

6622 

7081 


25760 

26220 

26680 

27140 


25816 

26277 

26738 

27199 


125872 

26334 

26796 

27258 


25928 

26391 

2685421 

27317 


25984 

26448 

6912 

27376 


26040 

26S05 

26970 

27435 


26096 

26562 

27028 

27494 


26152 

26619 

27086 

27553 


26208 

26676 

27144 

27612 


26264 

26733 

127202 

27671 


26320 

26790 

27260 

27730 


26376 

26847 

27318 

27789 


26432 

26904 

27376 

2784! 


26488 

26961 

27434 

827907 


26544 

27018 

27492 

27966 


26600 

27075 

27550 

28025 


m 

27060 

27120 

27180 

27240 

27300 

27360 

27420 

27480 

27540 


27660 

27720 

27780 

27840 

27900 

27960 

28020 

28080 

28140 

28200 

28260 

28320 

28380 

28440 

28500 

61 

62 

63 

64 

27511 

27962 

28413 

28864 

27572 

28024 

28476 

28928 

27633 

28086 

28533 

28992 

27694 

28148 

28602 

29056 

27755 

28210 

28665 

29120 

27816 

28272 

28728 

29184 

27877 

28334 

28791 

29248 

27938 

28396 

28854 

29312 

27999 

28458 

28917 

29376 

28060 

28520 

28980 

29440 

?8!21 

28582 

29043 

29504 

28182 

28644 

29106 

29568 

28243 

28706 

29169 

29632 

28304 

28768 

29232 

29696 

28365 

28830 

29295 

29760 

28426 

28892 

29358 

29824 

28487 

28954 

29421 

29888 

28548 

29016 

29484 

29952 

28609 

29078 

29547 

30016 

28670 

29140 

29610 

30080 

28731 

29202 

29673 

30144 

28792 

29264 

29736 

30208 

28853 

29326 

29799 

30272 

28914 

29388 

29862 

30336 

28975 

29450 

29925 

30400 

65 

29315 

29380 

29445 

29510 

29575 

29640 

29705 

29770 

29835 

29900 

29965 

30030 

30095 

30160 

30225 

30290 

30355 

30420 

30485 

30550 

30615 

30680 

30745 

30810 

30875 

66 

67 

68 
69 

29766 

30217 

30668 

31119 

29832 

30284 

30736 

31188 

29898 

30351 

30804 

31257 

29964 

30418 

30872 

31326 

30030 

30435 

30940 

31395 

30096 

30552 

31008 

31464 

30162 

30619 

31076 

31533 

30228 

30686 

31144 

31602 

30294 

30753 

31212 

31671 

30360 

30820 

31280 

31740 

30426 

30887 

31348 

31809 

30492 

30954 

31416 

31878 

30558 

31021 

31484 

31947 

30624 

31088 

31552 

32016 

30690 

31155 

31620 

32085 

30756 

31222 

31688 

32154 

30822 

31289 

31756 

32223 

30888 

31356 

31824 

32292 

30954 

31423 

31892 

32361 

31020 

31490 

31960 

32430 

31086 

31557 

32028 

32499 

91152 

31624 

32096 

32568 

31218 

31691 

32164 

32637 

31284 

31758 

32232 

32706 

31350 

31825 

32300 

32775 

;-V~ : 

70 

31570 

31640 

31710 

31780 

31850 

31920 

31990 

32060 

32130 

32200 

32270 

32340 

32410 

32480 

32550 

32620 

32690 

32760 

32830 

32900 

32970 

33040 

33110 

33180 

33250 

71 

72 

73 

74 

3202! 

324-72 

32923 

33374 

32092 

32544 

32996 

33448 

32163 

32616 

33069 

33522 

32234 

32688 

33142 

33596 

32305 

32760 

33215 

33670 

32376 

32832 

33288 

33744 

32447 

32904 

33361 

33818 

32518 
32976 
33 434 
33892 

32589 

33048 

33507 

33966 

32660 

33120 

33580 

34040 

32731 

33192 

33653 

34114 

32802 

33264 

33726 

34188 

32873 

33336 

33799 

34262 

32944 

33408 

33872 

34336 

33015 

33480 

33945 

34410 

33086 

33552 

34018 

34484 

33157 

33624 

34091 

34558 

33228 

33696 

34164 

34632 

33299 

33768 

34237 

34706 

33370 

33840 

34310 

34780 

33441 

33912 

34383 

34854 

33512 

33984 

34456 

34928 

33583 

34056 

34529 

35002 

33654 

34128 

34602 

35076 

33725 

34200 

3 4675 
35150 

75 

33825 

33900 

33975 

34050 

34125 

34200 

34275 

34350 

34425 

34500 

34575 

34650 

34725 

34800 

34875 

34950 

35025 

35100 

35175 

35250 

35325 

35400 

35475 

35550 

35625 

76 

77 

78 

79 

34276 

34727 

35178 

35629 

34352 

34804 

35258 

35708 

34428 

34881 

35334 

35787 

34504 

34958 

35412 

35866 

34580 

35035 

35490 

35945 

34656 

35112 

35568 

36024 

34732 

35189 

35646 

36103 

34808 

35266 

35724 

36182 

34884 

35343 

35802 

36261 

34960 

35420 

35880 

36340 

35036 

35497 

35958 

36419 

35112 

35574 

36036 

36498 

35188 

35651 

36114 

36577 

35264 

35728 

36192 

36656 

35340 

35805 

36270 

36735 

354IG 

35892 

36348 

36814 

35492 

35959 

36426 

36893 

35568 

36036 

36504 

36972 

35644 

36113 

36582 

37051 

35720 

36190 

36660 

37130 

35796 

36267 

36738 

37209 

35872 

36344 

36816 

37288 

35948 

36421 

36894 

37367 

36024 

36498 

36972 

37446 

36100 

36575 

37050 

37525 


8 O 



8 

O 

8 

O 

8 

O 

m 

36080] 

36160 

36240 

36320 

36400 

36480 

36560 

36640 

36720 

36800 

36880 

36960 

37040 

37120 

37200 

37280 

37360 

37440 

37520 

37600 

37680 

37760 

37840 

37920 

38000 

81 

82 

83 

84 

36531 

36982 

37433 

37884 

36612 

37064 

37516 

37968 

36693 

37146 

37599 

38052 

36774 

37228 

37682 

38136 

36355 

37310 

37765 

38220 

36936 

37392 

37848 

38304 

37017 

37474 

37931 

38388 

37038 

37556 

38014 

38472 

37179 

37638 

38097 

38556 

37260 

37720 

38180 

38640 

37341 

37802 

38263 

38724 

37422 

37884 

38346 

38808 

37503 

37966 

38429 

38892 

37584 

38048 

38512 

38976 

37665 

38130 

38595 

39060 

37746 

38212 

38678 

39144 

37827 

38294 

38761 

39228 

37908 

38376 

38844 

39312 

37989 

38458 

38927 

39396 

38070 

38540 

39010 

39480 

38151 

38622 

39093 

39564 

38232 

38704 

39176 

39648 

38313 

38786 

39259 

39732 

38394 

38868 

39342 

39816 

38475 

38950 

39425 

39900 

85 

38335 

38420 

38505 

38590 

38675 

38760 

38845 

38930 

39015 

39100 

39185 

39270 

39355 

39440 

39525 

39610 

39695 

39780 

39865 

39950 

40035 

40120 

40205 

40290 

40375 

86 

87 

88 
89 

38786 

39237 

39688 

40139 

38872 

33324 

39776 

40228 

38958 

39411 

39864 

40317 

39044 

39498 

39952 

40406 

39130 

39585 

40040 

40495 

39216 

39672 

40128 

40584 

39302 

39759 

40216 

40673 

39388 

39846 

40304 

40762 

39474 

39933 

40392 

40851 

39560 

40020 

40480 

40940 

39646 

40107 

40568 

41029 

39732 

40194 

40656 

41118 

39818 

40281 

40744: 

41207 

39904 

40368 

40832 

41296 

39990 

4 0 455 
40920 
41385 

40076 

40542 

41008 

41474 

40162 

40629 

41096 

41563 

40248 

40716 

41184 

41652 

40334 

40803 

41272 

41741 

40420 

40890 

41360 

41830 

40506 

40977 

41448 

41919 

40592 

41064 

41536 

42008 

40678 

41151 

41624 

42097 

40764 

41238 

41712 

42186 

40850 

41325 

41800 

42275 


9 O 

9 

O 



9 


hh 


■■1 

■H 

9 O 





9 

0 




40590 

40680 

40770 

40860 

40950 

41040 

41130 

41220 

41310 

41400 

41490 

41580 

41670 

41760 

41850 

41940 

42030 

42120 

42210 

42300 

42390 

42480 

42570 

42660 

42750 

91 

92 

93 

94 

41041 

41492 

41943 

42394 

41132 

41584 

42036 

42488 

41223 

41676 

42129 

42582 

41314 

41768 

42222 

42676 

41405 

41860 

42315 

42770 

41496 

41952 

42408 

42864 

41587 

42044 

42501 

42958 

41678 

42136 

42594 

43052 

41769 

42228 

42687 

43146 

41860 

42320 

42780 

43240 

41951 

42412 

42873 

43334 

42042 

42504 

42966 

43428 

42133 

42596 

43059 

43522 

42224 

42688 

43152 

43616 

42315 

42780 

43245 

43710 

42406 

42872 

43338 

43804 

42497 

42964 

43431 

43898 

42588 

43056 

43524 

43992 

42679 

43148 

43617 

44086 

42770 

43240 

43710 

44180 

42861 

43332 

43303 

44274 

42952 

43424 

43896 

44368 

43043 

43516 

43989 

44462 

43134 

43608 

44082 

44556 

43225 

43700 

44175 

44650 

95 

42845 

42940 

43035 

43130 

43225 

43320 

43415 

43510 

43605 

43700 

43795 

43890 

43985 

44080 

44175 

44270 

44365 

44460 

44555 

44650 

44745 

44840 

44935 

45030 

45125 

96 

97 

98 

99 

43296 

43747 

44198 

44649 

43392 

43844 

44296 

44748 

43488 

43941 

44394 

44847 

43584 

44038 

44492 

44946 

43680 

44135 

44590 

45045 

43776 

44232 

44688 

45144 

43872 

44329 

44786 

45243 

43968 

44426 

44884 

45342 

44064 

44523 

44982 

45441 

44160 

44620 

45080 

45540 

44256 

44717 

45178 

45639 

44352 

44814 

45276 

45738 

44448 

44911 

45374 

45837 

44544 

45008 

45472 

45936 

44640 

45105 

45570 

46035 

44736 

45202 

45668 

46134 

44832 

45299 

45766 

46233 

44928 

45396 

45864 

46332 

45024 

45493 

45962 

46431 

45120 

45590 

46060 

46530 

45216 

45687 

46158 

46629 

45312 

45784 

46256 

46728 

45408 

45881 

46354 

46827 

45504 

45978 

46452 

46926 

45600 

46075 

46550 

47025 

[03 

45100 

45200 

45300 

45400 

45500 

45600 

45700 

45800 

45900 

46000 

46100 

46200 

46300, 

46400 

46500 

46600 

46700 

46800 

46900 

47000 

47100 

47200 

47300 

47400 

47500 


(cont/n. from iLnd p. Aac/r) load wei^hinp 1975 pounds, turn back to section 51 to 75 \ then from 32(the 
legal weight of a bushel of oats) -follow to the right until coming to the number i952, at the top of 
which golu-mn is 61, the integral number of bushels; then subtracting 1952 from 1975, the remain¬ 
der is 2.3, the excess in pounds. IIX* The price of the load mag also be obtained-from the table; thus,to 
find the price of a load of wheat- weighing 2475 pounds, at 72 cents per bushel, turn back to section 26 to 50j 
■then from 60(the legal weight of a bushel of wheat) follow to the right until coming to the {cu-nti-n. on £Lv<f p.ah’<fy 


10X 
























































































































































































CEB 


COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 

8491l»*92m-93magmas 14961497 |M-9814991500 


1 

16 

1 

12 

t6 

• 

8 

291 

m 

471 
59 ? 

29{| 
39? 
VI k 

59 | 

29 i 
391 
47| 
59 * 

29r| 
39 £ 

vr£ 

59 ? 

30 

40 

48 

60 

30,4 

4-04 

M-8,4 

60? 

30? 

10? 

18? 

604 

30,| 
10? 
48 To 
60| 

30* 

10? 

481 

60| 

30,1 

10if 

48? 

60# 

301 
40? 
48 f 
601 

301 

181 

601 

30? 
40? 
481 
61 

30 i| 
40 ? 
18 10 
61 1 

30 J 
40f 
49 

61 * 

30|g 
I0r? 
49,4 
61 i 

30? 

41 

49 ? 
611 

30,1 
41,? 
19 fc 
61# 

301 
1! ? 
49 f 
61 -? 

30 If 
Hi 
191 
61 8 

31 

11 ? 
19 5 
62 

31,4 
Hr* 
19 ,0 
62? 

3 1 8 
11? 
491 
62? 

3l| 
lira 
19 10 
621 

31 -* 

HI- 

50 

62? 

1 

73? 

79 4- 

79 t 

79 1 

80 

80? 

80? 

80? 

801 

80 f 

81 

81 1 

81? 

81 1 

81 # 

811 

82 

82 i 

82 ? 

82? 

82? 

82 | 

83 

83? 

83? 

■ 

~s 

■ 

3 

1 

2 

95? 

119 

I58f 

238 

95 | 
119? 
159 
238? 

95 S 
119? 
159? 
239 

95 3 

119 ? 

159? 
239 5 - 

96 

120 

160 

240 

96? 

1204 

1604 

24(4 

96 f 
120? 
I60| 
241 

961 
1201 
161 
241? 

961 

121 

161? 

242 

97 

121* 

I6IJ- 

2421 

971 
1211 
162 
243 

97 | 

121? 
162 j 
243 j 

97 f 

122 

1621 

244 

97-1 

122? 

163 

244? 

98 

122? 

1631- 

245 

98? 

122* 

1631 

245? 

98 f 

123 

164 

246 

98 | 

123* 

164? 

246? 

98 | 

123? 

1641 

247 

99 

123? 

165 

247? 

99 ? 

124 

165? 

248 

99? 

124* 

165? 

248? 

99? 

124? 

166 

249 

99 ? 

124? 

166? 

249? 

100 

125 

1661 

250 




v 

1 

2 

3 

4- 

i+76 
9 52 
14-28 
1904- 

477 

954 

1431 

1908 

478 

956 

1434 

1912 

479 

958 

1437 

1916 

480 

960 

1440 

1920 

481 

962 

1443 

1924 

482 

964 

1446 

1928 

4-83 

966 

1449 

1932 

484 

968 

1452 

1936 

485 

970 

1455 

1940 

486 

912 

1458 

1944 

487 

974 

1461 

1948 

4-88 

976 

1464 

1952 

4-89 

978 

1467 

1956 

490 

980 

1470 

I960 

491 

982 

1473 

1964 

492 

984 

1476 

1968 

493 

986 

1479 

1972 

494 

988 

1482 

1976 

495 

990 

1485 

1980 

496 

992 

1488 

1984 

497 

994 

1491 

1988 

498 

996 

1491 

1992 

499 

998 

1497 

1996 

500 

1000 

1500 

2000 

5 

2380 

2385 

2390 

2395 

2400 

2405 

2410 

2415 

2420 

2425 

2430 

2435 

2440 

2445 

2450 

2455 

2460 

2465 

2470 

2475 

2480 

2485 

2490 

2495 

2500 

6 

7 

3 

9 

2856 

3332 

3808 

4-284 

2862 

3339 

3816 

4293 

2868 

3346 

3824 

4302 

2874 

3353 

3832 

4311 

2880 

3360 

3840 

4320 

2886 

3367 

3S4S 

4329 

2892 

3374 

3856 

4338 

2898 

3381 

3864 

4347 

2904 
3388 
3872 
43 56 

2910 

3395 

3880 

4365 

2916 

3402 

3888 

4374 

2922 

3409 

3896 

4383 

2928 

3416 

3904 

4392 

2934 

3423 

3912 

4401 

2940 

3430 

3920 

4410 

2946 

3437 

3928 

4419 

2952 

3444 

3936 

4428 

2958 

3451 

3944 

4437 

2964 

3458 

3952 

4446 

2970 

3165 

3960 

4455 

2976 

3472 

3968 

4464 

2982 

3479 

3976 

4473 

2988 

3486 

3984 

4482 

2994 

3493 

3992 

4491 

3000 

3500 

4000 

4500 

1 O 1 O 1 o 

&»**•***»:' to to 1 

10 

4-160 

4770 

4780 

4790 

4800 

4810 

4820 

4-830 

4840 4850 

4860 

4870 

4880 

4890 

4900 

4910 

4920 

4930 

4940 

4950 

4960 

4970 

4980 

4990 

5000 

11 

12 

13 

14- 

5236 

5712 

6188 

6664 

5247 

5724 

6201 

6678 

5258 

5736 

6214 

6692 

5269 

5748 

6227 

6706 

5280 

5760 

6240 

6720 

5291 

5772 

6253 

6734 

5302 

5784 

6266 

6748 

5313 

5796 

6279 

6762 

5324 

5808 

6292 

6776 

5335 

5820 

6305 

6790 

5346 

5832 

6318 

6804 

5357 

5844 

6331 

6818 

5368 

5856 

6344 

6832 

5379 

5868 

6357 

6846 

5390 

5880 

6370 

6860 

5401 

5892 

6383 

6874 

5412 

5904 

6396 

6888 

5423 

5916 

6409 

6902 

5434 

5928 

6422 

6916 

5445 

5940 

6435 

6930 

5456 

5952 

6448 

6944 

5467 

5964 

6461 

6958 

5478 

5976 

6474 

6972 

5489 

5988 

6487 

6986 

5500 

6000 

6500 

7000 

15 

7140 

7155 

7170 

7185 

7200 

7215 

7230 

7245 

7260 

7275 

7290 

7305 

7320 

7335 

7350 

7365 

7380 

7395 

7410 

74-25 

7440 

7455 

7470 

7485 

7500 

16 

17 

18 
19 

7616 

8092 

8568 

9044 

7632 

8109 

8586 

9063 

7648 

8126 

8604 

9082 

7664 

8143 

8622 

9101 

7680 

8160 

8640 

9120 

7696 

8177 

8658 

3139 

7712 

8194 

8676 

9158 

7728 

8211 

8694 

9177 

7744 

8228 

8712 

9196 

7760 

8245 

8730 

9215 

7776 

8262 

8748 

9234 

7792 

8279 

8766 

9253 

7808 

8296 

8784 

9272 

7824 

8313 

8802 

9291 

7840 

8330 

8820 

9310 

7856 

8347 

8838 

9329 

7872 

8364 

8856 

9348 

7888 

8381 

8874 

9367 

7904 

8398 

8892 

9386 

7920 

8415 

8910 

9405 

7936 

8432 

8928 

9424 

7952 

8449 

8946 

9443 

7968 

8466 

8964 

9462 

7984 

8483 

8982 

9481 

8000 

8500 

9000 

9500 



2 O 


2 

O 2 0 

r r ‘ 

2 O 1 

EH 

9520 

9540 

9560 

9580 

9600 

9620 

9640 

9660 

9680 

9700 

9720 

9740 

9760 

9780 

980039820 

9840 

9860 

9890 

9900 

9920 

9940 

9960 

9980 

10000 

2 f 
22 

23 

24 

9996 

10472 

10948 

11424 

10017 

10494 

10971 

11448 

10038 

10516 

10994 

11472 

10059 

10538 

11017 

11496 

10080 

10560 

11040 

11520 

10101 

10582 

11063 

11544 

10122 

10604 

11086 

11568 

10143 
10626 
II109 
11592 

10164 

10648 

11132 

11616 

10185 

10670 

11155 

11640 

10206 
10692 
II178 
11664 

10227 

10714 

11201 
11688 

10248 

10736 

11224 

11712 

10269 

10758 

11247 

11736 

10290 

I07S0 

11270 

11760 

10311 
10802 
11293 
11784 

10332 

10824 

11316 

11808 

10353 

10846 

11339 

11832 

10374 

10868 

11362 

11856 

10395 

10890 

11385 

11880 

10416 

10912 

11408 

11904 

10437 

10934 

11431 

11928 

10458 

10956 

11454 

11952 

10479 

10978 

11477 

11976 

10500 

11000 

11500 

12000 

25 

11900 

11925 

11950 

11975 

12000 

12025 

12050 

12075 

12100 

12125 

12150 

12175 

12200 

12225 

12250 

12275 

12300 

12325 

12350 

12375 

12400 

12425 

12450 

12475 

12500 

26 

27 

28 
29 

12376 

12852 

13328 

13804 

12402 

12879 

13356 

13833 

12428 

12906 

13384 

13862 

12454 

12933 

13412 

13891 

12480 

12960 

13440 

13920 

12506 

12987 

13468 

13949 

12532 

13014 

13496 

13978 

12558 

13041 

13524 

14007 

12584 

13068 

13552 

14036 

12610 

13095 

13580 

14065 

12636 

13122 

13608 

14034 

12662 

13143 

13636 

14123 

12688 

13176 

13664 

14152 

12714 

13203 

13692 

14181 

12740 

13230 

13720 

14210 

12766 

13257 

13748 

14239 

12792 

13284 

13776 

14-268 

12818 

13311 

13804 

14297 

12844 

13338 

13832 

14326 

12870 

13365 

13860 

14355 

12896 

13392 

13888 

14384 

12922 

13419 

13916 

14413 

12948 

13446 

13944 

14442 

12974 

13473 

13972 

14471 

13000 

13500 

14000 

14500 

BHft 

>-■ 

V 

3 O 





3 O 


3 


3 0 1 

30 

114280 

14310 

1434014370 

14400 

14430 

14460 

14490 

14520 

14550 

14580 

14610 

14640 

1467a 

14700 

14730 

14-760 

14790 

14820 

14950 

14880 

14910 

14940 

14970 

15000 

31 

32 

33 

34 

Sl47 56 

15232 

15708 

IGIS4 

14787 

15264 

15741 

16218 

1481814849 

1529615328 

1577415807 

1625216286 

14880 

15360 

I5S40 

16320 

149II 

15392 

15873 

16354 

14942 

15424 

15906 

16388 

14973 

15456 

15939 

16422 

15004 

15488 

15972 

16456 

15035 

15520 

16005 

16490 

15066 

15552 

16038 

16524 

15097 

15584 

16071 

16558 

15128 

15616 

16104 

16532 

15159 

15648 

16137 

16626 

15190 

15680 

16170 

16660 

15221 

15712 

16203 

16694 

15252 

15744 

16236 

16728 

15283 

15776 

16269 

16762 

15314 

15808 

16302 

16796 

15345 

15840 

16335 

16830 

15376 

15872 

16368 

16864 

15407 

15904 

16401 

16898 

15438 

15936 

16434 

16932 

15469 

15968 

16467 

16966 

15500 

16000 

16500 

17000 

35 

16660 

16695 

1673016765 

1GSOO 

I6S35 

16870 

16905 

16940 

16975 

17010 

17045 

17080 

17115 

17150 

17185 

17220 

17255 

17290 

17325 

17360 

17395 

17430 

17465 

17500 

3S 

37 

38 

39 

17136 

17612 

18088 

18564 

17172 

17649 

18126 

18603 

1720817244 
17686:17723 
1816418202 
18642118681 

17280 

17760 

18240 

18720 

17316 

17797 

18278 

18759 

17352 

17834 

18316 

18798 

17388 

17871 

18354 

18837 

17424] 

17908 

18392 

18876 

17460 

17945 

18430 

18915 

17496 

17982 

18468 

18954 

17532 

18019 

18506 

18993 

17568 

18056 

18544 

19032 

17604 

18093 

18582 

19071 

17640 

18130 

18620 

19110 

17676 

18167 

18658 

19149 

17712 

18204 

18696 

19188 

17748 

18241 

18734 

19227 

17784 

18278 

18772 

19266 

17820 

18315 

18810 

19305 

17856 

18352 

18848 

19344 

17892 

18389 

18886 

19383 

I792S 

18426 

18924 

19422 

17964 

18463 

18962 

19461 

18000 

18500 

19000 

19500 



■nnnKrDHHBHipHifliB 




40 



19200 

19240 

19280 

19320 


19440 





ISU4U 

1SU8U 

igi'io 

ISlbO 

19360 

19400 

19480 

19520 

19560 

19600 

1964019680 

19720 

19760 

19800 

19840 

19880 

19920 

19960 

20000 

41 

42 

43 

44 

19516 

19992 

204S8 

20944 

19557 

20034 

20511- 

20988 

19598 

20076 

20554 

21032 

19639 

20118 

20597 

21076 

19680 

20160 

20640 

21120 

19721 

20202 

20683 

21164 

19762 

20244 

20726 

21208 

19803 

20286 

20769 

21252 

19844 

20328 

20812 

21296 

19885 

20370 

20855 

21340 

19926 

20412 

20898 

21384 

19967 

20454 

20941 

21428 

20008 

20496 

20984 

21472 

20049 

20538 

21027 

21516 

200S0 

205S0 

21070 

21560 

20131 

20622 

21113 

21604 

20172 

20664 

21156 

21648 

20213 

20706 

21199 

21692 

20254 

20748 

21242 

21736 

20295 

20790 

21285 

21780 

20336 

20832 

21328 

21824 

20377 

20874 

21371 

21868 

20418 

20916 

21414 

2l9l2 

20459 

20958 

21457 

21956 

20500 

21000 

21500 

22000 

45 

21420 

21465 

21510 

21555 

21600 

21645 

21690 

21735 

21780 

21825 

21870 

21915 

21960 

22005 

22050 

22095 

22140 

22185 

22230 

22275 

22320 

22365 

22410 

22455 

22500 

46 

47 

48 

49 

21896 

22372 

22848 

23324 

21942 

22419 

22896 

23273 

21988 

22466 

22944 

23422 

22034 

22513 

22992 

23471 

22080 

22560 

23040 

23520 

22126 

22607 

23088 

23569 

22172 

22654 

23136 

23618 

22218 

22701 

23184 

23667 

22264 

22748 

23232 

23716 

22310 

22795 

23280 

23765 

22356 

22842 

23328 

23814 

22402 

22889 

23376 

23863 

22448 

22936 

23424 

23912 

22494 

22983 

23472 

23961 

22540 

23030 

23520 

24010 

22586 

23077 

23568 

24059 

22632 

23124 

23616 

24108 

22678 

23171 

23664 

24157 

22724 

23218 

23712 

24206 

22770 

23265 

23760 

24255 

22816 

23312 

23808 

24304 

22862 

23359 

23856 

,24353 

22908 

23406 

23904 

24402 

22954 

23453 

23952 

24451 

2300O 

23500 

24000 

24500 

































































































































































































































EK3 COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 


|‘f76|477|‘f78|473|480|48l|f82|if83|‘f8'tK85|«f86|i*87N8|«f89|490|49l|‘f92|493|48‘l-|49S|i4.96|«f97 

— -jrjrnmmm. w a tr ii jhr i mmkm mm 


23800 23850 23900 23950124000(24050 24100 2«fl50 2N-200|2*f250B24300l2«f350l2»f>»0024450 24500|24550 24-600 2H-650 24-700 2475012480024850 24900 24950125000 


51 (24276 

52 (24752 

53 1 25228 2 
54- (25704 2 


2.4-378 


24429 


2*1327 

24804 24856 24908 2' 
5281 
5758 


25334 

25812 


25387 

258662: 


24480 

4960 

25440 

5920 


24531 
25012 
25493 2! 
25974 


24582 

25064 

5548 

26028 


24833 

25116 

25599 

26082 


246841 

25168 

25652 

26136 


24735 

25220 

25705 

26190 


55 126180 


24786 

25272 

25758 

282441 


24837 
25324 
25811 
26298 


548882 

253762, 

25864 

26352 


4939 

5428 

25917 

26406 


24990 

25480 

25970 

26460 


25041 

25532 

26023 

26514 


25092 

25584 

26076 

265681 


25143 

25636 

26129 

26622 


25194 

25688 

26182 

26676 


25245 

25740 

26235 

26730 


25296 

25792 

26288 

26784 


25347 

258442! 

26341 

26838 


25398 

5896 

2639421 

26892 


26235 


26290 


26345 


26400 


2645526510 


26565 26620 


26675 


56 126656 

57 ( 27132 

58 1 27608 
59128084 


26730 


26785 


26840 26 895 2 6 950 


25449 

25948 

6447 

26941 


25500 

26000 

26500 

627000 


27005 27060 


27115 


27170 


27225 


27280 


27335 


27390 


27 445 275 00 


26712 

27189 

27666 

28143 


26768 

27246 

27724 

28202 


26824 

27303 

27782 

28261 


26880 

27360 

27840 

28320 


26936 

27417 

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28379 


26992 
27474 
27956 
28 438 


27048 

27531 

28014 

28497 


27104 

27588 

28072 

28556 


27160 

27645 

28130 

28615 


27216 

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27272 

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28733 


27328 

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29340 

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29460 

29520 

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29640 

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29760 

29820 

29880 

29940 

30000 

61 

62 

63 

29036 

29512 

29988 

30464 

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29574 

30051 

30528 

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29636 

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30366 

30848 

29463 

29946 

30429 

30912 

29524 

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30976 

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30070 

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31040 

29646 

30132 

30618 

31104 

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30194 

30681 

31168 

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31232 

29829 

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30807 

31296 

29890 

30380 

30870 

31360 

29951 

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30933 

31424 

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30504 

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31488 

30073 

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31059 

31552 

30134 

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31616 

30195 

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31185 

31680 

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30752 

31248 

31744 

30317 

30814 

31311 

31808 

30378 

30876 

31374 

31872 

30439 

30938 

31437 

31936 

30500 

31000 

31500 

32000 

65 

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31070 

31135 

31200 

31265 

31330 

31395 

31460 

31525 

31590 

31655 

31720 

31785 

31850 

31915 

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32045 

32110 

32175 

32240 

32305 

32370 

32435 

32500 

66 

67 

68 
69 

31416 

31892 

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31482 

31959 

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32026 

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32640 

33120 

31746 

32227 

32708 

33189 

31812 

32294 

32776 

33258 

31878 

32361 

32844 

33327 

31944 

32428 

32912 

33396 

32010 

32495 

32980 

33465 

32076 

32562 

33048 

33534 

32142 

32629 

33116 

33603 

32208 

32696 

33184 

33672 

32274 

32763 

33252 

33741 

32340 

32830 

33320 

33810 

32406 

32897 

33388 

33879 

32472 

32964 

33456 

33948 

32538 

33031 

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34017 

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33098 

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34086 

32670 

33165 

33660 

34155 

32736 

33232 

33728 

34224 

32802 

33299 

33796 

34293 

32868 

33366 

33864 

34362 

32934 

33433 

33932 

34431 

33000 

$3500 

34000 

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70 

33320 

33390 

33460 

33530 

33600 

33670 

33740 

33810 

33880 

33950 

34020 

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34160 

34230 

34300 

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34440 

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34720 

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34860 

34930 

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71 

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35372 

34009 

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34080 

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35040 

35520 

34151 

34632 

35H3 

35594 

34222 

34704 

35186 

35668 

34293 

34776 

35259 

35742 

3436 4 
34848 
35332 
35816 

34435 

34920 

35405 

35890 

34506 

34992 

35478 

35964 

34577 

35064 

35551 

36038 

34648 

35136 

35624 

36112 

34719 

35208 

35697 

36186 

34790 

35280 

35770 

36260 

34861 

35352 

35843 

36334 

34932 

35424 

35916 

36408 

35003 

35496 

35989 

36482 

35074 

35568 

36062 

36556 

35145 

35640 

36135 

36630 

35216 

35712 

36208 

36704 

35287 

35784 

36281 

36778 

35358 

35856 

36354 

36852 

35429 

35928 

36427 

36926 

35500 

36000 

36500 

37000 

75 

35700 

35775 

35850 

35925 

36000 

36075 

36150 

36225 

363 00 

36375 

36450 

36525 

36600 

36675 

36750 

36825 

36900 

36975 

37050 

37125 

37200 

37275 

37350 

37425 

37500 

76 

77 

78 

79 

36176 

36652 

37128 

37604 

36252 

36729 

37206 

37683 

36328 

36806 

37284 

37762 

36404 

36883 

37362 

37841 

36480 

36960 

37440 

37920 

36556 

37037 

37519 

37999 

36632 

37114 

37596 

38078 

36708 

37191 

37674 

38157 

36784 

37268 

37752 

38236 

36860 

37345 

37830 

38315 

36936 

37422 

37908 

38394 

37012 

37499 

37986 

38473 

37088 

37576 

38064 

38552 

37164 

37653 

38142 

38631 

37240 

37730 

33220 

38710 

37316 

37807 

38298 

38789 

37392 

37884 

38376 

38868 

37468 

37961 

38454 

38947 

37544 

38038 

38532 

39026 

37620 

38115 

38610 

39105 

37696 

38192 

38688 

39184 

37772 

38269 

38766 

39263 

37848 

38346 

38844 

39342 

37924 

38423 

38922 

39421 

38000 

38500 

39000 

39500 


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8 

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8 

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8 



8 O 1 

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38080 

38160 

38240 

38320 

38400 

38480 

38560 

38640 

38720 

38800 

38880 

38960 

39040 

39120 

39200 

39280 

33360 

39440 

39520 

39600 

39680 

33760 

39840 

39920 

40000 

81 

82 

83 

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38556 

39032 

39508 

39984 

38637 

39114 

39591 

400G8 

38718 

39196 

39674 

40152 

38799 

39278 

39757 

40236 

38880 

39360 

39840 

40320 

38961 

39442 

39923 

40404 

39042 

39524 

40006 

40488 

39123 

39606 

40089 

40572 

39204 

39688 

40172 

40656 

39285 

39770 

40255 

40740 

39366 

39852 

40338 

40824 

39447 

39934 

40421 

40908 

39528 

40016 

40504 

40992 

39609 

40098 

40587 

41076 

39690 

40180 

40670 

41160 

39771 

40262 

40753 

41244 

39852 

40344 

40836 

41328 

39933 

40426 

40919 

41412 

40014 

40508 

41002 

41496 

40095 

40590 

41085 

41580 

40176 

40672 

41168 

41664 

40257 

44)754 

41251 

41748 

40338 

40836 

41334 

41832 

40419 

40918 

41417 

41916 

40500 

41000 

41500 

42000 

85 

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40545 

40630 

40715 

40800 

40885 

40970 

41055 

41140 

41225 

41310 

41395 

41480 

41565 

41650 

41735 

41820 

41905 

41990 

42075 

42160 

42245 

42330 

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86 

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40936 

41412 

41888 

42364 

41022 

41499 

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42453 

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41586 

42064 

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41194 

41673 

42152 

42631 

41280 

41760 

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46624 

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46718 

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46812 

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46000 
46500 
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95 

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96 

97 

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47334 

47817 

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46560 

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47142 

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47239 

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47824 

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47040 

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48020 

48510 

47136 

47627 

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48609 

47232 

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48216 

48708 

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48314 

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47424 

47918 

48412 

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47520 

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48510 

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48112 

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49104 

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48209 

48706 

49203 

47808 

48306 

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49302 

4-7904 

48403 

48902 

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48000 

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49000 

49500 

100 

47600 

47700 

47800 

47900 

48000 

48100 

48200 

48300 

48400 

48500 

48600 

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48800 

48900 

49000 

49100 

49200 

49300 

49400 

49500 

49600 

49700 

49800 

149900 

50000 

{oovtin 
els; -the 
the com 
top -mai 
2952 a- 

NllMI 

. frc 
n su 
plete 

n d 1 

3ER 

rm * 

btra 
tiu 
desc 
8 , * 

OF 

Ind 
cti-n 
Tribe- 
end 
He s 

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p. back ) number 24-60, at the top of which column is 4-1, the integral -number of bush- 
p 24-60 from 24-75, the remainder is 15, the excess in pounds, which is if of a bushel, 
r of bushels bein 9 H-l-jp. To multiply ‘flip by 72, turn to section 51 to 75; -from 72 at the 
the colu-mn to the intersections of 4-1 and ^ , where are -found respectively the numbers 
u.m of which is 2970, which is the price in cents, and reduced to dollars is #29.70. 

)UNDS PER BUSHEL. — In the /ollowimy alphabetic list will {contin.ori find p.ah’d) 


103 



































































































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 

503|5(m-|5Q5|506|507|S08i509l5IO |5I115I2|513 1514-1515 |5l6l 517 |5l8l5l9|520|52ll522 


501 502 


523 524 525 


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311 
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83 £ 

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84 

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84! 

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85 

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85! 

85! 

85 £ 

85! 

86 

86! 

86! 

86! 

86 £ 

86! 

87 

87! 

87! 

87 ! 

1 

T 

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1 

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167 

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101 
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101 £ 
126£ 
168! 
253 

101| 

126! 

169 

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127 

169! 

254 

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127! 
169 §- 
254! 

102 

127! 

170 

255 

102! 

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170! 

255! 

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128 

170? 

256 

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128! 

171 

256! 

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128! 

171! 

257 

103 

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257! 

103! 

129 

172 

258 

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129! 

172! 

258! 

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172 §- 
259 

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173 

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104 

130 

173! 

260 

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174 

261 

nn 

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104s 

131 

174? 

202 

105 

131 i 
175 
262! 

1 

2 

3 

M- 

501 

1002 

1503 

2004 

502 

1004 

1506 

2008 

503 

1006 

1509 

2012 

504 

1008 

1512 

2016 

505 

1010 

1515 

2020 

506 

1012 

1518 

2024 

^07 

1014 

1521 

2028 

508 

1016 

1524 

2032 

509 

1018 

1527 

2036 

5IO 

1020 

1530 

2040 

5 11 

1022 

1533 

2044 

512 

1024 

1536 

2048 

513 

1026 

1539 

2052 

514 

1028 

1542 

2056 

5 15 

1030 

1545 

2060 

516 

1032 

1548 

2064 

517 

1034 

1551 

2068 

518 

1036 

1554 

2072 

519 

1038 

1557 

2076 

520 

1040 

1560 

2080 

521 

1042 

1563 

2084 

522 

1044 

1566 

2088 

n 

523 

1046 

1569 

2092 

524 

1048 

1572 

2096 

525 

1050 

1575 

2100 

5 

2505 

2510 

2515 

2520 

2525 

2530 

2535 

2540 

2545 

2550 

2555 

2560 

2565 

2570 

2575 

2580 

2585 

2590 

2595 

2600 

2605 

2610 

2615 

2620 

2625 

6 

7 

8 

9 

3006 

3507 

4008 

4-509 

3012 

3514 

4016 

4518 

3018 

3521 

4024 

4527 

3024 

3528 

4032 

4536 

3030 

3535 

4040 

4545 

3036 

3542 

4048 

4554 

3042 

3549 

4056 

4563 

3048 

3556 

4064 

4572 

3054 

3563 

4072 

4581 

3060 

3570 

4080 

4590 

3066 

3577 

4088 

4599 

3072 

3584 

4096 

4608 

3078 

3591 

4104 

4617 

3084 

3598 

4112 

4626 

3090 

3605 

4120 

4635 

3096 

3612 

4128 

4644 

3102 

3619 

4136 

4653 

3108 

3626 

4144 

4662 

3114 

3633 

4152 

4671 

3120 

3640 

4160 

4680 

3126 

3647 

4168 

4689 

3132 

3654 

4176 

4698 

3138 

3661 

4184 

4707 

3144 

3668 

4192 

4716 

3150 

3675 

4200 

4725 

10 

5010 

5020 

l ftf'i 

5030 

5040 


5060 

5070 

1 M 1 

5080 

5090 

5100 

5110 

5120 

LBL 

5130 

5140 

5150 

5160 

5170 

IK'j 

5180 

5190 

5200 

5210 

5220 

5230 

5240 

^250 

11 

12 
13 
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5511 

6012 

6513 

7014 

5522 

6024 

6526 

7028 

5533 

6036 

6539 

7042 

5544 

6048 

6552 

7056 

5555 

6060 

6565 

7070 

5566 

6072 

6578 

7084 

5577 

6084 

6591 

7098 

5588 

6096 

6604 

7112 

5599 

6108 

6617 

7126 

5610 

6120 

6630 

7140 

5621 

6132 

6643 

7154 

5632 

6144 

6656 

7168 

5643 

6156 

6669 

7182 

5654 

6168 

6682 

7196 

5665 

6180 

6695 

7210 

5676 
6192 
6708 
722 4 

5687 

6204 

6721 

7238 

5698 

6216 

6734 

7252 

5709 

6228 

6747 

7266 

5720 

6240 

6760 

7280 

5731 

6252 

6773 

7294 

5742 
6264 
6786 
73 08 

5753 

6276 

6799 

7322 

5764 

6288 

6812 

7336 

5775 

6300 

0825 

7350 

15 

7515 

7530 

7545 

7560 

7575 

7590 

7605 

7620 

7635 

7650 

7665 

7680 

7695 

7710 

7725 

7740 

7755 

7770 

7785 

7800 

7815 

7830 

7845 

7860 

7875 

16 

17 

18 
19 

8016 

8517 

9018 

9519 

8032 

8534 

9036 

9538 

8048 

8551 

9054 

9557 

8064 

8568 

9072 

9576 

8080 

8585 

9090 

9595 

8096 

8602 

9103 

9614 

8112 

8619 

9126 

9633 

8128 

8636 

9144 

9652' 

8144 

8653 

3162 

9671 

8160 

8670 

9180 

9S90 

8176 

8687 

9198 

9709 

8192 

8704 

9216 

9728 

8208 

8721 

9234 

9747 

8224 

8738 

9252 

9766 

8240 

8755 

9270 

9785 

8256 

8772 

9288 

9804 

8272, 

8789 

9306 

9823 

8288 
8806 
9324 
98 421 

8304 

8823 

9342 

9861 

8320 

8840 

9360 

9880 

8336 

8857 

9378 

9899 

8352 

8874 

9396 

9918 

8368 

8891 

9414 

9937 

8384 

8908 

9432 

9956 

8400 

8925 

9450 

9975 


20 

10020 

10040 

10060 

10080 

10100 

10120 

10140 

10160 

10180 

10200 

10220 

10240 

10260 

10280 

10200 

10320 

10340 

10360 

10380 

10400 

10420 

10440 

10460 

10480 

10500 

21 

22 

23 

24- 

10521 

11022 

11523 

12024 

10542 

11044 

11546 

12048 

10563 

11066 

11569 

12072 

10584 

11088 

11592 

12096 

10605 

11110 

11615 

12120 

10626 

11132 

11638 

12144 

10647 

11154 

11861 

12168 

10668 

11176 

11684 

12192 

10689 
II198 
11707 
12216 

10710 

11220 

11730 

12240 

10731 

11242 

11753 

12264 

10752 

11264 

11776 

12288 

10773 

11286 

11799 

12312 

10794 

11308 

11822 

12336 

10815 

11330 

11845 

12360 

10836 

11352 

11868 

12384 

10857 

11374 

11891 
12408 

10878 

11396 

11914 

12432 

10899 

11418 

11937 

12456 

10920 

11440 

11960 

12480 

10941 

11462 

11983 

12504 

10962 

11484 

12006 

12528 

10983 

11506 

12029 

12552 

11004 

11528 

12052 

12576 

11025 

11550 

12075 

12600 

25 

12525 

12550 

12575 

12600 

12625 

12650 

12675 

12700 

12725 

12750 

12775 

12800 

12825 

12850 

12875 

12900 

12925 

12950 

12975 

13000 

13025 

13050 

13075 

13100 

13125 

26 

27 

28 
29 

13026 

13527 

14028 

14529 

13052 

13554 

14056 

14558 

13078 

13581 

14084 

14587 

13104 

13608 

14112 

14616 

13130 

13635 

14140 

14645 

13156 

13662 

14168 

14674 

13182 

13689 

14196 

14703 

13208 

13716 

14224 

14732 

13234 

13743 

14252 

14761 

13260 

13770 

14280 

14790 

13286 

13797 

14308 

14819 

13312 

13824 

14336 

14848 

13338 
13851 
1436 4 
14877 

13364 

13878 

14392 

14906 

13390 

13905 

14420 

14335 

13416 

13932 

14448 

14964 

13442 

13959 

14476 

14993 

13468 

13986 

14504 

15022 

13494 

14013 

14532 

15051 

13520 

14040 

14560 

15080 

1354-6 

14067 

14588 

15109 

13572 

14094 

14616 

15138 

13598 

14121 

14644 

15167 

13624 

14148 

14672 

15196 

13650 

14175 

14700 

15225 

3 O 

3 0 

3 O 

3 O 

3 O 

30 

150301 

15060 

15090 

15120 

15150 

15180 

15210 

15240 

15270 

15300 

15330 

15360 

15390 

15420 

15450 

15480 

15510 

15540 

15570 

15600 

15630 

15660 

15690 

15720 

15750 

31 

32 

33 
3f 

15531 

16032 

16533 

17034 

15562 

16064 

16566 

17068 

15593 

16096 

16599 

17102 

15624 

16128 

16632 

17136 

15655 

16160 

16665 

17170 

15686 

16192 

16698 

17204 

15717 
16224 
16731 
17238 

15748 

16256 

16764 

17272 

15779 

16288 

16797 

17306 

5810 
16320 
1683 0 
17340 

15841 

16352 

16863 

17374 

15872 

16384 

16896 

17408 

15903 

16416 

16929 

17442 

15934 

16448 

16962 

17476 

15965 

16480 

16995 

17510 

15996 

16512 

17028 

17544 

16027 

16544 

17061 

17578 

16058 

16576 

17094 

17612 

16089 

16608 

17127 

17646 

1SI20 

16640 

17160 

17680 

16151 

16672 

17193 

17714 

16182 

16704 

17226 

17748 

16213 

16736 

17259 

17782 

16244 

16768 

17292 

17816 

16275 

16800 

17325 

17850 

35 

17535 

17570 

17605 

17640 

17675 

17710 

17745 

17780 

17815 

17850 

17885 

17920 

17955 

17990 

18025 

18060 

18095 

18130 

18165 

18200 

18235 

18270 

18305 

18340 

18375 

36 

37 

38 

39 

18036 

18537 

19038 

19539 

18072 

18574! 

19076 

19578 

18108 
18611 
19114 
19617 

18144 

18648 

19152 

19656 

18180 

18685 

19190 

19695 

18216 

18722 

19228 

19734 

18252 

18759 

19266 

19773 

18288 

18796 

19304 

19812 

18324 

18833 

19342 

19851 

18360 

18870 

19380 

19890 

18396 

18907 

19418 

19929 

18432, 

18944 

19456 

19968 

18468 

18981 

19494 

20007 

18504 

19018 

19532 

20046 

18540 

19055 

19570 

20085 

18576 

19092 

19608 

20124 

18612 

19129 

19646 

20163 

18648 

19166 

19684 

20202 

18684 

19203 

19722 

20241 

18720 

19240 

19760 

20280 

18756 

19277 

19798 

20319 

18792 

19314 

19836 

20358 

18828 

19351 

19874 

20397 

18864 

19388 

19912 

20436 

18900 

19425 

19950 

20475 



SB 

[KtSKt 

H38 

BB 

zaQ 

HH 


Bi 

4- O 

4 O 



IE3 

20010 

20080 

20120 

20160 

20200 

20240 

20280 

20320 

20360 

20400 

20440 

20480 

20520 

20560 


20640 

20680 

20720 

20760 

20800 


21000 

21525 

22050 

22575 

23100 

4-1 

42 

43 

44 

20541 

21042 

21543 

22044 

20582 

21084 

21586 

22088 

20623 

21126 

21629 

22132 

20664 

21168 

21672 

22176 

20705 

21210 

21715 

22220 

20746 

21252 

21758 

22264 

20787 

21294 

21801 

22308 

20828 

21336 

21844 

22352 

20869 

21378 

21887 

22396 

20910 

21420 

21930 

22440 

20951 

21462 

21973 

22484 

20992 

21504 

22016 

22528 

21033 

21546 

22059 

22572 

21074 

21588 

22102 

22616 

21115 

21630 

22145 

22660 

21156 

21672 

22188 

22704 

21197 

21714 

22231 

22748 

21238 

21756 

22274 

22792 

21279 

21798 

22317 

22836 

21320 

21840 

22360 

22880 

21361 

21882 

22403 

22924 

21402 

21924 

22446 

22968 

21443 

21966 

22489 

23012 

21484 

22008 

22532 

23056 

45 

225^5 

22590 

22635 

22680 

22725 

22770 

22815 

22860 

22905 

22950 

22995 

23040 

23085 

23130 

23175 

23220 

23265 

23310 

23355 

23400 

23445 

23490 

23535 

23580 

23625 

46 

47 

48 

49 

23046 

23547 

24048 

24549 

23092 

23594 

24096 

24598 

23138 

23641 

24144 

24647 

23184 

23688 

24192 

24696 

23230 

23735 

24240 

24745 

23276 

23782 

24288 

24794 

23322 

23829 

24336 

24843 

23368 

23876 

24384 

24892 

23414 

23923 

24432 

24941 

23460 

23970 

24480 

24990 

23506 

24017 

24528 

25039 

23552 

24064 

24576 

25088 

23598 

241II 
24624 
25137 

23644 

24158 

24672 

25186 

23S90 

24205 

24720 

25235 

23736 

24252 

24768 

25284 

23782 

24299 

24816 

25333 

23828 

24346 

24864 

25382 

23874 

24393 

24912 

25431 

23920 

24440 

24960 

25480 

23966 

24487 

2500S 

25529 

24012 

24534 

25056 

25578 

24058 

24581 

25104 

25627 

24104 

24628 

25152 

25676 

24150 

24675 

25200 

25725 


104 
















































































































































































esh 

] COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1 

sss 

u 

1501 [502 

503 

504 505 

|506 507 

508 509 510 

|5II 512 

513 5lt 515] 

[516 517 

518 519 520 

[521 522 523 524- 525 


25050 

25100 

25150 

25200 

25250 

25300 

25350 

254*00 

2545( 

25500 

2555C 

2560C 

25650 

2570C 


25800 

25850 

jJlLj 

25900 

2595C 

2 6000 

26050 

26100 

26™ of26?OC 

26250 

51 

52 

53 
54- 

25551 

2SQ52 

26553 

27054- 

25602 

26104 

26606 

27108 

25653 

26156 

26659 

27162 

25704 

26208 

26712 

27216 

25755 

26260 

26765 

27270 

25806 

26312 

26818 

27324 

25857 

26364 

26871 

27378 

25908 

26416 

26924 

27432 

25959 

2 6468 
26977 
27486 

26010 

26520 

27030 

27540 

26061 

26572 

27083 

27594 

26112 

26624 

27136 

27648 

26163 

26676 

27189 

27702 

26214 

26728 

27242 

27756 

26265 

26780 

27295 

27810 

26316 

26832 

27348 

27864 

26367 

26884 

27401 

27918 

26418 

26936 

27454 

27972 

26469 

26988 

27507 

28026 

26520 

27040 

27560 

28080 

26571 

27092 

27613 

28134 

26622 

27144 

27666 

28188 

26673 

27196 

27719 

28242 

26724 

27248 

27772 

28296 

26775 

27300 

27825 

28350 

55 

27555 

27610 

27665 

27720 

27775 

27830 

27885 

27940 

27995 

28050 

28105 

28160 

28215 

28270 

28325 

28380 

28435 

28 490 

28545 

28600 

28655 

28710 

28765 

28820 

28875 

56 

57 

58 

59 

28056 

28557 

29058 

29559 

28112 

28614 

29116 

29618 

28168 

28671 

29174 

23677 

28224 

28728 

29232 

29736 

28280 

28785 

29290 

29795 

28336 

28842 

29348 

29854 

28392 

28899 

29406 

29913 

28448 

28956 

29464 

29972 

28504 

29013 

29522 

30031 

28560 

29070 

29580 

30090 

28616 

29127 

29638 

30149 

28672 

29184 

29696 

30208 

28728 

29241 

29754 

30267 

28784 

29298 

29812 

30326 

28840 

29355 

29870 

30385 

28896 

29412 

29928 

30444 

28952 

29469 

29986 

30503 

29008 

29526 

30044 

30562 

29064 

29583 

30102 

30621 

29120 

29640 

30160 

30680 

29176 

29697 

30218 

30739 

29232 

29754 

30276 

30798 

29288 

29811 

30334 

30857 

29344 

29868 

30392 

30916 

29400 

29925 

30450 

30975 

I 


6 O 

6 

O , 

GO 

\m 

30060 

30120 

30180 

30240 

30300 

30360 

30420 

30480 

30540 

30600 

30660 

30720 

30780 

30840 

30900 

30960 

31020 

31080 

31140 

31200 

31260 

31320 

31380 

31440 

31500 

61 

62 

63 

64- 

30561 

31062 

31563 

32064 

30622 

31124 

31626 

32128 

30683 

31186 

31689 

32192 

30744 

31248 

31752 

32256 

30805 

31310 

31815 

32320 

30S66 

31372 

31878 

32384 

30927 

31434 

31941 

32448 

30988 

31496 

32004 

32512 

31049 

31558 

32067 

32576 

31-110 

31620 

32130 

32640 

31171 

31682 

32193 

32704 

31232 

31744 

32256 

32768 

31293 

31806 

32319 

32832 

31354 

31868 

32382 

32896 

31415 

31930 

32445 

32960 

31476 

31992 

32508 

33024 

31537 

32054 

32571 

33088 

31598 

32116 

32634 

33152 

31659 

32178 

32697 

33216 

31720 

32240 

32760 

33280 

31781 

32302 

32823 

33344 

31842 

32364 

32886 

33408 

31903 

32426 

32949 

33472 

31964 

32488 

33012 

33536 

32025 

32550 

33075 

33600 

65 

32565 

32630 

32695 

32760 

32825 

32890 

32955 

33020 

33085 

33150 

33215 

33280 

33345 

33410 

33475 

33540 

33605 

33670 

33735 

33800 

33865 

33930 

33995 

34060 

34125 

66 

67 

68 
69 

33066 

33567 
3 4068 
34569 

33132 

33634 

34136 

34638 

33198 

33701 

34204 

34707 

r mr: 

33264 

33768 

34272 

34776 

33330 

33835 

34340 

34845 

33396 

33902 

34408 

34914 

33462 

33969 

34476 

34983 

33528 

34036 

34544 

35052 

.ms 

33594 

34103 

34612 

35121 

33660 

34170 

34680 

35190 

33726 

34237 

34748 

35259 

33792 

34304 

34816 

35328 

33858 

34371 

34884 

35397 

35910 

33924 

34438 

34952 

35466 

33990 

34505 

35020 

35535 

34056 

34572 

35088 

35604 

34122 

34639 

35156 

35673 

34188 

34706 

35224 

35742 

-Ml 

34254 

34773 

35292 

35811 

34320 

34840 

35360 

35880 

34386 

34907 

35428 

35949 

34452 

34974 

35496 

36018 

34518 

35041 

35564 

36087 

~J»T' 

34584 

35108 

35632 

36156 

34650 

35175 

25700 

36225 

70 

35070 

35140 

35210 

35280 

35350 

35400 

35490 

r M 

35560 

35630 

35700 

35770 

35840 

35980 

■'0053 

36120 

36190 

rn 

36260 

36330 

36400 

36470 

36540 

T-mk.A 

36610 

36680 

36750 

7! 

72 

73 
7«f 

35571 

36072 

36573 

37074 

35642 

36144 

36646 

37148 

35713 

36216 

36719 

37222 

35784 

36288 

36792 

37296 

35855 

36360 

36865 

37370 

35926 

36432 

36938 

37444 

35997 

36504 

37011 

37518 

36068 

36576 

37084 

37592 

36139 

36648 

37157 

37666 

36210 

36720 

37230 

37740 

36281 

36792 

37303 

37814 

36352 

36864 

37376 

37888 

3 6 423 
36936 
37449 
37962' 

36494 

37008 

37522 

38036 

36565 

37080 

37595 

38110 

36636 

37152 

37668 

38184 

36707 

37224 

37741 

38258 

36778 

37296 

37814 

38332 

36849 

37368 

37887 

38406 

36920 

37440 

37960 

38480 

36991 

37512 

38033 

38554 

37062 

37584 

38106 

38628 

37133 

37656 

38179 

38702 

37204 

37728 

38252 

38776 

37275 

37800 

38325 

38850 

75 

37575 

37650 

37725 

37800 

37875 

37950 

38025 

38100 

38175 

38250 

38325 

38400 

38475 

38550 

38625 

38700 

38775 

38850 

38925 

39000 

39075 

39150 

39225 

39300 

39375 

76 

77 

78 

79 

38076 

38577 

39078 

39579 

38152 

38654 

39156 

39658 

38228 

38731 

39234 

39737 

38304 

38808 

39312 

39816 

38380 

38885 

39390 

33835 

38456 

38962 

39468 

39974 

38532 

39039 

39546 

40053 

38608 

39116 

39624 

40132 

38684 

39193 

39702 

40211 

38760 

39270 

39780 

40290 

38836 

39347 

39858 

40369 

38912 

39424 

39936 

40448 

38988 

39501 

40014 

40527 

39064 

39578 

40092 

40606 

39140 

39655 

40170 

40685 

39216 

39732 

40248 

40764 

39292 

39809 

40326 

40843 

39368 

39886 

40404 

40922 

33444 

39963 

40482 

41001 

39520 

40040 

40560 

41080 

39596 

40117 

40638 

41159 

39672 

40194 

40716 

41238 

39748 

40271 

40794 

41317 

39824 

40348 

40872 

41396 

39900 

40425 

40950 

41475 


8 O 


- V * ' §S 

8 

O 

8 

o 

\lm 

40080 

40160 

40240 

40320 

40400 

40480 

40560 

40640 

40720 

40800 

40880 

40960 

41040 

41120 

41200 

41280 

41360 

41440 

41520 

41600 

41680 

41760 

41840 

41920 

42000 

81 

82 

83 

84- 

40581 

41082 

41583 

42084 

40662 

41164 

41666 

42168 

40743 

41246 

41749 

42252 

40824 

41328 

41832 

42336 

40905 

41410 

41915 

42420 

40986 

41492 

41998 

42504 

41067 

41574 

42081 

42588 

4H48 

41656 

42164 

42672 

41229 

41738 

42247 

42756 

41310 

41820 

42330 

42840 

41391 

41902 

42413 

42924 

41472 

41984 

42496 

43008 

41553 

42066 

42579 

43092 

41634 

42148 

42662 

43176 

41715 

42230 

42745 

43260 

41796 

42312 

42828 

43344 

41877 

42394 

42911 

43428 

41958 

42476 

42994 

43512 

42039 

42558 

43077 

43596 

4-2120 

42640 

43160 

43680 

42201 

42722 

43243 

43764 

42282 

42804 

43326 

43848 

42363 

42886 

43409 

43932 

42444 

42968 

43492 

44016 

42525 

43050 

43575 

44100 

85 

42585 

42670 

42755 

42840 

42925 

43010 

43095 

43180 

43265 

43350 

43435 

43520 

43605 

43690 

43775 

43860 

439 45 

44030 

44115 

44200 

44285 

44370 

44455 

44540 

44625 

86 

87 

88 
89 

43086 

43587 

44088 

44589 

43172 

43674 

44176 

44678 

43258 

43761 

44264 

44767 

43344 

43848 

44352 

44856 

43430 

43935 

44440 

44945 

43516 

44022 

44528 

45034 

43602 

44103 

44616 

45123 

43688 

44196 

44704 

45212 

43774 

44283 

44792 

45301 

438 60 
44370 
44380 
45390 

43946 

44457 

44968 

45479 

44032 

44544 

45056 

45568 

44118 

44631 

45144 

45657 

4600 

4-4204 

44718 

45232 

45746 

44290 

44805 

45320 

45835 

44376 

44892 

45408 

45924 

44462 

44979 

45496 

46013 

445 

450 

455 

461 

48 

66 

34 

02 

44634 

45153 

45672 

46191 

44720 

45240 

45760 

46280 

44806 

45321 

45848 

46369 

44892 

45414 

45936 

46458 

449 

455 

460 

465 

TV 

78 

01 

24 

47 

45064 

45588 

46112 

46636 

45150 

45675 

46200 

46725 

EH 

Hj 

45180 

45270 

45360 

. ^ 

455k. 

45630 

45720 

45810 

. 

45935 

46080 

46260 

r 1 

4-54-40 

46530 

466 

LL 

20 

46710 

46800 

46890 

46980 

470 

l!J 

70 

47160 

47250 

91 

92 

93 
94- 

45591 

46092 

46593 

47094 

45682 

46184 

46686 

47188 

45773 

46276 

46779 

47282 

45864 

46368 

46872 

47376 

45955 

46460 

46965 

47470 

46046 
46552 
47058 
475 64 

46137 

46644 

47151 

47658 

46228 

46736 

47244 

47752 

46319 

46828 

47337 

47846 

46410 

46920 

47430 

47940 

46501 

47012 

47523 

48034 

46592 

47104 

47616 

48128 

46683 

47196 

47709 

48222 

46774 

47288 

47802 

48316 

46865 

47380 

47895 

48410 

46956 

47472 

47988 

48504 

47047 

47564 

48081 

48598 

47138 

47656 

48174 

48692 

47229 

47748 

48267 

48786 

47320 

47840 

48360 

48880 

47411 

47932 

48453 

48974 

47502 

48024 

48546 

49068 

47593 

48116 

48639 

49162 

47684 

48208 

48732 

49256 

47775 

48300 

48825 

49350 

95 

47595 

47690 

47785 

47880 

47975 

48070 

48165 

48260 

48355 

48450 

48545 

48640 

48735 

48830 

48925 

49020 

49115 

49210 

49305 

49400 

49495 

49590 

49685 

49780 

49875 

96 

97 

98 

99 

48096 

48597 

43098 

49599 

48192 

48694 

49196 

49698 

48288 

48791 

49294 

49797 

48384 

48888 

49392 

49896 

48480 

48985 

49490 

43995 

48576 

49082 

49588 

50094 

48672 

49179 

49686 

50193 

48768 

49276 

49784 

50292 

48864 

49373 

49882 

50391 

48960 

49470 

43980 

50490 

49056 

49567 

50078 

50589 

49152 

49664 

50176 

50688 

49248 

49761 

50274 

50787 

49344 

49858 

50372 

50886 

49440 

49955 

50470 

50985 

49536 

50052 

50568 

51084 

49632 

50149 

50666 

51183 

49728 

50246 

50764 

51282 

49824 

50343 

50862 

51381 

49920 

50440 

50960 

51480 

50016 

50537 

51058 

51579 

50115 

50534 

51156 

51678 

50208 

50731 

51254 

51777 

50304 

50828 

51352 

51876 

50400 

50925 

51450 

51975 

100 

50100 

50200 

50300 

50400 

50500 

50600 

50700 

50800 

50900 

51000 

51100 

51200 

51300 

51400 

51500 

51600 

51700 

51800 

51900 

52000 

52100 

52200 

52300 

52400 

52500 

(co 

ent 

Ap 

(Ca 

B 

ct., 

Min 
Stai 
pies, 
II/. 5 
u.e G 
Me., 

fro 
;es. 
pree 
D; G 
rass 
Mass. 

m <2 
The 
n, 5 
a.,K 
See< 
,Mic 

nd 

prev 

D; P 
y.,P 

i, 14- 
h.,N. 

9- b&C 

ai l in 
kpple 
a., 4-7 
; Bt 
Y.,P a 

A) b 
9 wc 
s, dri 
; W; 
•an, \ 
4-8 

e to 
yht 
ed, 2 
ash., 

A/he; 

i Ky. 

u/nd the leyal weiyh ts per bushel of different articles as adopted by the ditter- 
directly tollows the article, and the variations, it any, are enclosed in pare-ntheses. 
4-,.( Wis.,Va.,Minn., 28 ; Tenn.,S.C.,26; N.J., lnd.,25 ; 0-, Mich.,22); Barley, 4-8. 
4-S-, Ore.,45; La.,Miss.,32); Beans, white, 60.( Me. ,64; N.Y.,62 ); Beans, castor, 46; 
it, 20;Broom Corn, 4-6; Buckwheat, 50-(Ark.,Ga.,III.,Ia.,Mo.,Va., 52; Cal it., 40; 
,55; Minn.,4-2; S.C., 56; Vt., 4-6); Canary Seed, 60;(co77t/77. on Und p■ Ahead ). 


105 






























































































































































































□ 

526 

COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 

55 


526 

527 

528 

529 

530 

531 

5321533 

53H 

535 

536 

537 

5381539 

54>0l5W-l 5>f2 , 543!5i+'+|545|5it6 

■B 

548 549 j 

16 

12 

16 

■ 

32| 
43 f 
521 
65* 

43 ft 

52 ^ 

65 -ft- 

33 

44 

521 
66 

03 re 

■Wft 
521 
66 s 

33 ft 
44* 
53 

66 * 

33 ft 
44* 
53*5 
G 6 | 

33* 

44* 

53* 

66 * 

33 ,1 
Hi! 
53 ft 
66 ft 

33 f 
44* 
53 1 
66 ft 

33 ft 
44 ft 
53* 
66 ft 

33 * 
44* 
53* 
67 

33 ft 

44ft 
53 ft 
67 ft 

33 f 

44 1 
53 * 
67* 

33 ft 

44 ft 

53 - 1 
10 

67 ft 

33 ft- 

45 

54 

67 * 

33 ft 

45 ft 
54ft 
67 ft 

33 ft 

45* 

54* 

67* 

33 H 

45* 
54ft 
67 ft 

34 

45* 

54* 

68 

34 ft 
45 ft 
5** 
68 ft 

34ft 

45* 

54* 

68 * 

34ft 

« ft 
54 ft 

m 

34* 

>45* 

54* 

68 * 

34ft 

45ft 

5U.3. 

10 

68 ft 

34* 
45 1 
55 

68 ft 

1 

c 

87 f 

87# 

88 

88 ft 

88 * 

88 * 

88 * 

88 * 

89 

89* 

89 * 

89* 

89 ft 

891 

90 

90* 

90* 

90* 

90 7 

30* 

91 

91 ft 

91* 

91* 

91 * 

• 

5 

i 

4» 

1 

3 

1 

105* 
131 * 
175* 
263 

105* 
131 ft 
175 f- 
263 5 - 

I05| 

132 

176 

264 

105* 

132* 

176* 

264* 

106 

132* 

176* 

265 

106* 

132* 

177 

265* 

I06| 

133 

177* 

266 

I06| 

133* 
177 * 
266* 

106* 

133* 

178 

267 

107 

133 ft 
178* 
267* 

107* 

134 
1781 
268 

107 1 

134* 

179 

268* 

107* 

134* 

179* 

269 

107* 

134ft 

179* 

269* 

108 

135 

180 

210 

108* 

135* 

180* 

270* 

108* 

135* 

180* 

271 

108* 

135ft 

181 

271* 

108 * 

136 

181* 

272 

109 

136* 

181* 

272* 

109* 

136* 

182 

273 

103* 

136* 

182* 

273* 

109* 

137 

182* 

274 

109* 

137* 

183 

274* 

110 

137* 

183* 

275 




1 

2 

3 

«+ 

526 
1052 
1578 
2104 

527 

1054 

1581 

2108 

528 

1056 

1584 

2112 

529 

1058 

1587 

2116 

5 30 

1060 

1590 

2120 

531 

1062 

1593 

2124 

532 

1064 

1596 

2128 

?3? 

1066 

1599 

2132 

534 

1068 

1602 

2136 

535 

1070 

1605 

2140 

536 

1072 

1608 

2144 

537 

1074 
1611 
2148 

538 

1076 

1614 

2152 

539 

1078 

1617 

2156 

540 

1080 

1620 

2160 

54-1 

1082 

1623 

2164 

542 

1084 

1626 

2168 

543 

1086 

1629 

2172 

544 

1088 

1632 

2176 

545 

1090 

1635 

2180 

54-6 

1092 

1638 

2184 

547 

1094 

1641 

2188 

548 

1096 

1644 

2192 

549 

1098 

1647 

2196 

550 

1100 

1650 

2200 

5 

2630 

2635 

2640 

2645 

2650 

2655 

2660 

2665 

2670 

2675 

2680 

2685 

2690 

2695 

2700 

2705 

2710 

2715 

2720 

2725 

2730 

2735 

2740 

2745 

2750 

6 

7 

8 
a 

3156 

3682 

4208 

4m 

3162 

3689 

4216 

4743 

3168 

3696 

4224 

4752 

3174 

3703 

4232 

4761 

3180 

3710 

4240 

4770 

3186 

3717 

4243 

4779 

3192 

3724 

4256 

4788 

3198 
3731 
42 64 
4797 

3204 

3738 

4272 

4806 

3210 

3745 

4280 

4815 

3216 

3752 

4288 

4824 

3222 

3759 

4296 

4833 

3228 
3766 
430 4 
4842 

3234 

3773 

4312 

4851 

3240 
3780 
43 20 
4860 

3246 

37S7 

4328 

4869 

3252 

3794 
433 6 
4878 

3258 

3801 

4344 

4887 

3264 

3808 
43 5 2 
4896 

3270 

3815 
43 6 0 
4905 

3276 

3322 
43 6 3 
4914 

3282 

3829 

4376 

4923 

3288 

3836 

4384 

4932 

3294 

3843 

4392 

4941 

3300 

3850 

4400 

4950 

10 

5260 

5270 

5280 

5290 

3200 

5310 

5320 

twn 

5330 

5340 

5350 

5360 

5370 

1 1 ~ 

15380 

5390 

5400 

5410 

5420 

1 HS' 

5430 

5440 

5450 

cho 

5470 

OEl 

54W 

54-90 

5500 

TT 

12 

13 

IM- 

5786 

6312 

6838 

7364 

5797 

6324 

6851 

7378 

5808 

6336 

6864 

7392 

5819 

6348 

6877 

7406 

5830 

6360 

6990 

7420 

5841 

6372 

6903 

7434 

5852 

6384 

6916 

7448 

5863 

6396 

6929 

7462 

5874 

6408 

6942 

7476 

5385 

6420 

6955 

7490 

5896 

6432 

6968 

7504 

5907 

6444 

6981 

7518 

5918 

6456 

6994 

7532 

5929 

6468 

7007 

7546 

5340 

6480 

7020 

7560 

5951 

6492 

7033 

7574 

5962 

6504 

704G 

7588 

5973 

6516 

7059 

7602 

5984 

6528 

7072 

7616 

5995 

6540 

7085 

7630 

6006 

6552 

7093 

7644 

6017 

6564 

7111 

7658 

6028 

6576 

7124 

7672 

6039 

6588 

7137 

7686 

6050 

6600 

7150 

7700 

15 

7890 

7905 

7920 

7935 

7950 

7965 

7980 

7995 

8010 

8025 

8040 

8055 

8070 

8085 

8100 

8115 

8130 

8145 

8160 

8175 

8190 

8205 

8220 

8235 

8250 

IS 

17 

18 

19 

20 

8416 

8942 

9468 

9994 

8432 

8959 

9486 

10013 

8448 

8976 

9504 

10032 

8464 

8993 

9522 

10051 

8480 

9010 

9540 

0070 

8496 

9027 

955S 

10089 

8512 

9044 

9576 

10108 

8528 

9061 

9594 

10127 

8544 

9078 

9612 

10146 

8560 

9095 

9630 

10165 

3576 

9112 

9648 

10184 

8592 

9129 

9666 

10203 

8608 

9146 

9684 

10222 

8624 

9163 

9702 

10241 

8640 

31 SO 
9720 
10260 

8656 

9197 

3738 

10279 

8672 

9214 

9756 

10293 

8688 

9231 

9774 

10317 

8704 

9248 

9792 

10336 

8720 

3265 

9810 

10355 

8736 

9232 

3828 

10374 

8752 

9299 

9846 

10393 

8768 

9316 

9864 

10412 

8784 

9333 

98S2 

10431 

8800 

9350 

9900 

10450 

2 O 

-72 % * 

B 

z-z - _->•* 

2 O 

2 O 


O 


2 O 

ki 


10520 

10540 

10560 

10580 

10620 

10640 

10660 

10680 

10700 

10720 

10740 

10760 

10780 

10800 

10820 

10840 

10860 

10880 

10900 


21 

22 

23 

24 

11046 

11572 

I 20 S 8 

12624 

11067 

11594 

12121 

12648 

11088 

IISI 6 

12144 

12672 

11109 

11638 

12167 

12696 

11130 

11660 

12190 

12720 

II151 
11682 
12213 
12744 

II172 
11704 
12236 
12768 

11193 

11726 

12259 

12792 

11214 

11748 

12282 

12816 

11235 

11770 

12305 

12840 

11256 

11792 

12328 

12864 

11277 

11814 

12351 

12888 

11298 

11836 

12374 

12912 

11319 

11858 

12397 

12936 

11340 

11880 

12420 

I2S60 

11361 

11902 

12443 

12984 

11382 

11924 

12466 

13008 

11403 

11946 

12489 

13032 

11424 

11968 

12512 

13056 

11445 

11990 

12535 

13030 

11466 

12012 

12558 

13104 

11487 

12034 

12581 

13128 

11508 

12056 

12604 

13152 

11529 

12078 

12627 

13176 

11550 

12100 

12650 

13200 

25 

13150 

13175 

13200 

13225 

13250 

13275 

13300 

13325 

13350 

13375 

13400 

13425 

13450 

13475 

13500 

13525 

13550 

13575 

13600 

13625 

13650 

13675 

13700 

13725 

13750 

T 6 

27 

28 
ay 

13676 

14202 

14728 

15254 

13702 

14229 

14756 

15283 

13728 

14256 

14784 

15312 

13754 

14283 

14812 

15341 

13780 

14310 

14840 

15370 

13806 

14337 

14868 

15399 

13832 

14364 

14896 

15428 

13858 

14391 

14924 

15457 

13884 

14418 

14952 

15486 

13910 

14445 

14980 

15515 

13936 

14472 

15008 

15544 

13962 

14499 

15038 

15573 

13988 

14526 

15064 

15602 

14014 

14553 

15092 

15631 

14040 

14580 

15120 

15660 

14066 
14 607 
15148 
15689 

14092 

14634 

15176 

15718 

14118 
14661 
15204 
15747 

14144 

I468S 

15232 

15776 

14170 

14715 

15260 

15805 

14196 

14742 

15238 

15834 

14222 

14769 

15316 

15863, 

14248 

I479S 

15344 

15892 

14274 

14823 

15372 

15921 

14300 

14850 

15400 

15950 

30 

15780 

15810 

15840 

15870 

15900 

15930 

15980 

15990 

16020 

it 050 

16080 

16110 

16140 

16170 

16200 

16230 

16260 

< m 

162 

& 

I63QO 

s 


16410 

16 HO 

16470 


31 

22 

33 

34 

16306 

16832 

17358 

17884 

16337 

16864 

17391 

17918 

16368 

16896 

17424 

17952 

16399 

16928 

17457 

17986 

16430 

16960 

17490 

18020 

16461 

16992 

17523 

IS054 

16492 

17024 

17556 

18083 

16523 

17056 

17589 

18122 

16554 

17088 

17622 

18156 

16585 

17120 

17655 

18190 

16616 

17152 

17688 

18224 

16647 

17184 

17721 

18258 

16678 

17216 

17754 

18232 

16709 

17248 

17787 

18326 

16740 

172S0 

17820 

18360 

16771 

17312 

17853 

18394 

16802 

17344 

17886 

18428 

16833 

17376 

17919 

18462 

16864 

17408 

17952 

18496 

16895 

17440 

I79S5 

18530 

16926 

17472 

18018 

1S564 

16957 

17504 

18051 

18598 

I693S 

17536 

18084 

18632 

17019 

17568 

18117 

18666 

17050 

17600 

18150 

18700 

35 

18410 

18445 

18480 

18515 

18550 

18585 

18620 

18655 

18690 

18725 

18760 

18795 

18830 

18865 

18900 

18935 

18970 

19005 

19040 

19075 

19110 

19145 

19180 

19215 

19250 

36 

37 a 
381 

m 

18936 

19462 

19988 

20514 

18972 

19499 

20026 

20553 

19008 

19536 

20064 

20592 

19044 

19573 

20102 

20631 

19080 

19610 

20140 

20670 

19116 

19647 

20178 

20709 

19152 

19684 

20216 

20748 

19188 

19721 

20154 

20787 

19224 

19758 

20292 

20826 

19260 

19795 

20330 

20865 

19296 

19832 

20368 

20904 

19332 

19869 

20406 

20943 

19368 

19906 

20444 

20982 

19404 

19943 

20482 

21021 

19440 

19980 

20520 

21060 

19476 

20017 

20558 

21099 

19512 

20054 

20596 

21138 

19548 

20091 

20634 

21177 

19584 

20128 

20672 

21216 

19620 

20165 

20710 

21255 

19656 

20202 

2074S 

21294 

19692 

20239 

20786 

21333 

19728 

20276 

20824 

21372 

19764, 

20313 

20862 

21411 

19800 

20350 

20900 

21450 


4OB2I040 

21080 

21120 

21160 

21200 

21240 

21280 

21320 

21360 

21400 

21440 

21480 

21520 

21560 

21600 

21640 

21680 

21720 

21760 

21800 

21840 

21880 

21920 

21960 

22000 

41 

42 

43 

44 

21566 

22092 

22618 

23144 

21607 

22134 

22661 

23188 

21648 

22176 

22704 

23232 

21689 

22218 

22747 

23276 

21730 

22260 

22790 

23320 

21771 

22302 

22833 

23364 

21812 

22344 

22876 

23408 

21853 

22386 

22919 

23452 

21894 

22428 

22962 

23496 

21935 

22470 

23005 

23540 

2IS76 

22512 

23048 

23584 

22017 

22554 

23091 

23628 

22058 

22596 

23134 

23672 

22033 

22638 

23177 

23716 

22140 

22680 

23220 

23760 

22181 

22722 

23263 

23804 

22222 

22764 

23306 

23848 

22263 

22806 

23349 

23892 

2230 4 

22848 

23392 

23936 

22345 

22890 

23435 

23980 

22336 

22932 

23473 

24024 

22427 

22974 

23521 

24068 

22468 

23016 

23564 

24112 

22509 

23058 

23607 

24156 

22550 

23100 

23650 

24200 

45 

23670 

23715 

23760 

23805 

23850 

23895 

23940 

23985 

24030 

24075 

24120 

24165 

24210 

24255 

24300 

24345 

24390 

24435 

24480 

24525 

24570 

24615 

24660 

24705 

247 50 

46 

47 
43 
49 

24196 

24722 

25248 

25774 

24242 

24769 

25296 

25823 

24288 

24816 

25344 

25872 

24334 

24863 

25392 

25921 

24380 

24910 

25440 

25970 

24426 

24957 

25488 

26019 

24472 

25004 

25536 

26068 

24518 

25051 

25584 

26117 

24564 

25098 

25632 

26166 

24610 

25145 

25380 

26215 

24656 

25192 

2572S 

25264 

24702 

25239 

25776 

26313 

24748 

25286 

25824 

26362 

24794 

25333 

25872 

26411 

24840 

25380 

25920 

26430 

248SS 

25427 

25968 

26509 

24932 

25474 

26016 

26558 

24978 

25521 

26064 

26607 

25024 

25568 

26112 

26656 

25070 

25615 

26160 

26705 

25116 

25662 

26208 

2675V 

25162 

25709 

26256 

26803 

25208 

25756 

26304 

26852 

25254 

25803 

26352 

26901 

25300 

25S50 

26400 

26950 


106 













































































































































































































KMii COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 


□ 

1526)527 [528 

529 530 

f53? 532 533 534- 535 

1536 537 538 539 SM-01 

|5fl 5*2 5*3 5** 5*5) 

|5*G|5*7 

5*815*9 

|550 

HE 

50 

25300 

26350 

26400 

25450 

26500 

7655C 

26600 

26650 

26700 

•-3:50 

::5o: 

(26850 

51: 

126900 

26950 

:?j:o 


27100 

-X. 

27150 

27200 

77750 

27301 

27350 

27400 

’’746(1 

■a 

'775(10 

51 

52 

53 
54- 

26526 

27352 

27S7S 

2S404 

268/7 

27404 

27931 

28458 

26928 

27456 

27984 

28512 

26979 

27508 

28037 

2S566 

27030 

27560 

2S090 

28620 

27081 

27612 

23143 

28674 

27132 

27664 

28196 

28728 

27183 

27716 

28249 

28782 

27234 

27763 

28302 

28836 

27285 

27820 

28355 

2SS90 

2733S 

27S72 

234CS 

2S34-4 

27387 

27924 

28461 

28998 

2743S 

27976 

28514 

29052 

27489 

28028 

28567 

29106 

27540 

28080 

28620 

29160 

27591 

28132 

28673 

29214 

27642 

23184 

28726 

29263 

27693 

28236 

28779 

29322 

27744 

23288 

2S832 

29376 

27795 

2S340 

2SS85 

29430 

278*6 

2S392 

2S93S 

23484 

27897 

28444 

28991 

29538 

27948 

28496 

29044 

29592 

27999 

28548 

29097 

29646 

28050 

28600 

29150 

29700 

55 

28930 

28985 

29040 

29095 

29150 

29205 

29260 

29315 

29370 

29425 

23480 

29535 

29590 

23645 

29700 

29755 

29810 

29865 

29920 

29975 

30030 

30085 

30140 

30195 

30250 

56 

57 

58 

59 

29455 

29932 

30508 

31034- 

29512 

30039 

30566 

31093 

29568 

30096 

30624 

31152 

29624 
30153 
306S2 
31211 

29680 

30210 

30740 

31270 

29736 

30267 

30798 

31329 

29792 

30324 

30856 

31388 

29848 

30381 

30914 

31447 

29904 

30438 

30972 

31506 

29960 

30435 

31030 

31565 

30016 

30552 

31088 

31624 

30072 

30609 

31146 

31683 

30128 

30666 

31204 

31742 

30184 

30723 

31262 

31801 

30240 

30780 

31320 

31860 

30296 

30S37 

31373 

31919 

30352 

30894 

31436 

31978 

30408 

30951 

31494 

32037 

30464 

31008 

31552 

32096 

30520 

31065 

31610 

32155 

30576 

31122 

3166S 

32214 

30632 

31179 

31726 

32273 

30688 

31236 

31784 

32332 

30744 

31293 

31842 

32391 

30800 

31350 

31900 

32450 

60 

6 O 

- - V V .* * 

6 O 

6 O 

6 O 

6 O 

31560 

31620 

31680 

31740 

31300 

3IS60 

31920 

31980 

32040 

32100 

32160 

32220 

32280 

32340 

32400 

32460 

32520 

32580 

32640 

32700 

2276 0 

32S20 

32880 

32940 

33000 

61 

62 

63 

64- 

32086 

32512 

33138 

33664 

3214-7 

32674 

33201 

33728 

32208 

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40500 

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40650 

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76 

77 
73 
79 

39976 

40502 

41028 

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4-0052 

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41106 

41633 

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40280 

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41730 

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423 4 4 

40812 

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41886 

42423 

40888 

41426 

41964 

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41040 

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42120 

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41116 

41657 

42198 

42739 

41192 

41734 

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42813 

41268 
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42354 
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42273 

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41800 

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nn 

L42080 

42160 

42240 

42320 

42400 

42480 

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42640 

42720 

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42880 

42960 

43040 

43120 

43200 

43280 

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43440 

43520 

43600 

43680 

43760 

43840 

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81 

82 

83 

8* 

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143132 
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4 44184 

42687 

43214 

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44268 

42768 

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434S0 
43990 
44520 

430M 

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43092 

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44156 

44688 

43173 

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44772 

43254 

43788 

44322 

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43335 

43970 

44405 

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43416 

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4*4S3 

45024 

43497 

44034 

44571 

45108 

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4*603 

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45696 

4*145 

44690 

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4*226 

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4*307 

**85* 

45401 

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44*69 

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85 

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44880 

44365 

45050 

45135 

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45305 

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45475 

45560 

45645 

45730 

45815 

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46070 

46155 

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46495 

46580 

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86 

87 

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45236 

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47163 

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46182 

46719 

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46268 

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46440 

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49036 

49569 

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49128 

49662 

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48776 

49312 

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50313 

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49322 

49S64 

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51136 

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50508 

51057 

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50065 

50160 

50255 

50350 

50445 

50540 

50635 

50730 

50825 

50920 

51015 

51110 

51205 

51300 

51395 

51490 

51585 

51680 

51775 

51870 

51965 

52060 

52155 

52250 

96 

97 

98 

99 

50496 

51022 

51548 

52074 

50592 

51119 

51646 

52173 

50683 

51216 

51744 

52272 

50784 

51313 

51842 

52371 

50S80 

51410 

51940 

52470 

50976 

51507 

5203S 

52563 

51072 

51604 

52136 

52668 

51168 

51701 

52234 

52767 

5126* 

51798 

52332 

52866 

51360 

5IS95 

52430 

52965 

51*56 

51992 

52529 

53064 

51552 

52089 

52626 

53163 

516*8 

52186 

52724 

53262 

51744 

52283 

52822 

53361 

51840 

523SO 

52920 

53460 

51936 

52*77 

53018 

53559 

52032 

52574 

53116 

53658 

52128 

52671 

5321* 

53757 

52224 

52768 

53312 

53856 

52320 

52S65 

53410 

53955 

52*16 

52362 

53503 

5*05* 

52512 

53059 

53606 

54153 

52608 

53156 

53704 

54252 

5270* 

53253 

53802 

5*351 

52800 

53350 

53900 

54450 

100 

52600 

52700 

52300 

52900 

53000 

53100 

53200 

53300 

53400 

53500 

53600 

53700 

53300 

53900 

54000 

5*100 

54200 

54300 

54400 

54500 

5*600 

,54700 

54800 

54900 

55000 


( covtin. from 2nd p. tick) Charcoal, 22 ; Clover Seed, 60. ( N.J., N.C.,64; Pa.,62);Coal,anthracite,80.(Ky.,76);Coke, 
4-Oi Corn, shelled, 56. (Cali/., Vt., 52; N. &, 5 4-); Corn, cob, 70.( Ind., 6 8 a Her Christmas; Tenn., 72) ; Corn M e a 1, 50. 
(6a., III., 4-3; N.C , 4-6); Cranberries, 4-O^.Flax Seed, 56. ( N.Y., N.J., 55 , S.C., *-*-) ; Hair, plastering, 8; Hemp Seed,44; 
Hungarian G-rass Seed, 50; Ice,80; Lime,u.nslaked,30; INflalt, 38; IVI illet Seed, 50 ; Oats,32.(Me.,N.J.,N.C.,30; 
La., Miss.,30; Wash.,36) ; Onions, 56. (Ark.,Ga.,III.,la.,Kan.,Kg., Mo., N. J.,S.C.,Va., 57; Mich.,54-; Me.,Mass., 52, Ct., 
O., R.I., Wis., 50; Ind., 4-8 ) ; Onion Sets,32 j Orchard 6rass, I4-; O y sters, I 00 ; (cont/n. on 2nd p. ahead). 


107 























































































































































































55 


COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. EHSI 


56115631563[56«f 1565 15661567 [568 j569 ;570 g571 15 7 2 1 57 3 ; 571575_ 


1 

? 

12 

1 

io 

i 

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45 £ 
55 ^ 
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46 

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69 

341 

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71 

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1 

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92 

92 g 

92* 

92* 

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92 1 

93 

93 k 

93 * 

93* 

93 * 

931 

94 

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95 

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951 

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3 

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183* 
275* 

110 * 

138 

184 

276 

not 

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184* 

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138* 

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277 

III 

138* 

185 

277* 

HI* 

139 

185* 

278 

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139* 
1851 
278* 

m§ 

139* 

186 

279 

III* 
1391 
186* 
279* 

112 

140 

186* 

280 

112* 

140* 

187 

280* 

M2f 

140* 

187* 

281 

1121 

140* 

187* 

281* 

TilT* 

141 

188 

282 

113 

I4i * 
188* 
282* 

113* 

141* 

188* 

283 

M3| 

141 * 

189 

283* 

1131 

142 

189* 

284 

1131 

142* 

189* 

284* 

114 

142* 

190 

285 

114* 

142* 

190* 

285* 

H4| 

143 

190* 

286 

H4f 

143* 

191 

286* 

114* 

143* 

191* 

287 

115 

143* 

191* 

287* 



i 

3 

3 

4- 

551 

1102 

1653 

2204 

552 

1104 

1656 

2208 

553 

1106 

1659 

2212 

554 

1108 

1662 

2216 

555 

1110 

1665 

2220 

556 

1112 

1668 

2224- 

557 

1114 

1671 

2228 

558 

1116 

1674 

2232 

559 

1118 

1677 

2236 

560 
1120 
1680 
22 40 

561 
1122 
1683 
224 4 

562 

1124 

1686 

2248 

563 

1126 

1689 

2252 

564 

1128 

1692 

2256 

565 

1130 

1695 

2260 

566 

1132 

1698 

2264 

567 

1134 

1701 

2268 

568 

1136 

1704 

2272 

569 

1138 

1707 

2276 

570 

1140 

1710 

2280 

571 

1142 

1713 

2284 

572 

1144 

1716 

2288 

573 

1146 

1719 

2292 

574 

1148 

1722 

2296 

575 

1150 

1725 

2300 

5 

2755 

2760 

2765 

2770 

2775 

2780 

2785 

2790 

2795 

2800 

2805 

2810 

2815 

2820 

2825 

2830 

2835 

2840 

2845 

2850 

2855 

2860 

2865 

2870 

2875 

6 

7 

8 

9 

3306 

3857 

4408 

4959 

3312 

3864 

4416 

4968 

3318 

3871 

4424 

4977 

3324 

3878 

4432 

4986 

3330 

3885 

4440 

4995 

3336 

3892 

4448 

5004 

3342 

3899 

4456 

5013 

3348 

3906 

4454 

5022 

3354 

3913 

4472 

5031 

3360 

3920 

4480 

5040 

3366 

3927 

4488 

5049 

3372 

3934 

4496 

5058 

3378 

3941 

4504 

5067 

3384 

3948 

4512 

5076 

3390 

3955 

4520 

5085 

3396 

3962 

4528 

5094 

3402 

3969 

4536 

5103 

3408 

3976 

4544 

5112 

3414 

3983 

4552 

5121 

3420 

3990 

4560 

5130 

3426 

3897 

4568 

5139 

3432 

4004 

4576 

5148 

3438 

4011 

4584 

5157 

3444 

4018 

4592 

5166 

3450 

4025 

4600 

5175 

1 o 

•* fl 

1 

o 


1 O 


I 

1 

0 

* 

10 

5510 

5520 

5530 

5540 

5550 

5560 

5570 

5580 

5530 

5600 

5610 

5620 

5630 

5640 

5650 

5660 

5670 

5Gf 

5690 

5700 

5710 

5720 

5730 

5740 

5750 

11 

13 

13 

14- 

6061 

6612 

7163 

7714 

6072 

6624 

7176 

7728 

6083 

6636 

7189 

7742 

6094 

6648 

7202 

7756 

6105 

6660 

7215 

7770 

6116 

6S72 

7228 

7784 

6127 

6684 

7241 

7798 

6138 

6696 

7254 

7812 

6149 

6708 

7267 

7826 

6160 

6720 

7280 

7840 

6171 

6732 

7293 

7854 

6182 

6744 

7306 

7868 

6193 

6756 

7319 

7882 

6204 

6768 

7332 

7896 

6215 

6780 

7345 

7910 

6226 

6792 

7358 

7924 

6237 

6804 

7371 

7938 

6248 

6816 

7384 

7952 

6259 

6828 

7397 

7966 

6270 

6840 

7410 

7980 

6281 

6852 

7423 

7994 

6292 

6864 

7436 

8008 

6303 

6876 

7449 

8022 

6314 

6888 

7462 

8036 

8325 

6900 

7475 

8050 

15 

8265 

8280 

8295 

8310 

8325 

8340 

8355 

8370 

8385 

8400 

8415 

8430 

8445 

8460 

8475 

8490 

8505 

8520 

8535 

8550 

8565 

8580 

8595 

8610 

8625 

16 

17 

18 
19 

8816 

9367 

9918 

10469 

8832 

9384 

9936 

10488 

8848 

9401 

9954 

10507 

8864 

9418 

9972 

10526 

8880 

9435 

9990 

10545 

8896 

9452 

10008 

10564 

8912 

9469 

10026 

10583 

8928 

9486 

10044 

10602 

8944 

9503 

10062 

10621 

8960 

9520 

10080 

10640 

8976 

9537 

10098 

10659 

8992 
9554 
101 >6 
10678 

9008 

9571 

10134 

10697 

9024 

9588 

10152 

10716 

9040 

9605 

10470 

10735 

9056 

9622 

10188 

10754 

9072 

9639 

10206 

10773 

9088 

9656 

10224 

10792 

9104 
9673 
10242 
10811 

9120 

9690 

10260 

10830 

9136 

9707 

10278 

10849 

9152 

9724 

10296 

10868 

9168 

9741 

10314 

10887 

9184 

9758 

10332 

10906 

9200 

9775 

10350 

10925 



2 O 

a 

o 

a 

O 

a 

O 

a 

o 

m 

11020 

11040 

11060 

11080 

moo 

II120 

11140 

11160 

11180 

11200 

11220 

11240 

11260 

11280 

11300 

11320 

11340 

11360 

11380 

11400 

11420 

11440 

11460 

11480 

71500 

21 

22 

23 

24 

11571 

12122 

12673 

13224 

11592 

12144 

12696 

13248 

11613 

12166 

12719 

13272 

11634 

12188 

12742 

13296 

11655 

12210 

12765 

13320 

11676 

12232 

12788 

13344 

11697 
12254 
128II 
13368 

11718 

12276 

12834 

13392 

11739 

12298 

12857 

13416 

11760 

12320 

12880 

13440 

11781 

12342 

12903 

13464 

11802 

12364 

12926 

13488 

11823 

12386 

12949 

13512 

11844 

12408 

12972 

13536 

11865 

12430 

12995 

13560 

11886 

12452 

iSoia 

13584 

11907 

12474 

13041 

13608 

11928 

12496 

13064 

13632 

11949 

12518 

13087 

13656 

11970 
12540 
13110 
13680 

11991 

12562 

13133 

13704 

12012 

12584 

13156 

13728 

12033 

12606 

13179 

13752 

12054 

12628 

13202 

13776 

12073 

12650 

13225 

13800 

25 

13775 

13800 

13825 

13850 

13875 

13900 

13925 

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57500 


(cont/'n. -from SLrid p■ bi.ck ). Peaches,dried, 33. (Mich., Minn.,Ore., Wash.,Wis.,28 ) ; Peas, 60. (Ark., *t6; N.C.,50);Peas, 

arouiid, 21-; P 6 cans, dry, 4-0, — preen ^ ^5; Potatoes, 60 • (Pa., 56),Rape,59, Red Top Seed, I j Ry®i 575. (Cali/.,54, 
Me. 50 ); Rye Meal, 50 ; Salt.( Varies in di//erent States /row 50 to 80 pounds. Coarse salt in Pa. is 80, and in 
111,50 Fine salt in Pa. is 62, and in Ky. and III., 55) ; Sweet Potatoes, 50. (G-a.,III., Ky., 55; la., 4-6; Mass., Mich., Va., 
56; N.d.,54); Timothy Seed, 4-5. ( N.Y., 4-4; Ore.,Wash., 40) ; Turnips, 55.(Ky., Vt., 60; Mich.,58; Ct.,Me.,Wash., 
Ore., 50; Wis., 42 ) ;Wheat, 60. (On the Paci/ic Coast wheat is u-sually sold by the hundreC^weipht). 


109 












































































































































































































90 5760 


5770 


5780 


5790 


5800 


5810 


5820 


5830 


5840 


5850 


5860 5870 5880 5890 5900 


5910 


5920 


5930 594-0 5950 


5960 


5970 


5980 


5990 


6000 


6336 

6912 

74-88 

8064 


6347 

6924 

7501 

8078 


6358 

6936 

7514 

8092 


6369 

6948 

7527 

8106 


6380 

6960 

7540 

8120 


6391 

6972 

7553 

8134 


6402 

6984 

7566 

8148 


6413 

6996 

7579 

8162 


6424 

7008 

7592 

8176 


6435 

7020 

7605 

8190 


6446 

7032 

7618 

8204 


6457 

7044 

7631 

8218 


6468 

7056 

7644 

8232 


6479 

7068 

7657 

8246 


6490 

7080 

7670 

8260 


6501 

7092 

7683 

8274 


6512 

7104 

7696 

8288 


6523 

7116 

7709 

8302 


6534 

7128 

7722 

8316 


6545 

7140 

7735 

8330 


6556 

7152 

7748 

8344 


6567 

7164 

7761 

8358 


6578 

7176 

7774 

8372 


6589 

7188 

7787 

8386 


6600 

7200 

7800 

8400 


15 


8640 


8655 


8670 


8685 


8700 


8715 


8730 


8745 


8760 


8775 


8790 


8805 


8820 


8835 


8850 


8865 


8880 


8895 


8910 


8925 


8940 


8955 


8970 


8985 


9000 


9216 

9792 

10368 

1094' 


9232 

9809 

10386 

4110963 


9248 

9826 

10404 

10982 


9264 

9843 

10422 

11001 


9280 

9860 

10440 

11020 


9296 

9877 

10458 

11039 


9312 

9894 

10476 

11058 


9328 

9911 

10494 

11077 


9344 

9928 

10512 

11096 


9360 
9945 
10530 
IH15 


9376 

9962 

10548 

11134 


9392 

9979 

10566 

11153 


9408 

9996 

10584 

11172 


9424 

10013 


9440 

10030 


1060210620 


11191 


11210 


9456 

10047 

10638 

11229 


9472 

10064 

10656 

11248 


9488 


10674 

11267 


9504 

10098 

10692 

11236 


9520 

10115 

10710 

11305 


9536 

10132 

10728 

11324 


9552 

10149 

10746 

11343 


9568 

10166 

I0764|l 

11362 


9584 

10183 

0782 

11381 


9600 

10200 

10800 

11400 


20 

11520 

11540 

11560 

11580 

11600 

11620 

11640 

11660 

11680 

11700 

11720 

11740 

11760 

11780 

11800 

11820 

11840 

11860 

11880 

11900 

11920 

11940 

11960 

11980 

12000 

2 J 
22 
23 

12096 

12672 

13248 

13824 

12117 

12694 

13271 

13848 

12138 

12716 

13294 

13872 

12159 

12738 

13317 

13896 

12180 

12760 

13340 

13920 

I2Q01 

12782 

13363 

13944 

12222 

12804 

13386 

13968 

12243 

12826 

13409 

13992 

12264 

12848 

13432 

14016 

12285 

12870 

13455 

14040 

12306 

12892 

13478 

14064 

12327 

12914 

13501 

14088 

12348 

12936 

13524 

14112 

12369 

12958 

13547 

14136 

12390 

12980 

13570 

14160 

124II 
13002 
13593 
14184 

12432 

13024 

13616 

14208 

12453 

13046 

13639 

14232 

12474 

13068 

13662 

14256 

12495 

13090 

13685 

14280 

12516 

13112 

13708 

14304 

12537 

13134 

13731 

14328 

12558 

13156 

13754 

14352 

12579 

13178 

13777 

14376 

12600 

13200 

13800 

14400 

25 

14400 

14425 

14450 

14475 

14500 

14525 

14550 

14575 

14600 

14625 

14650 

14675 

14700 

14725 

14750 

14775 

14800 

14825 

14850 

14875 

14900 

14925 

14950 

1497 5 

15000 

26 

27 

28 
29 

14976 

15552 

16128 

16704 

15002 

15579 

16156 

16733 

15028 

I5S06 

16184 

16762 

15054 

15633 

16212 

15791 

15080 

15660 

16240 

16820 

15106 

15687 

16268 

16849 

15132 

15714 

16296 

16878 

15158 

15741 

16324 

16907 

15184 

15768 

16352 

16936 

15210 

15795 

16380 

16965 

15236 

15822 

16408 

16994: 

15262 

15849 

16436 

17023 

15288 

15876 

16464 

17052 

15214 

15903 

16492 

17081 

15340 
15930 
16520 
17110 

15366 

15957 

16548 

17133 

15392 

15984 

16576 

17168 

15418 
160II 
16604 
17197 

15444 

16038 

16632 

17226 

15470 

16065 

16660 

17255 

15496 

16092 

16688 

17284 

15522 
16119 
16716 
17313 

15548, 

16146 

16744 

17342 

15574 

16173 

16772 

17371 

15600 

16200 

16800 

17400 

3 O 

3 

□ 


3 

O 

* 3 

O 

30 

17280 

17310 

17340 

17370 

17400 

17430 

17460 

17490 

17520 

17550 

17580 

17610 

17640 

17670 

17700 

17730 

17760 

17790 

17820 

17850117880 

17910 

17940 

17970 

18000 

31 

32 

33 
34- 

17856 

18432 

19008 

19584 

17887 

18464 

19041 

19618 

17918 

18496 

19074 

19652 

17949 

18528 

19107 

19686 

17980 

18560 

19140 

19720 

18011 

I859Q 

19173 

19754 

18042 

18624 

19206 

19788 

18073 

13656 

19239 

19822 

18104 

18688 

19272 

13856 

18135 

18720 

19305 

19890 

18166 

18752 

19338 

19924 

18197 

18784 

19371 

19958 

18228 

18816 

19404 

19992 

18259 

18848 

19437 

20026 

18290 

18880 

19470 

20060 

18321 

18913 

19503 

20094 

18352 

18944 

19536 

20128 

18383 

18976 

19569 

20162 

18414 

19008 

19602 

20196 

18445 

19040 

19635 

20230 

18476 

19072 

19668 

20264 

18507 

19104 

19701 

20298 

18538 

19136 

19734 

20332 

18569 

19168 

19767 

20366 

18600 

19200 

19800 

20400 

35 

20160 

20195 

20230 

20265 

20300 

20335 

20370 

20405 

20440 

20475 

20510 

20545 

20580 

20615 

20650 

20685 

20720 

20755 

20790 

20825 

20860 

20895 

20930 

20965 

21000 

36 

37 

38 

39 

20736 

21312 

21888 

22464 

20772 

21349 

21926 

22503 

20808 

21386 

21964 

22542 

20844 

21423 

22002 

22581 

20880 

21460 

22040 

22620 

20916 

21497 

22078 

22659 

20952 

21534 

22116 

22698 

20988 

21571 

22154 

22737 

£1024 

21608 

22192 

22776 

21060 

21645 

22230 

22815 

21096 

21682 

22268 

22854 

21132 

21719 

22306 

22893 

21168 

21756 

22344 

22932 

21204 

21793 

22382 

22971 

21240 

21830 

22420 

23010 

21276 

21367 

22458 

23049 

21312 

21904 

22496 

23088 

21348 

21941 

22534 

23127 

21384 

21978 

22572 

23166 

21420 

22015 

22610 

23205 

2i456 

22052 

22648 

23244 

21492 

22089 

22686 

23283 

21528 

22126 

22724 

23322 

21564 

22163 

22762 

23361 

21600 

22200 

22800 

23400 




133 




7W7 



M-0 

23040 

23080 

23120 

23160 

23200 

23240 

23280 

23320 

23360 

23400 

23440 

23480 

23520 

23560 

23600 

23640 

23680 

23720 

23760 

23800 

23840 

23880 

23920 

23960 

24000 

w 

w 

23616 

24192 

24768 

25344 

23657 

24234 

24811 

25388 

23698 

24276 

24854 

25432 

23739 

24318 

24897 

25476 

23780 

24360 

24940 

25520 

23821 

24402 

24983 

255S4 

23862 

24444 

25026 

25608 

23903 

24486 

25069 

25652 

23944 

24528 

25112 

25696 

23985 

24570 

25155 

25740 

24026 

24612 

2519S 

25784 

24067 

24654 

25241 

25828 

24108 

24696 

25284 

25872 

24149 

24738 

25327 

25916 

24190 

24780 

25370 

25960 

24231 

24822 

25413 

26004 

24272 

24864 

25456 

26048 

24313 

24906 

25499 

26092 

24354 

24948 

25542 

26136 

24395 

24990 

25585 

26130 

24436 

25032 

25628 

26224 

24477 

25074 

25671 

26268 

24518 

25116 

25714 

28312 

24559 

25158 

25757 

26356 

24600 

25200 

25800 

26400 


25920 

25965 

26010 

26055 

26100 

26145 

26190 

26235 

26280 

26325 

26370 

26415 

2S460 

26505 

26550 

26595 

26640 

26685 

26730 

26775 

26820 

26865 

26910 

26955 

27000 

MS 

W 

48 

49 

2649b 

27072 

27643 

28224 

26542 

27119 

27696 

28273 

26588 

27166 

27744 

28322 

26634 

27213 

27792 

28371 

26680 

272S0 

27840 

28420 

26726 

27307 

27888 

28469 

26772 

27354 

27936 

28518 

26818 

27401 

27984 

28567 

26864 

27448 

28032 

28616 

26910 

27495 

28080 

28665 

26956 

27542 

28128 

28714 

27002 

27589 

28176 

28763 

27048 

27636 

28224 

28810 

27094 

27683 

28272 

28861 

27140 

27730 

23320 

28910 

27186 

27777 

28368 

28959 

27232 

27824 

28416 

29008 

27278 

27871 

28464 

29057 

27324 

27918 

28512 

29106 

27370 

21965 

28560 

29155 

27416 

28012 

28608 

29204 

27462 

28059 

28656 

29253 

27508 

28106 

28704 

29302 

2755 4 
28153 
28752 
29351 

27600 

28200 

28800 

29400 


110 






























































































































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 


, —1 




t 



|576|577|578|579|580| 

[581 582 583 584 

5M| 

|586|S87|588|589|590| 

|59l|592 

|593|59>t|595| 

[596 

1597 

159 815991600 



28850 

28900 


5 O 

mm 

29250 


S O 


^!f ' '» tetMrMijra 

28950 

29000 

29050 

29100 

29150 

29200 

29300 

29350 

29400 

29450 

29500 

29550 

29600 

29650 

29700 

29750 

29800 

29850 

29900 

29950 

30000 

51 

52 

53 

54 

29376 

29952 

30523 

31104 

29427 

30004 

30581 

31158 

29418 

30056 

30634 

31212 

23529 

30108 

30687 

31266 

29580 

30160 

30740 

31320 

29631 

30212 

30793 

31374 

29682 

30264 

30846 

31428 

29733 

30316 

30399 

31482 

29784 

30368 

30952 

31536 

29835 

3 0420 
31005 
31590 

29886 

30472 

31058 

31644 

29937 

30524 

3IIII 

31698 

29988 

30576 

31164 

31752 

30039 

30628 

31217 

31806 

30090 

30680 

31270 

31860 

30141 

30732 

31323 

31914 

30192 

30784 

31376 

31968 

30243 

30836 

31429 

32022 

30294 

30888 

31482 

32076 

30345 

30940 

31535 

32130 

30396 

30992 

31588 

32184 

30447 

31044 

31641 

32238 

30498 

31096 

31694 

32292 

30549 

31148 

31747 

32346 

30600 

31200 

31800 

32400 

55 

JltttiO 

31735 

31790 

31845 

31900 

31955 

32010 

32065 

32120 

32175 

32230 

32285 

32340 

32395 

32450 

32505 

32560 

32615 

32670 

32725 

32780 

32835 

32890 

32945 

33000 

bB 

57 

58 

59 

32256 

32832 

33408 

33984 

32312 

32889 

33466 

34043 

32368 

32946 

33524 

34102 

32424 

33003 

33582 

34161 

32480 

33060 

33640 

34220 

32536 

33117 

33693 

34279 

32592 

33174 

33756 

34338 

32648 

33231 

33814 

34397 

32704 

33288 

33372 

34456 

32760 

33345 

33930 

34515 

32816 

33402 

33988 

345741 

32872 

33459 

34046 

34633 

32928 

33516 

34104 

34692 

32984 

33573 

34162 

34751 

33040 

33630 

34220 

34810 

33096 

33687 

34278 

34869 

33152 

33744 

34336 

34928 

33208 

33801 

34394 

34987 

33264 

33858 

34452 

35046 

33320 

33915 

34510 

35105 

33376 

33972 

34568 

35164 

33432 

34029 

34626 

35223 

33488 

34086 

34684 

35282 

33544 

34143 

34742 

35341 

33600 

34200 

34800 

35400 


34560 

hW| *■* 




6 O 

6 O 

■ 

6 O 

34620 

34680 

34740 

34800 

34860 

34920 

34980 

35040 

35100 

35160 

35220 

35280 

35340 

35400 

35460 

35520 

35580 

35640 

35700 

35760 

35820 

35880 

35940 

36000 

ITT 

62 

63 

64 

'33136 

35712 

36288 

36864 

35197 

35774 

36351 

36928 

35258 

35836 

36414 

36992 

35319 

35898 

36477 

37056 

35380 

35960 

36540 

37120 

35441 

36022 

36603 

37184 

35502 

36084 

36666 

37248 

35563 

36146 

36729 

37312 

35624 

36208 

36792 

37376 

35685 

36270 

36855 

37440 

35746 

36332 

36918 

37504 

35807 

36394 

36981 

37568 

35868 

36456 

37044 

37632 

35929 

36518 

37107 

37696 

35990 

36580 

37170 

37760 

36051 

36642 

37233 

37824 

36112 

36704 

37296 

37888 

36173 

36766 

37359 

37952 

36234 

36828 

37422 

38016 

36295 

36890 

37485 

38080 

36356 

36952 

37548 

38144 

36417 

37014 

37611 

38208 

36478 

37076 

37674 

38272 

36539 

37139 

37737 

38336 

36600 

37200 

37800 

38400 

65 

37440 

37505 

37570 

37635 

37700 

37765 

37830 

37895 

37960 

38025 

38090 

38155 

38220 

38285 

38350 

38415 

38480 

38545 

38610 

38675 

38740 

38805 

38870 

38935 

39000 

66 

67 

68 
69 

38016 

38592 

39168 

39744 

38082 

38659 

39236 

39813 

38148 

38726 

39304 

39882 

38214 

38793 

39372 

39951 

38280 

3S860 

39440 

40020 

38346 

38927 

3S508 

40089 

38412 

38994 

39576 

40158 

38478 

39061 

39644 

40227 

38544 

39128 

39712 

40296 

38610 

39195 

39780 

40365 

38676 

39262 

39848 

40434 

38742 

39329 

39916 

40503 

38808 

39396 

39984 

40572 

38874 

39463 

40052 

40641 

38940 

39530 

40120 

40710 

39006 

39597 

40188 

40779 

39072 

39664 

40256 

40848 

39138 

39731 

40324 

40917 

39204 

39798 

40392 

40986 

39270 

39865 

40460 

41055 

39336 

39932 

40528 

41124 

3940! 

39999 

40596 

41193 

39468 

40066 

40664 

41262 

39534 

40133 

40732 

4133! 

33600 

40200 

40800 

41400 


?! 

40320 

40390 

ESI 

BHI 

3£S§9 


■BH 

ESI 

fBKKB 

BMS 


PHI 

ESI 


non 


BHH 

ESI 

son 

Mftjgpe 

hsm 




40460 

40530 

40600 

4067C 

4074C 

40810 

40880 

40950 

41020 

41090 

41160 

41230 

41300 

41370 

41440 

41510 

41580 

41650 

41720 

41790 

41860 

41930 

42000 

71 

72 

73 

74- 

40896 

41472 

42048 

42624 

40967 

41544 

42121 

42698 

41038 

41616 

42194 

42772 

41109 

41688 

42267 

42846 

41180 

41760 

42340 

42920 

41251 

41832 

42413 

42994 

41322 

41904 

42486 

43068 

41393 

41976 

42559 

43142 

41464 

42048 

42632 

43216 

41535 

42120 

42705 

43290 

41606 

42192 

42778 

43364 

41677 

42264 

42851 

43438 

41748 

42336 

42924 

43512 

41819 

42408 

42997 

43586 

41890 

42480 

43070 

43660 

41961 

42552 

43143 

43734 

42032 

42624 

43216 

43808 

42103 

42696 

43289 

43882 

42174 

42768 

43362 

43956 

42245 

42840 

43435 

44030 

42316 

42912 

43508 

*14104 

42387 

42984 

43581 

44178 

42458 

43056 

43654 

44252 

42529 

43128 

43727 

44326 

42600 

43200 

43800 

4440C 

75 

43200 

43275 

43350 

43425 

43500 

43575 

43650 

43725 

43800 

43875 

43950 

44025 

44100 

44175 

44250 

44325 

44400 

44475 

44550 

44625 

44700 

44775 

44850 

44925 

45000 

76 

77 

78 

11 

43776 

443 5 2 
44928 
45504 

43852 

44429 

45006 

45583 

43928 

44506 

45084 

45662 

44004 

44583 

45162 

45741 

44080 

44660 

45240 

45820 

44156 

44737 

45318 

45899 

44232 

44814 

45396 

45978 

44308 

44891 

45474 

46057 

44384 

44968 

45552 

46136 

4 4460 
45045 
45630 
46215 

44536 

45122 

45708 

46294 

44612 

45199 

45786 

46373 

44688 
45276 
45864 
46 452 

44764 

45353 

45942 

46531 

44840 
45 430 
46020 
46610 

44916 

45507 

46098 

46689 

44992 

45584 

46176 

46768 

45068 

45661 

46254 

46847 

45144 

45738 

46332 

48926 

45220 

45815 

46410 

47005 

45296 

45892 

46488 

47084 

45372 

45969 

46566 

47163 

45448 

46046 

46644 

47242 

45524 

46123 

46722 

47321 

45600 

46200 

46800 

47400 


8 0 = 8 O 

8 O 

8 0 II 

80 

46080 

46160 

46240 

46320 

46400 

46480 

46560 

46640 

46720 

46800 

46880 

46960 

47040 

47120 

47200 

47280 

47360 

474 40 

47520 

47600 

47680 

47760 

47840 

47920 

48000 

81 

82 

83 

84 

46656 

47232 

47808 

48384 

46737 

47314 

47891 

48468 

46818 

47396 

47974 

48552 

46899 

47478 

48057 

48636 

46980 

47560 

48140 

48720 

47061 

47642 

48223 

48804 

47142 

47724 

48306 

48888 

47223 

47806 

48389 

48972 

4730 4 
47888 
48472 
49056 

473 85 
47970 
48555 
49140 

47466 

48052 

48638 

49224 

47547 

48134 

48721 

49308 

47628 

48216 

48804 

49392 

47709 

48298 

48887 

49476 

47790 

48380 

48970 

49560 

47871 

48462 

49053 

49644 

47952 

48544 

49136 

49728 

48033 

48626 

49219 

49812 

48114 

48708 

49302 

49896 

48195 

48790 

49385 

49980 

43276 

48872 

49468 

50064 

48357 

48954 

49551 

50148 

48438 

49036 

49634 

50232 

48519 

49118 

49717 

50316 

48600 

49200 

49800 

50400 

85 

48960 

49045 

49130 

49215 

49300 

49385 

49470 

49555 

49640 

49725 

49810 

49895 

49980 

50065 

50150 

50235 

50320 

50405 

50490 

50575 

50660 

50745 

50830 

50915 

51000 

86 

87 

88 
89 

49536 

50112 

50683 

51264 

49622: 

50199 

50776 

51353 

49703’ 

50286 

50864 

514-42 

49794 

50373 

50952 

51531 

49880 

50460 

51040 

51620 

49966 

50547 

51128 

51709 

50052 

50634 

51216 

51798 

50138 

50721 

51304 

51887 

50224 

50808 

51392 

51976 

50310 

50895 

51430 

52065 

50396 

50982 

51568 

52154 

5 0482 
51069 
51656 
52243 

50568 

51156 

51744 

52332 

50654 

51243 

51832 

52421 

50740 

51330 

51920 

52510 

50826 

51417 

52008 

52599 

50912 

51504 

52096 

52688 

50998 

51591 

52184 

52777 

51084 

51678 

52272 

52866 

51170 

51765 

52360 

52955 

51256 

51852 

52448 

53044 

51342 

51939 

52536 

53133 

51428 

52026 

52624 

53222 

51514 

52113 

52712 

53311 

51600 

52200 

52800 

53400 

. r: .i.. 


30 

51840 

51330 

52020 

52110 

52200 

52290 

52380 

52470 

52560 

52650 

52740 

52830 

52920 

53010 

53100 

53190 

53280 

53370 

53460 

53550 

53640 

53730 

53820 

53910 

54000 

91 

92 

93 

94 

52416 

52992 

53568 

54144 

52507 

53084 

53661 

54238 

52598 

53176 

53754 

54332 

52689 

53268 

53847 

54426 

52180 

53360 

53940 

54520 

52871 

53452 

54033 

54614 

52962 

53544 

54126 

54708 

53053 

53636 

54219 

54802 

53144 

53728 

54312 

54896 

53235 

53820 

54405 

54990 

53326 

53912 

5 4 498 
55084 

53417 

54004 

54591 

55178 

53508 

54096 

54684 

55272 

53599 

54188 

54777 

55366 

53690 

54080 

54870 

55460 

53781 

54372 

54963 

55554 

53872 

54464 

55056 

55643 

53963 

54556 

55149 

55742 

54054 

54648 

55242 

55836 

54145 
547 40 
55335 
55930 

54236 

54832 

55428 

56024 

54327 

54924 

55521 

56118 

54418 

55016 

55614 

56212 

54509 

55108 

55707 

56306 

54600 

55200 

55300 

56400 

95 

54720 

54815 

54910 

55005 

55100 

55195 

55290 

55385 

55480 

55575 

55670 

55765 

55860 

55955 

56050 

56145 

56240 

56335 

56430 

5G525 

56620 

56715 

56810 

56905 

57000 

96 

97 
93 
99 

55296 

5537! 

56448 

57024 

55392 

55969 

56546 

57123 

55438 

56066 

56644 

57222 

55584 

56163 

56742 

57321 

55630 

56260 

56840 

57420 

55776 

56357 

56938 

57519 

55872 

56454 

57036 

57618 

55968 
56551 
57134 
57717; 

56064 
56648 
57232 
57816, 

56160 

56745 

57330 

57915 

56256 
56842 
5 7 428 
58014 

56352 

56939 

57526 

58113 

56448 

57036 

57624 

58212 

56544 

57133 

57722 

58311 

56640 

57230 

57820 

58410 

56736 

57327 

57918 

58509 

56832 

57424 

58016 

58608 

56928 

57521 

58114 

58707 

57024' 

57618 

58212 

58806 

57120 

57715 

58310 

58905 

57216 

57812 

58408 

59004 

57312 

57909 

58506 

59103 

57408 

58006 

58604 

59202 

57504 

58103 

58702 

59301 

57600 

58200 

58800 

59400 

J00 

57600 

57700 

57800; 

57900! 

58000 

58100 

58200 

58300: 

58400: 

58500 

58600 

58700 

58800 

58900 

59000 

59100 

59200 

59300 

59400 

59500 

59600 

59700 

59800 

59900 

160000 


Cotton Calculator.— The table will be found very convenient for computing the price 0 /cotton at 
any price per pound; thus, to find the price of a cotton bale weiyhiny 596 pounds, at 8§- cents per pound ,from 
596 at the top of the margin on the opposite paye, descend the column to the intersection of 8, where is -found 
4-768 ; then at the intersection of •§■ is found 74-^r, this multiplied by 7 (since there are ■§•) is 52ly ; the sum 
of 4-768 and 521^- is 5289^ , which is the price m cents, and reduced to dollars is 89jj. If the price 
involve halves, fourths, or sixteenths, take the quantity at the intersection of whatever fraction is used. 





































































































































































































heu 

COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 

1625 

1601 602 603 60* 6051606 607|608 609 6I0|6H 612 613 614 6I5B6I6 617 618(619 620|62l|6221623|624|6 

i 

re 

1 

IT 

371 
50^ 
60fk 
75 

37 | 
50 * 
SOl- 
751 

37 t! 
501 
60,1 
75! 

37 f 
501 
60 | 
75 1 

37^ 

501 

601 

75| 

371 
50 1 
60 1 
75 £ 

37,1 
501 
601 
751 

38 

sol- 

sol 

76 

38£ 
50 £ 
60& 
761 

38 | 
50f 
61 

76! 

38,£ 
50,| 
6're 
7G£ 

38 1 
51 

si 1 

761 

384 
51 | 
61 & 
76# 

381 
5l | 

si 4 

76! 

38,! 
5) 1 
Si ! 

76| 

38! 

51! 

s'! 

77 

381 

5 »ia 
61 £ 
77 b 

38 | 

511 
61 ! 
77! 

38^ 
51 1 % 
G'^o 
77 -g 

38 £ 
51 §■ 
62 

77* 

38 H 
5l£ 

"I 

38! 
5'f 
62 1 

77! 

38 H 
51 H 
62 k 

77 h 

39 . 
52 

62 ! 
78 

39 , 6 
52! 
62 ! 
78 ! 

1 

100 ! 

1001 

Tioo? 

1001 

100 i 

101 

101 s 

1011 

1011 

toil 

101# 

102 

10 a! 

1021 

1021 

102! 

102-1 

103 

103* 

103! 

103 1 

103! 

103 1 

104 

104 * 

1 

S’ 

1 

H* 

x 

I 20 i 

150* 

200 j 

300* 

120 f- 
1501 

200 y 

301 

1201 

150* 

201 

3011 

1201 

151 

2011 
302 

121 

151 1 
201 f 
3021 

121 k 
I5l| 
202 
303 

1211 
151 £ 
2021 
3031 

1211 
152 
202 | 
304 

1211 
152* 
203 
3041 

122 

1521 

203* 

305 

122 1 
I52£ 
203| 
3051 

122 ! 

153 

204 

306 

I22| 

1531 

204! 

306! 

122 ! 
153! 
204| 
307 

123 

1531 

205 

307! 

123 5 
154 
205! 
308 

123| 

1541 
205 1 
308! 

123 § 

154! 

206 

309 

123 1 

1541 

206* 

309! 

124 

155 

206 j 

310 

124-1 

155 1 

207 

310! 

124 f 

155! 

207! 

311 

124 £ 

155! 

207| 

3H! 

124! 

156 

208 

312 

125 

156 * 
208! 
312! 





624- 

1248 

1872 

2496 

625 

1250 

1875 

2500 

1 

2 

3 

4- 

601 

1202 

1803 

2404 

602 

1204 

1806 

2408 

603 

1206 

1809 

2412 

604 

1208 

1812 

2416 

605 

1210 

1815 

2420 

GOG 

1212 

1818 

2424 

607 

1214- 

1821 

2428 

G08 

1216 

1824 

2432 

609 

1218 

1827 

2436 

6 IO 

1220 

1830 

2440 

6 1 1 
1222 
1833 
2444 

612 

1224 

1836 

2448 

613 

1226 

1839 

2452 

614- 

1228 

1842 

2456 

6 15 
1230 

1845 

2460 

616 

1232 

1848 

2464 

6 47 
1234 
1851 
2468 

618 

1236 

1854 

2472 

6 19 
1238 
1857 
2476 

620 

1240 

I860 

2480 

621 

1242 

1863 

2484 

62 a 

1244 

1866 

2488 

623 

1246 

1869 

2492 

5 

3005 

3010 

3015 

3020 

3025 

3030 

3035 

3040 

3045 

3050 

3055 

3060 

3065 

3070 

3075 

3080 

3085 

3090 

3095 

3100 

3105 

3110 

3115 

3120 

3125 

6 

7 

8 

9 

3606 

4207 

4808 

5409 

3612 

4214 

4816 

5418 

3618 

4221 

4824 

5427 

3624 

4228 

4832 

5436 

3630 

4235 

484-0 

5445 

3636 
42 4 2 
4848 
5454 

3642 

4249 

4856 

5463 

3648 

4256 

4864 

5472 

3654 

4263 

4872 

5481 

3660 

4270 

4880 

5490 

3666 

4277 

4888 

5499 

3672 

4284 

4896 

5508 

3678 

4291 

4904 

5517 

3684 

4298 

4912 

5526 

3690 

4305 

4920 

5535 

3696 

4312 

4928 

5544 

3702 

4319 

4936 

5553 

3708 

4326 

4944 

5562 

3714 

4333 

4952 

5571 

3720 

43 40 
4960 
5580 

3726 

43 47 
4968 
5589 

3732 

4354 

4976 

5598 

3738 

4361 

4984 

5607 

3744 

4368 

4992 

5616 

3750 

4375 

5000 

5625 

1 0 


□ 

50 

JO 

10 

6010 1 

6020 

6030 

6040 

6050 

6060 

6070 

6080 

6090 

6100 

6110 

6120 

6130 

6140 

6150 

6160 

6170 

61* 

6190 

6200 

6210 

6220 

6230 

6240 

6250 

11 

12 

13 

14 

6611 

7212 

7813 

8414 

6622 

7224 

7826 

8428 

6633 

7236 

7839 

8442 

6644 

7248 

7852 

8456 

6655 

7260 

7865 

8470 

6666 

7272 

7878 

8484 

6677 

7284 

7891 

8498 

6688 

7296 

7904 

8512 

6699 

7308 

7917 

8526 

6710 

7320 

7930 

8540 

6721 

7332 

7943 

8554 

6732 

7344 

7956 

8568 

6743 

7356 

7969 

8582 

6754 

7368 

7982 

8596 

6765 

7380 

7995 

8610 

6776 

7392 

8008 

8624 

6787 

7404 

8021 

8638 

6798 

7416 

8034 

8652 

6809 

7428 

8047 

8666 

6820 

7440 

8060 

8680 

6831 

7452 

8073 

8694 

6842 

7464 

8086 

8708 

6853 

7476 

8099 

8722 

6864 

7488 

8112 

8736 

6875 

7500 

8125 

8750 

15 

9015 

9030 

9045 

9060 

9075 

9090 

9105 

9120 

9135 

9150 

9165 

9180 

9195 

9210 

9225 

9240 

9255 

9270 

9285 

9300 

9315 

9330 

9345 

9360 

9375 

16 

17 

18 
19 

9616 

10217 

10818 

11419 

9632 

10234 

10836 

11438 

9648 

10251 

10854 

11457 

9664 

10268 

10872 

11476 

9680 

10285 

10890 

11495 

9696 

10302 

10908 

11514 

9712 

10319 

10926 

11533 

9728 

10336 

10944 

11552 

9744 

10353 

10962 

11571 

9760 

10370 

10980 

11590 

9776 

10387 

10998 

11609 

9792 

10404 

11016 

11628 

9808 

10421 

11034 

11647 

9824 

10438 

11052 

11666 

9840 

10455 

11070 

11685 

9856 

10472 

11088 

11704 

9872 

10489 

11106 

11723 

9888 

10506 

11124 

11742 

9904 

10523 

11142 

11761 

9920 

10540 

11160 

11780 

9936 

10557 

11178 

11799 

9952 

10574 

11196 
11818 

9968 

10591 

11214 

11837 

99 8 4 

10608 

11232 

11856 

10000 

19625 

11250 

11875 

33 

2 O 

2 O 

2 O 

2 


2 O 

1 Q020 1 

12040 

12060 

12080 

12100 

|I2I20 I2140|IQI60 

12IS0I12200I 

12220 

12240 

12260 

12280 

12300 

12320 

12340 

12360 

123 80 

12400 

12420 

12440 

12460 

12480 

12500 

Eg 

12621 

13222 

13823 

14424 

12642 

13244 

13846 

14448 

12663 

13266 

13869 

14472 

12684 

13288 

13892 

14496 

12705 

13310 

13915 

14520 

12726 

13332 

13938 

14544 

12747 

13354 

13961 

14568 

12768 

13376 

13984 

14592 

12789 

13398 

14007 

14616 

12810 

13420 

14030 

14640 

12831 

13442 

14053 

14664 

12852 

13464 

14076 

14688 

12873 

13486 

14099 

14712 

12894 

13508 

14122 

14736 

12915 

13530 

14145 

14760 

12936 

13552 

14168 

14784 

12957 

13574 

14191 

14808 

12978 

13596 

14214 

14832 

12999 

13618 

14237 

14856 

13020 

13640 

14260 

14880 

13041 

13662 

14283 

14904 

13062 

13684 

14306 

14928 

13083 

13706 

14329 

14952 

13104 

13728 

14352 

14976 

13125 

13750 

14375 

15000 

15025 

15050 

15075 

15100 

15125 

15150 

15175 

15200 

f l5225 

15250 

15275 

15300 

15325 

15350 

15375 

15400 

15425 

15450 

15475 

15500 

15525 

15550 

15575 

15600 

15625 

B 26 

1 27 

I 28 

I [29 

15626 

16227 

16828 

17429 

15652 

16254 

16856 

17458 

15678 

16281 

16884 

17487 

15704 

16308 

16912 

17516 

15730 

16335 

16940 

17545 

15756 

16362 

16968 

17574 

15782 

16389 

16996 

17603 

15808 

16416 

17024 

17632 

15834 

16443 

17052 

17661 

15860 

16470 

17080 

17690 

15886 

16497 

17108 

17719 

15912 

16524 

17136 

17748 

15938 

16551 

17164 

17777 

15964 

16578 

17192 

17806 

15990 

16605 

17220 

17835 

16016 

16632 

17248 

17864 

16042 

16659 

17276 

17893 

16068 

16686 

17304 

17922 

16094 

16713 

17332 

17951 

16120 
16740 
173 60 
17980 

16146 

16767 

17388 

18009 

16172 

16794 

17416 

18038 

16198 

16821 

17444 

18067 

16224 

16848 

17472 

18096 

16250 

16875 

17500 

18125 




3 

■ VJtyBMHMHaBMt/ ^TT— — — 





30 

18030 

18060 

18090 

18120 

18150 

18180 

18210 

18240 

18270 

18300 

[18330 18360 

18390 

18420 

18450 

18480 

18510 

18540 

18570 

18600 

18630 

13660 

18690 

18720 

18750 

31 

32 

33 

34 

18631 

19232 

19833 

20434 

18662 

19264 

19866 

20468 

18693 

19296 

19899 

20502 

18724 

19328 

19932 

20536 

18755 

19360 

19965 

20570 

18786 

19332 

19998 

20604 

18817 

19424 

20031 

20638 

18848 

19456 

20064 

20672 

18879 

19488 

20097 

20706 

18910 

19520 

20130 

20740 

18941 

19552 

20163 

20774 

18972 

19584 

20196 

20808 

19003 

19616 

20229 

20842 

19034 

19643 

20262 

20876 

19065 

19680 

20295 

20910 

19096 

19712 

20328 

20944 

19127 

19744 

20361 

20978 

19158 

19776 

2039* 

21012 

19189 

19808 

20427 

21046 

19220 

19840 

20460 

21080 

19251 

19872 

20493 

21114 

19282 

I9S04 

20526 

21148 

19313 

19936 

20559 

21182 

19344 

I9S68 

20592 

21216 

19375 

20000 

20625 

21250 

35 

21035 

21070 

21105 

21140 

21175 

21210 

21245 

21280 

21315 

21350 

21385 

21420 

21455 

21490 

21525 

21560 

21595 

21630 

21665 

21700 

21735 

21770 

21805 

21840 

21875 

36 

37 

38 

39 

21636 

22237 

22838 

23439 

21672 

22274 

22876 

23478 

21708 

22311 

22914 

23517 

21744 

22348 

22952 

23556 

21780 

22385 

22990 

23595 

21816 

22422 

23028 

23634 

21852 

22459 

23066 

23673 

21888 

22496 

23104 

237)2 

21924 

22533 

23142 

23751 

21960 

22570 

23180 

23790 

21936 

22607 

23218 

23829 

22032 

22644 

23256 

23868 

22068 

22681 

23294 

23907 

22104 

22713 

23332 

22946 

22140 

22755 

23370 

23985 

22176 

22792 
23 4 0 8 
24024 

22212 

22829 

23446 

24063 

22248 

22866 

23484 

24102 

22284 

22903 

23522 

24141 

22320 

22940 

23560 

24180 

22356 

22977 

23598 

24219 

22392 

23014 

23636 

24258 

22428 

23051 

23674 

24297 

22464 

23088 

23712 

24336 

22500 

23125 

23750 

24375 



40 

24040 

24080 

24120 

24160 

24200 

24240 

24280 

24320 

24360 

24400 

24440 

24480 

24520 

24560 

24600 

24640 

24680 

24720 

24760 

24800 

24840 

24880 

24920 

24960 

25000 

41 

42 

43 

44 

24641 

25242 

25843 

26444 

24682 

25284 

25886 

26488 

24723 

25326 

25929 

26532 

24764 

25368 

25972 

26576 

2480b 

25410 

26015 

26620 

24846 1 

25452 

26053 

26664 

24887 

25494 

26101 

26708 

24928 

25536 

26144 

26752 

24969 

25578 

26187 

26796 

25010 

25620 

26230 

26840 

25051 

25662 

26273 

26884 

25092 

25704 

26316 

26928 

25133 

25746 

26359 

26972 

25174 

25788 
26 402 
27016 

25215 

25830 

26445 

27060 

25256 

25872 

26488 

27104 

25297 

25914 

26531 

27148 

25338 

25956 

26574 

27192 

25379 

25998 

26617 

27236 

25420 

26040 

26660 

27280 

25461 

26082 

26703 

27324 

25502 

26124 

2674G 

27368 

25543 

26166 

26789 

27412 

25584 

26208 

26832 

27456 

25625 

26250 

26875 

27500 

45 

27045 

27090 

27135 

27180 

27225 

27270, 

27315 

27360 

27405 

27450 

27495 

27540 

27585 

27630 

27675 

27720 

27765 

27810 

27855 

27900 

27945 

27990 

28035 

28080 

28125 

46 

47 

48 

49 

2/646 

28247 

28848 

29449 

27692 

28294 

28896 

29498 

27/38 

28341 

28944 

29547 

27784 

28388 

28992 

29596 

2/830 

28435 

29040 

29645 

27876 

28482 

29088 

29694 

27922 

28529 

29136 

29743 

27968 

28576 

29184 

29792 

28014 

28623 

29232 

29841 

28060 

28670 

29280 

29890 

28106 

28717 

29328 

29939 

28152 

28764 

29376 

29988 

28198 

28811 
29 424 
30037 

28244 

28858 

29472 

30086 

28290 

28905 

29520 

30135 

28336 

28952 

29568 

30184 

28382 

28999 

29616 

30233 

28 428 

29046 

29664 

[30282 

28474 

29093 

29712 

30331 

28520 

29140 

297G0 

30380 

28566 

29187 

29808 

30429 

28612 

29234 

29856 

30478 

28658 

29281 

29904 

30527 

28704 

29328 

29952 

30576 

28750 

29375 

30000 

30625 


112 






















































































































































































































COMPUTATION TABLE BASED ON 1. 

|60l|602 603|60ifr!605|606!607|608!609!6l0l6lll6l2|6l3!6l<fl6l5l6l6l6l7l6l8l6l9l620l6 


622 623 624 625 


50 

51 

52 

53 
54- 

30050 

30651 

31252 

31853 

32W 

30100 

30702 

31304 

31906 

32508 

30150 

30753 

31356 

31959 

32562 

30200 

30804 

31408 

32012 

32616 

30250 

30855 

31460 

32065 

32670 

30300 

30906 

31512 

32113 

32724 

30350 

30957 

31564 

32171 

32778 

30 400 
31008 
31616 
32224 
32832 

30450 

31059 

31668 

32277 

32886 

30500 

3 IN0 

31720 

32330 

32940 

30550 
31161 
31772 
32383 
32994 

30600 
31212 
31824 
32436 
33048 

30650 

31263 

31876 

32489 

33102 

30700 

31314 

31928 

32542 

33156 

30750 

31365 

31980 

32595 

33210 

30800 

31416 

32032 

32648 

33264 

30850 

31467 

32084 

32701 

33318 

30900 

31518 

32136 

32754 

33372 

30950 

31569 

32188 

32807 

33426 

31000 

31620 

32240 

32860 

33480 

31050 

31671 

32292 

32913 

33534 

31100 

31722 

32344 

32966 

33588 

31150 

31773 

3239S 

33019 

33642 

31200 
31824 
32 448 
33072 
33696 

31250 

31875 

32500 

33125 

33750 

rri 

33055 

33110 

33165 

33220 

33275 

33330 

33385 

33440 

33495 

33550 

33605 

33660 

33715 

33770 

33825 

33880 

33935 

33990 

34045 

34100 

34155 

34210 

34265 

34320 

34375 

56 

57 

58 

59 

33656 

34257 

34358 

35459 

33712 

34314 

34916 

35518 

33768 

34371 

34974 

35577 

33824 

34428 

35032 

35636 

33380 

34485 

35020 

35695 

33936 

34542 

35148 

35754 

33992 

34599 

35206 

35813 

34048 

34656 

35264 

35872 

34104 

34713 

35322 

35931 

34160 

34770 

35380 

35990 

34216 

34827 

35438 

36049 

34272 

34884 

35436 

36108 

34328 

34941 

35554 

36167 

34384 

34998 

35612 

36226 

34440 

35055 

35670 

36285 

34496 

35112 

35728 

36344 

34552 

35169 

35786 

36403 

34608 

35226 

35844 

36462 

34664 

35283 

35902 

36521 

34720 

35340 

35960 

36580 

34776 

35397 

36018 

36639 

34832 

35454 

36076 

36698 

34888 

35511 

36134 

36757 

34944 

35568 

36192 

36816 

35000 

35625 

36250 

36875 


G O 

6 

O 

G 

O 

6 

O 

6 

o 


36060 

36120 

36180 

36240 

36300 

36360 

36420 

36480 

36540 

36600 

36660 

36720 

36780 

36840 

36900 

36960 

37020 

37080 

37140 

37200 

37260 

37320 

37380 

37440 

37500 

61 

62 

63 

64- 

36661 

37262 

37863 

384S4 

36722 

37324 

37926 

38528 

36783 

37386 

37989 

38592 

3684^ 

37448 

38052 

38656 

36905 

37510 

38115 

38720 

36366 

37572 

38178 

38784 

37027 

37634 

38241 

38848 

37088 

37696 

38304 

38912 

37149 

37758 

38367 

38976 

37210 

37820 

33430 

39040 

37271 

37882 

38493 

39104 

37332 

37944 

38556 

39168 

37393 

38006 

38619 

39232 

37454 

38068 

38682 

39296 

37515 

38130 

38745 

39360 

37576 

38192 

38808 

39424 

37637 

38254 

38871 

39488 

37698 

38316 

38934 

39552 

37759 

38378 

38997 

39616 

37820 

38440 

39060 

39680 

37881 

38502 

39123 

39744 

37942 

38564 

39186 

39808 

38003 

38626 

39249 

39872 

38064 

38688 

39312 

39936 

38125 

38750 

39375 

40000 

65 

39065 

39130 

39195 

39260 

39325 

39390 

39455 

39520 

39585 

39650 

39715 

39780 

39845 

39910 

39975 

40040 

40105 

40170 

40235 

40300 

40365 

40430 

40495 

40560 

40625 

66 

67 

68 
69 

39666 

40267 

40868 

41469 

39732 

40334 

40936 

41538 

39798 

40401 

41004 

41607 

39864 

40468 

41072 

41676 

39930 

40535 

41140 

41745 

39996 

40602 

41208 

41814 

40061 

40669 

41276 

41883 

40128 

40736 

41344 

41952 

40194 

40803 

41412 

42021 

40260 

40870 

41480 

42090 

40326 

4-0337 

41548 

42159 

40392 

41004 

41616 

42228 

40458 

41071 

41684 

42297 

40524 

4H38 

41752 

42366 

40590 

41205 

41820 

42435 

+0656 

41272 

41888 

42504 

40722 

41339 

41956 

42573 

40788 

41406 

42024 

42642 

40854 
41473 
42092 
42711 

40920 

41540 

42160 

42780 

40986 

41607 

42228 

42849 

41052 

41674 

42296 

42918 

til 18 
41741 
42364 
42987 

41184 

41808 

42+32 

43056 

41250 

41875 

42500 

43125 



ED 

42Q70 

42140 

42210 

42280 

423 5 0 

42420 

42490 

42550 

42630 

42700 

42770 

42840 

42910 

42980 

43050 

43120 

43190 

43260 

43330 

43400 

43470 

43540 

43610 

43680 

43750 

71 

72 

73 
74- 

42671 

43272 

43873 

44474 

42742 

43344 

43946 

44548 

42813 

43416 

44019 

44622 

42884 

43488 

44092 

44696 

42955 

43560 

44165 

44770 

43026 

43632 

44238 

44844 

43097 

43704 

44311 

44918 

43168 

43776 

44384 

44992 

43239 

43848 

44457 

45066 

43310 

43920 

44530 

45140 

43381 

43992 

44603 

45214 

43452 

44064 

44S76 

45288 

43523 

44136 

44749 

45362 

43594 

44208 

44822 

45436 

43665 

44280 

44895 

45510 

+3736 

+4352 

44968 

45584 

43807 

44424 

45041 

45658 

43878 

44496 

45114 

45732 

43949 

44568 

45187 

45806 

44020 

44640 

45260 

45880 

44091 

44712 

45333 

45954 

44162 

44784 

45406 

46028 

44233 

44856 

45479 

46102 

44304 

44928 

45552 

46176 

44375 

45000 

45625 

46250 

75 

45075 

45150 

45225 

45300 

45375 

45450 

45525 

45600 

45675 

45750 

45825 

45900 

45975 

46050 

46125 

46200 

46275 

46350 

46425 

46500 

46575 

46650 

46725 

46800 

46875 

76 

77 

78 

79 

45676 

46277 

46873 

47479 

45752 

46354 

46956 

47558 

45828 

46431 

47034 

47637 

45904 

46508 

47112 

47716 

45980 
4S5S5 
47190 
4779 5 

46056 

46662 

47268 

478(4 

46132 

46739 

47346 

47953 

46208 

46816 

47424 

48092 

46284 

46893 

47502 

48111 

46360 

46970 

47580 

48190 

46436 

47047 

47658 

48269 

46512 

47124 

47736 

48348 

46588 

47201 

47814 

48427 

46664 

47278 

47892 

48506 

46740 

47355 

47970 

49585 

46816 

47432 

+8048 

486S4 

46892 

47509 

48126 

48743 

46968 

47585 

48204 

48822 

47044 

47663 

48282 

48901 

47120 

47740 

48360 

48980 

47196 

47817 

48 438 
49059 

47272 

47894 

48516 

49138 

47348 

47971 

48594 

49217 

47424 

48048 

48672 

49296 

47500 

48125 

48750 

49375 


R O 

8 

o 

8 

o 

8 



S O 

nn 

48080 

48160 

48240 

48320 

48 400 

48480 

48560 

48640 

48720 

48800 

48880 

48960 

49040 

49120 

49200 

+9280 

49360 

49440 

49520 

49600 

49680 

49760 

49840 

49920 

50000 

81 

82 

83 

84 

48681 

49282 

49883 

50484 

48762 

49364 

49966 

50568 

48843 

49446 

50049 

50652 

48924 

49528 

50132 

50736 

49005 

49610 

50215 

50820 

43086 

49692 

50298 

50904 

49167 

49774 

50381 

50988 

49248 

49856 

50464 

51072 

49329 

49938 

50547 

51156 

49410 

50020 

50630 

51240 

43491 

50102 

50713 

51324 

43572 

50184 

50796 

51408 

49653 

50266 

50879 

51492 

49734 

50348 

50962 

51576 

49815 

50430 

51045 

51660 

+9896 

50512 

51128 

51744 

49977 

50594 

51211 

51828 

50058 

50676 

51294 

51912 

50139 

50758 

51377 

51996 

50220 

50840 

51460 

52080 

50301 

50922 

51543 

52164 

50382 

51004 

51626 

52248 

50463 

51086 

51709 

52332 

50544 

51168 

51792 

52416 

50625 

51250 

51875 

52500 

85 

51085 

51170 

51255 

51340 

51425 

51510 

51595 

51680 

51765 

51850 

51935 

52020 

52105 

52190 

52275 

52360 

52445 

52530 

52615 

52700 

52785 

52870 

52955 

53040 

53125 

86 

87 

88 
89 

51686 

52287 

52888 

53489 

51772 

52374 

52976 

53578 

51858 

52461 

53064 

53667 

51944 

52548 

53152 

53756 

52030 

52635 

53240 

53845 

52116 

52722 

53328 

53934 

52202 

52809 

53416 

54023 

52288 

52896 

53504 

54112 

52374 

52983 

53592 

54201 

52460 

53070 

53680 

54290 

52546 

53157 

53168 

54379 

52632 

53244 

53856 

54468 

52718 

53331 

53944 

54557 

52804 

53418 

54032 

54646 

52890 

53505 
54120 
547 3 5 

52976 

53592 

54208 

5482+ 

53062 

53679 

54296 

54913 

53148 

53766 

54384 

55002 

53234 

53853 

54472 

55091 

53320 

53940 

54560 

55180 

53406 

54027 

54648 

55269 

53492 

54114 

54736 

55358 

53578 

54201 

54824 

55447 

53664 

54288 

54912 

55536 

53750 

54375 

55000 

55625 



Q A 


9 





55440 

55530 



55710 

55800 

55890 

55980 

56070 

56160 

56250 


54090 

54180 

54270 

54360 

54450 

54540 

54630 

54720 

54810 

54300 

54990 

55080 

55170 

55260 

55350 

55620 

91 

92 

93 

94 

54691 

55292 

55893 

56494 

54782 

55384 

55986 

56588 

54873 

55476 

56079 

56682 

54964 

55568 

56172 

55776 

55055 

55660 

56265 

56870 

5514-6 

55752 

56358 

56964 

55237 

55844 

56451 

57058 

55328 

55936 

156544 

57152 

55419 

56028 

56637 

,57246 

55510 

56120 

56730 

57340 

55601 

56212 

56323 

57434 

55692 

56304 

56916 

57528 

55783 

56396 

57009 

57622 

55874 

56488 

57102 

57716 

5S9b5 

56580 

57195 

57810 

56056 

56672 

57288 

57904 

561+7 

56764 

57381 

57998 

56298 

56856 

57474 

58092 

56329 

56948 

57567 

58186 

5 6 420 

57040 

57660 

58280 

56511 

57132 

57753 

58374 

56602 

57224 

57846 

58468 

56693 

57316 

57939 

58562 

56784 

57408 

58032 

58656 

568/5 

57500 

58125 

58750 

95 

57095 

57190 

57285 

57380 

57475 

57570 

57665 

57760 

57855 

57950 

58045 

58140 

58235 

58330 

58425 

58520 

58615 

58710 

58805 

58900 

58995 

59090 

59185 

59280 

59375 

96 

37 

98 

99 

57696 

58297 

58898 

594S3 

57792 

58394 

58996 

59598 

57888 

58441 

59094 

59697 

57984 

58588 

59192 

59796 

58080 

58685 

53290 

59895 

58176 

58782 

59388 

59994 

58272 

58879 

59486 

60093 

58368 

58976 

59584 

60192 

58464 

59073 

59682 

60291 

58560 

59170 

59780 

60390 

58656 

59267 

59878, 

69489 

58752 

5936+ 

59976 

605881 

58848 

59461 
60074 
60687j 

5894+ 

59558 

60172 

60786 

59040 

59655 

60270 

60885 

59136 

59752 

60368 

60934 

59232 

59849 

60466 

61083 

59328 

59946 

6056+ 

61182 

59424 

60043 

60662 

61281 

59520 

60140 

60760 

61380 

59616 

60237 

60858 

61479 

59712 

60334 

60956 

61578 

59808 

60431 

61054 

61677 

59904 

60528 

61152 

61776 

60000 

60625 

61250 

61875 


60100 

60200 

60300 

60400 

60500 

|60600j60700 

60800 

60900 

61000 

61100 

6I200)6I300|6I400|61500| 

61600 

61700 

61800 

61900 

62000 

62100 

62200 

62300 

62400 

62500 


CONTENTS,IN BUSHEUS,OF Bins, WAGON BEOS,CRIBS, ETC. — I. To find the number of bushels of 
shelled corn, wheat, etc., in a bin or wajion bed, multiply the contents in cubic feet by .8 ; thus, the number of 
bushels in a bin 12 ft. I 0 T 19 ,10 ft. wide, and 6 ft. hiyh is ( 12 X 10 X 6 X .8 ) 576.0 (A headed bushel contains I* of the 
preceding which are struck ones). II. To find the number-of heaped bushels of apples, potatoes,ear corn,etc., in 
any enclosure, multiply the contents in cubic feet by .6; thus, in the above there are 432.0 bushels. Ill . To find the 
number of bushels of shelled com in any enclosure of ear corn,-multiply the cubic feet by .4; in the above there are 288.0 bushels. 


t 


113 




















































































































































































































i 




NOTE. 

In the 
following 
pages will 
be found 
all defini¬ 
tions,rules, 
processes, 
and i.llus 
t rations 
in practi 
cal arith 
tne-tic that 
an ordina 
ry busi 
ness man 
has occas 
ion to use 

? 



■■I 




iS* 


NOTE. 

The alpha 
betic arrange- 
ment will 
be found 
to greatly 
ex ped i te 
readiness 
of -refer¬ 
ence, an d 
the exam¬ 
ple follow¬ 
ing most 
of the rules, 
sufficiently 
elucidates 
t he i y 
application.: 


ABSTRACT.- Separate or distinct 
from something else. Ati abstract 
quantity is one which does not 
involve the idea of matter, but 
simply that of a mental concep 
tion. All numbers are abstract 
when the unit is abstract. 

ACRE. -A unit employed in the 
measurement of land. It con¬ 
tains 43,560 square feet, 4840 
square yards, or 160 square rods. 
In the form of a square,one side 
measures 108.7 feet, or 69.57 
yards. (See Land or Square Meas¬ 
ure -\r\Aex). 

Accurate interest. -interest 

computed according to the exact 
•number of days.To find accurate 
interest, Compute it at the rate 
of 360 days to the year, and 
subtract from it ^5 part of itself; 
in leap-year subtract ^r. 

ACUTE .-Sharp as opposed to ob¬ 
tuse. An acute, angle is one that 
is less than a right angle, or 90°. 
An acute-angled triangle is one 
having all of its angles acute. 

ADDITION .-Finding the simplest 
equivalent expression for the ag.- 
gregate of two or more quanti 
ties of the same kind. To prove 
the accuracy of the operation of 
addition,(I) Add the columns of 
units from the top downwards, 
and then from the bottom up¬ 
wards;^) Separate the numbers 
into two or more groups, adding 
each group separatel y, and then 
the several results; (3) Cast out 
the 9’s, by taking the 
sum ofthedigits in ----- 
each number to be ad¬ 
ded, and Having divid¬ 
ed each sum by 9, set 
down the remainder 
in a column at the right.Take the 
sum of these remainders and di¬ 
vide it by 9, setting the remainder 
beneath. If this remainder.is the 
same asthat found by dividing 

/a*, ». 


7435 

1 

8306 

8 

3947 

5 

19688 

5 


the sum of the digits in the sum 
total by 9, the work is correct. 

ADJACENT.-Contigu- ° 

ous to, or bordering up- / 
on. Adjacent angle s c e * 
are those which have < 
one side, in common, and their 
other sides a prolongation of the 
same straight line; thus,the an¬ 
gles DBC and DBA are adjacent. 

AGGREGATE.-The sum of sever¬ 
al particulars, or an assemblage 
of parts to form a whole. 

ALIQUOT PART.-For defini¬ 
tion see under Business Terms. 
To find the al iquot parts of a 
number', Divide it by the least 
number except I, that will ex¬ 
actly divide it; then divide the 
quotient by its least divisor ex¬ 
cept I; and so on, always divid¬ 
ing the last quotient by its least 
divisor except I, till I is obtained 
as a quotient, which,with the 
several d ivisors, constitute the 
aliquot parts of the number. 

ALLIGATION. -The compounding 
or mixing of ingred ients. (See 
Business Terms-Vn&ex). Alliga¬ 
tion Medial is the process of fin¬ 
ding the average value or quali¬ 
ty of a mi xture, the quality and 
quantity of whose ingredients are 
known. Thus mix- tWxavVow.' 
mg together 5 O cts. cts. 

bushels of oats, at 40*50=2000 
40 cents per bush- 50 x30=1500 
el; 30 bushels of 60x25=1500 
barley,at 50 cents 1 05 ) 5000 
per bushel, and ai 12 

25 bushels of corn, 
at 60 cents, per bushel, one bush- 
el of the mixt.ure is worth 47 
cents. Alligation Alternate is 
the process of finding what a- 
wount ofeach of several sim¬ 
ple ingredients, whose prices or 
qualities are known, -must be 
taken to form a mixture of any 
required price or quality. In solv¬ 


ing problems of this class,Com¬ 
pute the balance of gain or loss 
on the definite quantities taken; 
then cancel this balance by tak¬ 
ing a sufficient quantity of one 
or more of the same or other 
elements" furnisHed.^xa-vn^®- 
To make a grade worth lie' per 
pound, how many pounds at 9/, 
must be mixed with 100 pounds 
of coffee at 12/, and 90 pounds 
at 100 ? O^exit’xo'w. 



El’s 

at 

Gam 


Total 


Total 

value. 

Av. 

at 

or, 

loss 

lb. 

Lbs. 

gain or 
loss. 

Balance. 


12 

1 - 

100 

100 - 


12.00 

II 

10 

1 4 

90 

90 + 


9.00 






10 - 

.45 


9 

2 + 

5 


10 + 


?roo^.-lf 195 lb. are worth 21.45 
I lb. is worth.II 


NoXe.- + shows gain,and —, loss. 

ALTITUDE. -The height of a body, 
or its third dimension. To measure 
an accessible altitude, 

Select any convenient 
point A, on a hori¬ 
zontal line through 
C; measure the dis- A 8 c 
tance CA; then measure off a dis¬ 
tance A 8 towards the object, and 
at B set up a vertical stake; from A, 
sight to the top of the object, and 
note the point E where this line of 
Sight cuts the stake, and then meas¬ 
ure DB. From similar triangles 
AB is to DB as AC isto EC; 

whence, EC-— - 

Similarly the altitude of an object 
which is accessible,.may be determ¬ 
ined bv means of its shadow. 

ANALYSIS. -Logically deducing 
from the terms of a problem the 
conditions and relations requir¬ 
ed in its solution, which are not 
fully stated . Exa-m^U.- If 4 TBs. 


114 
















































































































































































































































of Sugar cost 28 cts., what will 
9 tbs . ? K-»\a\\)s\s.-lf 4 tbs. cost 
28 cts., one pound will cost one- 
fourth of 29 =7 cts., and 9 pounds 
will cost nine times Tcts. = 63 cts. 
ANGLE.—The portioT of space ly¬ 
ing between two lines, or be¬ 
tween two or more surfaces, 
nieetimg in a common point. 
ANNUITY .-For definition see un-| 
der Business Forms and Terms. 

A certain annuity is an annui¬ 
ty payable for a definite length of 
time. A contingent annuity is 
one payable for an uncertain pe¬ 
riod of time, as during life. A 
deferred annuity is. one not to 
be entered upon until after a 
certain period of time. A rever¬ 
sionary annuity is one not to be 
entered upon till after the death 
of a certain person. An annui¬ 
ty in possession is one to be en¬ 
tered upon at once. A life annu¬ 
ity is one to continue during the 
life of one or more persons. Aeon 
tingent life annuity is one to con 
tinue for a certain number of 
years, provided a certain person 
survives the period mentioned. 
A perpetual annuity is one to 
continue forever. A forborne 
annuity is one *\r\ arrears, that 
is,the payment may not h ave 
been made when due.(SeeCom- 
pound Interest Tables, Nos.3 and 
4,also Life Annuity). 

ANTECEDENT.-The first of the 
two terms in a ratio, vv h ich are 
compared together. It forms 
the standard of comparison,and 
must be known before the value 
of the other term (the consequent) 
can be expressed. (See Ratio). 
APPLES, P otatoes, etc.-To find 
the number of bushels of apples, 
potatoes, etc., in a bin. Multiply 
the length, breadth and thickness 
together, and this product by 8,and 
point off one figure, in the prod¬ 
uct for decimals. 
APOTHECARIES,’Weight and 
Measure.-Used in mixing and 
compounding medicines. For 
the table, see under Weights and 
Measures. 

ARABIC N otation.-That meth¬ 
od of expressing numbers by the 
use of characters called S'xqwxes.. 
They are, I, 2,3,4,5, 6,7, 8,9, and 
0; the last is used for vacant orders. 
ARC. -A part of the circumference 
of a circle or other curve. To find 
the length of an arc, use the fol¬ 
lowing formula: The number of 
degrees ( deg.) contai ned in an arc, 
and the diameter (diam.). of the 
circle being given, required the 
length (1) of the arc: 

deg.xdiam.x 3.1416 -f-360 = l. 
AREA.-The superf icial contents 
of any surface expressed in terms 
of some given surface assumed 
as a unit or standard of compar¬ 
ison; the unit «f measurement us¬ 
ually being a »quare. 


ARITHMETIC.-That branch of-math 
ematics treating of the relations 
and properties of numbers when 
expressed by the aid offigures,or 
combinations of figures. 

AVERAGE.-Th e.quotient aris¬ 
ing from dividing the sum of 
two or more terms by their num¬ 
ber; thus the average of 3, 8,9,11, 
and 14 =(3 + 8+9 +11 +14)4-5 = 9. - 
For the commercial signification 
of this term, see under Bus iness 
Forms and Terms. 

AVERAGE or Equation of Pay¬ 
ments .- The method of finding 
the time when the payment ofsev¬ 
eral sums, due at different times, 
may be made at once, without loss 
of interest to either debtor or 
creditor. The Focal Date is the 
date from which the time is reck¬ 
oned to the dates when the sev¬ 
eral amounts become due. (See 
Business Time Tables) .To -find 
the average time when all the 
terms of credit begin at the same 
time, M ultiply each amount by 





- py 


its term of credit, and divide the 
sum of the several products .by 
the sum of the debts; the quotient 
will be the average term of credit, 
^c.xawq\e. - A merchant purchas¬ 
es goods, January 6th,amounting 
to #9.00 : #300 payable in 6 months, 
#300 in 8 months, and #300 in 
10 months. When may the whole 
be paid without loss to either par¬ 
ty? Solution. 

#300 for6 mos.=#l800 for I mon. 
300 »» 8 i» = 2400 »» *» 

300 «» 10 »» = 3000 >» »• 

900. ) 7200 = 8 months. 

To -find the average time when 
the terms of the credits begin at 
different times, Find the date when 
each debt becomes due.(See Busi¬ 
ness Time Tables). Find the time 
intervening between the earliest 
of these dates and the date of each 
succeeding amount.Multiply each 
amount by the time intervening 
between the earliest date and 
the date when the amou-nt be¬ 
comes due. Divide the sum ofthe 
products by the sum of the debts; 
the quotient wi 11 be the average 


time required.Add this average 
time to the focal date -for the 
day of payment.^.x-am^Ve..-Re¬ 
quired the time when the amount 
ofthe debts as below stated be¬ 
come due per average. 

v „ "Wwe o$ .... , 

VwvcVase. wnwxwt. NNVven&we. 

Jan. 6, #300 6 mos. July 6. 

Apr. 10, 20 0 6 .» Oct. 10. 
May 7, 400 3 »» Aug. 7. 

Statement. 

\Says. Kw’L Vro&vicV 
From July 6 to July 6, 0 x300 00000 

,» ,, ,, A ug.7,32x400 12800 

>> >. ,» Oct.10.96x2-00 19200 c 

9 0 0 ) 32 0 00(35f 
Atis. 36 days from July 6th is Aug.llth. 

AVOIRDUPOIS.-The system of 
weights by.which the coarser 
commodifies are weighed, such 
as hay, grain, wool, and the 
coarser metals. For table see 
under Weights and Measures. 

BARREL.—A unit of liqujd meas¬ 
ure, differing in value for dif¬ 
ferent articles measured. The 
English wine barrel contains 
31-^a gallons, and the beer bar¬ 
rels gallons.(See Weights 
and Measures). 

BASE.-The side of a plane fig¬ 
ure upon which it is supposed 
to lie. In a triangle, the base 
lies opposite the angular point 
chosen as the vertex.The.Base 
of a System of Numbers, is the 
value of the unit of the first 
order, it being the abstract tium- 
be-*' I,for all systems of abstract 
numbers. In denominate num¬ 
bers, the base is I thing of the 
kind numbered. 

BILLION.-I n the decimal sys¬ 
tem, a unit ofthe tenth order, 
which is a thousand millions. 

BLAZE .-A spot ma.de on the side 
of a tree, by removing the bark 
with an axe. It is used in sur¬ 
vey ing, and for distinguishing 
different points. 

BOARD MEASURE.-The unit 
of Iumber measure Is a foot 
12 inches long, 12 Inches wide, 
and I inch thick. All kinds of 
lumber and timber are esti¬ 
mated by this unit,except that 
timber is sometimes estimated 
by the cubic foot. To-find the 
contents of an inch board, Find 
the product of the length and 
breadth in feet. For a two-inch 
board, multiply the area by 2} 
for a half-inch board,divide by 
2, etc. If the board tapers,take 
half the sum ofthe two ends 
for the average width. To find 
the contents of a plank,joist,etc., 
estimated in board -measure,Find 
the product ofthe width in inches, 
the thickness in inches, and the 
length in feet; and take Ai. of this. 
If the timber tapers in width 
and in thi ckness, the contents 
in cubic feet may be found b y 
multiplying half the sum of the 


115 
























areas of th« two ends in inches 
by the length i n (eel and dividing 
the product by 144 To find the 
number o( Cubic feet m round tim¬ 
ber, Find the average circu.m/e-r- 
emce by adding the circumference 
of the larger and smaller ends and 
dividing by 2 ; multiply the square 
of one-fourth of this average cir¬ 
cumference by the length in feet; 
the result gives four-fifts of the 
real contents in cubic feet, one- 
fifth being customarily allowed.to 
the purchaser for waste in sawing 

(See Instantaneous Method of 
Measuring Lumber), 

BUSHEL. -See under Business 
Forms and Terms, also under 
Weights and Measures. 

Butt.-a measure for liquids,con- 
taining 108 imperial gallons- 

Cancellation .-The operation 

of striking out the common fac¬ 
tors in both dividend and divisor, 
before performing the operation 
of division. ' 

CARAT.-A weight of four grains 
employed.in weighing diamonds. 
The term is also used in measur¬ 
ing the fineness of gold,the whole 
mass being divided into 24 e- 
qual parts, the number of these 
parts which are pure gold will ex¬ 
press the number of carats of 
fineness, as 22 carats fine. 
CARDINAL Points.-The four 
principal points of the compass: 
North,South, East West. 
CASK.-To find the mean diam¬ 
eter of a cask (-warNq),Add to 
the head d iameter yj , or, if the 
staves are but little curved, .6 , 
of the difference, bet ween the 
head and bung diameters. To 
find the contents of a cask in gal¬ 
lons ,Multiply the square of the 
mean diameter by the length(both 
in inches), and this prod uct by 
.0034. 

CAUSE and Effect. - Anything op 
erating to produce a result is a 
cau.se, and the result is the e.44e.cx. 
If is a natural law that the e.44.ecX 
is proportional to the cause which 
produces it. A cause or an ef¬ 
fect may be either S'W'pXe or 
ooya'jowvnLi : s>\rv\p\e, when it in¬ 
volves but one element:c<m^o\vr\&, 
when it involves two or more el 
ewoiis.tKaw\\e. - If 10 men 
in 5 days of 7 hours each, d ig 
a trench 25 feet long,8feet wide, 
and 7 feet deep, in how manydays 
of 12 hours each will 4 men dig 
a trench 12. feet long, lOfeetdeep, 
and 8 feet wide? 

Statement. 

VXQa'xvl 0-Li. \s\^.We.cX. T.fc^.4(ecx. 

10 : 12 :: 25 : 12 

5 4 8 

7 v 7 

Operation. 
v _ 12x10x8*10x5x7 

X== 12*4 v IS vfty 1 

Centigramme.- The hundredth 
part of a French gramme,equal 


to about Xo of a grain. 

CENTI LITRE. - The hundredth part 
ot the French litre, equal to 
about 3 /$ of a cubic inch. 

CENTI METRE. -The hundredth part 
of the French metre, equal to 
about H o( ari 'tich 

CENTURY - A period of time 
the length of which is 100 years. 

CHAIN.-An instrument used 
in surveying, and is 66 fee t in 
leng t h, con t ai n i n g 100 links,each 
link being 7.92 inches long.lt 
is usually called Gunter’s chain. 

CHORD.-A Strait line joining the 
two extremities of an arc of a 
curve. 

Cipher.- The character 0. It 
signifies r\o -nvcwOoe-v when stand¬ 
ing by itself, but in combination, 
it occupies a place in the arithmet 
leal scale, and indicates that there 
are no units oft-hat order in 
the number. E - 

Circle. -a portion of a / 
plane AEBF, bounded by \ 
a curved line,every point 


10 

8 

= 5 days. 




of vy hich is equally distant from 
a point within called the cenvre. 
The bounding line is called the 

c\ \ c wm 4 e r e-nc e.. t h e 

&\a-meter is a straight 
line drawn through 
the centre and.termi- s 
nated by the circum¬ 
ference, as A8. The 
ra&wvs is a straight 
line from the centre to the circum¬ 
ference,, as CD.An arc is any portion 
of the c Ircumference, as AE.A sec¬ 
tor is the space included between 
two radii and the intercepted arc, 
as 8 C D. A c\\or& is a straight line 
joining the extremities of an arc, 
as A0. A s>eq-YY\eYvV is bounded by 
an arc and its chord, as A0E. A 
plane figure is \rvsc.-v\\>e.& in a cir¬ 
cle when the vertices of its angles 
are in the circumference of the 
circle, as LMN0 is inscribed i n 
the circle whose radius is PM. A 
cvrcrAar V\-v\g is the space enclosed 
between the.circumferences of two 
concentric circles.tor\ce-v\Xr’\o c.\r- 
c\e« have the same centre but dif¬ 
ferent radii, as the circles whose 


radii are PK and PT To find 
the c vx cyvwxXevenoe of a circle. 
Multiply the d iameter by 3.1416. 
To find the L’vawettv of a cir¬ 
cle, Divide the circumference by 
3. 1416. To .find the -area, of a 
circle, M ultlply the square of 
the radius by 3- l4IS;or Oivide 
the square of half the circum¬ 
ference by 3.1416; or Multiply 
the circumference bi^ one-fourth 
of the diameter. To find the 
dia.we.Xer or c\rcu.w\4i,X4'nta of 
a circle, 0 i vide t he area by 3.1416, 
the square root of the quotient 
will be half the diameter, and 
the diameter multiplied f>y?.J 4 l6 
will be the circumference.To 
find the area of a =>aexor of 
a circle, M ultiply half the letio-tM 
of the arc by the radius ;orTalke 
the same part of the area of 
the circle as the num ber of de¬ 
grees in the arc are of 360°.To 
find the area of a seqwviV^ro-m 
the area of the sector, subtract the 
area of the triangle formed with 
the chord and radii, for a segment 
less than a semi-circle; but add 
these areas, for a segment greater 
than a semi circle. To find the area 
of a tone,STUV, From the area of 
the circle, subtract the.areas of the 
segments not included in the zone. 
To find the area of a caxcw\*x Vvwq, 
Find the difference between the 
areas of the two circles. To find 
the side of an \r\scV\\oe& e<\w\\aX- 
era\ WxarxoAe, M ultiply the diam¬ 
eter by .866025. To find the side 
of an \r\<scV\'oe& square, Multiply 
the diameter by .707106.To find 
the side of a square X.V\aX sWWcoxx- 
Xam VV\e same, area as a given cir¬ 
cle, M ultiply the diameter by 
886227. 

Circular Measure.-Used to 

determine localities, by estimating 
latitude and longitude; also to-meas¬ 
ure the motions of the heavenly bod¬ 
ies,-and compute differences of 
time. For table, see under Weights 
and Measures. 

CIRCULAR R ing.-See Circle. 

CIRCULATING Decimal, or Repeat 
ing Decimal.-One in which one 
or more figures are continually 
repeated in the same order; as, 
.33333, .57235723, etc.The/ig- 
ure or set of figures which is re¬ 
peated is called the reoeverxi. 

CIRCUMFERENCE. -See C ircle. 
The circumferences of different 
circles are to each other as their 
diameters,or radii. 

CIRCUMSCRIBE.-To 

limit or bound. A fig¬ 
ure drawn around an¬ 
other, so that all its 
sides or faces shall be 
tangent to the second figure, 
which is then called an\x\scr\WA 
4\qvwe. The circle ABC is circum¬ 
scribed about the triangle ABC. 

CISTERN . - To f ind t he nurn ber 
of gallons in a quadrilateral cis- 



116 



























tern, Multiply, the length, width, 
and depth, in inches, together, and 
divide the product by 231. To find 
the number of gallons in a circu- 
larcistern of uniform diameter, 
Multiply, the square of the diam- 
eter(in inches) by .7854, which 
product multiply by the depth(iti 
inches); then divide by 231. To 
•find the number of gallons in 
a circular cistern whose lower 
and upper diameters differ,To 
the sum of the squares of the 
lower and upper diameters,add 
the product of the lower and up¬ 
per diameters; then multiply by 
.7854 , which product multiply 
by the depth (all in inches);then 
divide by 693. (See Cisterns,un¬ 
der Weights and Measures). 

CLOTH Measure.-Seetable un¬ 
der Weights and Measures. 

COIN .-Pieces of metal, as gold, 
silver, copper, etc., converted 
into money by stamping upon 
them certain characters.(Sce 
Coin,under Weights and Measures). 
Common divisor. -Any q uan- 

ti ty which will divide two or more 
other quantities, without a re¬ 
mainder; as,4 is a common di¬ 
visor of 20, 40, and 60. The 
qreaXes.'fr common &\v\%o-v of two 
or more numbers is the greatest 
number that will exactly divide 
each; as,.4 is the greatest com¬ 
mon d ivisor of 12, 16 , and 28. - 
To find the qxeaVesV common V\- 
v\sox of two numbers,Divide the 
greater number by. the less ; i f 
there be no. remainder,the small¬ 
er num ber is the G-.C. D. If there 
be a remainder after completing 
the division, divide the first di¬ 
visor by this; divide this second 
divisor by any second remainder, 
and so on till an exact divisor 
is found. This exact divisor is 
the G.C.D. If there be mere than 
two numbers, find the G.C.D. of 
the smallest number, and the 
sum of the others, which.will 
be the greatest common divis¬ 
or of all. 

COM PASS. r An instru¬ 
ment to indicate the d i¬ 
rection of the magnetic 
meridian, and alsotode- 
fcermine the angle con¬ 
tained between that meridian and 
any horizontal line. It is named 
according.to the different purpos¬ 
es for which it is used; as, survey¬ 
or's compass, wn'men's compass, 
ea.NmwVb compass, etc., but the 
general principle is the same in 
all. 

COMPLEMENT.-The difference 
between a num ber and a unit 
of the next higher order; thus 
the complement of 6 is (10-6) 4; 
of 76 is (100-16) 24 ; of 475 is 
(1000-475) 525; etc. 

Complex F ra c t i o n. - A fraction 
having a frac tion or mixed n um¬ 
ber in either the numerator or 


denominator, or in both; thus 

W *($) ’ ^ aTC C ° WpleX 

fractions. To -reduce a complex 
fraction to a simple fractional 
vide its numerator by itsdenomina 
tor. 

COMPOSITE Number.-One that 
can be divided by some other-num¬ 
ber besides itself and unity; as, 
10, 18, 48,75, etc. 

Compound.- Composed ofdif- 

ferent things. Compound Addi¬ 
tion, Subtraction, Multiplication, 
and Division, are names given 
to these several operations,when 
the numbers are expressed in a 
varying scale; as, years,months, 
days; bushels, pecks, quarts; etc. 
Compound Fraction.-A frac¬ 
tion of a fraction, or several frac¬ 
tions connected by the word. o4. 
To reduce a compound fraction 
to a simple fraction,Find the 
product of the numerators,and 
write it over the product of the 
denominators. Compound Inter¬ 




est.-Interest on both principal 
and interest. To compute com¬ 
pound interest, Find the interest 
on the given principal to thetiwe 
the interest becomes due,and. add 
the principal. Then find the inter¬ 
est on this amount for the next 
period, and add as beforehand so 
continue for each successive peri¬ 
od to the time of settlement.Sub- 
tract the given principal from 
the last amount, and the.remain¬ 
der will be the compound interest. 
If there be months and days, find 
the amount for the years,and the 
interest on this for the remainder 
of the time. (See Compound Inter¬ 
est Tables). Compound Number. 
-A number constructed according 
to a varying scale; as, 7cwt.,lqr., 
10 lbs. Called also ^enorm.-waVe 
number. Compound Ratio.-The 
product of two or more ratios. 
Compound Proportion. — An 
equality of two compound ra¬ 
tios, or of a compound ratio and 
a simple one. In solving problems 
in Compound Pro portion, Arrange 
the terms of each of the simple 



ratios of the compound ratio as 
in Simple Proportion. Then,if an 
extreme term be required, it will 
be equal to the quotient of the prod¬ 
uct of the means divided by the 
product of the known extremes, 
and if a mean term be required, 
it will be equal to. the product of 
the extremes divided by the prod¬ 
uct ofthe known means.Exam 
pie.-If 10 men can mow 40 a- 
cres of grass in 3 days by work¬ 
ing 8 hours each day, how many 
men wi11 it take to mow 80 a- 
cres of grass in 4 days, working 

6 hours each day ? \vus>.20 men. 

Statement. 

40 A. -80A. ) ifKW2x8*IO 

4days :3days brMOmerr.Ws. ^^=20. 
6hours:8houTsJ 140x4x6 

COMPUTE. -To reckon by the aid 
of figures or characters; to prac¬ 
tically apply the rules of a sci - 
ence to individual examples. 
Concave. -a term applied to.the 
inner surface of hollow bodies, 
and by analogy extended to lines. 
Concentric. -a term ap¬ 
plied to circles or spheres 
having the same centre but 
different radii, and some¬ 
times, by analogy, to other sur¬ 
faces and lines. 

Concrete. -a term signifying 
that a quantity carries with it 
the idea of matter, as 10 boxes, 

7 men, 5 stones, as opposed to 
abstract quantities, 10,7,5. 

CONE. -A solid which 
may be generated by 
a right-angled triangle 
CAD, revolving about 
one of its sides, CD, ad¬ 
jacent to the right an¬ 
gle.The s ide C 0, is call- A 
ed the ax\<=>, and i ts 
length measures the tWuviii of 
the cone.The side AD, generates 
a circle called the base, and the 
hypothenuse CA, generates a 
curved surface, which is called 
the \aVexa\ or convex ewx4a.ee ok 
vbe, cone. The length of the hypoth¬ 
enuse measures the e\anv W\qYw.of 
the cone. A V\qV\V cone has a cir¬ 
cular base and a curved surface. 
The kxwsvxwm of a cone (or pyr¬ 
amid) is that part that remains 
after cutting off the top by a 
plane parallel to the base. The 
^ex'vxnever is the. c ircumference 
ofthe base.To find the entire 
surface of a cone (or regular pyr¬ 
amid). Multiply the perimeter of 
the base byhalfofthe slant 
height, and to the prod uct. add 
the area, ofthe base.To -find 
the.solidity of a cone (or any pyr¬ 
amid), M ultiply the area of.the 
base by one-third of the altitude. 
To find the entire surface of a 
frustrum of a cone (or right pyr¬ 
amid), M ultipiy.the sum of the 
perimeters, or circumferences of 
the two ends, by half of the slant 
height, and to the product add the 



117 


































areas 9 f the two ends. To find 
the solidity of the #Vu.strwrn of a 
cone (or any pyramid),Multiply 
together the areas of the two bas¬ 
es, and extract the square root of 
the product. This root will be the 
area of a base which is a mean 
between the other two.Take the 
sum of the areas, of the three bas¬ 
es,and multiply it by one-third 
of the altitude; the product will 
be the solidity. 

Consequent.-T he second 

terni ( o f a ratio. If the value of 
a ratio is given, and the antece¬ 
dent is known, the consequent 
may be found by multiplying the 
ratio by the antecedent. 
CONTENTS.- The contents of a 
plane figure, is the number o f 
times which the figure contains 
some given area, assumed as the 
unit of surface. I f is the same 
as the area.The contents of a 
solid, is the number of times 
which the solid will contain some 
particular solid assumed, as the 
unit of volume. If is the same 
as the volume. 

Contour. -The bounding line,or 
perimeter, of a plane figure. The 
contour of ground, has reference 
to the surface of any part of t he 
earth with respect to its undula¬ 
tions and accidents. 

Contraction.-T he process of 

shortening any operation.For 
the contractio ns of the different 
operations, as Multi pi ication,Di 
vision, etc., see each in its prop¬ 
er order. 

CONVEX.-Protuberant outwards, 
as the outer surface of a sphere. 
The opposite of concave. 

CUBE, or Hexahedron.—A regu¬ 
lar polyhedron bounded by_ s i x 
equal squares. It is the unit of 
measure for all volumes.The vol¬ 
ume of any cube is equal to the 
product obtained by taking one 
of its edges three times as a factor. 
The cube of a num ber or quanti¬ 
ty, is the product obtained by tak¬ 
ing the number or quantity three 
times as a factor. 

Corn .-Two cubic feet of good, 
sound, dry corn in the ear will 
■make a bushel of shelled corn. 
To -find, then, the num ber of 
bushels of shelled corn in a crib 
of corn in the ear. Multiply the' 
length, breadth, and height(all 
in feet) together, and divide the 
product by 2. (See Bushel, under 
Weights and Measures). 

CUBE ROOT.-A quantity which 
being taken three times as a fac¬ 
tor, will produce the quantity 
of which it is the cube root; thus 
4 is the cube root of 64, because 
4x4x4= 64. To -find •the cube 
root of a whole num ber,Sep¬ 
arate the number into periods 
of three figures each, beginning 
at the right hand;(the left hand 
period will often contain less 


than three figures).Find the great¬ 
est cube in the left-hand per iod, 
and place its root at the right,!ike 
a quotient.Subtract the cube of 
this root from the left-hand pe¬ 
riod, and to the-remainder annex 
the figures of the next period, and 
call this number the d i v i d cn d. 
Take three times the square of 
the root found considered as tens 
for a trial divisor. F ind hgw ma¬ 
ny times it is contained in the 
d ividend, and write the quotient 
as the next figure of the root; then 
multiply the divisor by this last 
root figure, placing the product 
under the dividend.Multiply the 
square of the last root figure by 
the preceding root figure or fig¬ 
ures considered as so many tens, 
and this product by 3, and place 
the product under the last; then 
under these two products place 
the cube of the last root figure, 
and find their sum,calling itthe 
subtrahend. Subtract the subtra¬ 
hend from the dividend, and to 



the remainder bring down the 
next period for a new dividend, 
with which proceed as before till 
the required root be found. If 
any dividend be -too small to con 
tain the trial divisor, place a ci¬ 
pher in the root, and then pro¬ 
ceed as before. If there be a. re¬ 
mainder after the last period is 
used, annex periods of ciphers and 
continue the operation until the 
requisite number of decimal pla 
ces be obtained. Extract the cube 
root of both terms of a cownwow 
ixacUoxs when they are perfect pow 
ers; otherwise multiply the numer¬ 
ator by the square of the denom¬ 
inator, and divide the root of the 
product by the denominator.the 
result will be the root required. 
To extract the cube root of dec¬ 
imals or mixed decimals,ciphers 
must be added to fill the periods; 
if the root does not contain suffi¬ 
cient decimal places,prefix ciphers. 
I'M pointing off a mixed decimal 
into periods, begin at the decimal 
point, and point off in bo-th direc 
tions. TMe following table contains 


the cube roots of numbers from 


No. 


CUBE 

ROOT 

No. 

CUBE 

ROOT 

No. 

CUBE 

ROOT 

No. 

CUBE 

ROOT 

1 

59 

3.892 

117 

4.890 

175 

5.593 

1.259 

60 

3.914 

118 

4.904 

176 

5.604 

1.442 

61 

3.936 

119 

4.918 

177 

5.614 

1.587 

62 

3.957 

120 

4.932 

178 

5.625 

1.709 

63 

3.979 

121 

4.9+6 

179 

5.635 

1.817 

64 

4 

122 

4.959 

180 

5.646 

1.912 

65 

4.020 

123 

4.973 

181 

5.656 

2 

66 

4.041 

124 

4.986 

182 

5.667 

2.080 

67 

4.061 

125 

5 

183 

5.677 

2.154 

68 

4.081 

126 

5.013 

184 

5.687 

2.223 

69 

4.101 

127 

5.026 

185 

5.698 

2.289 

70 

4.121 

128 

5.039 

186 

5.708 

2.351 

71 

4.140 

129 

5.052 

187 

5.718 

2.410 

72 

4.160 

130 

5.065 

188 

5.728 

2.466 

73 

4.179 

131 

5.078 

189 

5.738 

2.519 

74 

4.198 

132 

5.091 

190 

5.748 

2.571 

75 

4.217 

133 

5.104 

191 

5.758 

2.620 

76 

4.235 

134 

5. 117 

192 

5.768 

2.668 

77 

4.254 

135 

5.129 

193 

5.778 

2.714 

78 

4.272 

136 

5.142 

194 

5.788 

2.758 

79 

4.290 

137 

5.155 

195 

5.798 

2.802 

80 

4.308 

138 

5.167 

196 

5.808 

2.843 

81 

4.326 

139 

5.180 

197 

5.818 

2.884 

82 

4.344 

140 

5.192 

198 

5.828 

2.924 

83 

4.362 

141 

5.204 

199 

5.838 

2.962 

84 

4.379 

142 

5.217 

200 

5.848 

3 

85 

4.396 

143 

5.229 

201 

5.857 

3.036 

86 

4.414 

144 

5.241 

202 

5.867 

3.072 

87 

4.431' 

145 

5.253 

203 

5.877 

3.107 

88 

4.447 

146 

5.265 

204 

5.886 

3.141 

89 

4.464 

147 

5.277 

205 

5.896 

3.174 

90 

4.481 

148 

5.289 

206 

5.905 

3.207 

91 

4.497 

149 

5.301 

207 

5.915 

3.239 

92 

4.514 

150 

5.313 

208 

5.924 

3.271 

93 

4.530 

15! 

5.325 

209 

5.934 

3.301 

94 

4.546 

152 

5.336 

210 

5.943 

3.332 

95 

4.562 

153 

5.348 

211 

5.953 

3.361 

96 

4.578 

154 

5.360 

212 

5.962 

3.391 

97 

4.594 

155 

5.371 

213 

5.972 

3.419 

98 

4.610 

156 

5.383 

214 

5.981 

3.448 

99 

4.626 

157 

5.394 

215 

5.990 

3.476 

100 

4.641 

158 

5.406 

216 

6 

3.503 

101 

4.657 

159 

5.417 

217 

6.009 

3.530 

102 

4.672 

160 

5.428 

218 

6.018 

3.556 

103 

4.687 

161 

5.440 

219 

6.027 

3.583 

104 

4.702 

162 

5.451 

220 

6.036 

3.608 

105 

4.717 

163 

5.462 

221 

6.045 

3.634 

106 

4.732 

164 

5.473 

222 

6.055 

3.659 

107 

4.747 

165 

5.484 

223 

6.064 

3.684 

!08 

4.762 

166 

5.495 

224 

6.073 

3.708 

109 

4.776 

167 

5.506 

225 

6.082 

3.732 

no 

4.791 

168 

5.517 

226 

6.091 

3.756 

111 

4.805 

169 

5.528 

227 

6.100 

3.779 

112 

4.820 

I7Q 

5.539 

228 

6.109 

3.802 

113 

4.834 

171 

5.550 

229 

6.118 

3.825 

114 

4.848 

172 

5.561 

230 

6.126 

3.848 

115 

4.862 

173 

5.572 

231 

6.135 

3.870 

116 

4.876 

174 

5.582 

232 

6.144 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 
11 
12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

Cubic measure.- used for 

computing the contents of sol¬ 
id substances or volume o f any 
space. It is also called ‘boVk^e.as- 
wxe. For table see under Weights 
and Measures. 

CUBIC UNITS.-Standard meas¬ 
ures of volume. The. primary cu¬ 
bic units are.— ; cubic yard,cubic 
foot, and cubic inch. 

CURVE.-A line which changes 
its direction at every point; i.e., 
no three consecutive points of which 
lie in the same straight line. 


118 










































I 


Cylinder.-A solid which 

may be generated by revolt 
ing a rectangle about one 
of its sides. This side is its 
ax\s. The opposite side gen¬ 
erates a single curved sur¬ 
face, called the cortex or 
\a\era\ surface of the cy I- 
inder, and the two adjacent s ides 
or ends generate circles called 
^ases. of the cyl inder. The dis¬ 
tance between the bases is call¬ 
ed the a\V\vvi&e. To find the con¬ 
vex surface of a cylinder, Multi¬ 
ply the diameter by 3.1416, a nd 
this product by the length. To 
find the solid contents of a cyl¬ 
inder, Multiply the square of 
the diameter by .7854, and this 
product by the length. 

Day .-The natural period of time 
which elapses between two con¬ 
secutive transits of one of the 
heavenly bodies over the merid- 
ian^See Day under Business 
Forms and Terms). 
Decagon.—a polygon of ten 

sides and ten angles. If thesides 
are all equal and the angles equal, 
it is a regular decagon, and may 
be inscribed in a circle.To find 
the area of a regular decagon. 
Multiply the square of one ofits 
sides by 7.6942. 

Decagramme.-a French weight 

often grammes, each gramme 
being equivalent to about 15.438 
grains Troy. 

DECALITRE. -A French measure 
containing ten litres, equiva¬ 
lent to 6 10.28 cubic inches. 

DECAMETRE .-A French meas¬ 
ure containing ten metres, or 
393.71 English inches. 

DECIMAL.-Any numberexpress 
ed in the scale of tens; butadec 
imal fraction is generally under¬ 
stood. A &e.c.\Ywa\ kxac.v’\or\ is a 
fraction whose denominator is 
some power of ten ; as, Jfo, JToo , 
Tfooo, etc. I'M writing decimals, 
it is common to not express the 
denominators, thus the above 
fractions would be written, .7, 
.07, .007. The num ber of places 
of figures which follows the dec¬ 
imal point Indicates the number 
of 0’s in the denominator. The 
itcvwA qo’mV is a period used 
to separate integers from deci¬ 
mals, and when no integers are 
expressed, the decimal point is 
placed at the left of tenths’ or¬ 
der. To write decimals , Write 
the decimal as awhole number, 
and place the decimal point so 
that the right-hand figure shall 
be of the lowest decimal order to 
be expressed, prefixing ciphers if 
necessary. To read decimals,Read 
the figures as in whole numbers, 
and. add the-name of the lowest 
decimal order expressed.To add 
or subtract decimals, Write the 
numbers sothat the decimal 
points shajl fall in column,then 
proceed as in whole numbers.To 


multiply decimals, Multiply asm 
whole numbers, and in the product 
point off as many decimal places 
as are in both factors. To divide 
decimals. Divide as in whole num¬ 
bers, and point off in the quotient 
as many decimal places as the 
dividend has more than the divisor, 

DECIMAL Currency.-A curren¬ 
cy having decimal relations, as 
the various denominations of the 
money of the United States, call¬ 
ed YebexaX VAoney. 

DEDUCE.- To infer,or draw a 
conclusion from given premises. 
The method of reasoning is call¬ 
ed iedwcv’we, and the conclusion 
is called a ieiucVvon. 

DEGREE.-The 360th part of the 
circumference of a circle. A de¬ 
gree o$ \w\tu4a is the. length of 
a portion of a meridian between 
two points, whose latitudes dif¬ 
fer from each other by one degree 
Owing to the spheroidal form 
of the earth, the length of a de¬ 
gree of latitude is different at 
different distances from the 





equator. At 20° either north or 
south latitude, the .length of a 
degree. of latitude is 68.779 stat¬ 
ute miles; at 2.5°, 68.822 miles; 
at 30°, 68.871; at 35°, 6 8.925; 
at 40°,68.984; at 45°, 69.044; 
at 50°, 69.104. A beqree o<( \ow 
q'Ww&e is the 360th part of any 
circle of latitude. The length of 
a degree of longitude varies with 
the length of the circles of latitude 
from the equator, where it is great 
est, to the poles, where it isnoth- 
ing. For the length of a degree of 
longitude at different.points, see 
Longitude, under Weights and 
Measures. 

DENARY Scale.-A unirortti scale 
whose ratio is ten. 

DENOMINATE N umber.-A num¬ 
ber whose unit of measure is a 
concrete quantity, as 7feet, 125 
pounds, ^40, etc. A s'vmqVe. be- 
no-mX'n.a.ve ru.w'oex refers to units 
of only one kind or value, as 19 5 
bushels, 45 pounds,etc.A tow- 
^ own & benonrurvave ruwnVoer re¬ 
fers to units of different values 


but of the same variety or appli¬ 
cation, as 5 lb. 6 or., 10 hrs. 15 
min, 30 sec., etc. For the ta 
bles relating to denominate-num 
bers, see under Weights and Meas 
ures. The ^excenvaqe oi benoxw 
■xwwn'oexs may be obtain¬ 
ed by reducing them to the low¬ 
est denomination, or to the dec 
imal of the highest, and then 
proceed as in simple numbers. 

DENOMINATOR. 7 That term 
of a fraction which indicates 
the value of the fractional unit, 
as 8 in the fraction %, indicat¬ 
ing that the fractional unit is* 
^.Multiplying the denomina¬ 
tor divides the fraction, and.di¬ 
viding it multiplies the fraction 
The denominator of a decimal 
fraction ts generally suppressed 

DESCENDING Serfes.-One .in 
which each term is numerical 
ly less than the preceding one, 
as 8 : 4 : 2 : I : etc. 

DIAGONAL.-A straight 
line joining the vertices 
of two angles of a poi- E 
ygon, which are not ad¬ 
jacent, as AC and AD 
in the polygon A 8 CDE. N 

DIAL.-An instru¬ 
ment for deter¬ 
mining the hour 
of the day , by 
means or a shad¬ 
ow cast by the 
sun. Iti the con¬ 
struction of a 
dial, the sun’s apparent motion 
is supposed to be uniform through¬ 
out the day, and to take place in 
a circle whose plane is parallel 
to the equator. 

DIAMETER. -For definition and 
rules for findinq, see Circle.The 
following table gives the diame¬ 
ters, areas, and circumferences 
of circles and sides of s q u ares 
whose areas coincide with those 
of the circles. 8 y combining and 
multiply ing, the area of any cir¬ 
cle having diameter greater than 
10 can also be found. 




Diam. 


1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

3.25 

3.50 

3.75 
4.00 

4.25 
4.5 

4.75 
5.00 

5.25 
5.50- 

5.75 

6.00 


Circum. 


3.141592 

3.926990 

4.712388 

5.497787 

6.283185 

7.068583 

7.853981 

8.639379 

9.424777 

10.210176 

10.995574 

11.780972 

12.566370 

13.351768 

14.137166 

14.922565 

15.707963 

16.493361 

17.278759 

18.064157 

18.84-9555 


Area. 


0.78539 

1.227184 

1.767145 

2.405281 

3.141592 

3.976078 

4.908738 

5.939573 

7.068583 

8.295768 

9.621127 

11.044661 

12.566370 

14.186254 

15.904312 

17.720546 

19.634954 

21.647536 

23.758294 

25.967226 

28.274333 


Side of 
Eg. Sg. 


0.88622 

1.10778 

1.32934 

1.55089 

1.77245 

1.99401 

2.21556 

2.43712 

2.65868 

2.88023 

3.10179 

3.32335 

3.54490 

3.76646 

3.98802 

4.20957 

4.43H3 

4.65269 

4.87424 

5.09580 

5.31736 


119 





































Oiam. 


6.25 

6.50 

6.75 

1.00 

7.25 

7.50 

7.75 

8.00 

8.25 

8.50 

8.75 
9.00 

9.25 

9.50 

9.75 

10.00 


C ire urn. 


19.634954 

20.420352 

21.205750 

21.991144 

22.776546 

23.561994 

24.347343 

25.132741 

25.918139 

26.703537 

27.488935 

28.274333 

29.059372 

29.845130 

30.630528 

31.415926 


Area 


Side of 
Es-Sq. 


30.679615 

33.183072 

35.784703 

38.484560 

41,282490 

44.178646 

47.172977 

50.265492 

53.456161 

56.745017 

60.132046 

63.617251 

67.200630 

70.882184 

74.661912 

78.539816 


5.53891 

5.76047 

5.98203 

6.20358 

6.42514 

6.64670 

6.86825 

7.08981 

7.31137 

7.53292 

7.75448 

7.97604 

8.19759 

8.41915 

8.64071 

8.86220 


Difference.-T he result obtain¬ 
ed from subtracting one sum 
from another. It is generally un¬ 
derstood that the less quantity 
is to betaken -from the greater, 
but the greater may be taken 
■from the less, the. result being 
a negative quantity, «*•***•**• 

DIGITS.-The ten characters, 1,2, 
3,4-, 5, 6,7, 8 , 9, 0, by the aid of 
which all numbers are expressed. 

Dimension .-Extension in one 
direction. Every body has three 
dimensions, \enqv\r,\}rea4x'rt,aTid 
WxqVv, or Vmc-Vuess. A line is 
extended in one direction, and 
a surface in two directions. 

DISCOUNT. — Allowance -madefor 
the payment of money before it 
is due. The actual amount to be 
paid is called the present va\we, 
and the difference between the 
amount specified and the present 
value,is.the Avscou-nV. Batik dis¬ 
count is discount on * he entire 
principal. The V'toce-eAs are the 
principal less the bank discount. 
True discount is discount on 
such a sum of money as would 
awovww to the face of the note, 
if put at interest at the given rate 
and for the.given time.The pres¬ 
ent wiorx-Vv is the principal amount 
less the true discount. Mercan¬ 
tile discount is any allowance 
or per cent off. To compute bank 
discount, Multiply the amount by 
Ye, the number of days, includ ing 
the day of discount and the three 
days of grace, and in the product 
point off three decimals. This will 
give the interest at 6%. For any 
other rate, add or subtract in pro¬ 
portion as the given rate is greater 
or less than 6 ^o.To find true 
discount, Divide the amount by 
1.00 plus the product of the rate 
and time; the quotient will be the 
present worth; subtract this from 
the amount, and the remainder will 
be the true discount. (See Compound 
Interest Tables). ***** -aae*** 5 * 

Dividend.-a quantity which is 

to be divided by another,called the 
AWvsot. -. 

DIVISION. -The operation of find- 
ing.from two quantities a third, 
which multiplied by the first shall 
produce the second. The first is 


called the AWvsor , the second,the 
A'wAAervA, and the third, the .<\wo- 
x'wrw. Any part left undivided, 
is called the tema'xnAer .To. prove 
the accuracy of the operational) 
Multiply, the divisor by the quotient, 
adding in the remainder, if any; 
the result should equal the d i vi- 
dend.(21) Add the 193)74020(383 
excess of 9’s in the .579 l 
remainder to the ex- 1612 

cess of 9’s in t he .1544 
product of the ex¬ 
cess in the divisor, 
multiplied by the 
excess in the quo- 
tient(without the 
remain der or frac¬ 
tional part). The 
excess of 9’s in 
this sum of excess 
es should equal 
the e xeess of 9’s in 
the dIvidend.ConikiracX'Vo-ws.-To 
divide by 10 , 100 , 1000 ,etc.,C ut 
off from the right-hand of the 
dividend as many figures as there 
are c'ohers in the divisor, or re- 



680 

,579 

101 

Excess of 9’s 
in rem. =2 
Excess m divisor=4 
n quot. = 5 ' 
ii prod.(5x4) -2 
Sam of excesses - 4 
Excess itidivideTid=4 



«s», 

W 


move the decimal point as many 
places, toward the left.as there 
are.ciphers inthe divisor. To 
divide by a composite number, 
as 36(9x4), 360(9x4*10),etc.,Di 
vide first by one of the f actors, 
and the resulting quotientbyan 
other factor, and proceed thus till 
all the factors have been used.Ex- 
a.v»\\p\e.- Divide 21073 by 96,using 
factors 8,4, and 3. 

Operation. 

8, 21073 

4 26 34 Rem.l = I unit of 1st dividend. 
3_658 Rem.2(2x8)l6 »« *» ». 

1219 Rem.I 

(1x4x8)= 32 .. 

Hence true Rem.=49 

DlVISOR.-That factor in division 
by which the dividend is to be di¬ 
vided. Any number is divisible by 
2 or 5 if the last figure is divisible 
by 2, or 5 ; it is divisible by 4 or 25 
if the last two f.igures are divisi¬ 
ble by 4 or 25 ; it isdivisible by 
8 or I25.if the Ia$t three figures 
are divisible by 8 or 125 ; l-t is di¬ 
visible by 3 or by 9 if the sum of 


its figures is divisible by 3 or by 3 

DODECAGON.-A polygon 
of twelve sides or.twelve 
angles. To inscribe a 
regular dodecagon in a 
circle, apply the radius 
six times to the circumference as 
a chord ; bisect the.arcs subtended 
by the chords, and join each of the 
points of bisection with the ver¬ 
tices of the consecutive angles 
formed by the chords. 

Dollar. -A silver coin of.the U- 
nited States whose value i.s.lOO 
cents or 10 dimes. The original 
form of the sign ^ was. proba¬ 
bly a barred 8 ,^ signify ing 8 .Vve- 
a\s,the divisions of the Spanish 
Dollar, adopted as the basis of the 
United States coinage.Some re¬ 
gard the sign as a monogram of 
the letters U.S. 

DRY MEASURE.-Used fonneas- 
uring articles not liquid,as salt, 
fruit, grain,etc. For table see 
under Weights and Measures. 

DUODECIMAL.-A system of num¬ 
bers whose scale is 12 , the unit 
of each order being equal to 
twelve times a unit of the next 
lower order. The system is used 
by artificers in estimating the su¬ 
perficial and solid contents of 
their work. The following table 
gives the names of the units: 

12 fourths^'"). .make I third,marked 

12 thirds. « I second, u " 

12 seconds ...... u I inch (prime) n ' 

12 inches (primes) »» I foot.>i ft. 

Duodecimals may be added,sub¬ 
tracted, multiplied, or d ! vided, 
like compound numbers, but 
are chiefly use.d in multiplica- 
tion.To multiply duodecimals, 
Write the.-multiplier under the 
multiplicand, placing unitsofthe 
Same order in column.Multiply, 
first by the feet, next by the inch¬ 
es, and so on, recollecting that 
the product will be of that de¬ 
nomination denoted by the sum 
of their indices. Add the several 
partial products together, and 
their sum will be the required 
product. Exam pie.-How many 
sq. ft. in a board 9 ft. 5 in. Jong, 
and 2 ft. 8 in. wide? 

©VevaVxow. 5'x 2 ft. =10 in.=>fa^; 
9 ft. 5' 9ft.x2ft. = l 8 sq.ft. 

2 ft. 8 r 

>8 I0; 5'x8'=40"=3V^; 

ApeH" »**«*'■•*■»,*. 

ECCENTRIC. -Two.spheres, sphe¬ 
roids, circles, or ellipses, are said 
to be eccenVrvc, when one lies 
within the other, but has not 
the same centre. The term I s 
opposed to concentv'vc. 

EDGE. - The line in which two fa¬ 
ces of a polyedral angle meeteach 
other ..The edge of a polyhe.dron, 
is the line in which two adjacent 
faces meet each other. 

ELLI PSE .-A curved line Having 
two centres, called its <oc‘\, and 
two d iameters, cal led its -maYo-v 


120 






































and -mVwo-v 

The sum of the dis¬ 
tances from any 
point in it to two 
fixed points is equal 
to the longest diam¬ 
eter, which diameter passes through 
those points. Thus EF 4 EG=A8.The 
points Fand G are the foci; the 
point 0 is the centra of the ellipse. 
To/itid the area of an ellipse, 
Multiply the product of the long¬ 
er and shorter diameters bu .7854. 

EQUIANGULAR. -Having allthe 

_angles equal, as a square. 

Equilateral.-H aving aiithe 

sides equal, as a square. 

EQUATION 0 F, ACCOUNTS.-The 
process of finding at what time 
the VaYance o* an accown* can 
be paid without loss to either debt¬ 
or or creditor. ( It is also called 
•‘Averaging of Accounts” and 
“Compound Equation of Pay¬ 
ments ”). To -find the equated 
time, Assume the earliest date 
upon which any item of the ac¬ 
count becomes due to be the 
time of maturity for all of the 
items. Multiply each item,by the 
number of days intervening be¬ 
tween this assumed date and the 
date upon which it becomes due, 
and find the sum of these prod¬ 
ucts on,each side of the account. 
Then divide the bsUevewce. be¬ 
tween the sums of the debit and 
credit products by the balance 
of the account; the quotient 
will be the time for consideration 
or average term of credit. When 
the difference of products and 
the balance of,the account fall 
on the <=>aw\e side count < or war A; 
when on o^o%\xe sides c o unt 
NsacVwarA; that is, when t he 
balance of account and balance 
of interest or discount go to the 
same party count backward; when 
they go to opposite parties count 
forward. Example 


SW. 

Due. ^ 

July 3,1870,200x 2 
Oct. I, u 125x32=11500 
Nov.15, a> 200x137. 27400 
Feb.24,1871,140x 238-- 33320 
Apr. I,„ 190x 274= 52000 


Or. 

Oue & 

440 July 1,1870,200x 0= 

Oct.3, »> 150x94=14100 
Oec.20, m 300x172=51600 


S 650 65700 

59020 +225=262 
262 days from July I, 


1870, is March 20,1871. 


s$875 124720 

650 65700 

225 59020 

EQUATION OF PAYMENTS.-See 
Average of Payments. 

SVEN NUMBER.-Any number 
diviw-ble by 2, as 4, 10, 18, etc. 

EVOLUTION. -The process of 
finding one of several equal fac¬ 
tors of a product. It is also called 
exVracVxnqv\\eroov 0 $ a^ower. 
If is opposed to \-r\voWV\orv.(See 
Cube Root and Square Root). 

EXAMPLE,-An ind vidual or sin¬ 
gle application of a general prin¬ 
ciple or rule, generally given to 
illustrate the nature of the rule 
or its mode of application. 

EXCHANGE.-For definition.see 


u-nder Business Forms.To -find 
the cost of a draft at sight, Add 
the premium to the face of the 
draft, or subtraetthe discount. 
Example.-How much must be 
paid for a draft of.^1000 on 
New York at a premium of IK%? 

1/4% of#IOOO = *fel5 premium 
1000 face of draft. 

*1015 total cost. 
To find the face, of a,draft,, the 
cost and rate being given,Divide 
the cost by ^1 plus the rate of pre¬ 
mium, or & I minus the rate of 
discount. Example. -A draft was 
purchased, on Chicago for&3226.05, 
at a premium of J4%, and anoth¬ 
er on Denver for ^2397.88,at a 
discount of % . What was the 
face of each? 

1.004.005= 1 . 00 , 5 ;3226.05(3210 face of 
draft on Chicago. 

1.00 -.0075 = .9925)2397.88(2416 
face of draft on Denver. 

(See Foreign Exchange). 

EXPECTATION. -The value of 
any chance which depends up 
on some contingent event.THus, 





■%. <r 


•■j'--.-.-.- S3* 


if a person is to receive the sum of 
^200 upon the occurrence of an 
event which has an equal chance 
of happening or failing,the expec¬ 
tation of the sum is worths 100. 
If there are three chances of 
the event’s failing,and only one 
of its happening, the expectation 
is worth only Sfe50. Expectation 
of Life.-A phrase applied to the 
average duration of life after 
any given age as determined ,by 
the tables of mortality. If it is 
found from a great number of 
recorded examples,that of all 
the individuals who reach the 
age of 30, the average remain¬ 
ing period ©/existence is 34.34 
years, then is the expectation of 
life at that age 34.34 years.(See 
Carlisle Table of Mortality,under 
Weights and Measures). 

EXTRACTION OFROOTS.-The 
process of finding a quantity, 
which being taken as a factor a 
certain number of times, w i 11 
produce a given quantity. (See 
Cube Root and Square Root). 


EXTREME. -In a proportion, the 
first and last terms,are called 
e%Vx«r«\es, the remaining two 
the wews, When the proportion 
has but three different terms, 
the middle one is a geometrical 
mean, ora noeam ^vo^orv\or\a\. 
between the extremes. In the. 
proportion 

3 : 9 :: 4 : 12 , 

3 and 12 are the extremes, afso 
in the proportion 

3 : 6 :: 6 : 12, 

3 and 12 are extremes, and G 
is a mean proportional between 
them.In a geometrical progres¬ 
sion, any term is a mean propor¬ 
tional between the preceding and 
succeeding term, and if there is 
an odd number of terms,the mid¬ 
dle one is a mean proportional be¬ 
tween the extremes. Also t he 
product of the two extremes is 
equal to the product of any two 
means equally distant from the 
extremes. In an arithmetical 
progression, the sum of the ex¬ 
tremes is equal to the sum of any 
pair of terms which are situated 
at equal distances from the extremes. 
The sum of the progression ise- 
qual to the half sum of the extremes 
multiplied by the number of terms. 

PACE. -The plane surface of any 
solid. 

FACTOR.-A quantity which will 
divide another is said to be a,<ac- 
Vox of it. To resolve a quantity 
into its factors, is to find two or 
more quantities, which when 
multiplied together, will produce 
the given quantity; thus the 
factors of 42 are 2,3, and! . 
The v'x'mxe. ^acVor* of a quantity, 
are those, factors which cannot be 
exactly divided by any otherquan- 
tity except I, which is a prime 
factor of every number.The pro¬ 
cess of resolving numbers into 
their factors is called $acvo\Yv\q. 
To 'resolve a number into its 
prime factors, Divide the given 
number by any prime O^ex-axivoxv. 
number that will ex- 2 7216 

actly divide it; divide 2 )108 

the quotient in the 2 7 54 
same manner, and 3 727 
so continue,todivide, 3 )9 

until a quotient is ob- 3 

tained which is a prime -number; 
the last quotient and the several 
divisors will constitute the prime 
factors of the given number.(See 
Divisor). 

PALLING BODIES.-In falling 
from a height, a body will fall 
16 feet the first second, three 
times that distance in the sec¬ 
ond,and so on, the space passed 
Over in each successive second in 
creasing as the odd numbers, 1,3, 
5,7,9,11, etc . The entire space pass¬ 
ed over is as the square of the time. 
To /ind the height from which a 
body falls, Multiply the square of 
the time occupiedm falling by 16, 
and the product will be the height. 


121 









































FIGURE.-A character employed 
to represent numbers. The follow- 
IH9 are the Arabic figures: 1,2,3, 
4, 5, 6,7,8,9,0. By proper combi¬ 
nation these are sufficienttorep- 
tesent.every possible number. (See 
Notation). 

Foot. -A linear measure whose 
length is 12 inches. In other than 
English speaking nations,theToot 
varies fro-m this. 

FOREIGN EXCHANGE.-Bills of 
Exchange are generally drawn in 
the money of tne country in which 
they are made payable. (See Coin, 
under Weights and Measures, al¬ 
so Bill, under Business Forms and 
Terms).To -find the value of 
sterl ing (Engl ish) money,Reduce 
the shillings and pence.it any, 
to the decimal ota pound, and 
multiply by the given rate per 
pound.(See Sterling Money).To 
change U.S. money to Sterling, 
Divide the given amount by the 
value of <£l at the given rate. Re¬ 
duce the remainder, or the dec¬ 
imals in the quotient, it any, to 
shillings and pence. 

FRACTION.-One or more otthe 
equal parts.of I. One of the e- 
qual parts is called a <racV\ona\ 
wmV; thus in the traction y /& , 
1 /q is the fractional unit. Frac¬ 
tions are either cowwon(vul¬ 
gar) or &ee*vwva\. For the expla¬ 
nation ot decimal tractions,see 
Decimal. Common tractions are 
those in which the denominator 
is expressed, and may be any quan¬ 
tity. They are written intheform 
54, whjch denotes.that thequan- 
tity J4 is taken 3 times.The parts 
3 and 4 are called t-erms ot the 
traction, 3 being the-vwvmexaXor, 
and shows. How many parts are 
taken ; 4 is the ^eno-mx-wavox, and 
shows into, how many parts the 
unit is. divided. A vro^ex ixacVxon 
is one in which the numerator 
is less than the denominator^ 
54 . An Vmqxo^er {xacfvcm is one 
in which the numerator is great¬ 
er than the denominator,as $4. 
Axx\\xe& VvacXAorv is an expression 
composed ot two parts, one part 
being entire, and the othertrac- 
tional, as 4}$. Multiplying the 
numerator ota traction, multi¬ 
plies the traction. Dividing the 
numerator ota traction,div?des 
the traction. M ultiply ing the de¬ 
nominator ot a traction, divides 
the traction. Dividing the denom¬ 
inator of a traction.multiplies 
the traction.Multiplying ordivid- 
mg both terms ot a traction by 
the same number, does not alter 
its value. To reduce a traction to 
its lowest terms, Divide both terms 
by any common factor; divide the 
resulting traction in the s ame 
manner, and so on till no num¬ 
ber greater than I will exactly 
divide both terms. Or, Divide 
both terms by their greatest com¬ 
mon divisor. To reduce an im¬ 


proper traction to a whole or mix¬ 

ed number. Divide the numera¬ 
tor by the denominator. To re¬ 
duce a whole or mixed number 
to an improper traction, Multi¬ 
ply the whole number by the de¬ 
nominator ot the traction; add 
the numerator to the product,and 
write the sum over the denomina¬ 
tor. To reduce a whole number 
to a traction having a given de¬ 
nominator, Multiply together 
the whole number and the de¬ 
nominator, and write the de¬ 
nominator beneath the product. 
To reduce a compound traction 
to a simple one, see C ompound 
Fraction. To reduce tractions 
of different denominators to 
equivalent tractions having a. 
common detiominator, Multi¬ 
ply both terms oteach traction 
by the product otall the denom¬ 
inators except its own. To 're¬ 
duce tractions otditterent de¬ 
nominators to equivalent trac¬ 
tions having the. least common 
denominator, Find the least 





common multiple otthedenom- 
inators otthe given tractions,and 
multiply both terms oteach trac¬ 
tion by the quotient ot the least 
common multiple, divided,by the 
denominator ot the traction.To 
add tractions, Reduce them to 
a common denominator; then 
add their numerators,and place 
the sum over the common denom¬ 
inator. To subtract tractions, Re¬ 
duce them to a common denom- 
«inator, find the difference be¬ 
tween their numerators, and 
place, it over the common de¬ 
nominator. To multiply atrac- 
tion by a traction, Multi ply togeth¬ 
er the numerators tor a new nu¬ 
merator, and the denominators 
tor a new denominator.To -mul¬ 
tiply a traction by a whole num¬ 
ber, or a,whole number by a trac¬ 
tion, Write I under the whole 
number tor a denominator,and 
proceed as in last rule.To divide 
a traction by a traction, Invert 
the divisor; multiply thenumer- 
ators togetherfor a new numera¬ 


tor, and the denominators tor 

a naw denominator. To divide 
a whole number by a traction, or 
a traction byawhote number, 
Write I under the whole num¬ 
ber tor a denominator, and pro 
ceed as in last rule.To reduce 
a complex traction to a simple 
traction, see Complex Fraction. 

FRUSTRUM.-A piece or part ota 
solid separated from the rest,as 
the fru strum ota pyramid or 
cone. To f.* tid the solidity ot a 
trustruw, see Cone. 

FURLONG.-A linear unit of length 
equal to 660 feet or '/* ota-mile. 

GAUGING.-The operation offind- 
ing the contents of casks and 
vessels ot any tortn.MWaqe 
is the difference between the.act- 
ual contents ota vessel and its 
capacity, or that part which is 
empty. To find the Contents 
ota cylindrical vessel,Find the 
contents in cubic inches(see 
Cy linder), and divide by 2150.42 
tor the measurement in bushels; 
by 282 for beer gallons, and by 
231 for wine gallons-Tofind 
the contents ot a cask,see Cask. 
To find the contents of ullage 
casks, when,the cask is standing, 
Find one-third the sum of the 
head, mean, and bung diameters, 
and square the result; multiply 
by the height otthe tluld in inch¬ 
es, and that product by .0034 tor 
wine gallons, and by .0028 tor 
beer gallons. 

GENERAL AVER AGE.-For defi¬ 
nition, see under 8usinessTerms. 
To make a claim for General.Av- 
erage valid, three considerations 
are necessary :(l) An imminent 
common peril and a necessity 
for sonie.sacrifice;(Sl) A volunta 
ry sacrifice ota part to save 
the rest;(3) The success of the 
effort to save a part, as a result 
ofthe sacrifice made.To find 
General Average, Divide the to¬ 
tal loss subject to average by the 
sum otthe values otthe contrib¬ 
utory, interests, and multiply 
each interest by the per cent, 
thus found. 

GEODESY.-That branch of Sur¬ 
veying in which the curvature 
of the earth is taken into account. 

Geometrical progression.- 

See Progression. 

GEOMETRY.-That branch of Math¬ 
ematics which treats of the re¬ 
lation, properties, and measure¬ 
ment of solids, surfaces, lines, 
and angles. 

GOLDEN NUMBER.-Thenumber 
denoting the year oft he cycle of 
19 years, in which the year in 
question falls. To find the gold¬ 
en number for any year, Add I 
to its number in the Christian 
year, and.divide. the sum by 19, 
the remainder is the golden nitm- 
berof the year, unless the remain¬ 
der is 0, in wh ich case the golden 
number is 19; thus 185441 = 1855; 


122 





















dividing 1855 by 19, Che remain¬ 
der is 12 ; hence, 12 is the golden 
number required. 

GOLDEN RULE.—A name some¬ 
times given Co the Rule ofThree, 
on account of its great practical 
value and universal use. (See Rule 
of Three). 

GRAIN. MEASURE.,-To find the 
quantity of grain in a bin, wag¬ 
on-bed, etc.,Multiply the height, 
length, and breadth together, in 
inches, and. divide by 2l50.42;the 
quotient will.be the number of 
bushejs. To find the quantity 
of gram when heaped on the 
floor in the form of a cone — 
Square the depth and square 
the slant height, in inches;take 
their difference and multiply by 
the depth, and this product by 
.0005, the result will be t he 
number of bushels. To f irtd 
the quantity of grain .when 
heaped against a straight wall, 
Square one-half the depth,and 
proceed as in last rule. (See 
Apples, Bushel,and Corn). 

GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR. 
See Common Divisor. 

GUNTER’S CHAIN.- A chain us¬ 
ed for the purposes of land sur¬ 
veying. It is,4-rods or 66 feet 
in bngth, divided into 100 links, 
each link 7.92 inches in length, 
every tenth one being marked, 
for convenience, in counting.The 
advantage of this mode of divis¬ 
ion is, that a square chain or 
a square link is a decimal frac¬ 
tion of an acre, and if the area 
of a piece of ground be found in 
square chains and links, it way 
at once be converted into acres 
by pointing off a suitable member 
of decimal places. 

Hay.-T o find the amoun t o f 
hay in a mow or stack , Find 
the number of cubic feet, and 
divide by the number of cubic 
feet in a ton, as given under 
Hay, under Weights and Measures. 

HECTO GRAMME.-A French 
weight of 100 grammes, equa I 
to 3 . 02 . 8 drams 11.9848 grains 
A voirdupois. 

HECTOLITRE. -A French meas¬ 
ure containing 100 lftres,equal 
to 26 gallons 3 pints. 

HECTOMETRE.-A Frenchmeas- 
ure containing 100 metres,equal 
to 19 rods 4 yards 2 feet 7.019 in¬ 
ches. 

HEIGHT. -Any distance estima¬ 
ted or measured upwards. 

HEMISPHERE . — One of the two 
equal parts of a sphere,made by 
passing a plane through its cen¬ 
tre. 

HEPTAGON.-A polygon of seven 
angles, or seven sides.To 
construct a regular hep¬ 
tagon, Divide the circum¬ 
ference o* a circle into 
seven equa I parts, and draw the 
chord subtending each arc. 

hex-agonal.-h aving six angles. 



hexagon. -a polygon # of >—\ 
six angles or sides.To in- / \ 

scribe a regular hexagon \ / 

in a circle, Apply the ra¬ 
dius six times as a chord, the 
resulting figure will be. aregu- 
lar hexagon. 

HEXAHEDRON.-A polyhedrotiof 
six faces, the same as a cube. 

HOGSHEAD.-A measure of ca¬ 
pacity, equivalent to 63 gallons 
of wine, or 54 gallons of beer. 
When used for tobacco, it varies 
in the different States from750 
to 1200 pounds. 

HORIZONTAL.parallel to the 
horizon. A V\orVz.orwa\ Vw\e is 
one parallel to the horizon, or to 
the surface of still water. 

HOUR.-A period of time equal to 
one-twenty-fourth part of a 
day, or 60 minutes. 

HYPOTHENUSE.-The side 
of a right-angled trian¬ 
gle opposite the right 
angle,as AC. In a plane 
triangle the square described up¬ 
on the hy pothenuse is equivalent 




to the sum of the squares describ¬ 
ed upon the other two sides. 

IMPROPER FRACTION. -A frac¬ 
tion whose denominator is less 
than Us numerator, as 94-(See 
Fraction). 

INCH.-A measure of length equal 
to the twelfth part of a foot.The 
length of a simple pend ul um, 
which beats seconds in the Tow¬ 
er of London, is taken as ,t he 
unit, and an inch is 39 , 1390 a 
of this. This is, in the City ( Hall 
of New York, equa I to 39.10 1 a 0 
of a simple seconds pendulum.The 
length of the seconds pendulum 
serves as the basis of a system of 
weights and measures. 

INCLINED PLANE.- A rigid 
surface, sloping at an angle be¬ 
tween t he horizontal and vertical. 
To find the weight which can 
be raised on the inclined p I ane, 
M ultiply the power by the length 
of the inclined plane,and divide 
the product by its perpendicular 
height. 

INCOMMENSURABLE.-With re 
spect to each other, two quantities 



of the same kind are incommen¬ 
surable when they do not have a 
common unit; i.e.,when there 
is no quantity so small that it 
will be contained in both an exact 
number of times. Thus,the diago¬ 
nal and the side of a square are 
incommensurable. 

INDEFINITE.-Unlimited or un¬ 
bounded. A line is indefinite if 
it is not limited by. points, and 
space is indefinite in all direc¬ 
tions, unless limited by a surface. 
When the number of terms in 
a series is unlimited,as 4,7,10, 
elz., ad infinitum, it is called 
an ’vniei'vw'vVe, serves. 

INDEX. -A number written 3 _ 

over the radical sign to de-v 125 
note the degree of .the root to be 
extracted .Thus, 3 in the above 
denotes that the cube root of 
125 is to be extracted. 

INFINITY. -A term used to ex¬ 
press a quantity greater than 
any assignable quantity of the 
same kind. It is also the limit 
or last term of the series of nat¬ 
ural numbers in an arithmeti¬ 
cal progression. It is designated 
by the symbol cv>. 

INSCRIBE.-To draw within, 
as one figure within another. 
A straight line is in- 
scri bed in a circle 
when, its two extrem¬ 
ities lie in the c i r- 
cumference, as A8 in 
the circle ABC0.D. An 
angle is inscribed when its vertex 
lies in the circumference, -and 
when its sides form chords of 
the circle, as ABC, BCD, etc. A pol¬ 
ygon is inscribed in a circle when 
all the vertices of its angles lie 
in the circumference, as A 8 C 0, 
ABC, BCD, etc. p 

All regular 
polygons may e 
be inscribed 

in a circle. A A 

quadrilateral 

may be inscribed when the sum 
of any two opposite angles is e- 
qual to. 180°. A circle is inscribed 
in a triangle or other polygon, 
when it is tangent to every side 
of the polygon, as the circle F&H 
in the polygons ECB and A BCD. 
A circle can always be inscribe 
ed in any triangle, and in any 
quadrilateral, when the sum of 
two opposite sides isequal to the 
sum of the other two oppos ite 
sides The square and rhombus 
are the only parallelograms in 
which acircle can be inscribed. 
A polyhedron may be inscribed 
in a sphere, when the surface of 
the sphere passes through all its 
vertlces.A sphere may be Inscrib¬ 
ed in any regular polyhedron, and 
also in any triangular pyramid. 
To find the side of an inscribed 
equilateral trianq/e, Multiply 
t he diameter by .866025, or the 
circumference by.275664.To find 




123 
























the side of an inscribed square, 
Multiply the diameter by.707106, 
or the circumference by.225079. 

Insurance.-F or definitions, 

see under Business Terms.T he 
amoumb ofinsurance corresponds 
to the base(in Percentage), the 
rate of premium to the percent ., 
and the premium to the percen¬ 
tage. To find the face value of a 
policy that shall insure both the 
property and the premiums, Di¬ 
vide the amount of insurance re¬ 
quired on the property by the 
difference per cent, of the rate 
of insurance. M ost of the or¬ 
dinary problems referring to 
insurance are simple problems 
in percentage, and require.no 
further explanation. 

INTEGER.- A whole numbe?, as 
3, 7, 20, etc., as distinguished 
from a fraction. 

INTEREST.-C ompensation for 
the use of money or value.The 
sum for the use of which inter¬ 
est is paid,is the Principal .The 
number of hundredths of the 
principal that is paid for its use, 
is the Rare as 6 % is ^loo^The 
sum of the principal and inter¬ 
est, is the Amount. Interest on 
the principal on \y,\s Simple In¬ 
terest.Interest on the principal 
and on 'interest for a previous 
period, is Compound interest:. - 
Interest computed by the rate 
established by \avt,\s Legal In¬ 
terest. Interest greater than 
legal interest, and prohibited by 
law, is Usury. When no rate, is 
mentioned, the legal rate is 
always understood. (For the le¬ 
gal rate in the.different States, 
see under Statistical Bureau of 
the United States). To find the 
time between two dates, om it 
the day of the date and include 
the day of maturity. (See Busi¬ 
ness Time Tables; see also Time, 
under Business Terms).For a 
quick arid easy method of com¬ 
puting simple interest,without 
the use of fractions, see Instanta 
neous Method of Computing In¬ 
terest. From this method, the 
interest on any sum, for any 
time and rate, may be found 
by simply adding the results ob¬ 
tained mentally from thetables. 
To find the interest at any rate 
per cent, per annum for any giv¬ 
en time, Multiply the principal 
by the rate,expressed as a decimal; 
the product will be the interest 
for I year. M ultiply this inter¬ 
est by the time expressed in years 
and fractions of a year; the.re¬ 
sult will be the interest required. 
Or, Find the interest for the 
years as above, and take aliquot 
parts for the months and days. 
The following brief rules may 
be preferred by some parsonsrAt 
4- per cent.,Multiply the prin¬ 


cipal by the number of days, c u-t 
of the right-hand figure anddivide 
by 9. At J per cent.. Multiply by 
the number of days and divide by 
72. At 6 per cent., M ulti pi y by 
by the number of days; cut off 
the right-hand figure and divide 
by 6 . At 8 per cent., M ultiply 
by the number of days and divide 
by 45. At 8 per cen£.,Multiply 
by the number of days; cut.off 
the right-hand figure and divide 
by 4. A t iO per cent., M ulti!p I y 
by the number of days and divide 
btj 36. For time at which-money 
doubles at different rates of in¬ 
terest, see Time at which Money 
Doubles, etc., under Weights and 
Measures. To find the Principal, 
when the time, rate per cent., 
and interest are given, Divide 
the given interest by the interest 
on one dollar .for the given rate 
and time. To find the Rateper 
cent., when the principal, time, 
and interest are given. Divide 
the given interest by the inter¬ 



est on the principal at ONE percent 
To find the Time, when the prin¬ 
cipal, rate, and interest are given. 
Divide the given interest by the 
interest on the principal for one 
DAY; the quotient will.be the requir¬ 
ed time, in days. To find the Prin¬ 
cipal, when the time,.rate, and 
amount are given,Divide the 
given amount by the amount 
of one DOLLAR for the given rate 
and time. 

INTERIORLying on the inner 
side. An Interior angle of a poly¬ 
gon is an angle included.between 
two adjacent sides and lying with¬ 
in the polygon. 

INTERMEDIATE TERMS.-In a 

progression, all the terms except 
the first and last, which are call¬ 
ed extremes. 

INTERSECT. -To pass through or 
cut each other. Two lines inter¬ 
sect when they cross each oth¬ 
er, and have one point in com¬ 
mon. Two surfaces intersect when 
they cut each other, and have a 
line, or lines, in common. 


INVERSE.—Two processes or oper¬ 
ations are said to be Inverse 
one is exactly contrary to the other, 
or when being performed in suc¬ 
cession upon a given quantity, the 
result will be that quantityas Ad¬ 
dition and Subtraction are inverse 
operations. For Inverse Propor¬ 
tion,see Proportion. 

INVERSION.-The act or opera¬ 
tion of changing the order of 
the terms. Thus, in the propor¬ 
tion, 3 : 9 ;: 5 : 15 , by inversion 
it is 9 : 3 :; 15 : 5. For Inversion 
of Series , see Series. 

INVERT.-To turn or place in 
a contrary position.Thus the 
fraction M becomes % when 
inverted. 

INVESTMENTS AND.DIVIDENOS. 
To find what rate of income will 
be derived from any given invest¬ 
ment, Multiply the income by 
100 , and divide the product b y 
the amount invested.To find 
the rate of dividend, Multiply 
the dividend by 100 ,and divide 
by the par value of the stock.To 
find what rate must be obtain¬ 
ed, that a given sum invested .may 
bring a given income, Multiply 
the given income by 100, and 
divide the prod.uct by the sum 
invested.To find the dividend 
on any given -number of shares 
of stock, Multiply the par val¬ 
ue of the stock by. the rate of 
dividend, and divide the product 
by 100. To find what must be 
paid for stock purchased through 
a broker. Multiply the bonds or 
shares by the rate, and add the 
brokerage. If purchased onacred- 
it of more than 3 days, add in¬ 
terest for the whole time. To 
find what sum must be invest¬ 
ed that a given income may be 
obtained. Divide the required in¬ 
come by the rate of income per 
share, or per ^ 100 , for the num¬ 
ber of shares or bonds required, 
and multiply the quotient by 
the given price. To find the par 
value, when the premium or dis¬ 
count is given. Divide the given value 
of the stock by I increased by the rate 
per cent, of premium, or diminished 
by the rate percent, of discount.The 
following table shows the rate of inter¬ 
est received on Stocks pure based from 25 
Po discountto25 9’o premium; 


Purchase 

Price. 


75. 

80. 

85. 

90. 

95. 

97.5 

100 . 

105. 

110 . 

115 . 

120 . 

125. 


RATE RECEIVED ON STOCK BEARING INT. AT 




6.250 
5.882 
5.555 
5.263 
5.128 
5.000 
4.761 
4.545 
4.347 
4.166 
4.000 


6 % 


8.000 

7.500 

7.143 

6.666 

6.316 

6.156 

6.000 

5.714 

5.454 

5.130 

5.000 

4.800 


7 


9.333 

8.750 

8.235 

7.777 

7.263 

7.179 

7.000 

6.666 

6.363 

6.086 

5.833 

5.600 


8 % 


10.666 

10.000 

9.411 

8.888 

8.421 

8.205 

8.000 

7.619 

7.272 

6.956 

6.666 

6.400 


IQ^O 

13.333 

12.500 
11.764 
II. III 
10.526 
10.256 
10.000 
9.523 
9.090 
8.695 
8.333 
8.000 


12.4 





































NVOLUTIONOperation of find¬ 

ing arty power of a 9 lven quan¬ 
tity. It is the reverse of evolu¬ 
tion, and is performed by con¬ 
tinued multiplication. A pow¬ 
er- is the product obtained by in¬ 
volution. The root y or first pow¬ 
er, is the number multiplied.The 
different powers derive their 
name from the number of times 
the root is taken as a factor. The 
number denoting the power 
to which the root is to be rais¬ 
ed, is the index or exponent of 
the power. It is placed on the 
right a little higher than the 
root. Thus, 2 = 2,the 1st power 
of 2 ; 2*=2x2=4-, the 2d pow¬ 
er, or square, of 2 ; 2 3 = 2 x 2 * 2 = 
8 , the 3d power, or cube , of 2; 
2*=2x2x2x2 = 16, the 4th pow¬ 
er of 2; etc. To rind any given 
power of a number, Multiply the 
number by itself, till it is used 
as a factor as many times as 
there are units in the index of 
the power. a 

ISOSCELES.-A term ap¬ 
plied to a triangle, when 
two of its sides are equal. 

Thus, in the triangle ABC, 

AB and AC being equal, the trian 
gle is isosceles .In an isosceles tri¬ 
angle, the angles opposite the e- 
qual sides are equal, and a line 
drawn from the vertex of the 
equal sides, to the middle point 
of the base, is perpendicular to 
the base, it bisecting the base, 
and also the angle at the vertex. 
KILO-GRAMME.-A French weight 
of 1000 grammes, equal to 2 X 5 
pounds avoirdupois. 
KILO-LITRE.-A French measure 
of 1000 litres, equal to 264gal- 
lons I pint 1.9638 gills. 

KILO METRE.-A French measure 
of 1000 metres, eoual to about 
Vo of a mile. 

LATERAL.- Relating to the side. 
The lateral faces of a prism are 
those which have a side lying 
in the perimeter of each base: 
the lateral faces of a pyramid are 
those which meet at the vertex. 
LATITUDE.-The angular dis¬ 
tance of a place,on the surface of 
the earth, from the equator, 
measured on the meridian of 
the place. (See Degree). 

LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE.- 
The /east common multiple of 
two orworenumbers, is the 
/east number that can be divid¬ 
ed by each without a remainder. 
Thus 95 is the least .common -mul¬ 
tiple of 5 and 7. To -find the least 
common multiple of two or more 
numbers,Write 2 )4 10 12 14 
the numbers in t-> 2 )2 5 6 7 


'«£ I 


v: 


a line,and divide 
by any prime divis- /^. 4 j 0 . LCM 
or of two or more of 
them, writing the quotients and 
undivided numbers underneath. 


Divide these resulting numbers 
by any prime divisor of two or 
more of them, and so continue 
until no two of the resulting num¬ 
bers have a common prime divis¬ 
or. The product of the divisors and 
the last resulting numbers will 
be the least qommon multiple re¬ 
quired. To find the least common 
multiple of several fractions, Re¬ 
duce them to their lowest terms; 
then writethe L.C.M. of Fheir 
numerators over the&.C.D. of 
their denominators. 

LENGTH.-One of the three at¬ 
tributes of extension, generally 
the greatest horizontal dimen¬ 
sion of a body. 

LEVEL.-A surface issaidto be 
level when it is concentric with, 
or parallel to, the surface ofthe 
sea. 

LEVER.-A solid bar turning up¬ 
on a pivot, which is called its 
fulcrum. To -find the weight which 
can be moved by a lever, no # ac¬ 
count being taken ofthe weight 



of the I ever, Multiply the pow¬ 
er by its distance from the ful¬ 
crum, and divide by the distance 
ofthe weight from the fulcrum. 

LIFE.-Of lOO lives,equally 900 d, 
any one may expect to live till 
50 are deceased. This period is 
called the probable life.The mean 
duration of life is found from the 
fables of mortality, which give out 
of a certain number born , the 
number living at each successive 
birthday. (See Carlisle Table of Mor¬ 
tality, under Weights and Measures). 

LIFE ANNUITY.-See Annuity.To 
-find the final value of an annu¬ 
ity at simple interest, Multiply the 
interest on the annuity for I year 
by the number of years less I, and 
this product by one-half the num¬ 
ber of years. Then add the product 
oftheannuity multiplied by the 
number of years.TLx^vw^W.-What 
will be the amount or final value 
of an annuity of #100 for 8 
years at 6 Vo ? So/ution.-\r\ter- 
est on SSIOO for I year = # 6 ; 6x7 
= 42 ; 42x4=168; 100x8= 800; 


168 + 8 00 = #968 Arts. To find” 

the present value of an annuity 
at simple interest, Find the final 
value ofthe annuity, and then 
find the present value of that 
amount. To find the final value 
of an annuity at compound in¬ 
terest, Multiply the amount of 
# I, as given in Table 4 (of the 
Compound Interest Tables),bgthe 
annuity; the product will be the 
final value. To find the present 
value of an annuity at compound 
interest, Multiply t he present 
worth of # I, as given in Table 
3 (of the Compound InterestTa- 
bles), by the given annuity. To 
find the present value of an an¬ 
nuity in reversion. Find the 
present worth of the final val¬ 
ue ofthe annuity from thepres- 
ent time to the time it termi¬ 
nates. E.X'&.wv^Xe..-A father leaves 
an income of #500 per year to 
his son, to commence in 5 gears 
and to continue for 10 gears'.What 
is the present worth of the legacy, 
at 6 per cent. ? So/ution. - 8 y Ta¬ 
ble 3, present worth of#l for 15 yrs.,#9.7l22 
ii ii #1 ii 5 >i 4.2123 
# 5.4999 

#5.4999 x500 f #2749.94, Arts. 

LINE.-A magnitude which Has 
the attribute of extension,call- 
ed length, but neither breadth 
nor thickness. A straight fine 
is one which does not charge its 
direction between any two of 

its points, as —--.A curved 

line is one which changes its 
direction at every one of its 

points, as --■->. . A broken 

fine in one -made up of_ lim¬ 
ited straight lines lying indif¬ 
ferent directions, as . 

LI NEAR.-Relating to a line. A 
linear unit is a standard meas¬ 
ure of length, as an inch, foot, 
yard, etc. 

LINK.-A unit of measure equal 
to the hundredth part of punter’s 
chain (which see), which is 7.92 
inches.- 

LIQUID MEASURE.-Used for the 
measurement of liquids, such 
as liquors,molasses, water, etc. 
For Table, see underweights and 
Measures. 

LIQUIDS, PRESSURE OF.-The 
area (a) of the base of a regular 
vessel, the height (Vi) of the f lu- 
id in feet, and the weight (w) of a 
cubic foot ofthe fluid being giv¬ 
en; required the pressure(p) in 
pounds on the bottom of the ves¬ 
sel: Formula.-aXhxw^p. The 
height (^r) of a column of fluid 
in feet, and the weight.of a cu¬ 
bic foot of the fluid being given; 
required the pressure (/>)in pounds 
of the column per square inch: 
Formula.- h Yw + \44=p. The 
diameter in feet of the ba-se (5) 
of a cylindrical reservoir,and the 
depth in feet (<£) of fresh water 


125 































and the screw* Sec each in its 

proper order. . „ 

MENSURATION.-That blanch of 
applied geometry which relates 
to the computing 0/ the length 
0/ lines, the area 0/ surfaces ,and 
the volume ot solids. For inf or*- 
matioti concerning any particu¬ 
lar subject under Mensuration, 
refer to it under its appropriate 
title. The following list of titles 


contained therein being given; 

required the pressure(p)inpounds 
upon the staves: Formula. — b Y 
3.141$ x d X(<?+2) X62.5=/>. 

LITRE.-A French -measure of ca¬ 
pacity, whose volume is equal to 
a cube whose edge is >lo of a me¬ 
tre, and whose capacity is jTooo 
of a cubic metre. It is equ-al to 
61.027+ cubic inches. 

LOG, and LOG-LINE.-An In¬ 
strument, of the nature of a 
float,having a line of about 150 
fathoms attached, for determin¬ 
ing the velocity of a ship when 
passing through the water. 
LOGARITHMS,(log.).-Are in¬ 
dices of powers. Every -number 
may be regarded as some pow¬ 
er of 10, which is called the 
base, and logarithms are the 
indices of these powers of 10, 
most of them being proper or 
improper fractions. Thus the 
index or logarithm of 1000 is 
3, that is, 1000 is the 3d power 
of 10; the log. of 251.19 isabout 
2.4 orff, that is, 251.19 is the 
10th root of the 24th power of 

. 10; 251.19 = 10-0 = I0 a ' 4 . 

Longitude.- The arc of the 

equator intercepted between 
the meridian of a place, and 
the meridian of some other 
place from which longitude is 
reckoned. Longitude is general¬ 
ly reckoned from the meridian 
of Greenwich (near London), but 
sometimes from the meridian of 
Washington. For the length of 
a degree of longitude for each 
degree of latitude, and for con¬ 
verting longitude into time, 
and vice versa, see Longitude,un- 

. der Weights and Measures. 

LUMBER MEASURE.-SeeBoard 
Measure. 

MAGNITUDE.-Anything, t hat 
can be increased or diminish¬ 
ed, as a .line, surface, number, 
angle, time, space, etc. 

MARKING PRICES.-For meth¬ 
od of marking goods,see Mark 
ing Goods, under Business Terms. 
To change the price of goods, 
marking them higher or lower, 
at a certain per cent on the o Id 
price, Find the differetice between 
the old and new per cent, of gain 
or loss. Divide this by the old 
amount or difference percent., 
the quotient will be the percent! 
advance or discount from the 
old price. Multiply.the old price 
by the amount or difference per 
cent. Just found, and the prod¬ 
uct will be the required price. - 
^xarw^Veo-What advance or 
discount must be made on the 
price of cloth marked @/3S2.60 
to secure a profit of 26 5^ or 
14 Y, if the present price affords 
a prof it of .20 Yo ? What is the 
req uired price ? 5 %. 


O P / 071* 

(.20~.26)-M.20=.05;*2.60 xi.05=#2.73. 
(.Q0~.l4)*l.20=.05;*2.60x .95=*2.47. 

MARINER'S MEASURE.-Used 
in measuring distances, at sea. 
For Table, see under Weights and 

Mpacii-i'pc 

MATHEMATICS. -That science 
which treats of the relations 
and measurement of quantities, 
and of the operations and pro¬ 
cesses, by means of which these 
relations are ascertained. 

VIEAN.-Lying between, as the 
mean of two quantities. An A- 
rithmetica! -mean, or average 
of several quantities of the same 
kind, is their sum divided by 
their number. Thus the mean 
of 10,12, 17, and 25 is^orl$. 
A geometrical mean of' two 
quantities, is the square root of 
their product: thus the.geomet¬ 
rical mean of 2 and 8 isV76'=4. 
The greater of the 91 'ven quan¬ 
tities is as many times greater 
than the mean, as the mean i s 



will aid in reference: 


Acute 
Altitude 
Angle 
Apples,etc. 
Arc 
Area 1 
Board Meas’-re 
Chord 
Circle 
Cifcu.-m-ference 
Circular Ring 
Cistern 
Cone 
Concentric 
Convex 
Concave 
Corn 
Cube 
Cylinder 
Decagon 
Diameter 
Dodecagon 
Ellipse 


Pyramid 
Potatoes 
Prism 
^uadrilat’l 
Quantity 
Radius 
Rectilineal 
Rhomboid 
Rhombus 
Sector 
Segment 
Solid 
Sphere 
Square 
Surface 
Trapezium 
Trapezoid 
Triangle 
Undecagon 
Vertex 
Volume 
Weights,etc. 
Width 
Zone 


greater than the less quantity. 
In an arithmetical progression, 
each term is an arithmetical mean 
between the preceding and suc¬ 
ceeding terms. In a geometrical 
progression,each term is a geo¬ 
metrical mean between the pre¬ 
ceding and succeeding terms. 

MEASURE. -The extent or val¬ 
ue of a quantity, in terms of. an¬ 
other quantity of the same kind, 
taken as a unit, of measure. The 
measure of a line is the number 
of linear units, as feet,yards,etc., 
which it contains.The measure 
of a surface is the number of 
square units of surface,as square 
feet, square yards, etc., which it 
contains.The measure of a.vol- 
littie is the number of cubic u- 
nits, as cubic feet,etc.,which it 
contains..(See any particular 
measure in .its alphabetic order, 
or under Weights and Measures). 

MECHANICAL POWERS.-The 
mechanical powers are the lever, 
the wheel and axle, the put leg, 
the inclined plane, the wedge. 


Frustrum 
Gauging 
Grain 
Hay 
Height 
Heptagon 
Hexagon 
Inscribe 
Lateral 
Length 
Line 
Lumber 
Mechanical 
Nonagon 
Obtuse 
Octagon 
Parallel 
Parallelogr’m 
Parallelopip’n 
Pentagon 
Perimeter 
Point 
Polygon 

MERIDIAN. -The meridian of 
a placet's the intersection of the 
surface of the earth, with a plane 
passing through the axis of the 
earth and the place. It is the same 
as a north and south line. 

METRE. -A French measure of 
length, equivalent to the ten mill¬ 
ionth part of the distance from 
the equatortothe north pole, 
or about 39.37 inches. 

METRIC SYSTEM.-TheFrench 
system of denominate numbers, 
having for its fundamental unit 
the Metre , and. having 10 as the 
constant ratio in.its scale of no- 
tation.(See Metric System,un¬ 
der Weights and Measures). 

MIDDLE. -I n a straight line, 
the.middle point isthe point 
which is the same d i s tance 
from the two extremities; in 
general, it implies equi-distant 
from the extremes. 

MILL. -In the money, of t he 
United States,.the unit of the 
lowest denomination, and is 
equal to the tenth part of a 
cent, or the, thousandth part 
of a dollar. 

MILLION. -A number written 
thus 1,000,000. It is a thousand 
thousand. 

MINUEND.-) n Subtraction,the 
quantity from which another 
is to be taken. 

MINUS. -The sign of s ubtrac- 
tion. It is a horizontal m a r k, 
thus - . The number at its right is 
taken from the one at its left- 


126 









































































































MINUTE .-I'M time -measure, the 

60th part of an hour, or 1440th 
part of a day. In angular meas¬ 
ure, the 60th pa-rt of a degree, 
or 5400th part of a right angle. 

Mixed number or guuntijy.- 

A number or quantity consist¬ 
ing of both integral and frac¬ 
tional, parts, as I OX, or 10.25. 
All mixed numbers orquanti 
ties’ can be reduced to the form 
of simple fractions. \ 
Momentum.-T he quantity 
of motion in a body. To find 
momentum, M ultiply the weight 
by the velocity. Thus, the women 
turn of a body weighing 2 5 I bs 
and moving at the rate of 8 0 
feet per second, is 2000 lbs., i.e. 
it is equal to the momentum 
of a body, weighing 2000 lbs. 
and moving one foot per second 
MONEY.- For table of U.S.Mon¬ 
ey, and for the value of foreign 
coins, see under Weights and Meas 
ures. 

MONTH. -The twelfth part of 
a year. The number of days 
jn each of the calendar months 
is shown in the Perpetual Cal¬ 
endar. The number of days 
from any day of any one month 
to the same day of any othej 
month, is shown under Busi¬ 
ness Time Tables,. A lunar month 
embraces the,period between 
two consecutive new rn oons, 
and is about 29i-$ days in length 
(See Time Table, under Weights and 
Measures). 

MULTIPLE. -A multiple of any 
number is a number which if 
will exactly divide, as 24 is a 
multiple of 2, 9, 4, 6, 8,and 12. 

.. (See Least Common Multiple). 
MULTIPLICAND. -In Multipli¬ 
cation, the quantity which is 
to be repeated or multiplied. 
MULTIPLICATION. -The oper¬ 
ation of finding the product 
of two quantities. The product 
is the quantity obtained by mul¬ 
tiplying. The multiplier is the 
quantity denoting how many 
times the multiplicand is taken. 
The multiplicand is the quantity 
to be multiplied. To prove the 
accuracy of the operation, (I) 
Reverse the factors',^) Divide the 
product by one of the factors;the 
quotient should be the other;(3) 
Find the excess of 9’s in each 
of the factors, whether two or 
more. Then f ind the excess in 
the product of,the excesses in 
the factors; this should equal the 
excess in the entire product.E.*- 
a-m^Xe..-Multiply 23045 by 70800, 
Opera t fort. 

23045 5 Excess. 

_ 70800 _6 ,, 

184360 3<n3 11 

161315 L 

P-rod. 1631586000 /3 »» 

Contractions.-To -multiply 



by 10,100,1000,etc.. Annex to 
the multiplicand as many ciphers 
as there are ciphers in the multi 
plier. To multiply by a conveni¬ 
ent part of 10,100, l000,efc.,as3Ji, 
12/i, 16/3,33.H, etc., Multiply by 
10,100, 1000,etc., and divide the 
product by the number of times 
the multiplier has been increased, 
Thus, to multiply 459 by 33/3,an¬ 
nex two ciphers, and divide by 3. 
To multiply when the multipli¬ 
er is 3 figures, 2 of which can be 
evenly divided by the third,then 
only two partial multi plications 
need be used. Thus, to multiply 
47 123 by 328 and by 832 .' 
47123 47123 

328 832 

376984 376984 

1507936 1507936 

„ 15456344 39206336 

first multiply by 8 in each case, 
and then multiply that product 
by 4 (which ^equivalent to mul¬ 
tiplying the original number by 32). 
In multiplying by 8 in each case, 



put the first figure of the prod¬ 
uct under the 8, and in multi¬ 
plying by 4 (32), place the first 
figure of the product under the 
2 of the 32. To multiply 2 fig¬ 
ures by II, Place the sum of the 
figures between the ffgures;thus, 
45 X 11 =495. To multiply by 5, 
Add one 0, and divide by 2 ; -to 
multiply by 15, do-phe same,and 
then add the quotient to the d Iv- 
idend; to multiply by 25, add 
two 0’s, and divide by 4;to mul¬ 
tiply by 75, do the same, and 
then subtract the quotient from 
the dividend. To multiply by 
any number ending wirh 9,Mul¬ 
tiply by the next higher number,and 
subtract the multiplicand. 

MULTIPLIER.- In Multiplication, 
that factor of a product which 
indicates thenumber of times 
which the other factor is to be 
taken. - * 

SIAUTICAL. -Pertaining to nav¬ 
igation. A nautical mile is.the 
60th part of a degree of latitude; 
it is equal to 6Syi English miles. 


NEGATIVE. -A term applied to a 
quantity preceded by the nega¬ 
tive or minus sign , thus —140. 
A result affected by the -minus 
sign, is to be interpreted in a 
sense exactly contrary to what 
it would have been interpreted, 
had it not been preceded by the 
minus sign, or by the positive 
sign (the plus sign +). The op¬ 
erations indicated by the signs 
-f and — are diametrically op¬ 
posed to each other, and if a 
quantity in any # particular sense 
is considered positive, in the op¬ 
posite sense it should be-regard¬ 
ed as negative. 

NINE. - Among the remarka 
ble and valuable properties of 
the number 9 , is that made 
use of in proving the accuracy 
of certain operations in arith¬ 
metic, by casting out the 9 , s, 
or by finding the excess of S’s. 
For an explanation ofthis ( prop- 
erty, < ses Addition, Subtract! on, 
Multiplication, and Division. 
NOTATION.- The art of rep¬ 
resenting or expressing -math¬ 
ematical quantities and opera¬ 
tions by means of symbols. The 
two methods of expressing num¬ 
bers,in general use, are the Ara¬ 
bic and the Roman. Arabic 
Notation.- By this -method -num¬ 
bers are expressed by one or more 
of ten characters or figures. 
These are 1,2,3,4, 5,6,7,8,9,0. 
Roman Notation.- By this 
method numbers are expressed 
by one or more of seven capi¬ 
tal letters. These are I,denot¬ 
ing one; V,five; X, ten;L,fif¬ 
ty ; C, one hundred; D,five hun¬ 
dred; M, one thousand.Repeat¬ 
ing a letter repeats jts value,as 
111=3, etc. Annexing a letter 
to another letter of greater val¬ 
ue, adds the two, VI denotes 
V + I = 6. Prefixing a letter 
to another of greater value, in¬ 
dicates their difference, as IV 
denotes V-I = 4. A dash or 
vinculum placed over a letter, 
denotes a thous andfol d its val¬ 
ue, as V= 5000 ; XXV= 25,000. 
The following table contains 
the principal combinations of 
Roman numerals: 


C = 100 
CX=II0 
C C = 200 
CCC =300 
CD = 400 
D=500 
DC = 600 
CM = 900 
M = l000 
MD = I500 
MDG = 1600 
MM=2000 
MMD = 2500 
XX =20000 
M = l000000 



XJVSAJE.. 

1= 1 

XV1 = IS 

11= 2 

XVII = 17 

rn= 3 

XVIII = 18 

IV = 4 

X1X= 19 

V = 5 

XX = 20 

VI= 6 

XXI = 21 

VII = 7 

XXX = 30 

VIII = 8 

XXXV = 35 

IX= 9 

XL =40 

X = 10 

L =50 

XI = 11 

LV = 55 

XII = 12 

LX = 60 

XIII =13 

LXX =70 

XIV =14 

LXXX =80 

XV = 15 

XC =90 


127 













































NUMBER. -Quantity conceived 
as wade up 0 / parts, or the-meas¬ 
ure of the relation between quan¬ 
tities of the sawe kind, and an¬ 
swers to the question, < { How 
-many?” Thus, distance is a 
quantity; but if that distance 
is called 0 , the notion is convert 
ed into number. A number Is 
an expression tor one or wore 
units. An integral number con¬ 
sists ot entire or whoje units, 
as I, 7, 16, etc. A -fractionalnum¬ 
ber consists ot parts ot units, 
as '/i , % , IXa, etc. A mixed num¬ 
ber consists of integral and frac 
tional units being combined,as 
A'/a- , 16/^, etc. A concrete or de¬ 
nominate number consists ot 
concrete units, as I pen, 6 ox¬ 
en, 100 bushels, etc. An abstract 
number consists of abstract u- 
nits, as 1,5, IT, etc. A simple 
number consists of units of 
only one kind, as 10, 25 pounds, 

$875, etc. A compound number 
cgnsists of units of different 
kinds,as 15 pounds 10 ounces, 

Smiles lOrods 6feet4inches. 

A prime number is one which 
cannot be exactly divided by any 
other number except- I, as 11,17, 

J999,etc. A composite number 
is one consisting of the product 
of the factors of other numbers, 
as 4, 25, 192,etc. 

NUMERALS.-The characters by 
-means of which numbers are 
expressed, as figures in the Ara¬ 
bic notation, and letters in the 
Roman. , 

NUMERATION. -The art of read¬ 
ing numbers, when expressed by 
weans of numerals. For the con¬ 
venience of reading n uw bers, 
they are separated into periods 
of three places each as per table. 

.IWJYAEWKT VOH 

Period of Period of Period of Period of Period of Period of Period of Period of Period of Period of 
Decill’s. Nonnillt. Octill’s. Septill’s Sertill’s. (Juiiuill’s. QuadriH’s.Trillions. Billions. Millions. 


number of fractional units 
that are taken. (See Fraction). 

OBLATE .— Flattened or depress¬ 
ed. If an ellipse be revolved about 
its minor axis, the volume gen¬ 
erated is called an oblate sphe¬ 
roid . The earth being flatten¬ 
ed at the poles, and protruded 
at the equator, is in the form 
of an oblate spheroid. 
Oblique.- Dev iat / D 

ing from the per- -- 

pendicular. Thus 
the line BD is oblique to the 
line AC. An oblique ang/e i s 
one either greater or less than 
a right angle, the angles DBA 
and DBC both being oblique an¬ 
gles. An oblique triangle is one 
in which all the angles are 
oblique. An oblique cylinder 
or cone is one whose a.vis i s 
oblique to the plane of its base. 

OBLONG.-A rectangle whose 
adjacent sides are unequal. In 
general, any body or volume 
which is longer than it is wide. 



.0 ; 

—- i/> 


in 


F 

.2 in 

= F 
•4.2 

o — 
O — 


•r • ; P § . 

— : p - : 

of - : 

cd O • • 

°=:u f : 

Nv— * O P in 

° 8 : <n ° f 

in o !? in ~ f 

T3 b Oil*.— -O Mr o 

2^.2 f- O- S> 0.2 

1? “ n ** £ 

PFu $F E 




equal to each other. The angle at 

the center, ACB, is 45°, ana the 
angle at the vertex of any angle 
ACD, is 135°.The area of a regu¬ 
lar octagon, whose side is I, is equal 
to 4. 8284271. 

OCTAGONAL. -Pertaining to an 
octagon. 

OCTANGULAR. -Havingeight an 
gles. 

OCTANT. -The half of a quadrant, 
or the eighth part of a circum¬ 
ference of a # circle. 

ODD.— Not divisible by 2 with¬ 
out a remainder. The alternate 
-numbers beginning at I, as I, 3, 
5,7, etc.,form the series of odd 
numbers. 

Operation.-S omething to be 

done, as a transformation to 
be made upon quantities. Such 
transformation is indicated ei¬ 
ther by rules or by symbols.(See 
Symbol). „ 

OPPOSITE ANGLES.- 
Angles lying on oppo- 
site sides, of two inter- 
secting lines. Thus,the angles ACD 
and EC8 are opposite. 

OUNCE.- A unit of weight. In 
avoirdupois weight, it is the six¬ 
teenth part of a pound, and con¬ 
tains 437/a grains;in Troy 
weight, it is the twelfth part of 
a pound, and contains480 grains. 
OVAL.— A figure resembling an 
ellipse, or egg-shaped. 

PAR VALUE.- The full value 
represented on the face of a 
note, bond, or other certificate 
of property. (See Par, under Bu¬ 
siness Terms). 

PARALLEL.-H avmg the same di 
rection, and equi-dis- - 
tant in all parts.Two 
straight lines are parallel toeach 
other, when they lie in the same 
T P\ ''S \_ \L. 

Period 0 / Period Period Period of Period of Period of Period of 
Thous’ds. of Units. Thous’ths.Mill’ths. Bill’ths. TriH’ths. (\uadTill’ths 


in 


i o o ^ o) o 
XHoIFZ 
0 0 0 0 0 0 


13 in — 

5 F *»■ 
Zt 5 o 

XHO 


F • 
o « 

= F 

X o 


<DX 
in ^ 
w Cl 

o £ 
cn r 
u> J: 
-o '■v O 
Q) OX 

FF o. 
a « 0 
iHlfl 

0 0 0 


f : : 

o . . 

— in • 

= f : 
2.® : 
CD — 

or_* 

tr> CO f- 

-o- 0 

Q> 

t- °z 

!?* 
Zf O) Q) 

lh(/l 
0 00 


O (/) 

- p 
rz o 
.. *— 

■s* 

esf.F 

vvd F 
OQf O 

2 0 « 

T3 IA p 

SSI 


• 22 (A 

= P 

£ O 

~o*.Z 

— 

•is 

•nu- 

<D '?• — 

“op 
■5 < 0 ^ 
5 F 5 

3 m — 


= F 


1/) • 

f : 

o • 

— in 

Ef 

£0.2 


in • 

f : 

o . 
*X in 
-F 


wr 
o— 

m“ . 


in 


0 0 0 

To read any number,Determine 
the order and name of each sig¬ 
nificant figure in the number to 
be read; then begin at the # left 
hand and name the significant 
figures in each period,together 
with their relative unit value, 
and add the name of the period. 
NUMERATOR. -The term 0 / a 
fraction which indicates the 


2 o p 

T) (/» ® 

§§= 
iFco 
0 0 0 


o , 

b C O 
T7 (/>•— 

15 = 
11-2 
0 0 0 


'V— 

o b 
w>“ 

"5 v v F 
¥00 
-o i/>*X 

. __ 5S? 

xP-cf xl-df xl—P- 
000 000 000 

OBTUSE. -Not point- 
edjSharp, or acute. 

An obtuse angle i s A 
an angle greater t han 
angle, as ABD. 
OCTAGON. -A polygon 
of eight sides or angles. 

A regular octagon is 
one whose sides and 
angles are respective !y 


f : 

GJ • 
in v* 
3-0 
0 £ 

H «a 

Mr q 

o o « 

413 

-S 1- F 

V O (h 
•2 in 

F p o 
2 Sx 
xHI— 
00 0 

Ef v 


e 


Cl 

«X 

X 

■**-0 

F 
(0 


1 n 

-D 

CD ;«/l v> CD 
t- .L If 
"2 U.L 3 

F F F o 
9 S Z Six 
Xt-3 hxH hxl 
000.000 000 


tn’TD 

-c P 

<T3 

-o m 

S| 

t— v> X 

0 “ o 
in-o.r 

F F= 
,o» ix 


.x 

V) j; 

X 5 
J*.z 
F= 

•Is 

^ 0 

t/> 7 

'*'5~ 

0 “ F 

(S> T 2 O 

|§= 

rice 


,x ; 
• v • 

in £ \ 
-T o 2 • 

M- * 

: 

o CD • 

Uw ‘ 

XO- 
CD (A vv 

n ^ F 
0 b O 

fJ= 
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0 0 0 


p : 

o . 


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a right 
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direction, and are therefore con¬ 
tained in the same plane, and 
cannot touch or intersect,h ow 
far soever they be extended.Three 
or wore straight lines are paral¬ 
lel to each other when they have 
the sawe direction.Two 
or wore circles are said 
to be parallel to each oth- 
er when they are concentric. 



J 


128 












































































p 


PARALLELOGRAM.-A quadri¬ 
lateral whose opposite ?,—£— 
sides are parallel,and a I- / L^tTI 
so equal. If owe angle 5 A M F 8 
of a parallelogram is a right angle, 
all the other angles are also right 
angles, arid the parallelogram is 
a rectangle, as A 8 CD. If two ad¬ 
jacent sides of a. parallelogram are 
equal, the figure is a rhombus', if, 
in addition, the included angle is 
a right angle, the figure is a square. 
I* a parallelogram is oblique-an¬ 
gled, it is a rhomboid, E FCD.The 
area, of a parallelogram is equal 
to the product of its base by its 
altitude. 

PARALLELOPIPEDON.-A polyhe 
dron bounded by six 
paral lelograms .The 
solid is a rectangular 
paral lelopipedon, if 
the parallelograms are rectangles. 
If they are squares, it is a cube. 
The are a of a parallelopipedon 
is equal to the product of its 
length, breadth, and thickness. 

PARTIAL PAYMENTS.- Pay¬ 
ments made at different times 
of part of a note, bond,or other 
obl igation. These payments should 
be indorsed upon the back of the 
note, bond,etc. The fol lowing rule 
for computing interest when par¬ 
tial payments have been made 
has been adopted by the Supreme 
Court of the United States, and 
by several of the States.and is 
called 

The United States Rule. 

I. The rule for casting interest 
when partial payments have been 
made, is to apply the payment, in 
the first place, to the discharge of 
the interest due. II. If the pay¬ 
ment exceeds the interest,the 
surplus goes towards discharging 
the principal, and the subsequent 
interest is to be computed on the 
balance of the principal remain¬ 
ing due. III. If the payment be 
less than the interest, the surplus 
of interest must not be taken to 
augment the principal; but inter¬ 
est continues on the former prin• 
cipal until the period when the pay¬ 
ments, taken together,exceed the 
interest due, and then the surplus 
is to be applied towards discharging 
the principal, and interest is to 
be computed on the balance as 
aforesaid. 

Among merchants where it 
is customary to make settlements 
yearly, or oftener, the following 
rule is much used by them, an d 
is called 

The Merchants’Rule. 

/. Find the interest on the prin¬ 
cipal from the time it becomes due 
to the time of settlement, and 
add it to the principal. II. Find 
the interest on each payment 
from the time it was made to the 


time of settlement, and add the 
sum of the interest thus found to 
the sum of the payments. III. De¬ 
duct the sum of the payments and 
the interest thereon from the 
amount of principal and interest, 
and the difference will be the 
balance due. 

The Vermont Rule is the same 
as the Merchants’ Rule, except in 
the latter,settlement is made not 
later than a year after the date 
of the note, whi le in the former, 
settlement is not made until the 
final adjustment of the account, 
which may be less than a year, 
or many years. The difference 
between any two of the three 
rules may be seen from the fol¬ 
lowing Example : —A mote of 
&I000 runs 4 years at 8% inter¬ 
est, on which were made quar¬ 
terly payments of ^50. What 
was the amount due at settlement? 

States *440.82 

»» VfcxcV'anXs 1 ■> ■> 432.23 

i* Nler-monV »» 400.00 



It will be seen by the above exam¬ 
ple that,for periods longer than 
one year, the United States Rule 
is most favorable to the credit¬ 
or, then the Merchants’ Rule, 
after which the Vermont Rule; 
while they favor the debtor in 
the opposite order. 

Partnership.-F or definitions 
and forms,see under (Business 
Forms and Terms.To fitid each 
partner’s share of the gains or 
losses, when the shares are in 
proportion to the investments. 
Place the amount invested by 
each partner as a numerator, 
and the whole capital of the firm i 
as a denominator: the several 
fractions will express each part-j 
ner’s share. Then multiply the ; 
gain or loss by the fraction ex-i 
pressing each partner’s share, ’ 
and the product will be his 
share of the gain or loss.^cxam 
^\e.-A,B, and C formed a part¬ 
nership. A invested &6000 , B 
3&5000j and C ^3000. Their prof¬ 


its were *5 600, to be divided in 
proportion to their capital. What 
was each partner’s share? 
Operation. 

*6000+*5000 +*3000=* 14000, Finn’s capital. 

,2=f,A’s share. 5600xf =*244fl,A’s gain. 

5P00 _ 5 ni 
14000 'I4 ,B s 


3000,3 r ,_ 
14-000 "I4’ u s 


5600x^=*2000,B’s „ 

5600xj|=*l200,C’s »» 

Another method is To -multiply 
each partner’s capital by the per¬ 
centage which the gains or loss¬ 
es may be of the capital of the 
firm. Thus 

*5600-40?^ of *14000. 
#6000 X40% =*2400, A’s 9 am. 
*5000x40% =*2000,B’s >1 
*3000 x 40 % = * 1 200,C’s .. 

To find each partner’s interest 
at closing: J. Find the firm’s 
net capital or net insolvency 
at commencing and at closing. 
II. Find the firm’s net gains 
or net losses, and each part¬ 
ner’s share. Then,/W. To each 
partner’s original investment- 
add any additional investments 
or sums to which he may be en¬ 
titled, and his share of the net 
gains, if any; also deduct t he 
amounts withdrawn by him, 
and obligations assumed by the 
firm for him, and his share 
of the net losses, if any. If the 
original agreement entitles him 
to any other sum, or makes him 
responsible to the firm for any sum, 
add or subtract,as the case may be. 

Pentagon. t a poi 

ygon of five sides or 
five angles.A regu¬ 
lar pentagon is one 
whose sides and an¬ 
gles are all equal each 
to each, and may be inscribed in 
aC iTcle 

PENNY-WEIGHT.-A unit in Troy 
weight,equivalent to 'Ao of an 
ounce. 

PERCENTAGE.-A general desig¬ 
nation for all processes involving 
the method of reckoning by the 
hundred. The result obtained by 
taking a pertain per cent, of a 
number is called the Percentage. 
The number on which the per¬ 
centage is reckoned is called the 
Base. The sum of the base and 
the percentage is the Amount. 
The excess of the base over the 
percentage is the Difference . 
The number used as a multipli¬ 
er in obtaining any required per 
cent, of a given number, is the 
Rate. To find the percentage, 
the base and rate being given, 
Multiply the base by the rate 
expressed decimally , or remove 
the decimal point two places to 
the left, and multiply the result 



129 















































by ♦hei , a<:c.''E.X 4 'mv\«..-What 
is 4% of 3*614.50 ? 

1st Method- 2d Method* 

$674.50 $ 6.7450 

_,04 _4 

$26.98 00 $26.9800 

To find the rate, the base and 
percentage being given, Ann ex 
two ciphers to the percentage 
and divide by the base^x-a-w^Xo..- 
What rate per cent, of 4-00 is 
24- ? 2400 *400 ~G. A ns. 6X- 
To find the base, the rate and 
percentage being given, Annex 
two ciphers to the percentage and 
divide by the rate.E.xa\w?Xe.-Wba* 
is the number of which 300 is 
6 0 Yc ? 300 OO -r 60=500 A ns. 
To find the base, the rate and 
the amount,or the rate and 
difference being given , Divide 
the amount by I increased by the 
rate per cent, (expressed decimal¬ 
ly). Divide the difference by I 
diminished by the rate percent, 
(expressed decimally),^,xan\^\es.- 
60 0 is 20 % more than what 
number? 600 41. 20=500 Ans. 
What -number diminished by 
20 % of itself equals 4QQ14-00 
-t.80 = 500 Arts. 

Formulas. 

Per cent. = baseX rate percent. 
Rate per cent. = per cent. 4 base. 
Base = per cent.-r rate percent. 
Ra«o _/ Amount-f (I 4-rate percent.). 
I Difference 4 (I —rate per cent.). 
PERCH.-A unit of-measure for 
surfaces. It is a square rod, and 
is equivalent to 30>4 square yards, 
or 272X4. square feet. It is used 
chiefly in land measuring. 
PERIM ETE R 0 -The line that 
bounds a plane figure. In a pol¬ 
ygon its length is equal to the 
sum of all the sides of thepolygon. 
PERIOD.-In N umeration, a 
group of three orders, as Peri¬ 
od of Units, Period of Thousands, 
etc. In Extraction of Roots, a 
number of figures considered 
together. 

Permutation, r Th e results 

obtained by writing any num¬ 
ber of factors in every possible 
order, so that each shall enter 
every result and enter it but 
once. Thus, the two letters 
a and b t can be placed in only 
two positions, ab and bo-.The 
three letters a, b, and c can be 
placed in 6 different positions. 
The firs* four letters of the al¬ 
phabet can be placed in 24 dif¬ 
ferent positions, and the 26 
letters of the alphabet admit of 
403291461,126,605,635,584,000,000 differ¬ 
ent positions. To find any re¬ 
sult in permutation, Multiply 
together the numbers, 1,2,3,4, 
etc., from J to the given num¬ 
ber; .the last product will be the 
required result. 

PERPENDICULAR. -One straight 


line is perpendicular to 
another straight lire 
when they mee* so as a - t - 
to make the two angles 
formed equal.Thus A 8 
and DC are perpendic¬ 
ulars each other. Straight lines 
and curved, s*raight lines and 
planes, places and planes,etc., may 
be perpendicular to each orhe-*". 

PERPETUITY. -The sumof -money 
which will bug an annuity to last 
forever. To find any perpetuity, 
Multiply the annual paymentby 
the reciprocal of the rate per cent, 
at which the perpetuity is compu¬ 
ted. .-W h a t is the value 

of a perpetuity of $100 per an¬ 
num at 5 % ? Solution. - 5 % 

= ^oo =Xo ; the reciprocal of Ao 

= *>£ • $100 x3V = $2000 Ans. 

PERSPECTIVE.-Such a represen¬ 
tation of an object upon a sur¬ 
face as shall present to t he ,eye, 
situated at a particular point, 
the same appearance that the ob¬ 
ject itself would present, were 



face of pile, 2 I, one-third of which 

is 7; 6 +6 +1 = 13; 13X7-9I Arts. 

PINT, -A unit of measure,equiv¬ 
alent to '/a of a gallon, or 28 /& 
cubic inches. 

PLANE.- A surface of such nat¬ 
ure that, if any two points, be 
taken and joined by a straight 
line,that line will lie wholly in 
the surface. 

PLUMB-LINE. -A line,or string 
having a weight attached, and 
used for the purpose of ascertain¬ 
ing a vertical direction. 

POINT. - Position without ex 
tension, it haying neither length, 
breadth, nor thickness. 

POLE.-A unit of measure,equiv¬ 
alent to 16/i feet,or 5 'A yards. 

POLYGON.-A plane figure bound¬ 
ed by straight lines. These lines 
are called the sides of the poly¬ 
gon, and the points in which 
they meet are called vertices of 
the polygon. Polygons are class¬ 
ified according to the numberof 
their sides or angles.The follow¬ 
ing table exhibits the angles and 
areas of all the polygons,up to the 
dodecagon, viz., the angle at the 
centre, the angle of the polygon, 
and the area of the polygon when 
each side is 



the surface removed- 

Piling SHOT- 

Shot, shells, 
etc., are gen 
©raily piled 
i n reg u I a r 
piles of a 
pyramidal or 
wedged-shaped form. The piles are 
named from the form of their 
bases, square , rectangular, and 
triangular. To find the num¬ 
ber of balls in any pile, Add to 
the number of balls in the longest 
side of the, base the num ber in the 
parallel side opposite, and also 
the num ber in t he para I le I top 
row; multiply this sum by one- 
third of the number of balls in 
the triangular face of the pile, 
and the result will be the num¬ 
ber of balls in the pilc.^Lxa.vtv\\e.- 
How many balls in the above 
pile? Solution. -The number in 
the longest side of the base is 6, 
in opposite parallel side, 6 ; I-n par¬ 
allel top row, I ; i-n triangular 


No. of 
Sides. 

N ame of 
Polygon. 

Anyle 

atcent. 

Angof 

PoIm ’ oh . 

Area 

3 

Triangle 

120 ° 

60° 

0.4330127 

4 

Square 

90 

90 

1.0000000 

5 

Pentagon 

72 

108 

1.7204774 

6 

Hexagon 

6 ° 

120 

2.5980762 

7 

Heptagon 

51 h 

I28X 

3.6339124 

8 

Octagon 

45 

135 

4.8284271 

9 

Nonagon 

40 

140 

6.1818242 

►0 

Decagon 

36 

144 

7.6942088 

il 

llndecagon 

3 *fr 

147 £ 

9.3656399 

12 

Dodecagon 

30 

150 

11.1961524 


polygon, Square th’e side, and mul¬ 
tiply that square by the area in 
that part of the fifth column of 
preceding table corresponding, with 
the number of sides. To fi-tid 
the area of an irregular poly¬ 
gon of four or more sides,Divide 
the figure into triangles by diago¬ 
nals connecting some one angular 
point with each of the others^ 
then compute the area of each 
triangle, and find their sum. 

POLYH ED RON. - A solid, whose 
sides or faces are polygons. The 
lines in which the faces meet 
are called edges , and the vertices 
of the polyhedral angles are call¬ 
ed vertices of the polyhedron.A 
regular polyhedron is one whose 
faces are regular polygons. 

POSITIVE.-A term applied to a 
q uantity affected with the sign 
T-. (See Negative). 

POUND.-A unit of weight,as a 
pound Troy, a pound Avoirdypois, 
^ ro .V Pound contains 
57 60 grains, and an Avoirdupois 
pound,1000 grains. A cubic inch 


130 









































































































TABLE OF PRIME NUMBERS TO 6000. 

To use the table,look for t he re¬ 
quired -thousand over one of the sub- 
tables, then under it look for the requir¬ 
ed hundred, fol lowing down the 
column, if the remaining figures of 
the number occur, it is prime;other- 


0 

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of distilled water, at 62° Fahr., 
the barometer being 30 inches, 
weighs 252.458 Troy grains, 
which is taken as the unvary¬ 
ing standard of comparison. A 
Pound is also a unit of curren¬ 
cy in the British.and several 
other foreign systems; the Brit¬ 
ish pound sterling being equiv¬ 
alent to about $54.86. 

POWER.-See Involution. 

PRACTICE.-A concise and easy 
method of applying arithmet¬ 
ical rules to questions which oc¬ 
cur intrade and business. It is 
a particular case in the use 
of aliquot parts and of the 
Rule of Three, in which the 
first term is I. To solve any 
problem according to this 
method, Take the sum of such 
aliquot parts of the given num¬ 
ber of things, as the piveti price 
is of the unit of currency of 
the next higher order,and the 
re.su.lt will be the price of the 
thing interims of that unit. 

- Required the cost 



of 24 yards of muslin at!2A 
cts. pet y ard. Solution.-^ & I 
a yard it is worth # &24.00. At 
I2>a cts. a yard it is worth on¬ 
ly '/e, of 3524.00, which is$53.00. 

PRESENT WORTH. -The Pres¬ 
ent Worth, of a debt payable at 
a future time without inter- 
est;is that sum which, at a 
specified rate percent, for 
the same time, would amount 
to the debt. To find the pres- 
ent worth, Divide the given 
debt by the amount of ^1.00 
for the given time, at the giv¬ 
en rate per cent.ticm^U.- 
What is the Present Worth of 
3$224,due two years hence, 
without interest, money be¬ 
ing worth 6 9*o per annum? 
Solution .-The amount of & I 
for 2 years, at 6 Yq , is ^ 1. 12 : 
$5 2 24-f 351.12 = 35 20 0./?w., 
PRIME. - A number is prime 
when if cannot be evactly di¬ 
vided by any other number ex¬ 
cept I. See the table at the left 
for all the prime numbers up 


to 6000. The Prime Factors of 
a number,are the prime num¬ 
bers that will exactly divide it. 
To resolve a number into its 
prime factors, see Factor. 

PRINCIPAL. -The name given to 
a sum of money put o ut at i n- 
terest. See Interest. 

PRINCIPLE.-A self-evident truth, 
or one which has been proved. 

PRISM.-A solid whose sides 
or faces are parallelograms, 
and whose ends or bases 
are equal and para 11 el 
polygons. A prism is tri¬ 
angular, quadrangul ar, 
pentagonal, etc., accord¬ 
ing as its bases are triang le s , 
squares, pentagons,etc.To find 
the entire surface ofany-right 
prism, Multiply the perimeter, or 
circumference of the base, by the 
height,and to the product add 
the area of the two bases.To 
find the solidity of a prism,Mul¬ 
tiply the area of the base by the 
perpendicular height. 

probability.- in the doctrine 

of chances, the likel i hood of 
the occurrence of an event.If 
a small cube be thrown into the 
air, it will necessarily fall upon 
one of itssix faces,and the prob¬ 
ability of its falling upon any one 
facets said to be'A , and the prob 
ability that a given face will not 
turn up is . The following are 
different phases of probability: 
I. Probability of the occurrence 
of one event out of any 9 i v en 
number. II. Probability of the 
simultaneous occurrence of two 
or more events .III. Probabili¬ 
ty of successive events occurring 
in any given order. I IF. Proba¬ 
bility derived from experience. 
(See E xpectatiori). To find the 
probability,Divide the number 
of favorable chances by the whole 
number of chances, both favor¬ 
able and unfavorable, and the 
quotient(which is always in 
the form of a fraction} will be 
the probability. 

PROBLEM.-A question propos¬ 
ed for solution. To solve a prob¬ 
lem, is to find such a val ue or 
values as will satisfy the given 
conditions of the problem. To 
state a problem, is to translate 
the conditions of the problem in¬ 
to mathematical language. 

PROCESS. -C ourse of proceed¬ 
ings or operations. 

PRODUCT.-The amount or result 
obtained by taking one number 
or quantity as many times as 
there are units in another.The 
continued product of any nuw- 
beroffactors is the result ob¬ 
tained by multiplying the f irst 
factor by the second,that result 
by the third, that by the fourth, 
etc., until all the factors have 
been used . 


131 






















































































































PROFIT AND LOSS.-Profit Is any 
9 am realized from an increase 
or appreciation of value in com¬ 
modities, or any other property, 
Loss is the amount which the 
selling price of any commodity, 
or other property, is less^tham 
its cost; also any depreciation 
in value. To find the gain or 
loss, when the cost and rate per 
cent, are given, Multiply the cost 
by the rate per cent.,erpressed 
decim a 11 y. % x-aL-m^\es. — CI o t h 
costing #250, was sold at 15 % 
advance. What was the gain? 
Solution. -#250 X.15 =#37.50 Arts. 
A bale of cotton costing #8 0, 
was sold at 8 % loss. What was 
the loss? Solution.-^ 8OX.08 = 
#6.40 Ans. To find the rate 
percent, when the cost and gain 
or loss are given, Divide the gain 
or loss by the cost, and the quo¬ 
tient, ex-pressed in hundredths, 
will be the rate per cent.^xa-m- 
\\i .-Cloth costing #4 a yard, 
was sold for #5 a yard. What was 
the gain per cent. ? Solution. - 
#1 (the gain) -^#4 (the cost) = 
.25 or 25 95 Ans. To find the 
cost when the gain or loss and 
the rate per cent. are given, Di¬ 
vide the gain or loss by the rate 
per cent., expressed decimally.- 
^.xa-m^e.-Cloth sold at a gain 
of & I per yard, pays a protit of 
25 %. What was the cost per 
yard? Solution. 1,00 4.25 = 
#4.00 Ans. To find the cost 
when the selling price and the 
rate per cent, of gain or loss are 
given, Divide the selling price 
by I plus or minus the rate per 
cent.^.x-a-vxx^Ne,.-Cloth sold at 
#5.00 a.yard, pays 25 prof¬ 
it: required the cost price per 
yard. Solution. 5.0041.25= 
s*4 ; 00 Arts. Forrmtlas. 

Gain or loss = cost X rate 96. 

Rate per cent. = gain or loss f cost. 
Cost = gain or loss 4 rate %. 
Costs selling price-f/! +rate Vo. 

_ , ‘U—rate%. 

PROGRESSION.-A series in which 
the terms increase or decrease 
according to a uniform law.An 
Arithmetics.! Progression is a 
series which increase or decrease 
by a co-vxwwo-vv .Th us, 

j >4,7, 10,13, etc., is an vncxeas- 
vv\q seVxes, while 20,17, 14, I 1,8, 
5, etc., is a becveas\-nq serWs.The 
numbers forming the series are 
called terms\ the first and last 
terms are the extremes , and 
the other terms.the means. 
To find the sum of all the terms 
of asenes, when the extremes and 
number of terms are 91 'ven,Mul¬ 
tiply the sum of the extremes by 
the number of terms; half the 
product will bethe sum of the 
series.tx-avxv^Ne.-How many 
strokes does the hammer of a 


clock strike in 12 hours? Solu¬ 
tion .- I 4 12 (the extremes)=l3; 
13 X I2(number of terms) = 156; 
15642=78 Ans. To find the 
common difference,when the 
extremes and the number of terms 
are given, Divide the difference of 
the extremes by the n umber of 
terms less one; the quotient will 
bethe common differen ce.T.xaw\ 
v\e.-The first term of a series is 
3, the last 300, and the number 
ofterms 10 ; what the com.dif.? 
Solution.- 300-3 = 297; 2974 
9 = 33 Ans. To find the last term, 
when the first term, the com¬ 
mon difference, and the number 
of terms are given, Multiply the 
common difference by thenum- 
ber of terms_ less one; if an in¬ 
creasing series, add the product 
to the first term; if a decreasing 
series, subtract the product from 
the first term. T.x-a.-wv^Ve.-T h e 
first term of an increasing ser¬ 
ies is 2 , the common difference 
3, and the number of terms 50; 


f 


what is the last term? Solution. 
-3 X 49= 147; 14742 = 149 Ans. 
A Geometrical Progression is 
a series increasing by a constant 
multiplier, or decreasing by a con¬ 
stant divisor. Thus, 2,4, 8 , Iff, 32, 
64, etc., is an'\wc\ea.<=>\\\q qeovmx- 
V\c sc/fve-s, while 64,32,16,8,4, etc., 
is a becteas'mq qeo-mevnc sex'xes.The 
constant multiplier or divisor is 
called the ratio. To find the sum 
of all the terms of a geometric se¬ 
ries, Multi ply the greatest term 
by the ratio; from the product sub¬ 
tract the least term, and d i v i de 
the -remainder by the ratio less 
I.^Lx-awx^Ve,.- John Jones gave to 
his daughter on New Year’s day 
& I; He doubled i t on the first day 
of every month for a year: what 
sum did she receive? Solution .-The 
ratio is 2 ; the least term I; the 
greatest term 2048 (found by rais¬ 
ing the common ratio to a power 
whose degree is one less than the 
number of terms, and multiply- 
mg the 1st term by it. (2 U XI =2048). 


2048 X2 = 4096;4096 — 1 = 4095; 
40954 1 = 4035; /ms.#4095. 
PROOF. - Verification of a rule,or 
of the accuracy of an operation. 
In many operations a converse 
rule will verify the accuracy of 
the work. For proofs of Addition, 
Subtraction, Multiplication, and 
Division, see each of these subjects. 
PROPORTION .-The relation which 
quantities of bhe same kind bears 
to another, with-respect to mag 
nitude or numerical value. A n 
equality of ratios (see Ratio) is 
a Proportion. Thus, 3 : 6 9 :18 

expresses that the ratio between 
3 and 6 is the same as between 9 
and 18, and is -read, 3 is to 6 as 
9 is to 18. The first and fourth 
terms are called the extremes ; 
the second and third, the means . 
The product of the means always 
equals the product of the extremes 
Simple PropoTtionforRuleefTh-ree' 
is an equality of two ratfos,and 
consists of four terms. Three of 
the members of a proportion be¬ 
ing given, two of them must be 
of the same kind, and the other 
must be of the same kind as the 
fourth term, or answer.Henee, 
To find any required term of 
a proportion, PIace the number 
of the same denomination t as 
the answer sought, for the third 
term. If the answer is to be 
greater than the third term, 
place the greater of the other 
two numbers for the second 
term, and the less for the first. 
If the answer is to be less than 
the third term, place the less of 
the other two numbers for t he 
second term, and the greaterfor 
the first. Reduce, if necessary,the 
first and second terms to the same 
denomination , and if the third 
term is a compound number,re- 
duce it to the lowest term men¬ 
tioned in it. Then divide the 
product of the means by the bourn 
extreme, or divide the product of 
the extremes by the known mean; 
the quotient will be the term re¬ 
quired. ^.x-a.-vxv^\e.. - If 25 barrels 
of flour cost #165, what will 35 
barrelscost? Solution.- 

25 : 35 .*.’#165 I (Answer), 

# 165 X 35 =# 5775; #5775425 = 
#231 Ans. A Compound Propor¬ 
tion is one which involves two 
or more simple ones.All of the 
terms of a compound proportion 
appear in couplets, except one, which 
is always of the same kind as t he 
answer sought.To find any re¬ 
quired term of a compound pro¬ 
portion, Write the number which 
is of the same kind as the answer 
sought, for the third term , Ar¬ 
range the two terms of each ra¬ 
tio separately, as in simple, pro¬ 
portion. Then, if an extreme term 
be required, it will be equal to the 


132 
































quotient of the product of the weans 
divided by the product of the known 
extremes, and if a mean term be 
required, it will be equal to the prod¬ 
uct of the extremes divided by the 
product of the known means.Vx- 
a-wv^\e..-|f |2 -men in 30 days of 
10 Hours each earn #270 , how 
many dollars will 18 men earn 
in 36 days of 12 hours each? 

S O / U t / OT7. 

12 : 18:: 270 .'(Answer) 

30 : 36 

io : 12 

18 X 36 x 12 x 270=2099520: 12 
X 30 X 10 = 3600; 20995204 3600 
= 583.20 ; #583.20 ^.Distrib¬ 
utive Proportion is the meth 
od of dividing a n umber, or quan¬ 
tity, into parts which are pro¬ 
portional to given numbers. 
To divide a num ber or quan¬ 
tity thus, Multiply the whole 
quantity to be divided by each 
proportional number, and di¬ 
vide each product by the sum 
of the proportional numbers. 
Exttv%v^\e,.-D ivide #1200 propor¬ 
tionally among 4 men whose 
shares are to each other as 3,4, 
5, 6. Solution. 

3 + 4-45 46 = i8; 

■ • 3 • 7no (Wck 


1200:: 3 


200 first man’s share. 
18 : 1200 i :4 : 266^ second ™ «» 

18: 1200: !5 : 333>$ third V, 

18: 1200 1 ! 6 : 400 fourth” »* 
PULLEY. -A small wheel fixed 
in a block and turning on an ax¬ 
is by means of a cord which runs 
in a groove formed on the edge 
of the wheel. A system of pulleys 
Is a number of pulleys so arrang¬ 
ed that great weight may be rais¬ 
ed by a small expenditure of pow¬ 
er. To-fitid the weight which may 
be raised by a system of p ulleys, 
Multiply the power by twice the 
number of movable pulleys, or, 
when the end of the rope is at¬ 
tached to the movable block, by 
twice the number of movable 
blocks, plus one. r 

PYRAMID.-A solid,or 
polyhedron, of which 
the base is a plane rec¬ 
tilinear figure, and 
the sides aretriangjes, 
converging to a point 
at the top or ‘apex.’ 

Pyramids take their 
names from the na¬ 
ture of their bases, 
and may betriangu- 
lar, quadrangular, etc., according 
as their bases are triangles, quad¬ 
rilaterals, etc. A right pyramid 
is one whose base is a regular pol¬ 
ygon, and in which a perpendic¬ 
ular let fall from the vertex up¬ 
on the base, passes through its 
centre. A regular pyramid is 
one bounded by four equal e- 
quilateral triangles. For the 
rules to find the area of the sur¬ 



face of a pyramid, or its solidi¬ 
ty, see Come. 

QUADRANGLE.-A figure having 
four angles and sides. 

QUADRATIC. - Denoting a square, 
or pertaining to it. 

Quadrilateral.-a polygon of 

four sides,or four angles. See, 
each of the following: Trapezi- 
um, Trapezoid, Para!telogram,Rec¬ 
tangle, Rhomboid, Square, Rhom¬ 
bus. 

quadruple.- Pour times,as 

the quadruple of a given area 
is an area four times as much. 
Quantity. — Any thing thatcan 
be increased, diminished, or meas¬ 
ured; as,number, space,weight, 
time, etc. A Unit of Quantity 
• s a standard of measure,orcom 
putation, used for determining 
or indicating extent, weight, 
value, duration, And intensity- 

Quart .-A unit of measure e- 
quivalentto 2 pints orgal¬ 
lon; also 57 34 cubic inches. 

QUARTER.-In avoirdupois weight 



a quarter is 25 pounds. In Eng¬ 
land, the quarter is 28 pounds; 
It is also a measure of capacity, 
equivalent to 8 bushels. 

QUINTAL.-A weight consist¬ 
ing of 100 pounds. 

Quotient. -The number re¬ 
sulting from dividing one num¬ 
ber by another. 

RADICAL.-An indicated root of 
an imperfect power of the de¬ 
gree indicated. If if be a perfect 
power, it is not a radical, but a 
rational quantity under a radi¬ 
cal form.The Radical Sign is a 
character , placed before 
a tiumbeT to show that its root 
is to be extracted. A small figure 
placed above fhe radical sign, 
is called the index of the roof. 
Thus,\i / 25 denotes the second 
or square root of 25; (The index 
is usually omitted in square root); 
x/ / 3~5 denotes the third or cube 
root of 25; denotes the 

/ourth roof of 25; -v25 de¬ 
notes the sixth root; etc. 


RADIUS. -The distance from the 
centre of a circle to its circum¬ 
ference, or half the diameter. 
RATE PER CENT.-In computing 
interest, the part of one dollar 
which is paid annually for the use 
of the money. See Interest. 
RATIO.-The relative magnitude 
of two numbers of the same kind, 
or the measure of the relation of 
one quantity to another, as ex¬ 
pressed by their quotient. Thus, 
the ratio of 3 to 12 is4, and of 
12 to 3 is !4. The two n umbers 
compared are called the terms of 
of the ratio, the first term being 
the antecedent , and the last the 
consequent. A ratio Is denoted 
by two dots similar to a colon; 
thus, 4:12, expresses the ratio 
of 4 to 12, and is read. As 4 is to 
12 . 

Reciprocal. -The reciprocal of 
a number is the quotient aris¬ 
ing from dividing I by thenum- 
ber; thus, the reciprocal of4 is 
>£; of 12, X*; of 125,26s; etc. - 
The reciprocal of a fraction is 
expressed by the fraction invert¬ 
ed ; thus the reciprocal of 24 is 
of !>ij , '24; etc. The recipro¬ 
cal of a ratio *s expressed by the 
ratio inverted; thus, the recip¬ 
rocal of 5 : 15 is 15: 5. It is call¬ 
ed an inverse ratio. 

RECKON.-To calculate or com 
pute by figures. » a 

RECTANGLE.-A par¬ 
allelogram whose 
angles are_all right 0 
angles. If it is also equilateral.it 
is a square. Its area is equal to 
the product of its base and al¬ 
titude. 

RECTANGULAR.-Having right an 
gles, as a square. 

RECTILJNEAR (AL).-Relating to 
right lines. A rectilinear polygon 
is one bounded by straight lines. 
REDUCTION. -The process of chang 
ing the form of an expression with¬ 
out altering its value, or the op¬ 
eration of finding an equivalent 
expression in terms of a d i f fer- 
en t un it. Reduction Ascending 
is reducing numbers to units of 
higher orders, by dividing thenum- 
ber of units of the kind express 
ed, by the number of them equiv 
alentto a unit of the order requir¬ 
ed-Thus, 360 inches =30 feet,or 
JO yards. Reduction Descend ing 
is reducing units to numbers of 
lower orders, by multiplying the 
number expressed, by the num¬ 
ber of units of the kind required 
equivalent to one of the kind ex¬ 
pressed. Thus, 2 yards® 6 feet, or 
72 inches. To -t'edu.ce a number 
to one of a Higher order, as inch¬ 
es to yards, I. Divide the given 
num ber by the number requir¬ 
ed to make one of the next high¬ 
er order. JI. Divide the quotient 




133 





















thus obtained as be/ore, and so pro¬ 
ceed to the denomination required. 
The last quotient with the several 
remainders will be the answer.^.*.- 
ar*\\\e.-Reduce 4-050 ^ills-ti» gal¬ 
lons. Solution. 

4gills- / pint. 4 )4050 gi11$. 

2pints--/ quart. 2 ) 101 2 pints and 2 9 i I Is. 

4 quarts -Igallon. 4 ) 506 gu-arts. 

116 gallons and ^quarts, 
A ns. 116 gals. Iqts. and Igills- 
To reduce a denominate number 
to one of a lower order, I. Multi¬ 
ply the number of the highest de¬ 
nomination by the number which 
one of this denomination makes 
of the next lower. II. Add to the 
product the number in the next 
lower denomination, if avu.JJT. 
Proceed in the same way through 
the lower denominations to the 
one required.'E.xa.'rtx^Xe..— How 
many pints in 7 # bushels,3 pecks, 
4-quarts, and I pint? 

. So/u tion. 

7 bu.,3 pk.,4qt., I pt. 

I bushel = 4 pecks. Jt 

31 pecks. 

I peck= 8 quarts. 8. 

151 quarts. 

I quart = 1 pints. _1_ 

505 pints = Answer. 
To reduce a fraction of a higher, 
to one of a lower denomination,or 
to integers, Multiply as in whole 
numbers, described above, aepord- 
ing to the rules for the multiplica¬ 
tion of fractions. (See Fraction). 
TLxam^Au.-Reduce 1A& of a gallon 
to integers of lower denoninations. 

So! u,tions. 


Weights and Measures). To re¬ 
duce U.S. money to foreign men - 
ey. Divide the amount expressed m 
U.S.Tnoncy U*S# valw-c. or a 

unit of the kind o-f money requir¬ 
ed. See Sterling Money. 

REGULAR. -Conformed to arule.A 
regular polygon is one wtyich is 
both equ.Ua.terM and equ.ianpu.lir. 

REMAINDER. -The part of the 
subtrahend which remains af¬ 
tertaking away the minuend. # 

REPETEND. -The part of a deci¬ 
mal which is continually repeat¬ 
ed, as 64 in the decimal num¬ 
ber 4.646464. ■ 

Resolution. -The operation 

of separating any number or 
quantity into its factors. See 
Factor. 

REVERSION. -A payment not due 
till the occurrence of some con¬ 
tingent event, as the death of 
a person now living. See Annu¬ 
ity. 

RHOMBOID. -A parallelogram all 
of the sides of which are not e- 
qual. The rhombus is but a par- 


4gts.= lqallon- 


-1 = .875 

_4qts.= lgal. 

3.50 0 quarts. 

1 pts.= l qt. 
1.000 pint. 
Ans. 3quarts, I pint. 


8)18(3 quarts. 

14 

1 pts.= lqt. 

8)T( I pint. 

_8 

Ans. 3quarts,I pint. 

To reduce a fraction of a lower, 
to # one of a higher denomination , 
Divide as in whole numbers, as 
described above, according to the 
rules for the division of fractions. 

Reduce ra of a pint 
to the fraction of a peck. — Solu¬ 
tion.- A 3 pt.F2 =>5qt.; /Sqt.-r8 = 
'A* pk. = Ans. To reduce a quan 
tity composed of one or more de¬ 
nominations, to the fraction of 
another quantity consisting of one 
ormore denominations, Reduce 
both quantities to the lowest de¬ 
nomination in either; the less 
will be the numerator, and the 
greater the denominator of the 
required fraction, which reduce 
to i ts Jo west terms .E.xa\%\^\c..-2ft. 

6 In. is what part of 6 ft. 8in.P-.9o 
/ut'on.— 1 ft. 6 in. = 30 in.; 6ft.8in. 
= 80 in.; 3 * * 6 %o — Ans. To reduce 
foreign money to U.S.-money,Mul 
tiply the amount expressed in units 
of the foreign money by the value 
of one of t hese units ex pressed 
in U.S.money. (See Coins under 



ticular form of the rhomboid,in 

which the sides are all equal. 

RHOMBUS.-A parallel- Dr-,c 

ogram the sides of which V /A 
are equal. If its angles \ : o-.i\ 
become each eq ual to \/ 

90° , it becomes a square. A E 
Its diagonals bisect each other at 
right angles, and its area is e- 
qual to half the product of its 
diagonals. 

RIGHT ANGLE.-An.an¬ 
gle of 90°. If one straight 
I ine,AB, meet another A 
straight line, D E, so as 
to make the adjacent 
angles,ACD, and BCD, 
equal, both angles are right an¬ 
gles, and the two lines are perpen¬ 
dicular to each other. 

RIGHT ANGLED. -Containing a 
right angle. A right angled tri¬ 
angle is a triangle containing one 
right angle. 

Rod. -A measure of length e- 
qual to \6A feet, or 5/4 yards. 
It is used chiefly in land surveying. 

ROMAN NOTATION .-See Notation. 

ROOD. -A unit of surface measure 



used in land surveying. It is equal 
to 40 perches, or 'A acre. 

ROOT.-The rootofany number, 
is a number which, being taken a 
certain number of times asafac- 
tor, will produce the given num¬ 
ber. See Cube Root, Square Root 
and Radical, also Invojutipn. . 

ROUND.-A term applied inciscrmrl 
inately to the shape of comeal,cyl- 
indrical, spherical, spheroidal, and 1 * 
annular bodies. , 

RULE.-The prescribed mode or 
direction given for performing 
the operations necessary to ob¬ 
tain a certain result. 

RULE OF THREE.-A method of 
solving practical questions by a. 
ratio or proportion. It is so call¬ 
ed because the answer is obtained 
by finding one term of a propor¬ 
tion whose other three terms 
are known. Ir is also called Sittj 
p/e Proportion. Double Rule of 
Three is the same as Compound Pro¬ 
portion. See Proportion. . v 

SALIENT.-Projecting outward 
as an angle. Opposed to -re-enter- 
ing. 

SCALE.-Th e various ‘radices’ 
which determine -the form and 
digits of the numberexpressingany 
numericar quantity. The decimal 
scale is the only uniform scale 
that is of importance, all others 
possessing interest only as mat¬ 
ters of curiosity. In varying scales, 
the base is some unit of measure 
arbitrarily assumed, as in com¬ 
pound numbers. . 

SCALES (Balances).-To find the 
true weight with fraudulent bal¬ 
ances, when the weights are ac¬ 
curate, Find what weights will 
balance the substance to be weigh¬ 
ed; then transpose them, and 
find the weight that will produce 
an equilibrium; then multiply to¬ 
gether the two weights thus found, 
and extract the square root of 
the product. 

SCALENE TRIANGLE.-A triangle 

whose sides are all unequal. 

SECANT. 7 A straight line cutting 
a curve in two or more points. 

SCREW.-A cylinder worked by a 
lever, and having upon itathread, 
which is a winding inclined plane. 
To estimate the advantage of a 
screw, Multiply the power by 
the circumference of the circle 
which it describes, and divide the 
product by the distancc theweight 
is raised by one revolution. I 

SECONO.- A unit of measure em- 
ployedjn estimating time, and 
is equivalents the 60th part of 
a minute. If is also a unit in cir¬ 
cular measure, equivalents the 
3600 part of a degree. 

SECTION A tract of lard one 
mile square, containing 640acres 
See Land Measure underweight? 
and Measures. 

SECTOR.-The part of a cjrcle in¬ 
cluded between two radii and an 
are. Tb find the area of a sector, 


134 




































Multiply the arc of the sector by 
half of the radius. 

SEGMENT.-The part of a c irele 
included between a chord and the 
arc which it subtends.(See Circle'). 
To find the area of a segment, 
Prow the area of a corresponding 
sector, subtract the area of t he 
triangle formed by the chord and 
radii, Tor a segment less than a 
semicircle, but add these areas for 
a segment greater than a semicir¬ 
cle. 

Series.-a n infinite number of 
terms wh ich_ followone another, 
each term being derived from one 
or-more of the preceding ones,by 
a Tilted law, called the law of t he 
series. (See Progression). 
SEXTANT.-The sixth part or t he 
circumference of acircle. 

Sextuple.- six times as much,or 

six Told- 

Shillinc-.-a n English coin equiv¬ 
alent to about 24^3 cents. 
SHINGLES.^ When exposed four 
inches,9 a-re required Tor each 
square Toot of surface; if exposed 
four and a half i nches, 8 ; if expos¬ 
ed five inches, I'/s. 

SIGN.-A symbol employed to indi; 
cate the relation between quanti¬ 
ties, the operation to be perform¬ 
ed upon them, to show the result 
or nature of some previous opera 
tion, or to indicate the sense _i n 
which an indicated quantity is to 
be considered. (See Symbol ). 
SlGNIFICANT.-A term applied to fig¬ 
ures standing Tor numbers, as op¬ 
posed to 0. 

SIMILAR.-A term applied to figures 
composed of the same numberof 
parts, which are arranged in the 
same -manner., being of the same 
form, but differing in magnitude. 
SIMPLE,-Not combined, compli¬ 
cated, or compounded.A Simp/e 
IVumber is a number expressed in 
a uniform scale. A Simple Quanti¬ 
ty is one containing on ly a single 
term .A Simple Equation, is one of 
the first degree-For Simple Propor¬ 
tion, see Proportion. 

SOLID.-A magnitude Having the at¬ 
tributes of length, breadth and thick¬ 
ness. Same as volume. 

SOLIDITY. -The number of times 
that a solid, or volume contains 
another solid or volume, taken as 
a unit of measure. 

SOLUTION. -The operation of find¬ 
ing such value or values for t he 
unknown parts of a problem, as 
will satisfy its conditions. 

SOUND, VELOCITY O F. - The velocity 
of sound in still air a-t 32° Fahr., is 
1090 feet per second. As the tem¬ 
perature rises, the velocity increas¬ 
es at the rate of I. 12 feet for every 
degree Fahrenheit. The following 
table gives the velocity in feet per 
second in some other substances 


Sounding.-a measured depth o f 
water, ascertained by means of a 
line and lead. 

Space. t e xtension to an indefi¬ 
nite distance im a.ll directions. It 
is co-extensive with, and insepara 
ble. from, the sensible,exter-nal,ar 
Object World. 

Sphere.-a solid bounded byacurvj 

ed surface, every point of which 
is equally distant from a point 
within called the centre. A line 
passing through the centre,and 
terminated each way by the surface, 
is called the diameter or axis .The 
radius is a line extending from 
the centre to the surface. To 
find the surface of a sphere,Mul 
tiply the d iameier by the circum¬ 
ference . On Multiply the square of 
the diameter by 3.1416. To f ind 
the solidity of a sphere,MultipI u 
the cube of t he diameter by 3.1416, 
and take one-sixth of me product, 
Or Multiply the area of the sur¬ 
face by one-sixth of the diameter. 

SPHERICAL.-Relating to a sphere, 
as a spherical angle,etc. 


Sif 



Oxygen . ... 1040 

Hydrogen. 4164 

Fresh Water... 4700 
Lead. 4030 


Silver. 5717 

Steel atidGlass. 16600 

Pine...10900 

Ash..15314 


SPHEROID.-A solid resembling a 
sphere in form, having a major 
and a minor axis , and which may 
be generated by revolving anellipse 
about one of its axes. An oblate 
spheroid is one generated by re¬ 
volving an ellipse about its conju¬ 
gate axis. A prolate^spheroid is.one 
generated by revolving an ellipse 
about its transverse axis.To find 
the solidity of an oblate spheroid,Mul¬ 
tiply the square of the greater d i - 
ameter, by the less, and this.prod- 
uct by .5236. To find the solidity 
of a prolate sphere id,Multiply the 
square of the less diameter, by the 
greater, and this product by .5236. 

SPHEROIDAL. -Relating to a sphe¬ 
roid, as a spheroidal triangle. 

Spiral. -A curve gener¬ 
ated by moving a poi.n t 
along a straight line, 
in the same direction, ac- 
cording to any law, while the straight 
line revoives uniformly about a 
fixed point, always continuing in 
the same plane.. t . 

SQUARE.- A quadrilateral whose 
sides are equal, and its angles 



right angles.The area of a square 
is equal to t he product of two adja¬ 
cent sides. 

SQUARE ROOT.-The square root 
of a quantity, is a quantity which, 
being taken twice as a factor, will 
produce the given quantity.Thus, 
the square root of 49 is 7. The 
following table contains the square 


No 

Square 

Root. 

No. 

Square 

Root. 

No. 

Square 

Root. 

No. 

Square 

Root. 

1 

1 

59 

7.681 

117 

10.816 

175 

13.228 

2 

1.414 

60 

7.745 

118 

10.862 

176 

13.266 

3 

1.732 

61 

-7.810 

119 

10.908 

177 

13.304 

4 

2 

62 

7.874 

120 

10.954 

178 

13.341 

5 

2.236 

63 

7.937 

121 

II 

179 

13.379 

6 

2.449 

64 

8 

122 

11.045 

180 

13.416 

7 

2.645 

65 

8.062 

123 

11.090 

181 

13.453 

S 

2.828 

66 

8.124 

122 

11.135 

182 

13.490 

9 

3 

6 7 

8.185 

125 

11.180 

183 

13.527 

10 

3.162 

68 

8.246 

126 

11.224 

184 

13.564 

II 

3.316 

69 

8.306 

127 

11.269 

185 

13.601 

12 

3.464 

70 

8.366 

128 

11.313 

186 

13.638 

13 

3.505 

71 

8.426 

129 

11.357 

187 

13.674 

14 

3.741 

72 

8.485 

130 

11.401 

188 

13.711 

15 

3.872 

73 

8.544 

131 

11.445 

189 

13.747 

16 

4 

74 

8.602 

132 

11.489 

190 

13.784 

17 

4.123 

75 

8.660 

133 

11.532 

191 

13.820 

18 

4.242 

76 

8.717 

134 

11.575 

192 

13.856 

19 

4.358 

77 

8.775 

135 

11.618 

193 

13.892 

20 

4.472 

78 

8.831 

136 

11.661 

194 

13.928 

2i 

4.582 

79 

8.888 

137 

11.704 

195 

13.964 

22 

4.690 

80 

8.944 

138 

11.747 

196 

14 

23 

4.795 

81 

9 

139 

11.789 

197 

14.035 

24 

4.898 

82 

9.055 

140 

11.832 

198 

14.071 

25 

5 

83 

9.110 

141 

1 1.874 

199 

14.106 

26 

5.099 

84 

3.165 

142 

11.916 

200 

14.142 

27 

5.196 

85 

9.219 

143 

11.958 

201 

14.177 

28 

5.291 

86 

9.273 

144 

12 

202 

14.212 

29 

5.385 

97 

9.327 

145 

12.041 

203 

14.247 

30 

5.472 

88 

9.380 

146 

12.083 

204 

14.282 

31 

5.567 

89 

9.434 

147 

12.124 

205 

14.317 

32 

5.656 

90 

9.486 

148 

12.165 

206 

14.352 

3? 

5.744 

91 

9.539 

149 

12.206 

207 

14.387 

34 

5.830 

92 

9.591 

150 

12.247 

208 

14.422 

35 

5.916 

93 

9.643 

151 

12.288 

209 

14.456 

36 

6 

94 

9.695 

152 

12.328 

210 

14.491 

37 

6.082 

95 

9.746 

153 

12.369 

211 

14.525 

38 

6.164 

96 

9.798 

154 

12.409 

212 

14.560 

39 

6.244 

97 

9.848 

155 

12.449 

213 

14.594 

4-0 

6.324 

98 

9.899 

156 

12.489 

214 

14.628 

41 

6.403 

99 

9.949 

157 

12.529 

215 

14.662 

42 

6.480 

100 

10 

158 

12.569 

216 

14.696 

43 

6.557 

101 

10.049 

159 

12.609 

217 

14.731 

<4 

6.633 

102 

10.099 

160 

12.649 

218 

14.764 

45 

6.708 

103 

10,148 

161 

12.688 

219 

14.798 

46 

6.782 

104 

10.198 

162 

12.728 

220 

14.832 

47 

6.855 

105 

10.246 

163 

12.767 

221 

14.866 

48 

6.928 

106 

10.295 

164 

12.806 

222 

14.899 

49 

7 

107 

10,344 

165 

12.845 

223 

14.933 

50 

7.071 

108 

10.392 

166 

12.884 

224 

14.966 

51 

7.141 

199 

10.440 

167 

12.922 

225 

15 

52 

7.211 

no 

10.488 

168 

12.961 

226 

15.033 

53 

7.280 

III 

10.535 

169 

13 

227 

15.066 

54 

7.348 

112 

10.583 

170 

13.038 

228 

J5.099 

55 

7.416 

113 

10.630 

171 

13.076 

223 

15.132 

K 

7.483 

114 

10.677 

172 

13.114 

230 

15.165 

57 

7.549 

115 

10.723 

173 

13.152 

231 

15.198 

58 

7.615 

116 

10.770 

174 

13.190 

232 

15.232 


To find the square root of a nu-m 
ber, X. Separate theoiven num¬ 
ber into periods of two f igures 
each, beginning at the place of 
units.//. Find the,greatest square 
jm the left-hand period, and place 


135 















































its root for (he f irst figure of the 


0\ev&X’\ov\. 

5 0 9 6 4(225.75 + 
4 

42 ]T05 
84 

445 VZJU 

4507[3W0 
. 31549 
45145) 23 5 I 00 
225725 


required root. 

Subtract the 
square of this 
f igure from t He 
left-hand period, 
and.to the re¬ 
mainder annex 
the next period 
for a dividend. 

III. Doable -Hie 
root already 
found, for a 
trial divisor; find^ how often itis 
contained in the dividend, exclusive 
of the right-hand figure, and place 
the result in the root, and also at 
the rfghfcof the trial diviso r.JV. Mul¬ 
tiply the complete divisor by the 
last figure of the root; s ubtract 
the product from the dividend,and 
to the remainder annex the next 
period for anew dividend. K Proceed 
in the same manner with all the 
periods to the last. Theresult will 
be the square root required. 
Sterling money.-T h e currency 
of Great Britain. For rule to re¬ 
duce to U.S. money, see Foreign 
Exchange. For table, see English 
Money, under Weights an Measures. 

Straight line.-a line which 

does not change its direction be¬ 
tween anti two of its points. 

subtraction.-T he operation of 

finding the difference between two 
numbers. The Minuend is the great¬ 
er number; the Subtrahend,the 
less; and the Remainder, the dif¬ 
ference. To prove the accuracy 
of the_ operation, I. Add the true 
remainder to the subtrahend,and 
the sum will equal the minuend. 
II. F ind the excess oi Vs. 
excess of9’s Minuend 8713864 1 
inthesubtra- Subtrahend 223568 
hend and in the Remainder 8490296 
remainder, and 
take their sum, from which cast 
out the 9’s, and find the excess. 
Find the excess of 9’s in the min¬ 
uend, and if these results are equal, 
the work is probably correct. 

SUBTRAHEND.-See above. 

SUM.-The aggregate oftwoormore 
quantities. The sum is greater than 
any of its parts. 

SUPERFICIAL.-Relating to a surface, 
as superficial contents,etc. 

SURFACE.-Extension i narea on¬ 
ly. A plane surface extends in the 
same direction throughout, but 
a curved surface changes its direc¬ 
tion. 

SYMBOL.-Any character used to 
represent a quantity, an o pera- 
tion, a relation, or an abbrevia¬ 
tion. The sign +, called plus , in¬ 
dicates addition. The sign —,call¬ 
ed minus, indicates subtraction. 
The sign Xjndicates multiplica¬ 
tion. The sign -5-, or 1 , indicates 
division. The sign =, called sign 
op equality, denotes that the ex¬ 
pressions between which it is placed 
are equal. The # signs (),[],{},and 
a horizontal line over a number 


are symbols of aggregation , and 
signify that the expression? enclos¬ 
ed are to be taken as a whole. The 
colon, : , written between num¬ 
bers indicates the ratio of the for¬ 
mer to the latter.(See Ratio).'the 
double colon, JI, indicates the e- 
quality of two ratios.(See Propor- 
tlon ). For the sign , see Rad¬ 
ical. The period, * , placed between 
two numbers, thus,4*5, denotes 
that they are to be multiplied to¬ 
gether. The dividend written over 
the divisor, thu 9 ,^-. or between 
two curved lines, with the divis¬ 
or at the left,thus, 4) iS( indi¬ 
cates division. 

TABLE.-A collection of particu 
lar9, in a small space, for refer¬ 
ence and ready application, such 
as weights,measures,etc. 

TANGENT.-A rig tit A— 
line which touches a c. f \ \ 
curve but does not 
cut it, as AB is tangent to t he 
curve C B D. 

TETRAGON.-A polygon having 
four angles and four sides. 



TAXES.-Sums of money assessed 

on persons, property, incomes,or 
products, usually for some public 
purpose. A Capitation or Poll 7a/, 
is a tax assessed on persons. Prop¬ 
erty Tax is a tax assessed on real 
or personal property. To find 
what sum must be assessed to 
raise a given net amount. Sub¬ 
tract the rate allowed for collection 
from St I, and divide the net amount 
to be raised, by the remainder; the 
quotient will be the entire sum 
to be assessed. 1 AI low¬ 
ing 5% for collection, what sum 
must be assessed to raise #950,000, 
net Solution . - & 1.0 0 — .05 =.95; 
#950000+ .95 = $*1000000 Ans. 
If there be a speci/ic tax f o r 
any purpose, it must be deducted 
from the total.amount to be rais¬ 
ed. Then, To find how much 
must be paid on each dollar of 
taxable property to raise the re 
mamder of the tax, Divide the 
amount to be raised by the amount 
of taxable property, less that part 
on which notning can be collected. 
IxainvU,-The property of a 


certain town is valued at*2500000,' 
its tax assessment is#37500. What 
rate per cent, is the tax ? H o w 
much will be paid by a man whose 
property is valued at # 12000 ? — 
Solution. —37 500-r 2500 000 =.0l5, 

or, I yi cts. tax per dollar = Ans. 
to first. 12000 X 1 ^ 95 = #180- 
Ans. to second. 

Tax TaVi\e.-^aXe,\AVAv\\* o*\$A. 


#lpaw*.0i4 
2 pay.028 


.042 

.056 

.070 

.084 

.098 

.112 

.126 

.140 

.280 

.420 

.560 


&50 pay 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
200 
300 
400 
500 
600 
700 
800 


#.700 

.840 

.980 

1.120 

1.260 

1.400 
2.800 

4.200 
5.600 
7.000 

8.400 
9.800 

11.200 


#900 pay#l2.600 

IOOOjs 14.000 
2000 )) 28.000 
3000 )) 42.000 
4000 )) 56.000 
5000 )) 70.000 
6000 >) 84.000 
7000 „ 98.000 
8000 ,, 112.000 
9000 ,,126.000 
10000 ,,140.000 
20000 ,,280.000 
30000 ,,420.000 


THICKNESS.-One of the dimensions 

of a solid, usually the lesser one. 
TIME MEASURE.-Used to com- 

E ute the passage of time. For ta¬ 
le, see under Weights and Measures. 
TOTAL.-The whole sum,amount, 
or aggregate of several particulars. 
TRAPEZIUM.-A quad- 
rilateral having m o 7 

two sides parallel. To 
find the area of a trapezium.or 
other irregular polygon, D i vide 
the figure into triangles by di¬ 
agonals connecting some one an¬ 
gular point with each of the oth¬ 
ers; then compute the area of 
each triangle, and f ind their sum. 

TRAPEZOID. r Aquad- r~ -v 

rilateral having only j _\ 

two of its s ides paral¬ 
lel. To find the area of a trape¬ 
zoid, or any other quadrilateral 
having two sides parallel,Multi¬ 
ply half the sum of the two par¬ 
allel sides bythe a I tidiule, or per¬ 
pendicular distance between the 
two parallel sides. 

TRIANGLE.-A pol¬ 
ygon having three 
sides and three an¬ 
gles. No. I is an isos¬ 
celes triangle, and 
has two sides equal. 

No. 3 is a right an¬ 
gled triangle, and 
has one right angle. 

No.3 is an obtuse 
angled triangle,and hasoneobtuse 
angle. No.4 is an equilateral tri¬ 
angle,and has all its sides equal. 
No. 5 is a scalene triangle, and 
hasno two sides equal. No .6 is 
an acute angled triangle,and has 
all its angles acute. To find the 
area of a triangle, I. Multiply the 
base by Half the altitude; or,II. 
From half the sum of the three 
sides subtract each side separately; 
then multiply together the half sum 
and the three remainders,and ex¬ 
tract the square root of the prod¬ 
uct ; the square root will be the 
required area. 



136 








































TRIANGLED, or Triangu lar. -Having 
three armies. 

TRIGON.-A polyoon having three 
sides.Same as triangle. 

TROY WEIGHT.-Used for weigh¬ 
ing precious metals, gems,etc.For 
table, see under Weights and Meas¬ 
ures. The Troy pound is the stand¬ 
ard. of all other weights; it is the 
weight of 22.7944 cu. in. of pure 
water at its greatest density (39.2 C 
Fahr.). The grains mentioned in 
Avoirdupois Weight are Troy grains. 

TRUE DISCOUNT. -See Discount. 

TRUNCATED CONE, or, Pyramid. 
That portion of a cone or pyra¬ 
mid included between the base 
and a plane oblique to the base 
passed between it and the vertex. 
See Cone. 

UN DECAGON.-A polygon having 
eleven sides or angles. 

UNEVEN NUMBER. -A number 
not exactly divisible by 2, as 1,3, 
5,7 f etc. Same as odd number.An 
unevenly uneven number is one 
which, being divided by 4, leaves 
a remainder of I , as I, 5,9,13,etc. 

UNIT.- A single thing of any kind 
regarded as a whole.An abstract u- 
nit is the same as I.A unit of cur¬ 
rency is a monetary un it, as & 1 
I dime, I cent, etc. A denominate 
or concrete unit is one in which 
the kind of thing is named, as I 
foot, I hour, I pound,etc.A duodec¬ 
imal u.y\\l \s pr\e in the scale of 
I2’s» A fractional unit is one of a 
fraction, as , 'A , /u>o,etc.An 
integral unit is the unit l,t he 
unit of whole numbers.A unit of 
measure is a quantity of the same 
kind, with which the quantity is 
compared, as I inch, I yard, I foot, 
etc.The following is the 
Vlw'xt Sqs'mw. 

Class. Species. Kind 
(Minds.... Names. 

.Material {vegSL}^ 0 ”’ 1 !' 011 
[Minerals/™™ 3 * 
[Distance.. Ft.,yds.,etc. 

Extent sArea.Sq in.,etc. 

IVolume.. Cu..in.,etc. 

Deration..Time.Dags,etc. 

Weight ...Gravity... Drains,etc. 
Value....Currency.. Dollars,etc. 
Intensity. Forces ... Degrees,eic. 
ex..!.— 'Words 


Quantity* 


quart! r« entering theexpression 
equafto some number, and t hen 
performing the operations indicated 

VELOCITY.-See Falling Bodies ,also 
Table of Velocities elsewhere in this 
book. 

VerificationT he act of test¬ 
ing or proving computations,op 
erations,etc., to be correct. See 
the tests given in connection 
with the different operations,as 
Addition, Subtraction, etc. 

Vertex.-A point 
at which the sides 
of an angle meet. 9 

Thus A is the vertex of the angle 
CAB. 

VERTICAL.-Perpendicular to the 
plane of the horizon. A vertical 
angle is an angle, the p I ane of 
whose sides is vertical. A verti¬ 
cal line is the direction assumed 
by a plumb-line, with a vvei g ht 
attached to one extremity,when 
it is freely suspended from the oth¬ 
er extremity. 

Volume.-d imensions; space 
occupied; the number of cubic 





""""iiimmmw 11 (i" 1 "'"""" 


flowfiSS;* 


.Number < 



Abstract.. Ones 


letters 


or Figures 

UNITY. -An entire col lection re¬ 
garded as a single thing. Thus, 

100 yards,considered as a single 
distance, is unity. 

VALUE. - That which has procur¬ 
ing, or purchasing power, or pos¬ 
sesses exchangeability.The-numer- 
ical value of an expression is the 
result obtained by making each 


units contained in a body. See So¬ 
lidity. 

VULGAR. -C ommon.A vulgar frac 
tion is one whose denominator does 
not conform to t he scale of tens, 
in contradistinction to decimal 
fraction. 

WARPED SURFACE.-A surface 
conforming to that generated by 
a straight line moving.so t h at 
no two of its consecutive posi- 
tions shall be in the same plane. 

WEDGE.-A solid 6_ h 

bounded by five n cX 
plane figures,and 
represents two in- A 8 
dined planes. The advantage gain¬ 
ed by its use may be approximately 
reached by the rule given for t he 
Inclined Plane. The parallelogram, 
A BGH, is called the back. The two 
trapezoids, DCG-H andABCD, are 
called faces. The two triangles 
ADG and 8 CH, are called ends of 
the wedge, and CO is the edge. 
Weight. —The resultant of the 
forces exerted by gravity upon all 
the different particles of a body. 


The standard unit of weight is 
the pound. {See Trog Weight). The 
standard avoirdupois pound oftke 
United States, as.determined bu Mr. 
Hassler is the weight of 27.70l5.cu 
bic inches of disfilled water,weigh 
ed in air,at the temperature of 
maximum density (39.2° Fahr.), 
the barometer being 30 inches. 
For net and gross weight, see 
under Business Terms and Forms. 
For the various tables relating to 
weights and measures, see Weights 
and Measures elsewhere in this 
book. The French system of weights 
is one of the -most perfect,aswell 
as the most simple, of all systems 
that Have ever been adopted.. See 
Metric System under Weights 
and Measures. 

WELL or Cistern.-To ascertain 
the capacity of a well orefstern, 
Multiply the square of the diam¬ 
eter in inches by .7854, and this 
product by the depth in inches; 
divide this product by 231, and 
the quotient will be the contents 
in gallons. If the actual quanti- 
ty of water be required,multiply 
by the depth of the water,andnot 
by that of the well or cistern.See 
Cistern. 

WHEEL AND AXLE. -A kind of H 
er, in which the radius ofthewheel 
and the radius of the axle are parts 
of the lever, and the center of the 
axle is the fulcrum. To-find the 
weight which can be raised by the 
wheel and axle, Multiply the pow¬ 
er by the radius of the wheel, and 
divide the product by the radius of 
the cylinder or axle. 

WIDTH, or Breadth.- One of the 
three attributes of extension,the 
other two being length and height 
or thickness. Width is usually ap¬ 
plied to the intermediate dimen¬ 
sion of a body, length to the great¬ 
est and thickness to the least. 

WINE MEASURE.-Used in meas¬ 
uring nearly all liquids, such as 
liquors, molasses,water, etc. For 
table, see under Weights and Measures. 

YARD. -A measure of length equal 
to 3 feet, or 36 inches.In Cloth 
Measure , the yard is now divid¬ 
ed into binary parts, the old di¬ 
vision into quatenary parts of 
quarters and nails(na.=2/4in.)be¬ 
ing now seldom used. 

YEAR.-A unit of time,determin¬ 
ed by the revolution of the earth 
in its orbit. The year is either as¬ 
tronomical or civil. The length of 
the solar year is 365 days,5 hours, 
48.minutes, and 49.7 seconds.The 
civil year is the year of the calendar. 

ZENITH. -The point in the heav¬ 
ens in a line with the spectator’s 
position and the center of the 
earth. The nadir is the point d i- 
rectly under the spectator’s feet. 

ZERO. -The character 0,.which 
signifies no number. See Cipher. 

ZONE. -The area of a zone.is equal to 
the circumiference of the circle.of the 
sphere,multiplied by the zone’s altitude. 


137 

































VVk^,k}\mTOS\ox\S Ok.~ See Land Measure. 
\^C)V.Q\_ 1 VeTW.Y\'W))t\x\ xnVxe vc\&\\ q,\aots.— Ale, 
7.4-Aniseed, 33.0; Beer, 4.0; Bordeaux, 11.5; Bun 
dy,53.4; Burgundy, 13.6; Cananj, 18.8; Cape, 
19.7; Chartreuse, 43.0; CideT, 8.6; Champagne, 
11.7; ClaTet, 13.3; Curacoa, 17.0; Elder, 9.3; 


CQ/>rAt/G.+*r. 0y jASf>e# C OQ£>Y/eOO*srz. 



viaitrj v-^i o-y-yja.} l 

Gooseberry, 11.8; Hoc)<, 11.6; Lisbon, 18.5; 
Moselle, "9.6; Malaga, 17.3; Malm 


. Malmsey,19.7; 
Marsala', 20.2; Madeira,21.0; Maraschino, 
34.0; 0Tange,IJ.2; Porter, 4.5; Port,23.3; 
Perry, 8.8; Rhine, li.o; Sherry, >9.0;Scotch, 
54.3; Tokay, 11.2; Vermont, l9.0;Whiskey 
koxXYMxoik, 53.9; WhiskeyL\r\s>V\\53.9; Whis 
key LScokcVA, 54.3. V.*^><=, axe saki Xo 
k>e "q>xook” \nV\cxx Ywtv, conkakn W ^ex 
cexxk.k 

VvcfLYdfXk'Ava'i' \NkACA\T.~20 Grains igr.) = I 
Scruple; 3 Scruplesl 3)= I Dram; 8 Diams 
(3)=l Ounce; I20unces(3)= I Pound(tt>.). 

Vyso, 60 MirrimsCM)" I FluidTam; 8 Flui- 
drams(f3)’ I Fluidounee; 16 FluidouncesffS) 
si Pint; 8 Pints(O)* I Gallon(Cong.) 

Vkso, i Common teaspoontul = 45 dTops; I 
com. teaspoonfu.l=-!i com. tablespoonful= I flu- 
idram; I corn.tablespoontul ='4 eom.teacup 
= about fluidounce; f com. teacup* about 
4 fluidounccs; I Pint of wateT = about I pound 

Wb'SKXXWi' NNcxOjVX..— I CaTat= 10 Pwt.Troy; I 
Caiat grains 2 pwt. 12 gr ox 60 gr. Troy; 24 
Carats=l Pound Ttoij. (c|ee Volume ot Ait. 

Wc VAOS.VkkV.VAC, NNl.«W.-1n whole num¬ 
bers the atmospheric pTcsure per square inch 
is 15 pounds. K'vmosv'rerxs. K\x.- A column, 

I Inch squaTc.tull Height = 14.73 pounds. 
Vke.xc.wxvy.-A column, I inch square,and30 
inches high** 14.73 pounds.VMaxex.- A col¬ 
umn, I inch square, and 33.95-feet high = 
14.73 pounds. 

KNOYWakWOkSkhkAWk.- 16 urams= I Ounce; 
I6 0unces= I Pound; 2 5 Pounds= I Quarter; 
4 Quarters•= I Cwt.; 20Cwt. = ITon. 

Vw kkxe. 'tno.WsVx or Voxxoi'koxx,] 12 pounds 
= I Cwt. 

xkt\a,\\V a.k AkkkexcoY ekeNaVoxs 
akaove. Vwe c,av\e\)«\.—1000ft.,29.91 inch¬ 
es; 2000H., 27.86 in.; 3000it.,26.85 
in.; 4000ft., 25.87 in.; 5000ft.,24.93 
in.; I mile,24.67in.; 2miles,20.29in.; 
3 miles, 16.08 in.; 4miles, 13.72in.; 5 
miles, 11.28 in.; lOmiles, 4.24in.; I5miies. 
1.60 inches. 

'itw.vx.'js£-25 Pounds = I Keg of 
powdeT; 56 lbs. = 1 Firkin ot butter; 100 lbs. 
= 1 Cental of giain; 100 lbs.= I Cask of rai 
sins; 100 1 bs. = I Quintal of dried fish; 
196 lbs.— t bbl. of Clour; 200 ibs.= I bbl. ot 
beef, pork,or fish; 256 I bs. = I bbl. of soap; 
2801 bs. = I bbl. of salt. 

^OKVxa NYtKSAiVX.-See LumbeT Measure on 
another page. 

^>OOHv'S,\r\er&we'«\eAV < s X5x Skies ck.-The prin¬ 
cipal sizes of books are four, namely: V o\ko, 
a long book; Qvwaxk,o(4to), nearly squaref Is 
similar to this Manual); Ocka.\io(8vo), the gen¬ 
eral size; and kr\xo&«.cxxx\o(l2mo), a small book. 
Other smaller forms are, SvOveew mo (16 mo), 
7 vj ex\k,\y-ko\>,T mo 124 mo), “kyk\K-o s A,\Na -mo 
(32mo), and Voxk\y sl\c^X \<\o (48 mo). 

V0k.k0.-The standard size of book papeT 
is 25 x38 inches: one half nf the sheet 
being 19 x25 inches, which folded in two 


leaves, with four pages,makes a book of the 
size called a kok\o. QlONtvxo.-W hen the half 
siieet is folded in fouT leases, with eight pa¬ 
ges, it forms a cyuaxko skie. OTAtwJO.— 
When the half sheet is folded in eight leaves, 
with sixteen paqes, it forms an oc\a.vo;and 
so on foT ^\voixec'\xx\o,V6xx\o,\‘9)xx\o,'l.Axwa, 
etc. 

VaOMWOVaV..- The marks a, b,c; 1,2,3, etc., 
occasionally found at the bottom of the page, 
are foT the direction ot the binders in folding 
the sheets. 

sue" 

or 

PAGE 


NAMES OF PAPER 
AND ITS DIVIS¬ 
ION FOR BOOK¬ 
PRINTING-. 


VOOVSOKV 5 - 
QuaTto(4tol 
OctavoiSvo) 
Duodecimo 
Sixteen mo 
C>VkO\NU-. 
Quarto(4toj 
,0ctavo(8vo) 
Duodecimo 
Sixteen mo 

Quario(4to) 
Octavo(Svo) 
Duodecimo 
Sixteen mo 
- Thirtg-two no 
kkOXNkl- 
QuaTto 
Octavo 
Duodecimo 
Sixteen mo 
, Thirty-two mo 


61. * 8 i 
44x6| 
3|x5! 

3|x4i 


SUE OF 
PACE OF 
PAPER IN 
INCHES. 


7ixlO 

5x7i 

31x6% 

32x5 


8ixllr 

5§x82 

4|x7i 

4|x4| 

2|x4| 


10x12a 
6 ixi0 
5x8i 
5x6i 
3sx 5 


SIZE OF TYPE MOST SUITABLE, 

AND THE NUMBER OF WORDS, 

AVERAGING 5 LETTERS EACH,TO 
THE PAGE, IN EACH STNJ OF TYPE. 


W4MA,V>kz.e. and, ok.-See Man and Wo 

manl&eneul Index). 

VkVkkOYvVK'VK'SY iVlY. k-hvxvx.-To find the number 
of br icks TequinedfOT any building, multiply 
the dimensions, length,height,and thickness, 
in feet and fractions of a foot, of the several 
brick walls, and the product by 22z, arid 
the Tesu.lt will be the number of bricks re¬ 
quired. Allowance must be madcfoT dooTS, 
windows, chimneys,etc. 

The subjoined table is reckoned on a ba¬ 
sis of 7 bricks to the superficial square foot. 
For 17 superficial feet, add the numbers (ot 
10 and 7; for 75, add 70 and 5; for 500 su¬ 
perficial feet, take 5 times 100; etc. 


Pi.ai4;S.P;.587; l.Pr.667. 
L.Pt. 306; Bour.399; Brev.450. 
L.Pt.214; Bout.280; Btev. 315. 
Biev.125; Miu.270;Non.363. 


Pi.492;S.Pi.696;L.Pr.782, 
S.Pi.377; L.Pr.42l; BouJ.544 
L.Pr.276; BouT.357;BTev.405. 
BouT.255;Brev.288; MinJ388. 


Eng.520; Pi.666;SPi.944. 
Pi.330;S.Pi.457;L.Pr.520. 
S.Pi.326;L.Pr.398; Bour.476 
Bout. 35/; Brev.405;Min.484. 
Brev.189; Min.222;Non.297. 


Eng.640; Pi-822;S.Pi-ll52. 
Pi.426;S.Pi.607;l.Pr. 68l. 
S.Pi.414; L.Pr.467; Bout. 604. 
L. Pt. 3 14; Bour.399; Brev.459 
Bout. 221; Biev.261; Min.309. 


•exclusive of heaoline. 'sizes of papea unoer pa¬ 
per measure. *Pi.=Pica; S. Pi.=Small Pica; L.Pr.rLcmg 
Primer; Bout. = Bourgeois; Brev.^BrevieT; Min.=Min 
ion; Non.=NonpaTeil. Vox ok vx\ 

t;ix 7 u,i}e. 

The following measurements may be useful 
as giving an idea of the sites of books as fix 
ed by the librarians who have abolished the 
time-honored expressions,‘'imperial,” "cTown|’ 
‘foolscap’,’ "demy”etc., and adopted the^almost 
equally vague terms "large” and "small'’instead: 
VNrXv. kok\o(la.tol.), oveT 18 inches; VovkCslfol) 
below 18 inches; c kYMvW ko\\o tsm. fol.), below 
i3 inches; VK'ext ocka\io(la.8vo), below II inch¬ 
es; Ot7KMof8vo), below 9 inches; 9>vT\KW oc.- 
X^volsm.8vo), below 8 inches; k)\iOV)'c.k,\Xt.O 
(l2mo), below 8 inches;75VC.\XAO oc\aN0tl8nv! 
is 6 inches; VlWWVAO( mo), below 6 inches; 
k-XVk'iV. cs,\xza\o(la.4i;o),belowl5 inches; QykiXkk 
70(4to), below II inches;O n\kv.v <\wsxXo(sm.4to), 
below 8 inches. 

VKct^icxxv xwwo.k’wk.we.xs zoev. -qxx.^rcxet,\o 
V\W oxtsexs, kox ok xxw., <s\t.e w\\Y\<we-<. 

7\\\s k-Kxxvwkk ks 'gxvxvktk ow vy s\xe. 

XKV.tX'bOkkV-S.-A box 16 by I6i inches square, 
and 8 inches deep, will contain a bushel, or 
2150.4 cubic inches,and each inch in demth con 
taining one gallon. 

A box 24 by 11.2 inches square,and 8 inch 
es deep^will also contain a bushel. If 12 
by 11.2 inches square,and 8 inches deep, it 
will contain half a bushel. If 8by8.4 square 
an 8 deep, it contains half a peck. If 4 by 4 sq’e. 
and 4.2 deep, it contains one quart. 


ClAL FfefcT 
OF WALL. 

4- IN. 

8 IN. 

12 IN. 

16 IN. 

20 IN. 

24 IN. 

1 

7 

15 

23 

3 0 

38 

45 

2.... 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

3.... 

23 

45 

68 

90 

1 13 

1 35 

4.... 

30 

60 

90 

120 

150 

180 


38 

75 

1 13 

150 

188 

225 

6.... 

45 

90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

7.... 

53 

105 

1 58 

210 

263 

315 

9.... 

60 

120 

1 BO 

240 

300 

360 

9.... 

68 

135 

203 

270 

338 

405 

10 .... 

75 

150 

225 

300 

375 

450 

20.... 

150 

300 

450 

600 

750 

900 

30 .... 

275 

450 

675 

900 

1 125 

1 350 

40.... 

300 

600 

900 

1200 

1500 

1800 

50.... 

375 

750 

1 125 

1500 

1875 

2250 

60- 

450 

900 

1350 

1 800 

2250 

27 00 

70 .... 

525 

1050 

1575 

2100 

2625 

3150 

80 .... 

600 

1200 

1800 

2400 

3000 

3600 

90 .... 

676 

1350 

2025 

2700 

3375 

4050 

100 .... 

750 

1500 

2250 

3000 

37 50 

4500 


ViVTW.XSkkkCi'a^eaWxvcyCY^YCxkv, ok.-Coliseum at 
Rome, 87,000; Cathedral at Mi Ian, 37,000; St. 
Paul’s, Rome, 32,000; SL Paul’s, Lon don, 31,000; 
St. Peter's, Rome, 54,000; St.Petronia,Bologna, 
24,400; Cathedral,Florence, 24,300; Cathe¬ 
dral, Antwerp, 24,000; St.John LateramRome, 
23,000; St. Sophia, Constantinople,23,000; 
Notre Dame, Paris, 21,000; Theater of Man 
cell us, Rome, 20,000; Cathedral, Pisa, 13,000; 
St.Stephen’s,Vienna, 12,400; St.Dominic’s 
Bologna, 12,000; St.Peters, Bologna,! 1,400: 
Cathedral, Vienna, 11,000; G-ilmOTe’s Garden 
New York, 8,443; Mormon Temple, Saltiake, 
3,000; St.Mark’s,Venice, 7,500;Spurgeon’s 
Tabernacle,London, 6,000; Bolshoi Theater 
St.Petersburg,5,000; Music Hall,Cincinnat- 
i, 4,824; Chicago Auditorium,8,000; Acad 
emy of Music, Philadelphia,2,865. 
TMWTyAVhS,4 C\ctJaY cX.— See Monuments and Towers, 
'^ki'SVLV.k.jUvcxAV)ex tjowpAs \x\.— 8arley,48(50,Ca)., 
47,6a.,Ky.,Pa.); Beans,60(64,Me.); Bran,20;Buck¬ 
wheat, 52(40,Cal., 48, Conn., Me., Mass., Mich., N.Y. 
50,Wis.,Teim., 0., N.C., N.J., Kan.jnd., 55,Ky.,56, 
S.C.); CASTOR BEANS,46: CLOVER SEED,60 
(64, N.ti, N.Y., 62,Pa.); COAL-Anthracite, 80, 
(76,Ky.) ; CORN-Cob,TO(68ln<J.);CORN- 
Shelled,56(52,Cal.,Vt.,55,Ky.V; CORN-MEAL. 
50(48,Ga.,III., 46,N.C.); DRIED APPLES,24 
(25 Ind., 26,S.C.,Tenn., 22,Mich'.,0.,28,Va. 
Wis.,M'mn., 25,N.J.); DRIEO PEACHES,33 
FLAX SEED, 56(54,Kan., 55,N.J.,N.Y.,44,R.I., 
GRASS-Blue, 14;' GRASS-Red Top, 14; HAIR-Plas 
teTing, 8q HEMP SEED, 44; HUNGARIAN GRASS, 
50; LIME-Unslaked,30; MILLET SEED, 50 

eoFw -A+X - oe"*r e ~isrryo*. - 






138 












































































I 




WE !0HTS <£■ m'WV;. 

_MEA.S'U .fl £ S ,\m> .o'^a- 

* i-:U.**j>> g> -h —:-0-i»?^.®X»»«;-<S> -)'—m sfr-H»«T tp»> 




MALT, 38 ; OATS,32(30, Me.,Mass.,N.J.); 0N- 
ions, 57(48,lnd„ 52,Mass.,50,R.i.); PEAS,60 
(46, Ark.); POTATOES, 60(56,Pa.); POTATOFS 
Sweet, 56 (50, Ark..Kan., 0.,S.C.,Term.,55,Conn. 
Ga.,Ky.); RYE, 56(54,III.,30,La..50, Me.); RYE 
MEAL, 50; SALT, 50(56,N.Y.); timothy SEED, 
45(44,N.Y., 46,Wis.); TURNIPS,55(42, Wls., 
60,Vt., Ky.,58,Mich.,50,Me., Conn.); WHEAT, 
60 (56,Conn.). 

^AV,,YAr xv(\n,o,Y j vqvC\\\\ oY tc'Vnv’wxy YnCxo^xV- 


Flour.......90 barrels 

Eqq$..l30to 160 barrels 
Lime .......70barrels 

Salt...70barTels 

Whisky.60 barrels 

Rout .200sacks 

Wood.66cords 

Hoqs-... 50 to 60head 
Cattle.. v l8to 20head 
Sheep.. .9oto lOOhead Butter.20,OOOpounds 
CAV\.YSY£. 'YM&VL OY mYvTKVNTT, Showing 
how many persons out ot 10,000 will die 
annually until all aTe deceased. 


Lumber...6,000feet 
Wheat ...300bushels 
Com ... .400 bushels 

Oats.780 bushels 

Bartey.. .300 bushels 

Plar.360 bushels 

Potatoes. .430 bushels 
Apples... .370 bushels 
Bran ... 1,000 bushels 


UJ 

EXPECTATION 

LU 

EXPECTATION 

Lrt 

EXPECTATION 

cb 

OF LIFE. 

Cb 

OF LIFE. 

cb 

OF LIFE. 

< 

MALE 

P£M. 

< 

MALE 

FEM. 

< 

MALE 

FEM. 

43.. 

26.20 

26.45 

62 

13.34 

13.10 

81 

4.55 

4.88 

44.. 

25.55 

25.74 

63 

12.74 

12.60 

82 

4.44 

4.71 

45.. 

24.82 

25.02 

64 

12.16 

12.05 

83 

4.17 

4.45 

46.. 

24.09 

24.30 

65 

11.60 

11.51 

84 

3.95 

4.26 

47.. 

23.38 

23.57 

66 

11.04 

10.98 

85 

3.73 

3.98 

48.. 

22.66 

22.83 

67 

10.50 

1047 

86 

3.53 

3.76 

49.. 

21.95 

22.08 

68 

9.97 

9.97 

87 

3.34 

3.56 

50.. 

21.24 

21.33 

69 

9.46 

9.48 

86 

3.16 

3.36 

51.. 

20.54 

20.59 

70 

8.97 

3.00 

89 

3.00 

3.18 

52.. 

19.84 

19.87 

71 

8.48 

0.57 

90 

2.84 

3.01 

53.. 

19.15 

19.15 

72 

8.02 

8.13 

91 

2.69 

2.85 

54.. 

18.47 

18.44 

73 

7.57 

7.70 

32 

2.55 

2.70 

55.. 

17.00 

17.73 

74 

7.14 

7.31 

93 

2.41 

2.55 

56.. 

17.13 

17.03 

75 

6.72 

6.94 

94 

2.29 

2.46 

57.. 

16.47 

16.35 

76 

6.32 

6.53 

S5 

2.17 

2.29 

50.. 

15.83 

15.67 

77 

5.B3 

6.25 

96 

2.06 

2.17 

59.. 

15.19 

15.02 

78 

5.57 

5.08 

97 

1.95 

2.06 

60.. 

14.56 

14.37 

79 

5.21 

5.56 

98 

1.85 

1.95 

61.. 

1394 

13.73 

00 

4.87 

5.29 

99 

1.76 

1.86 


WaWHOH \tA <y\wcxoJ,\\ 

ok.-The following table shows the transverse 
strength of timber and cast iron one foot long 
and one inch square: 

Materials. 


age. 

Sufi VI • 

VOftS 

Deaths 

Age. 

SURVI¬ 

VORS. 

Ofaths. 

AGE. 

SlIRVI 

VORS. 

Deaths. 

0 ... 

10000 

1539 

35 

5362 

, 55 

70 

2401 

124 

1 ... 

8461 

682 

36 

5307 

56 

71 

2277 

134 

2 ... 

7779 

505 

37 

5251 

57 

72 

2143 

146 

3 .. 

7274 

276 

38 

5194 

58 

73 

IS97 

156 

4 . .. 

6998 

201 

39 

5136 

62 

74 

1841 

166 

5... 

6797 

121 

40 

5075 

66 

75 

1675 

160 

6 ... 

6676 

82 

41 

5009 

69 

76 

1515 

156 

7 . . 

6594 

58 

42 

4940 

71 

77 

1359 

146 

8 ... 

6536 

43 

43 

4869 

71 

78 

1213 

132 

9... 

6493 

33 

44 

4798 

71 

79 

1081 

128 

10 .. 

6460 

29 

45 

4727 

70 

80 

953 

116 

II .. 

6431 

31 

40 

4657 

69 

81 

837 

112 

(2 .. 

6400 

32 

47 

4589 

67 

82 

725 

102 

13 . 

6368 

33 

48 

4521 

63 

83 

623 

94 

14 .. 

6335 

35 

49 

4458 

61 

84 

529 

84 

15.. 

6300 

39 

50 

4397 

59 

85 

445 

78 

16.. 

6261 

42 

5i 

4338 

62 

86 

367 

71 

17.. 

6219 

43 

52 

4276 

65 

87 

296 

64 

IB . 

6176 

43 

53 

4211 

68 

88 

232 

51 

19 

6133 

43 

54 

4143 

10 

89 

181 

39 

20.. 

6090 

43 

55 

4073 

73 

90 

142 

37 

21 .. 

6047 

42 

56 

4000 

76 

91 

105 

30 

22.. 

6005 

42 

57 

3924 

82 

92 

75 

21 

23.. 

5963 

42 

58 

3842 

93 

93 

54 

14 

24.. 

5921 

42 

59 

3749 

106 

94 

40 

10 

25 . 

5879 

43 

60 

.9643 

122 

95 

30 

7 

26.. 

5836 

43 

61 

3521 

126 

96 

23 

5 

27.. 

5793 

45 

62 

3395 

127 

97 

18 

4 

28-. 

5748 

50 

63 

3268 

125 

98 

14 

3 

29.. 

5698 

56 

64 

3143 

125 

99 

II 

2 

30 . 

5642 

57 

65 

3018 

124 

100 

9 

2 

3l .. 

5585 

57 

66 

2894 

123 

101 

7 

2 

32.. 

5528 

56 

67 

2771 

123 

102 

5 

2 

33 • 

5472 

55 

68 

2648 

123 

103 

3 

2 

34.. 

5417 

55 

69 

2525 

124 

104 

1 

l 


Y Y9 

Y. YA 

tOLN^YA. QY 

VW'L. 


The 

ubiomed table i 

based upon the slat 

■sties 

of mortality 

experience 

of til 

nig American L 

fe In 

sufaTicp Companies 

anc 

shows,on a 

n av 


1 Me 

number of years any one mag yet 

expect to 

■ v.e. 


EXPECTATION 

UJ 

EXPECTATION 

U-i 

EXPECTATION 

CJ3 

OF L 

IF E. 

O 

OF life. 

O 

OF LIFE. 


MALE 

FEM. 


MALE 

FEM 


male 

FEM, 

10 .. 

II . 

49.99 

48.05 

21 

42.36 

40.19 

32 

34.38 

33.69 

49.32 

4721 

22 

41.65 

39.56 

33 

33.65 

33.06 

12 .. 

48.64 

46.40 

23 

40.93 

38.96 

34 

32.91 

32.42 

13.. 

47.95 

45.64 

24 

40.21 

38.38 

35 

32.17 

31.78 

14.. 

47.26 

44.91 

25 

39.49 

37.80 

36 

3i.43 

31.13 

15.. 

46.57 

44.19 

26 

38.77 

37.23 

37 

30.70 

30.47 

16.. 

45.88 

43.48 

27 

.38.04 

36.66 

38 

29.96 

29.81 

17.. 

45.18 

42.79 

28 

37.31 

76.08 

39 

29.22 

29.16 

18.. 

44.48 

42.12 

39 

3B.58 

35.49 

4-0 

28.48 

28.48 

I9-. 

43.78 

41.46 

30 

35.85 

34.89 

41 

27.75 

27.82 

20.. 

43.07 

40.8' 

31 

35.12 

34.2B 

42 

27.01 

27.15 


Ash, seasoned. 

Chestnut, seasoned. .. 
Hickory, seasoned 

White Oak. 

White Pine,seasoned.. 
Yellow Pine,seasoned. 
Iron (cast). 


Breaking 

WEIGHT-lbs. 


..175. 
..170. 
.. 270. 
..240. 
..135. 
..150. 
5,781 . 


weight Borne 
with SAFETY-1 bs. 


....55. 

_54. 

..,.90. 

....80. 

....45. 

....50. 

..1,927. 


£iKV\VY.,To Y.'XxxxwVe. \Y\tNNixo)rx\ oY.— Multi piij 
the glith in inches, just back of the shoulders, by 
the number of inches from the square of the 
buttock to the point of the shouldenblade,and 
divide the product by 144, which will give 
the number of superficial feet. If the girth is 
from 3 to 5 feet, multiply the numbeT of super¬ 
ficial feet by 16, which will give the weiqht 
of the animal. If the animal has a girth of from 
5 to 7 feet, multiply by 23; if from 7 to 9, mul¬ 
tiply by 31; If less than 3 feet, multiply by II. 

Many circumstances.as mode of fattening,con 
. dition, breed, etc, influence the weight,but the. 
foregoing w.ill be. found approximately correct. 
CNxWk6)OKv.,NNe\o,Yx\ oY,vt\<i ^m^o-sY\ow Yxxsxn &.Y 
YesaxxY. Ymte,.- The best quality of charcoal is 
made from beech, chestnut, maple, oak, and pine. 
Wood will furnish, when propeTly burned, about 
23 per cent, of coal. Oak charcoal absorbs about 
4.28 and pine 8.3 peT cent" of water. One bush- 
, el of charcoal contains 2,747.7 cubic inches, and 
if made from red or white pine, will weiqn 43 
lbs.; if from oak, or triturated, about 135 7 bs. 
CkRTYbHYA, %Y\x\wVb.o,t oY.- The allowance Iot the 
shrinkage in castings should be for each foot 
in length, as follows: Cast iron pipes, s inch;. 
Cast iron beams and girders, io inch; Cast non 
Ciiliridefsoatgel,^; (small) is j Brass, Lead, ^; 
Zinc,4; Copper, 4. 

oY'oVxOe.YoN z\6Y\ Yr&Y 


Size of Chimney 

Size of Fi.ue 

Number Bricks 

TO EA. FOOT IN HflCm. 

16 x 16 

8*8 . 

.30 

20 x 20 

i 2 * 1 2. 

..40 

16 x 2a 

8 * 16. 

.40 

20x24. 

12.16. 

.45 





CiV.Y2iYLY.H5,Vav^n,o, YiigatWv, qY YY'YWtnWwxeX'ix.- 
Light Brahmas and Partrldqe Cochins,— Eggs, 7 
to the pound, lay <30 per annum 
Clark Brahmas -Eggs,8 to the pound; lay 
130 per annum. 

Black,White,and But! Cochims-Eqgs,7 to the 
pound; lay 115 per annum. 

Plymouth Rocks - Eggs, 8 to the pound, lay 
150 peT annum. 

Houdans—Eqgs, 8 to the pound; lay 150 per 
annum 

La Fleche-Eggsjto the pound; lay 130 pet annum. 


Creve CceuTs-Eggs 8 to the pound; lay 14-0 
per annum. 

8laek Spanish-Eggs, 7 to the pound; lay 140 
per annum. 

leghorns- Eggs,8 to the pound; lay 160 

peT annum. 

HambuTqs- Eggs, 9 to the pound; lay ISO 
peT annum. 

Polish-Eqqs,9 to the pound; lay 125 peT 
annum. 

Dominique —Eggs,9 to the pound; lay 135 
pei annum. - 

G-ames-Eggs, 9 to the pound; lay 130 peT 
annum. 

Bantams- Eggs,l6 peT pound; lay 90 peT annum, 
YiW&VVVxYk UYkmE.- 60 seconds = l minute; 
60 minutes=l degree, 30 degrees = I sign; 12 
signs = I circle; 90°= a Quadrant; 60 * a Sex 
tantj- 360°- a Circle,large ot small. 
C>\SY%Y,UY,'Yo YvwA conXerOcs..- See Cistern un¬ 
der MensurationlIndex). The annexed table 
gives the numbeT of_ gallons contained in the 
cIcaT between the brick work lor each ten inch¬ 
es of depth. 


Diam. Cals. 
2. H. equals 19 


2 i 

3, ” 
3a ” 

4 ” 

4i ” 

5 ” 
55 ” 


30 

44 

60 

78 

97 

122 

148 


Diam. G-ais. 
6 H. equals 176 


6 i 

7 ” 
75 ” 

8 ” 
85 ” 
9 ” 
9a ” 


207 

240 

275 

313 

353 

396 

461 


Diam. Oals. 
10 ft. equals 489 


II 
12 ” 
13” 
14 ” 
15” 
20 ” 
25” 


592 

705 

827 

959 

1101 

1958 

3059 


$\SVik VKYK5>\iV,'t..-24 inches= I nail; 4 nails 
= I quarter; 4 quaTteTS= I yaTd. 
C»Y)\HSi,\ia.\vu cY YoxeYopcx.- The value ot toreign 
coins is at different times, subject to slight va¬ 
riations, but the following may be taken as 
about the average value: 

NAME . COUNTRY . VALUE . 

BolivaT,Veneiuela;a.OJ4 
Boliviano,Bolivia... 0.70 
Ctowu, Sweden .. 0.27 
” Denmark. 0.27 


4.94 

4.86 

0.56 

0.33 


” Norway .. 0.27 
Dollar, Mexico:.. 0.76 
” Liberia ... 1.00 
” Canada... 1.00 
0 Tachm a,Greece... 0.19 
Ronn,Netherlands 0.40 
” Austria.. 0.35 
franc, Belqium. 0.19 
” France... 0.19 
” Swit-mland 0.19 
Gourde, Hayti... 0.96 

LiTa, Italy. 0.19 

Mahbub,Tripoli • 0.63 
Mark,Germany . 0.24 _ fif 
^WAHSjOY Yb.S>.,Y\r\e,-v\e.s>s> oY.- The,goldcoins 
are nine-tenths fine; the silver coins, nine- 
tenths fine; the copper-nickel coins,such as 
the 5-cent and the 3-cent pieces,aTe onefomfl 
nickel and IhTee-fouTths coppeT; the bronze 
coins aTe 95 per cent coppeT and 5 per cent 
tin and zinc. The alloy in the gold coins is 
silver and copper; in the silver coins, coppeT. 
CiOTKYWAKYWI^. HY'tVYb oY MsxVsws 
YJe&.qXa.'oYvs, vnb YxxxYvs.- 


NAME. Country . Value 
Milreis,Brazil- : *-0.55 
” Portugal. 

Peseta, Spain... 

Peso, Nicaragua. 

” Honduras. 

” Guatemala. 

” Argentine. 

” Chili. 

” Colombia.. 

” Cuba. 0.93 

Piastre,Turkey.. 0.04 
Pound, Egypt.. 

Pound, England 
Rouble, Russia. 

Rupee, India.. 

Sol,Peru. 0.70 

Sucre, Ecuador. 0.70 
Yen,Japan ... • 0.99 


08 

0.19 

0.70 

0.70 

0.70 

0.96 

0.91 

0.70 


Name . 

A p pips ., 
Barley. 


Lbs. Per Acre 


.... 8,000 

.... 1,600 

Beans.'.....2,000 

Cabbage....10,900 

Carrots.6,800 

Cherries.2,000 

Cl’mque foil grass.. 9,600 

CloveTSeed. 200 

Com, Indian.. *.. 3,000 

Grass.. 7,000 

Hay..4,500 

Hops. 4421 Wheat....... 1,200 

OOW?2>S,Y\\On tbY S^V^Wp.-FineSoldeT 
is an alloy of two paTts of Block Tin to one of Lead. 
Glazing SoldeT, equal paris of Block Tin and Lead. 
Plumbing SoldeT, one part Block Tin, two parts Lead. 


Lbs. Per Acre. 


Name . 

Mangel Wurzel.22,000 

Peaches.5,000 

Oats.2,000 

Onions.2,800 

Parsnips.11,200 

Pears.5,000 

Peas. 1,900 

Plums.2,000 

Potatoes.7,500 

Turnips.8,500 

Vetches,green. .10,000 


139 









































































































































■JWE1 GH'T S'<€ SftRk*-; 
’MEASURES- . .Xfckb. 



^OVKVOS>VkNOTO> o\N «\owb .— 

Babbitt’s Metal_Tin89,Co[v*r 3.7, Antimony 7.3. 

Church Bells.C«pper80,iiTic5.6,Tinl(ll,Lead4.3. 

FineYellow Brass.... CoppeT 66, Zinc 34. 

German SilveT.CoppeT33.17inc33.4, Nickel 33.3. 

Gongs.....Copper6l.6,Tin 18.4. 

Gun Metal,Valves,elc-CoppeT 90, Tin 10. 

Lathe Bushes.CoppeT 80, Tin 20. 

Machinery Bearinys..Copper 87.5,Tin 12.5. 

Muntz Metal.Copper 60,Zinc 4-0. 

Sheathing MetaJ...CoppeT56, Zinc 44. 

White Brass.Copperl0,Zinc80,Tin 10. 

CtOOVA,'NC\^VX.'s.ok.- 
One lb. broken loaf sugaT= I quart, I lb.and 
1 02 . powdered white sugaT=l quail; I lb. and 
2oz. best brown suqar=l quart; I lb. soft 
butteT* I quart; I lb.and 2oz. Indian meal 
= I quart; I I b. wheat flour = I quart; 4 large 
tablespoonfuls=i gill; a common shed turn- 
bleTsri pint; a common sized wine-qlass = 
iqill; a laTqe wine-glass=2oz.; ateacup = 
i gill; a tablespoonfuJ =i oi. (See Apothecaries’ 
Weight). 

k&^^kwkjTOo or ok -See 

Mensuration (index). 

CtW&NNOQTi,'f\e\v\Vit\Ne\o^.«b ck.-A coTd ot 
hickonq weighs about 4,500 lbs.; a cord 
of beech,3,315 lbs.; hard maple,2,850; Ash, 
3,450; pitch pine, 1,900; Ted oak, 3,250; 
Lombaidy poplaT, 1,800. 

W£.VKKk\$\V.-A body weighing 140 lbs.,in 
burning 55 minutes.will produced lbs 
of ashes. 

V n.c\\Cvrt\ kor.- Assuming 
that a peroon can count at the Tate of 200 
peT minute, for lihouTS a day, to count, 
1,000,000, would require 6 dags 1/ hr.^Omin. 
1,000,000,000, >> I9yr. 4 ” 18” 20 ” 

1,000,000,000,000, > ’19,012 ”311 ” 5 "20 » 
1,000,000,000,000,000 would require more 
than 19,000,000 year y 

\v\ ok kw 

tvacw^Xa t-m^cXk \\kkmr\x 
Rivtr mud, liquid earth,etc., 3 inches peT sec¬ 
ond; brown_ potteTy clay, 4 in. peT sec.; com¬ 
mon clay, 6 in. peT sec.; yellow sand.loamy, 
8 in. peT sec.; common TiveT san<L | foot 

per sec.; gravel,size of small seeds, 5 in. peT 
sec.; g ravel, size of peas, 7 in. peT sec.; grav¬ 
el, size of beans, I ft. per sec.; cca-rse bal- 
jast, 2ft. peT sec.; sea shingle, about one 
in. in dia-m., 26ft. per sec.; large shingle, 
3 ft. peT sec.; angular flints, size of hen’s 
eggs,34 ft. peT sec.; broken stones, 4ft. per 
Sec.; soft shistose rock, 4i ft. per sec.; flaky 
rock, 6H. peT sec.; haTd rocks, 10ft.per sec. 
^>kSfa>\fc-VOCfk \M't\kiVi\'b o\ Vlawous W\z\e\\a\s.- 


Antimony 421.6 
Asbfwood) 518 
Beech..., 533 
Brass.... 537.7 
Brick.... 100.0 
CedaT.... 37.8 
Chanroal.. 18.2 
Clay..... 120.0 
Coal, Anth. 53.0 
Coa!,Bitum. 50.0 
CoppeT... 554.5 
CoTk.... 15.0 
Earfh^omp’t.135.0 
Earth, loose 90.0 
Elm.,... 410 


Fir.34.3 

Goldlpun) .1204.4 
Granite.. 139.0 

Ice.58.08 

hoTi(cast) .450.5 
hon(wT’t).486.6 

Lead ....708.4 
LiarmmVita 83.3 
Mahogany 66.5 
Maple... 46.8 
Marble... 141.0 
Merany{6(0848.5 
Mill-stone 130.0 
Oak(Live). 70.0 
OakOVhite) 45.2 


PinelPitch) 41.0 
PineiWhlte) 29.6 
PirelYellow) 33.8 
Plaster Paris 105.0 
Guartz . 166.0 
Salt (com.) 133.0 
Sand... 945 
SilveT(pure)654.9 
Spruce.. 31.3 
SulphuT . 127.0 
Walnut. 55.0 
Watertfresh) 625 
” (salt) 64.3 

”(<fe»illed) 62.3 
’’(KadSea) 77.4 


Qkv k&Vkkb WlK < sViV^..-l728 cu-bic inch¬ 

es— I cubic foot; 27curtt.= I cU. yd.; 128 
cu.ft. = I coTd; 8 cot d feet = lcoTd; I6cu.ft. 
= lcoTd foot; 24|cu.ft.=l perch of stone; 
40 cu.ft. = I ton of ship caTqo; 50cu. ft. 
= 1 ton of square timber; 2l 50.42cu~ in. 
= 1 bushel; 231 cu.in.=l gal I on (win*282 
cu. in.* I gallon(ale ot beer* nearly obsolete); I 
cu. ft. = 5 of a bushel. . 

^K\\X ‘aNdkHkft, rt. k»oxwqo\m& \r\VmsX.- 
<O.02i daily =*10.00yearly =#>130 in 10 years* 
<$>2,900 in 50 years. 

<0.05idaily=<20 yearly =4260in IOyeaTS= 
<5,800 in 50 years. 

<0.11 daily =<40 yearly =<520 in 10 years= 
< 11,600 in 50 years. 

<0.27i daily=<IOO yearly =<1,300 in 10 years= 
<29,000 in 50 years. 

<0.55 daily =<200yearly =<2,600 in 10years— 
<58,000 in 50 years. 

<I.IO daify=<400 yearly =<5,200 in lOuears 
<116,000 in 50 years. f 

^M,Vz.r\o5t\\ aJv\lar\ows>k)W\kvNs.— 

Amsterdam....... 

Berlin . 

Boston. 

Cairo .. 

Calcutta. 

Cape Town ...... 

Copenhagen. 

Dublin. 

Edinburg. 

London. 

Madrid. 

Naples. 

Panama. 

Paris. 

Pekin. 

St. Petersburg.... 

Stockholm. 

Sitka. 

Vienna. 

Washington 


LONGEST DAY 


16 hT.44tniti. 7 Ht. 33mrn. 


SHORTEST UAV 


T5\NYV»\\XVV’^> < b\yok>lVAV&\V\TN .-Dissolve 
a gTain ot nitrate of lead in 500,000gjains 
of wateT, and pass through the solution 
a current of sulphuretted Hydrogen,when 
the whole liquid becomes sensibly discolor 
ed. Now a grain of water may be regard 
ed as equaling a drop, and a drop may 
be easily spread out so as to cover asg am 
inch of surface. Buf undeT an ordinary mi¬ 
croscope the millionth part of a square 
inch may be distinguished.by the eye.The 
water,therefore, could be divided into moTe 
than 500,000,000,000 parts. But the lead in 
a giain of nitrate of lead weiqhs 0.62grains; 
an atom of lead cannot weigh more than 
1,310,000,000,000 th part of a grain,while 
the atom of sulphur, which, combined with 
the lead, rendered it visible, could not weigh 
moTe than one half of 1,000,000,000,000 th 
part of a grain. (See Countinq in first col¬ 
umn on this page,foT time required for 
counting the atoms in a gram.) 

ARTICIES. |hrs.[min| ARTICLES. htiroia 


30 

58 

10 

42 

48 

54 

18 

50 

44 

14 

14 

34 

10 

16 

42 

54 

10 

17 

22 


16 ’’ 38 

15 ” 16 
14 ” 00 ” 

13 ” 26 ” 

14 ” 22 ” 

17 ” 20 ” 

16 ” 56 ” 

17 ”32 ” 

16 ”32 ” 

15 ” 00 ” 

15 ”03 ” 

12 ” 36 ” 

16 ” 06 ” 

14 ”58 ” 

18 ” 14 ” 

18 ” 35 »» 

18 ” 16 ” 

15” 58 ” 

.14 ”52 ” . 

kbWS ^ O&kb, TLx zsseA Vc\ VqoY -\ox\s.- A 
man of average weight,and doing a faiT 
day’s w(rrk,Tequires, as has been ascertain¬ 
ed by experiment, so much food as, con¬ 
verted into mechanical work, would Taise 
4,000 tons one foot high. 
kftkUWk m\k>Ykk- 
16 Parts = I Grain = .8 Grain Troy. 
4GTains= I CaTat =3.2 ” ” 

20PaTts Diamond Wt. = I »» *» 

khkSfkk.— The twelfth part of the diameter 
of the Sun or Moon,used in measuring 
the extent of a partial eclipse. 
kbWTKHCfc kmi tkk\ The earth 

being round, its convexity limits the vis¬ 
ion even on a level like the sea.The line 
of vision on the sea-shore of a man of or¬ 
dinary height,say six feei(see table),is in¬ 
tercepted by the honzon at 3.24 miles. 
If he were looking at a flag on a mast¬ 
head 44 ft. in height, the flag would seem 
to be on the Horizon if it weie 9.35miles 
distant. In this case add the height of 
the object 44 ft. to the height ot the eye 
from the ground 6ft. = 50ft., and find 


4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 


2.63 

3596 

3.24 

3.49 

3.73 

2.86 

4.18 


II 4.39 


4.58 

4.77 
5.12 
5.45 
5.61 

5.77 


5.92 

6.61 

7.25 

7.83 

8.37 

8.87 

9.35 


65 
80 
100 
150 
200 
300 
40 0 


10.2 

11.8 

1312 

16.2 

18.7 
22.9 

26.7 


500 
1000 
2000 
3000 
4000 
5000 
I Mi. 


29.6 

334 

592 

725 

817 

955 

96J 


Apples, sweet, raw.. 

” sour ”.. 
Barley,boiled... 
Bears,pod, boiled.. 
Beef steak,broiled... 
Beetsif Bears, boiled 
Bread,fresh-baked. 
” con,baked- 

B ulteT. 

Cabbage,raw.... 

»r boiled.. 
Cake,sporge,baked 
Carrot,boiled ... 

Cheese,old. 

Custard,baked.. 
Eggs,whipped... 
” fresh,Taw. 
” Toasted ... 
” soft-boiled. 
* ’ hard ” 
Goose,Toasted.. 
Green com,boiled. 
Hash, warmed. • 
Livei, beef, broiled. 


30 


Milk.boi led. 

It 

Mutton,broiled. 
*» boiled - 
»’ Toasted. 
Oysters, raw... 
> > stewed. 
” Ueaum’t ” 
PaTsnips,boiled. 
PoTk,sait,boi led. 
Rice,boiled... 
Sago, boiled... 
Salmon, salt, boil. 
Sausage,broiled. 
Soup,baTley.. 
” bean... 
»* chicken.. 
Suet,beef, boiled 
Tapioca ,boiied.. 
Trout,hath,fried. 
Turkey, roast.. 
Turnips, toiled. 
Veal, fresh, fried. 
Venison, broiled. 


15 


kikkW YAif\SY>T\k_.— Nothing is moTe falla¬ 
cious than measuring fluids by dropping; 
since the drops from the lip o f a vial vir\ 
chiefly accoTdinq to the different force of 
the attraction of cohesion in different liq¬ 
uids. Thus 60 drops of water fill the same 
measure as 100 drops of laudanum from 
a lip of the same size. The graduated glass 
measure used by apothecaries is the only 
certainty. 

^kk\3krk>ose.s ok.—See Medicine. 

W( W\kA‘b\bV,t.— 2 pints = 1 quart; 8quarts 
= 1 peck; 4 pecks= I bushel. (See Cubic Measure). 
WSWVm, AkUKkATX , VkKVV'LN^WVkX . - 
Gold may be beaten to zsrooo of an inch in 
thickness, and an ounce drawn to a lenqlhof 
50 miles. Platinum is moTe ductile than any 
otheT metal. The same metal does not al¬ 
ways manifest the same relative degree of 
the above properties, as is seen by the table. 


TENACITY. 


1. Iron 

2. Copper 

3. Platinum 

4. Silver 

5. Zinc 

6. Gold 

7. Lead 

8. Tin 


DUCTILITY. 


Platinum 

SilveT 

Iron 

CoppeT 

Gold 

Zinc 

Tin 

Lead 


MALLEABILITY. 


Under Haimntx Under RolItTS. 


Lead 

Tin 

Gold 

Zinc 

Silver 

CoppeT 

Platinum 

Iron 


Gold 

Silver 

Copper 

Tin 

Lead 

Zinc . 

Platinum 

Iron 


140 




















































































-aS gmmmmm? 


i5 5»5 f 


*VMN\\XVl OV \N00ky5..-Experiments 

Have been made by dr'rvinq sticks,made 
of different woods, each two feet long 
and one and one half inches square,into 
the ground, only one half inch projecting 
outward. AfteT the lapse of five gears,all 
those made of oak, elm, ash, fI t, soft ma- 
hoqany, and nearly every variety ot pine, 
were totally Totten; laich, hard pine and 
teak were decayed only on the outside; aca¬ 
cia was only slightly attacked on the exteri¬ 
or; hard mahoqany and cedaT ot Lebanon 
were in tolerably good condition,and Vir¬ 
ginia cedaT was as sound as when put 
into the ground. 

^>\WkkA.Y\^.,Torct (A.- The poweT devel¬ 
oped by the explosion of a ton of dynam¬ 
ite is equal to 45,615 foot-tons. 71,000 
tons of oTdinaTy building stone,if arrang 
ed in the form of a cube, would make on¬ 
ly about 90feet fa the side, and if it were 
possible to concentrate the entire force of 
a ton of blasting qelatine to point the 
foTce bom the explosion would lift the 
mass only one foot. (See Explosives). 

^.NT'TkVv,\N« aoJx\\ ok.- 8 aily contrived a pan 
of scales that enabled him to approximate¬ 
ly ascertain the weiqht of the earth,and 
that it contained within itself somewhere 
about 6,049,836 billion tons of matter. 

ok ^ex ^uk>\o 

Took.- See Cubic-Foot Weights, also Specif¬ 
ic Gravity. 

T£>TA.,NNe\o,y\ ok.-See Chickens. 

fhuawn ok, 

Namejlijr l-nit ofJ How obtained. CSS I Cqulvd exit. 


Ohm 


Amp¬ 

ere 


Volt 


Coul- 

-omh 

FaTad 


Micro¬ 

farad 


Watt 


Jou 


Pw 


W.j. 


Rcsis 

tance 


Gunent 


The Electrical re¬ 
sistance of a col¬ 
umn ot mercury 
I06centimeters long 
and of I sq.milli- 
metre section 


Electric 

motive 

Force 


Is that current That 
deco m poses .00009374 
grammes of water 
second. 


Guam 

tiiy 

Capacity 


P£L 


One ampere of cur li 
rent passing through 
a substance having 1 
ohm of resistance = 

I volt 


A ament of 1 amp- 
ere in 1 sec, of time. 


The capacity that a 
cunent of 1 ampere 
per sec.(=l coulomb) 
charges it to poten- 
tial cl 1 volt. 


1 -millionth of a 
farad. 


PoweT Power ot 1 am¬ 
pere cunent pass¬ 
ing throuqh resis- 
tance o( 1 ohm. 


Work 


WoTkdone bylwatl 
ot elec.powet persec, 


I0 5 


10 * 


Deposits 1.118 
milliqTams ol 
silver per sec¬ 
ond 


I0 6 


10 ’ 


I0 9 


I 0 ,: 


I 0 7 


I0 7 


I true ohm= 
I.0IQ British 
Association 
ohms. 


.926 of a 
standard 
Daniel Cell. 


Deposits 1.118 
millig’ms ofsitvr 


2.5 knots of 
D-U.S. cable. 


.0013405 (or 
sisjofahorse 
power. 


.238 units ol 
heatlThermsl. 


, t^rwowwk T>ea,'VV'C«A ko &o 
' kVCv'n.ogbi^.v-^rc.S'Se.^ \rv TookToxw.- 
(4 foo/ /on ?s /he amour?/ oherror??/ nec¬ 
essary/o rj/se one /on one hoo/J. -Walking 
| mile, I7j; walking 4 m i les, 7 Oj; carrying 


60 lbs., I mile,25; pedlafs day's woTk,303; 
convict-s day’s work, 310; dock laborer’s day’s 
work,3l5; pile-driving,332; pavfoT,352; 
turning a winch, 374; man’s ordinary work, 
300; veTy hard work,403. 

4 Farthing3(taT.) * I Penny Id.) =% 0 .02 j» 

12 Pence.= 1 Shilling(s.)=..0.24i 

20Shilling.= 1 Pound (£)»..4.86i 

taWNNkSMto.- 
l/o/u me. 

I gaL,WineMe8t.=23l cium 


gal.,Beer ” =282 
lgal.,Dry " =268.8’’ 
lqal.(Eng.) = 277.2” 

I bu.(l/.s.) =2150.42” 

I bu.(Eng.) =2218.19” 

1 bu.,heaped = 2747.7 ” r __ 

fol¬ 
lowing table exhibits the lineal-dilation of 
bodies from 32° to 212°. 


Weight. 
llb.Av. =7000qT.Trou 
I lb. A pot. otT-5760 ” n 
I oz.Av. =437.5 ” 
lo7.Ap.orX =480 »» 
lcarat,Assay.=24D ” 

I carat,dia’d 3.2 ” 
leu.ft.pure wat.=IOOOoi.Av. 


Flint qlass.nk 

Glass(baTom.tube).. TToo 
” solid rod.523 
” cast,pTism of. sir 

Platinum.irb 

Palladium.. 

Gold. 66 T 

SilveT. sie 

Copper 8 parts,tin I. 53o 

CoppeT. 586 

CoppeT 2., zinc I... xir 
Brass 16, tin I.... sw 

Brass wire. 5n 

T.\T>T£»TKkk&W QT VkF'L.-^ee Carlisle Table. 
^.WVJSISANTS ,T ore*. ok Mv^\ow < ikv\w4 l 's.-Most- 
explosives denve their energy from vitro- 
glyceTine.^y^awYw, is nitro-glycenne com¬ 
pounded with rotten-stone ,ot silicious, or in¬ 
fusorial eaith, tn'poli, eic. ^wak'vn is a com¬ 
pound of -nitro glycerine and saw-dust.9>tV 
cc(\V<\oVo\n is a mixture of plaster of 
Pans and nitTo-glyeeTine. The subjoined ta¬ 
ble is by M. BeTthelot. (See Ovnamite). 
’e-kvv.os.we. [Heat. . . 


Glass, cast. 534 

Solder, tin I, lead 2. 399 

Bismuth. 

Speculum metal... 

Iron. 

Steel. 

Tin. 

Lead... 

Zinc..... 

Mercury, in volume 

Water.. 

Alcohol 


2 19 

sh 

8 10 

rir 

4~49 

350 

JTo 

-i-O— 

5 55 
TJ 

4 


All the gases. 2 §t 


1320 

0.710 lifer 

939 

1422 

0.337 <> 

478 

1424 

0.408 ” 

582 

1420 

0.484 ” 

680 

578 

0.585 ” 

680 

687 

0.780 ” 

536 

590 

0.801 ” 

472 

972 

0.318 ” 

309 

764 

0.248 ” 

190 

641 

0.216 ” 

139 

608 

0.225 ” 

137 

509 

0.173 ” 

88 


Nitro-glycerine. 

PicTate.. 

Picric Acid,with ChC Potash 
Gun Cotton ” 

Picrate Potash. 

Pidic Acid. 

GunCotton.. 

PowdeT.base Chi.Potash.. 

Powder, base Nitrate Soda. 

Powder, sporting. 

PowdeT, artillery. 

Powder blasting. .v, ^ 

OT KH\W\KVS>- The camel, 
elephant,arid horse seldom produce more 
than one at a birth; the lion I,oftener2or 
3, sometimes 5 ot more. The fecundity of 
the rabbit is maTveJous, it beginning to 
breed at the age of six months, having from 
6-to 7 litters a yeaT,each from 4 to 12, or 
upwards. 

A codfish has been found to produce 
3,686,760 eggs ot spawn, and a ling up¬ 
ward of 19,000,000. HerTinqs from 2L285 
to 36,960. Mackerel, 454,061. Soal,38,772; 
floundeT, 1,357,403. Lobster,21,699;prawn, 
3,800; shrimp, 6,800. 

M. Von Gleichen, a German naturalist, has 
made the annexed calculation for the com¬ 
mon house fly. 

A fly lays four times during the summer, 

each time eighty eggs . 320 

Half of these ire supposed to be females,so 


that each of the four broods ptWhI 
forty; 

I. First eiqhth,oT the forty females of the 

first brood, lay four times. 12,8 

The first eighth of these,orl6,000 

females, lay. three times. 384,000 

The second eiqhth, twice.256,000 

The third and fourth eighth, once...256,000 
JLThe second eighth, or the forty 
females of the second brood, lay 

three times. 9,600 

One sixth of these, three times.384,000 

The second sixth, twice.256,000 

The third sixth, once. 128,000 

3. The third eighth ,ot the forty fe¬ 
males of the third brood, twice.... 6,400 

One fourth of these lay twice ....256,000 

4. The fourth eighth, or forty fe¬ 
males of the fourth mood, once.. 3,200 

Half of these lay once.128,000 


Total for one fly in one summer, 2,080,320 

TOMMMIK. WTAOVik KWT5 \NT.\TrkkT .- 

Vkxic jcx\& \N -1 1 is 

often asked how stout a woman ou. 9 h« 
to be in proportion to her height. The fol¬ 
lowing table gives a fair indication of the 
proper proportions 




Vos. 


Five feet.... about 100 


Five ft. one in. 

Five ft. two in. ” 
Five ft. three in. ” 
Five ft. four in. ” 
Five ft. five in.” 
Five ft.six in. 


106 

113 

119 

130 

138 

144 


Five ft. seven in. ab’t 
Five ft. eight in. ” 
Fiveft.nine in. ” 
Five ft. ten in. ” 
Five ft. eleven in. ” 

Six ft.. ” 

Six ft. one fu 


150 

155 

163 

169 

176 

180 

186 


T k^VT. ,^\\o\nV<\o> kVok'coov.rk & 
\X,sT.(\\v\va.\«,wk,^e\ ‘XtApimb 'ov, 
ea.c\\ ^o\xx\te> ok V\\i«,W\qk\X ok tavirote.- 


Working horses. 3.08 lbs. 

»» oxen.. 2.40” 
Fatting oxen — 5.00 ” 
” when fat. 4.00 ” 
Milch cows.2.35 ” 


Dry cows.... 2.42lbs. 
Young cattle ..3.08 ” 

SteeTS.2.84 ” 

P 19 S.3.00 ” 

Sheep.3.00 


A horse will consume as much food, aside 
from corn, as 8 sheep; a cow, as 12sheep;a fat 
ting ox,as 10 shqep; a two-year-old heifet, as 6 
sheep; 1 three-year-old heifer, as 8 sheep; a one 
year-old heifer, as 4 sheep; a calf, as 2 sheep. 
OT <LO\W=>.- See Coins. 

^VO\5Tk, f\vc\owx\Y VxvsX \N\\tsX 

A bushel of good wheat,60 lbs.,should yield 
about 48 lbs. of flour, 8 lbs. of shorts, and 
4lbs. of bran. The following is afair av¬ 
erage, which gives 38.45 lbs. of flour to the 
bushel; -. 

Weight of wheat.1,486 lbs. 

’’flour.......952 lbs. 

” bran ..240 ” 

” screenings. 32 ” 

” middlings....’... 88 ” 

” toll.148 ” 

” waste...... 26 ’’-I486lbs. 

TvT.T> < ii\5k\T_ OT.-|. Fluids submit 
ted to pressure transmit it undiminished fit 
every direction. 2. The pressure sustained 
by any surface is proportional to its area. 
3. The direction of the pressure at any point 
is perpendicular to the surface at that 
point. 4. The pressure on the bottom of 
a vessel is independent of the form of 
the vessel. 5.The pressure is proportion¬ 
ed to the density of the liquid. <5.The 
pressure exerted by a fluid is proportion¬ 
al to its depth. 7. A fluid is in equilib 
rium, or at rest, only when its particles are 
restrained by some vessel or its equivalent. 


141 


































































































Eggs, whipped.13 

ok.- See Digestion. 
Y^^,C-o'wsV\X.\ve'vX-s ok.-VS>\^ k.VwQAwvrcVY 
e __ »■■- ! — ,j - 14-Per.Cent. Oil IIfierCerf 







MEASURES 


^00^,?e\e,e^\Vb.^ o\ WvXtX’now.’w'.'^wXo'o.^ 

Vw\\e>*&.- 

ARTICIE. PER CENT. ARTICLE. PER CENT. 


Apples.16 

Barley .boiled.92 

Bears,boiled.87 

Beef, ta.w.26 

Beets.14' 

Bread,-rye.79 

Btead, barley.88 

Bread, wheat.90 

Bread, corn.91 

Bu-tter.92 

Cabbage.7j 

Codfish, boiled.21 

C u-cum bets,raw... 2 

Currlamts.......... 10 


Crapes, taw.27 

Melons,raw...... 3 

Milk. 7 

Mutton, broiled.... 30 
Oatmeal Porridge... 75 

Peaches.20' 

Peas, boiled.93 

PI urns,-raw.29 

Pork,roast.,.24 

Potatoes.23 

Pool try,roast. ....26 

Rice, boiled.88 

Turnips,boiled.... 5 

Veal,fried.24 

Venisorijboiled.22 


Milk.. ” 

... 4.1 •» 

” 3.7 ” 

Butter. ’ > 

... 1.0 ” 

88.0 *» 

Cheese. ’ 1 

...29.2 ” 

29.6” 

Beef... »» 

... 8.0 ” 

30.0” 

Mutton ’ ’ 

... 5.0 »» 

40.0 ” 

POTk... * ’ 

... 4.5 ” 

50.0 » 

Oat Meal ..Albumrflbids.. 16.1..Starch..63.0..Oil.10.1 

Wheat Flour ’ » 

10.5 r> 

74.0 ” 0.8 

Rye Flour ’ * 

10.5 *» 

71.0 ” 1.6 

Indian Corn ’ ’ 

9.0 »» 

64 JS ”5.0 

Buckwheat » ’ 

15.0 *» 

63.3 ”3.4 

Rice. » » 

7.5 » 

76.0 ”0.5 

Beans.... * * 

23.0 »» 

510 ”2.3 

Potatoes. » » 

2.3 ” 

15.4 ”0.3 

Sweet Potatoes ’ ’ 

1.5 »» 

15.0 - 

r OG’fc \)-a\\u ok Vn\tA=> 


A Creek foot = l2jc inches: A span=10.9inches 
VKVK^VtWa.-No ice is requir¬ 
ed, and the water u-sed should not be war¬ 
mer than 50° Fahrenheit. 

Nitrate Ammonia and water, each otic part, 
makes a change from 50° to 4°. 

Muriate Ammonia and Nitrate of Potash, 
each five parts, frcmi'50° down-to 10^ if 
sixteen parts water be added. 

Muriate Ammonia five parts, Nitrate of 
Potash five parts, Sulphate of Sod* ejght 
parts, Water sixteen parts,50 to 4. 

Sulphate of Soda three parts, Dilute Ni¬ 
tric Acid two parts, 50° down to -3. 

Nitrate of Ammonia, Carbonate of Soda, 
and Water, each one part, 50°to -7°. 

Phosphate Soda nine parts, Dilute Nitric 
Acid four parts, 50° to -12°. 

Sulphate of Soda five parts,Dilute Sulphu¬ 
ric Acid four parts. 50° to 3. ’ 

Sulphate of Soda six parts, Muriate Am¬ 
monia four parts, Nitrate of Potash two o 
parts, Dilute Nitric Acid four parts,5(fto-IO . 

Sulphate of Soda six parts, Nitrate of Am¬ 
monia five parts, Dilute Nitric Acid f o ur 
parts, 50° to -14°. 

ok.-'0*kox\OT\V 
INo U-rwuenlsIUinumts 
Materials. starth^l In Motion 


Sox^NioOv-v.-One hundred pounds of good 
hay for stock are equal to: 

KxWtxtr,. _ Vos. I K-OC\C.\tSi. _Vo* 


Apples.123 

Beans............ 28 

Beets..669 

Clover, red, green.. 373 

Carrots.371 

Corn. 62 

Clover,red,dry.... 88 

Lucerne. 89 

Mangolds.369 


Oat-straw.317 

Oats.. 59 

Oil-cake,linseed .. 43 

Peas, dry. 38 

Potatoes.350 

Rue-straw.429 

Rye. 53 

Turnips.469 

Wheat.45 


^rWSiVVOiViUTb.- In order to estimate the 
efficiency of any work or force, an arbitra¬ 
ry unit of work has been adopted called a 
VaoV^owcA. The foot-pound is the median 
ical value of a force capable of raisijig-one 
pound through a vertical space of ore foot. 
The work of the power is equal to the prod¬ 
uct of an equivalent weight in pounds -mul¬ 
tiplied by the vertical height in feet 
through which it passes. The work of the 
load is found in a similar manner. 

o\.-See Coins. 

XHvis.w* \s\\v\n aXtrOv.-English Ieague 
=3miles; French league=3miles; French 
posting league=2miles,743yards; Spanish 
judicial league=2miles, 1,115 yards;Spanish 
cpmmon league=5-miles,376yards; Portu¬ 
guese league*3miles, 1,4-80 yards; Flemish 
league=3wiles, 1,584 yards; Russian werst 
= 1,167 yards; Turkish bei-n=lmile,66ya-n)s; 
Persian parasang=3Ttiiles, 806yards; "A 
Sabbath day’s journey”* 1,155 yards; "A 
day’s journey”* 33s miles; "A reed’*10feet, 
Hi inches; "A palm”=3 inches;"Afathom76ft.; 


Oak upon oak, fibers parallel.... 

Oak upon oak, fibets cross.... 

Wrought iron upon oak. 

Wrought bran upon wrought iron. 

Wrought iron upon cast iron.. 

Wrought iron upon brass... 

Cast iron upon cast iron.... 

Brass upon cast iron.. 

7\\cX\Wv ck or\ \_c.Mt\ Tkoa&s. 


.625 

.540 

.619 

.137 

.194 


.162 


.478 

.324 

.619 

.138 

.194 

.172 

.152 

.217 


.108 

.143 

.085 

.077 

.076 

.075 

.144 

.107 


Loose sand.0.25 

Common by-road ..0.1 
Dry highway ....0.025 

\H.- LW\Vv\V\.~The pro¬ 
portion of sugar in various fruits is: 


Macadamized road .033 
Well-paved road... .014 
Railroads...0059 


Peach.1 .6 

Raspberry.4.0 

Strawberry.5.7 

Currant....6.1 

Goose berry......7.2 


Apple..........7.9 

Mulberry.9.2 

Pear......9.4 

Cherry...10.8 

G'Tipc •••••••••«• # (4.9 

(kWKM d^.-wW'Vy* 'Y«A\Cvxe& kox \ 

^wiew. vgace-.- 

Asparagus,! oz. produces 1000 plants-bed 12 ft. s*q. 

’ ’ roots, 1000 plant a bed 4 ft. by 225ft. 
English Dwarf Beans, I qt. plants row 125ft. long. 
French ” Iqt. s» »’300 ’> 
Beans,pole,large, Iqt. plants LOO hills. 

Beans,pole,small,Iqt. 300 Hills,or250ftrow. 
Beets, 10 Ibs.peT acre, or I oz. for 150ft.row. 
Brocoli and Kale, I oz.2500 plants.40sq.ft.yrou.nd. 
Cabbage,same as Broccoli, but 60sq.ft. ground, 
Cauliflower, same as cabbage. 

Carrot, I oz. to 150ft, of row. 

Celery, I oz. gives 7000 plants, 8 sq.ft, of ground. 
Cucumber, loz.for 150 hills. 

Cress, I oz. sows a bed 16 ft.square 
Egg Plant, loz. gives 2000 plants. 

Endive, I oz.gives3000 plants, 80 sq.ft, of ground. 
Leek, I oz. gives 2000 plants, 60 sq.ft, of ground. 
Lettuce, I oz.gives7000plants, bed 150ft. long. 
Melon, I oz. for 120 hills. 

Nasturtium,I oz. sows 25ft. of row. 

Onions, I oz. sows 200 ft. of row. 

Okra, I oz. ” 200 ” 

Parsley, I oz. »» 200 ” 

Parsnip, I oz. ” 250 »» 

Peppers, I oz. gives2500 plants. 

Peas, I quart sows 120 ft. of row. 

Pumpkin, loz.to 50 hills. 

Radish, I oz. to 100ft. of row. 


Salsify, I oz. to 150 ft. of row. 

Spinage, loz.to 200ft. of raw. 

Squash,I oz.to 75 hills. . 

Tomato, I oz. gives 2500 plants, bed of 80ft. 
Turnip, loz.to 2000 sq.ft._ 

Wafer Melon, loz.to 50 hills. 



10,000 


100 EACH 


The figures on the index at the right hand de 
note even hundreds. When the hand completes 
the entire circuit, it denotes ten hundred,and is 
registered by the hand in the center circle point¬ 
ing to one-the interval between any one f ig- 

ure and the next, in center circle, measuring one 

thousand. The entire round of center circle -meas¬ 
ures ten thousand, and is registered on the in¬ 
dex of the left-hand circle, in which the in¬ 
terval between any two successive figures 
counts ten thousand. The hands of all three 
circles are always in simultaneous movement, 
and the hand of the left-hand circle, at any 
point between two figures, indicates the con¬ 
sumption of so much fraction of ten thous¬ 
and, i.e., so many -thousands and so many 
hundreds as are indicated by the mid and the 
right-hand chtles respectively. 

The quantity of gas which has_ passed 
through the meter since last date is ascer¬ 
tained by reading from the indexes the to¬ 
tal amount registered, and deducting there¬ 
from the quantity shown by the indexes 
at a previous observation. 

Total amount registered by thenands above,49,900 
Amount at previous observaiion(dotled lines),42,500 

Amount since last observation.. 7,400 

It will be noticed that the hand on the 
left-hand circle is just at the margin,but -not 
yet af the center, of the "5 ? When another lOo 
of the gas -meter is consumed,the hand of 
the left-hand circle will point exactly at"5’ 
of the mid-circle, exactly at ”0’’and of right- 
hand circle exactly at"0’’—indicating 50,000 
cubic feet. 

The register at all times shows the quanti¬ 
ty that has-passed through since the meter 
was first set, and deducting therefrom the 
amount that has been paid for (without any 
regard to the time when), we obtain the a- 
mount remaining unpaid. 

o\.- See SpecifleOmvitg. 

ck.- 

&ASES AT 33° FAHR.,AN0 UNDER VOl.OFllB. WEIG-HT CF 
ONE ATMOSPHERE OF PRESSURE. INCU.FT. J CU. FT. 


Acetic ether... 

Air.. 

Awmoniaeal gas.. 

Benzine, vapor of... 

Bromine, vapor of.. 

Carbonic acid.. 

Carbonic oxide. 

Chlorine.. 

Chloroform.. 

Coal gas. 

Hydrogen.. 

Hydrogen,light carburetted. 

Nitrogen... 

Olefiant gas. 

Oxygen....... 

Steam, gaseous........... 

Sulphuric acid. 

Turpentine,vapor of..... 


4.075 

12.387 

21.017 

4.598 

2.236 

8.101 

12.804 

5.077 

2.337 

28.279 

178.83 

22.412 

12.723 

12.580 

11.205 

19.913 

5.513 

2.637 


0.245 

0.080728 

0.04758 

0.217 

0.447 

0.12344 

0.0781 

0.197 

0.428 

0.03536 

0.005592 

0.04462 

0.078596 

0.0795 

0.089253 

0.05022 

0.1814 

0.378 


142 
























































































































WEIGHTS 

MEASURES Yft55. 

-wwfc^»-» S* 



^V^'c.^^.vv^^ov, 6t.-See Expansion and 
Contraction. 

^WvXHK^VOV 07 S7.77&,'Yvw(i cS.- 
Wheat arid -millet seed germinate in one 
day; barley, seven; cabbage, ten; peach, al¬ 
mond, and chestnut, require from eight 
to twelve -months; rose and filbert re¬ 
quire twenty-tour months. Potatoes bu¬ 
ried three-feet deep do riot vegetate. If 
wheat be covered z inch deep, it usually ap 
pears above the ground in II days; I inch 
deep, 12 days; 2 . inches deep, 18 days; 6 meh- 
es deep, 23'days. A field of wheat after hav¬ 
ing been buried under an avalanche for 
25 years, grew after the snow melted. 
(See Vitality of Seeds.) 

ok \N\Mv\o\vs>Kx\\xwk\s.- 
The period of gestation is longer in herbiv¬ 
orous than iri carnivorous animals. The 
young of the latter are also less developed at 
birth, their eyes not opening for seven! days 
thereafter. VygAVvyo-xovk The ele¬ 

phant has about 20 a months gestation* the 
giraffe, 14-months; dromedary., 12 months; 
ass and buffalo, 12 months; mare, upward 
of II months; rhinoceros and cow,9months; 
larger deer,.over 8 months; sheep and goats, 
5 months; pig, 4 months. ^V\o&eA\te~ . — 
Beaver, 4 months; dormouse,31 days; rab¬ 
bit, 30 to 31 days; rat and squirrel, 28 days; 
guinea-pig, 20 to 2 l days. ^vcx\\Morowv .— 
Beat, 6 months; lion, 108 days; puma,79 d’s; 
fox,wolf, and dog,62 to 63 days.7o\v0v\eA 
•kw'NXWb-Vs -.-Kangaroo.39 days; opossum, 26 
daus. ^ie\^e.ows y^vxMNv .— Greenland whale, 
about IQ months. ^ov\\ke.\v s'.-The most 
common duration for the varieties of 
monkeys is 7 months., Om'\t ? vtows vx\\\tw.\v. - 
The goose sits 30 days; swan,4-2 days; hens; 
21 days; ducks, 30 days; pea-hens and turkeys, 
28 days; canaries and pigeons, 14-days; par¬ 
rots, 40 days. Wv\vvb\~Human being, 280 
days; hippopottamus,234 days; cat,about 
56 days; bat, 40 days; marmoset, 120 days; 
•tapir, lOtoll months. 

\\vi nxvosX wo\eA.— 

NAME. PLACE. TIME. HEIOHT-ft 


•miniumIred lead),63 parts; refined potash,33part's; 
nitre, 10 parts; cutlet, 60 to 100 parts. 

The following are other proportions for op¬ 
tical and flint glass: Sand,51 parts; pearlash- 
estpreparedl, 16 parts; litharge, 28 parts( 0 T red 
lead,29parts); niter, 4jparts; while arsenic, 
s part; peroxide of manganese,! part; cullgt 
of f'int glass in proportion as the manu¬ 
facturer thinks proper. 

^o\\\e.QrVa 5 v .— This is the coarsest glass in 
common use, and Is made from varied pro 
portions of the following: Soap-makers’waste 
(containing a. quantity of soda-salts), fresh wa¬ 
ter, river sand, brick-dust,calcined lime,ind 
marl. 

^loVmA fj\a.sv .- The colors usually employed 
consist of metallic oxides. Gold yields the most 
beautiful ruby,crimson, rose, and purple col¬ 
ors. Copper yields ruby red, and emerald green. 
Cobalt, rich deep blues. Iron, dull green; with 
alumina, ffesh coIot; combined with chloride 
of silver, orange yellow. Silver with alumina, 
beautiful yellow. Uranium, chrysoprase green, 
and canary yellow. 

WLKnVWL,- I stone=5 lbs.; 24 stone 
= I scam. 

2A_k7>^. Hw.wV vs ov \N.Va&ovy YmxYVs mfyax 
SIZE, NO. SIZE. NO. SIZE. NO. SIZE. NO, 


Og IDeut. 3,1).Bashan 1451 B.C. Bcd=f6a 

Goliath.Palestine 1063 ” II.0 

Maximin.Rome 235A.D. 8ft.6in 

Gabara.Rome I 269FB.C.9” 9” 

John Middleton... England I578A.D.9” 3 ” 

Patrick Cotter.Ireland 176] ” 8” 7 ” 

Frederick’s Swede.. Sweden . 8 ” 4 ” 

Giliy.Tyrol 8” I” 

Charles Byrne.... Ireland 1783 8”4”- 

Big Sam..England 1809 8”0” 

M. Brice.Vosges 1863 7” 6” 

Robert Hales..England 1863 7” 6” 

CHang-Woo-Govv... China 1865 7” 8” 

Martin Van Buren Bates Kentucky 1871 7”0” 

Miss Anna Swan.. Nova Scotia 1871 7” 0” 

,2 o ok 

2)XO\Nm2A^ -.-Purified sand, 100 parts; lime¬ 
stone, or chalk, 35 to 40 parts; Sulphate of so¬ 
da, 40 to 45 parts: cullet, 50 ioISO parts. 

^•wwOwWaXe-. -White quartzose sand lOO.Opaitq 
sodic carbonate, 33.3 parts; Ii-me(slaked), 14.3 parts; 
manganese peroxide, 0.15 parts; cullet,lOO.Oparts. 

7Wr\XAvsy.-Rne white sand, 100 parts; 


An inclination of I ft. in 30 is (76 ft. pet mUe. 

.” 35 ”15'” ” 

” I ” 40 ”132” v* 

” i ” 50 ”106” ” 

'• 100 ” 53 ” ” 

” 125 ” 42 ” ” 

”150 ” 35”-. ” 

” 200 ” 26 ” ” 

,?>V\nVtxVjjx< e ok.—From the time wheat 
is threshed, it will shrink two quarts to the 
bushel, or six per cent, in six months. 

Corn shrinks much more than wheat. 
One hundred bushels as gathered from the 
field, will be reduced to eighty bushels af¬ 
ter shrinkage,or twenty per cent in six 
months. 

Potatoes, taking into account those that 
rot, shrink still more. From October till the 
succeeding June, the loss is thirty-three per cent 
Qf^vbMWt ,7 or oe, ox aX wo\ Aao w, .- 


6 by8--l50 I2bu22=27 I5by24=20 18by42= 9 

7 ” 9-115 12 ”24=25 15 ”26=19 I8”46=9 

8 ”10=90 12” 26=23 I5”28=I7 I8”50=8 
8 ”11 = 82 12.” 28=22 I5”30=I6 

8 ”12=75 12 ”30=20 15 ”32=15 

9 ”11 = 73 I2”32=I9 I5”34=I4 
9 ”12 = 67 12”34=18 15”36=13 
9 ”13=62 I2”36=I7 I5”38=I3 
9 ”14=57 13 ”14=40 15 ”40=12 
9 ”15=53 13”15=37 16” 16=28 
9 ”16=50 13” 16=35 I6”I8 

9 ”18=45 13” 18=31 16 ”20=23 
10” 12=60 13” 20=28 I6”22=2l 
10” 13=55 13” 22=25 I6”24=I9 
10” 14=52 13 ” 24=23 I6”26=I7 
10” 15=48 13” 26=21 16’’28= 16 
10” 16=45 13” 28=20 I6”30=I5 
10” 11=43 13” 30=19 16 ”32=14 

10 ” 18=40 13 ”32=17 16 ”34=13 
10”20 = 36 14” 15=34 I6”36~I3 
10 ”22=33 14” 16=32 16 ”38=12 
10 ”24=30 14” 17=31 I6”40=l I 

10 ”26=28 14” 18=29 I6”42=li 
I0” 28=26 14 ”20=26 I6”44H0 
10”30=24 14” 22=24 I6”46=I0 

11 ” 12*55 14” 24=22 I6”48= 9 
11 ”13 = 51 14” 26=20 I6”52= 9 
11 ” 14=47 14” 28=19 I6”54= 8 
11 ” 15=44 14”30= 17 I6”60= 8 
11 ” 16=41 14” 32= 16 18*>20=20 
•I I ”17=39 14” 34=15 18 ”22 = 18 

11 ” 18=37 14” 36=14 18 ”24 = 17 
11 ”2.0=33 I4)->38=I4 I8”26 = I6 
11 ”22=30 |4”40=13 I8”28=I4 

11 ”24=27 14” 42=12 I8”30=I4 
12” 14=43 14”44=12 I8”32 = I3|22’ 

12 ”15=40 14” 46= 11 18”34 = 12[22 
12” 16=38 15” 16=30 I8”36»ll 
12” 17=35 15” 18=27 I8”38=M 
I2”I8=34 I5” 20=24l8”40=l0 
12”20=30 15”22=22 18 ”42=10 24”26=22 

KAa.\)\«. 5 A\o\nV<\c; W\S/fy\aAe, 
VKWe., as YoAxcaXeA.-_ 

An inclination of I ft. in 10 is 528 ft. per mile. 
” ” I ” 15 ” 352 ” ” 

” I ” 20 ”264 >» ” 

” I ” 25”211 ’» ” 


18’ 
18’ 
18’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
2520’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
20 ’ 
22 ’ 
22 ’ 
22 ’ 
22 ’ 
22 ’ 
22 ’ 
22 ’ 
22 ’ 
22 ’ 
22 ’ 
22 ’ 


22 ’ 

22 ’ 

24’ 


52=8 
56=7 
60= 7 
22=16 
24=15 
26=14 
28=13 
30 = 12 
32=11 
34=11 
36=10 
38=10 
40= 9 
42= 9 
44= 8 
46= 8 
48=8 
50= 7 
54= 7 
58=6 
64=6 
24=14 
26=13 
28=12 
30=11 
32 = 10 
34-10 
36=9 
40=8 
42=8 
44=7 
48=7 
50 = 7 
52=6 
56 = 6 
60 = 5 
24=13 


If 

If 


8,000 miles 
7,000 miles. 
6,000 miles 
5,000 miles 
4,000 milei 

/ 5ooom, 


4=250 Ibs- 
3261! lbs. 
f=444f lbs. 
=640 lbs. 
00 lbs. 


750lbs> 


2000 m,.50Mbs, 
1000 m, 

Cent-re I 


,250 lbs. 
i 0 pounds. 

yVTVa, wcvWCs. 1 

. \zx V* Tb W TCwXksV 


All objects weigh 
most at the surface 
of the earth. Ascend¬ 
ing from the sur¬ 
face, their weight 
diminishes as the 
square, of their dis¬ 
tance, from the cen¬ 
ter increases. De¬ 
scending towards 
the center, t heir 
weight diminishes 
as their distancefrore 
the surface increases. 
The operation of 
this law in the case of an object weighing 
1,000 pounds at the earth’s $urface,is shown 
in the diagram. 

Owing to the centrifugal force being ex¬ 
cessive at the equator, and the polar diame¬ 
ter shorter than the equatorial, an object 
will weigh less at the eq uator than at the 
poles— 1,000 pounds at the poles weighing 
only 995 pounds at the equator. 

,\N<t\c;\\\ <s\See Cooks. 

The following are 
all breech-loader rifles, and convey agener- 
al idea of the power,etc. of guvs. There 


range Is 

ten r 
Length 

niles 

Cau- 

or" 

Weight 

11 ore. 
Weisht 

Initial 

PBRFO 

RATION 

OF 

Weioht. 

OF 0-UN 

BRE IN 

Chatoe 

Projhtili 

Veucity 

IRON 



in Feet. 

Inches 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

-IN 

Feet. 

1,000 

YARDS. 

119- 

ton(&er.i 

44.7 

15.75 

615 

1,632 

2,017 

29 in. 

110 

” (Eng) 

41.8 

16.25 

900 

1,800 

2,020 

30 ” 

108 

”( ”) 

46.8 

17.00 

882 

2,000 

2,037 

29 ” 

100 

”(”) 

30.7 

17.00 

772 

2,000 

1,835 

28 ” 

100 

”(It.) 

39-7 

17.00 

772 

2,000 

1,835 

28 ” 

71 

”((?er.) 

31.4 

15-75 

485 

1,715 

1,703 

24” 

71 

”(Fr.) 

34.8 

14.50 

546 

1,455 

2,034 

24” 

63 

’* (Eng.) 

34.7 

13.50 

625 

1,250 

2,050 

28 ” 

52 

”(Fr.) 

32.7 

13.30 

362 

926 

1,968 

23 ” 

48 

”(GerJ 

32-0 

12.00 

357 

1,003 

1,857 

24” 

21 

”(Etip.) 

23.9 

9.20 

230 

220 

2,179 

19” 

20 

”( ”) 

25.5 

9.05 

197 

403 

1,900 

21 ” 


iMMWJ Wti • j•; xj^ ' vt j XJ' \\\ 

\'\tVwb oX^Noo&.-The relative hardness 
of woods Is calculated by the hickory which 
is the toughest. Estimating this at 100, others 
rankasfollows:—Pignut,96; whiteoak,84; 
white ash,77; dogwood,75; scrub oak,73; 
white hazel,72; apple tree,70; red oak, 69; 
white beech,65; black walnut,65; black birch, 
62; yellow,and black oak, 60; hard maple,56; white 
elm,58; red cedar,56; cherry,55; yellow pine,54;chest 
nut,52; poplar,51; butternut,43; white pine,35. 


143 





































































"MEASURES ^ 


,ScA\e o''.- In 
fche following list, any sul 


119 list, any substance will 
scratch the one immediately following it: 

Diamond, sapphire, topaz, quartz.feldspar, 
scapolite, apatite, tluor spar, calc spar.rtii- 
ca, gypsum, talc. 

'^tvV-^'ociviOtr ok W'O'oke.tM vx\ r\or. 
Timothy, a year in -mow or stack,500 cu.ft. 
Timothy, from bottom of stack.. 400 ” 

Timothy, newly stacked.700 ” 

Timothy and clover, old stacked.... 600 ” 

Timothy and clover,new.. 800 " 

Clover, stacked,old.700 ” 

Clover, new.. ... 900 ” 

Common meadow hay, old.800 ” 

Common meadow hay, new.1000 ” 

'^t^k v ,Vex\q,\\\,e\t.,cX.- The length to which 
hair may grow normally, especially in wo¬ 
men, is veTy considerable, 74 inches hav¬ 
ing been exhibited in-the "Hair Court” of 
the International Exhibition(l862). 

Adam Kirpen,of Chicago, is reported to have 
sold a crop of whiskers in 1861, the length 
of which was 5 feet, and that subsequently 
they grew to the length of 17 feet. 

Han which is lightest in color is also 
lightest in weight. Light or blonde hair 
is generally the most lumient, and it has 
been calculated that the average number of 
hairs of this color oh an average person’s Head 
is 140,000; while the number of brawn Hairs 
. is 110,000, and black, 103,000. 

^ 36 lbs.straw 

*1 truss; 56 lbs. old hay= I -tru-ss;60lbs.new 
hay= I truss; 36 trusses=l load. 

Ytefcfo VJ\ , LN'aV)V,T.\^T.W'\ < i.- Most of great 
men have had great heads. Webster’s head 
measured over 24 inches;Clay’s,over 73; 
Napoleon's, nearly 24; Hamilton’s, 232. 
Burks, Jefferson's, and Franklin’s heads 
were very large. Small and average heads 
may astonish us by their brilliancy and 
learning, but fail in that commanding great 
ness which impresses and sways.tSee Brain, 
weight of). 

The general rule for the head-measure¬ 
ments of adults is as follows:—Smallest 
size compatible with fait talents, 204; mod¬ 
erate, 20| to2li; average,2li to22; full, 
22 to 22J; large,22| to23|, very large, 
above 23|. 

Ytf-KV-S ee Temperatures. 

VfcKX Heat is communi¬ 

cated in three ways: viz.,Conduction,Con¬ 
vection, and Radiation. 

The relative conducting power of metals 
is as follows: —Silver, 100; copper,74;gold, 
53; brass,24; tin, 15; iron,12; lead,9;plat¬ 
inum,8; Berman silver,6; bismuth,}. 

Of articles of clothing,linen,cotton, silk, 
wool, furs. 

Liquids and gases are poor conductors, 
but good convectors of heat. 

(See Radiation). 

— See Specific Heat. 
kMEKk NJkkAi^. OF Pounds of water 

evaporated by I lb. of fuel are as follows*. 
Straw,1.9: wood,3.1; peat,3.8; coke or 
charcoal,6.4; coal, 7.9; petroleum, 14.6. 

KWT) vmQrWT KXWvWtUX 
k^cS.-See Man and Woman (index). 


Yfc\&YK W KWS Y>K- 

VvOWcTT-Tk.- See Barometer, also Water. 

7\0V , c.,NNe\^\\\s> \\ \n\W 7>m \n’'\V\ 
'E^kiVv,.- 

ClBCUMFEIIEHCE. WEIGHT. Circumferehcc WEIGHT. 




8 feet apait,680 hills. 
1,210 
1,732 
3,556 
4,840 
6,969 
10,890 
43,560 

,'LiCrc<\'yyx^V\\i cVwe vcAkv\w*A XVv^\\V- 
Twenty pigs -were well fed.and fattened 
with results as follows: 


VfcYoVTC SN^W^eXTLWNe.-THe 
following are the average relative heights 
and weights of persons in health,as ob 
fained by Or, Hutchinson from over five 
thousand individuals 


5 ft. i in.. 

...120 lbs. 

5ft. 7in. 

...148 lbs. 

5 ” 2 

...125 ” 

5” 8 ” 

...155 r* 

5 ” 3 ”.. 

...133 ” 

5" 9 *’ 

...162 ” 

5 ” 4 ’*.. 

...139 ” 

5 ” 10 ” 

...169 « 

5 ”’5 ”.. 


5” II ” 

...174 »’ 

5 ” 6 ”.. 


6” 00 ” 

...178 ” 


1 inch. 200 lbs. 

li ” .312 ” 

li ” . 450 '» 

ll ” .612 ” 

2 ” . 800 ” 

2i ” .1012 ” 

2i ” .1250 ” 

21 ” .1512 ” 


3 inches 
34 ” 

34 ” 

31 ” 

4 ” 
44 ” 

5 ” 

6 " 


.. 1800 lbs. 
..2112 ” 
..2450 ” 
..2812 ” 
..3200 ” 
..4000 ” 
..5000 ” 
..7200 ” 


40feet apart, 27 hills, 


35 

15 

35 

11 

6 

30 

5 * 

48 

11 

5 

25 

15 

69 

11 

34 

20 

11 

108 

11 

3 

15 

11 

193 

11 

24 

12 

11 

302 

1 *» 

2 

10 

11 

435 

15 

1 


No. 

LIVE. 

DRESSEO. 

No. 

LIVE. 

DRESSED. 

I 

172 lbs. 

143 

bs. 

1 1 

121 lbs. 

102 lbs. 

2 

151 »• 

.128 

1 1 

12 

175 ” 

144 ” 

3 

150 ” 

126 

1 1 

13 

149 ” 

119 ” 

4 

130 ” 

107 

1 1 

14 

150” 

125 ” 

5 

136” 

117 

11 

15 

167” 

|4I ” 

6 

162 ” 

135 

11 

16 

150” 

122 ” 

7 

135” 

109 

11 

17 

131 ” 

113 ” 

8 

136 ” 

1 18 

11 

18 

170 ” 

141 ” 

9 

153 ” 

128 

51 

19 

130 ” 

112 ” 

10 

160 ” 

130 

11 

20 

120 ” 

97 

Total Live W’t, 2.942 

- Dressed Wrt.2,452 


- To estimate the work 


of any force, acting through a limited 
period of time, a unit of work has been 
adopted, called the V\orse-^ower.(See Foot¬ 
pound). A Horse-power is the mechanic¬ 
al value of a force capable of raising thir¬ 
ty-three thousand pounds one foot in one 
minute. Its work is equal to thirty-three 
thousand foot-pounds in a minute. 

\&Ok*V\5kK\N\ue, CKVKWrt.-On metal 
rails a horse can draw:-One and two- 
thirds times more than on asphalt pavement; 

Three and one-third time more than cm good 
Belgian blocks; 

Five times more than on ordinnu Belgian 
blocks; 

Seven times more than on good cob- 
ble-stone; 

Thirteen times more than on ordinary 
cobble-stone; 

Twenty times more than on an ordi¬ 
nary earth road; 

c orty times more than on sand. 

A horse can drig,as compared with 
what he can carry on his back, in the fol¬ 
lowing proportioris:-Ori earth road, three 
times more; macadamized road,nine; plank, 
twenty; on stone trackway,thirty-three; 
On a good railway, fifty-four times as much. 


VkOkk^Y&Vtt W^KSWvVb.-See Cooks. 
WYiVAMA ^>Q^\XXoxv\<josaV\ox\ ok .-See Chem¬ 
istry of the B’ody(index). 

WViVAKH V\T , Km ex a.o,<i Vov\o>Vv\ ok .-The 
average length of human life is placed 
at thirtu-three years.lSee Life,50 Veau of). 
VWWOkU TV^>V\V,K\\OnAt each inspi¬ 
ration of a man, about llcubic inches 
of air pass into the lungs,and this is re 
peated 20 times a minute, maki ng a cu 
oic foot in 54 minutes; 274 cubic feet 
in 24 hours. The capacity 0 / the lungs 
is about 340 cubic inches. 

YOOVAKY. ^\NJ\V\TKT\OW,Sr^ak<zs ok.— 
I. Lowest G-rade of Savagery. 2. Middle 
Grade of Savagery. 3. Uppe r Grade of 
Savagery. 4. Lowest Graae of Barbarism 
5. Middle Grade of BaTba risin. 6. Upper 
Grade of Barbarism. 1. Civilization. 
We.,S\xex\ 0 )Vv\ ok.- 

Ice two inches thick will sustain a wan. 
Four inches thick, a man on horseback 
Five inches,an 80-poundt: gun. 

Six inches, a team with small load. 

Eight inches, a team with heavy load. 

Ten inches, an Innumerable multitude. 
\Xkk3\A CrV Y,K\W.- An "I nch of Rain” means 
a gallon of water spread over a surface of near¬ 
ly two square feet, or 3,630 cubic feetHOO tow) 
upon an acra. 

Wk£i\5Y>K\\W. -"Vvvm, x«,<yww«.A W ''NjNOkvw; 
^o><s.-See Gestation. 

\\Vtfa KWT 5 VK\W\ < t>,VN\'kX\i'?^S> ot * or 

Brow-n = red and black mixed together. 
Buf f= yellow, while, and a lithe Venetian red. 
Chestnut: white and brown. 

Chocolate = black and Venetian ted. 

Claret= red. umber, black. 

Coppet= red, yellow, black. 

Cream=white,yellow,Venetian red. 

Dove®white,vermillion,blue, yellow. 
Drab= umber, white,Venetian red. 

Fawn= white, yellow, red. 

Flesh Color= white, lake, vermihion. 
Freestone=red,black,yellow ochre,vermillion. 
Gold = white, stone ochre, red. 
Gray=white lead, black. 
frray(Silvef)=indigo and lampblack. 
Grau(Pearl)= white, blue, black. 

Green Bronze=chrome qreen,black, yellow 
Green (Bright)= white and gteen. 
Gteen(DaTk)= liqht green and black. 

GreenfPea) = white and qreen. 
GreenlBrilliant)® white and tme 14 id yuan. 
Lead Color® white and lampblack. 

Lemon = white,chrome yellow. 

Limestone®white,yellow ocfm,black, red. 
Olive- yellow, blue,black,white. 

Orange® yellow and red. 

Pcach= white and vermillion. 

Pearl® white.black.bhef. 

Pink®white and carmine 
Purple= violet, with more red and white. 
Rose® white and lake. , 

Sandstone^white, yellow ochre.black, red. 
Snuff= uellow.Vandukt brawn. 
StrawColOTcwhite and yellow. 

Violet® red, blue, white. 

White (French)® purple, and white. 

ok.-A beetle recently e» 
hibited at a scientific exhibition,gave rise 
to the following a 6 to its strength: - Weiyht 
of beetle, I wo grains; weight moved by it, 
54 ounces —1320 t irnes the weight of t he 
beetle! Were man’s strength equal m propor¬ 
tion, he could move nearly IOO tons. 




144 





















































„ * J '-31; 1 


WEI6HTS <€ 

MEASURES 


X^VkTWXj 





\W'a,Wk\K\\W\ cN.- At birth 

the inspirations are from 70to23; from 
the ages of from 15 to 20 years, from 24 
to 16: from the ages of from 30 to 50, 
23 to II. 

ok.- Several stages 
may be noted im the progress of intoxica¬ 
tion. VwsV Svaa e. This is characterised by 
liveliness and excitability,the circulation 
of the blood is more free, the bodhy func¬ 
tions are performed with greater freedom, 
the mental faculties are more active, and 
there is a feeling of confidence and strength. 
SexowX SXm e,. In this stage all the pecul 
iarties of character, the weaknesses and fail¬ 
ings of temperament,which are concealed in 
sobriety, manifest themsetves.TViv^SVxA^. 
Consciousness becomes.still more weakened, 
bodily balance is lost, and the brain becomes 
dizzy. TowxXVx The victim sinks 

into a heavy slumber, appetite for food fails, 
•thecheeks become hollow or bloated, the 
vigor of the frame is so lessened as to cul¬ 
minate in delirium tremens. 

WvOXk,^\\Vvx$wXkl'a'vwo'b ok.- A bar of iron 
worth #5, worked into horseshoes, advan 
ces in val ue to * 10; made into needles, is 
worth *350; made into penknife-blades, 
is worth *3285; made into balance-springs 
of watches, is worth*250,000. 

X^kOYX,\ke aX X>o\tns> ok.—(Fahrenheit degrees). 
502°to680°-Violet, PuTple,and dull blue. 
932°-Cove-red with light coating of oxide. 
977—Becomes Nascent Red. 

1292°—Somber Red. 

1472°-Nascent Cherry. 

|657°-Cherry. 

1832°-Bright Cherry. 

2012°-Dull Orange. 

2192°-Bright Orange. 

2372°- White. 

2552°-Brilliant White— weldmg heat. 
2732° to 2912°— Dazzling White. 

\VvW\ I\W\) 'bT'L'LV^ro.aVxng, •s.w&Xrtwskv 

\-V\(V - TONS PER 

' 2_X, _ , _ ._ IN. OF SEC 

Breaking strain or wrought iron.. 03 
Crushing ” ” ” .. IT, 

Breaking strain of cast iron... 7i 

Crushing ” ” »» ... 50 

Breaking strain of steel bars.. 50 
Crushing »» »* ’’ .. 166 

WBft.kNiV&Vk ok.- See Metals. 

YW«V KUX5 
14 Pounds = I Stone; 2\K Stone = I Pig; 
8 Pigs = I Fother. 

kkK\\Jt>,^>wra)o\V\\/\^ ok.-The av¬ 
erage life of an iron rail Is 15,000,000 of 
tons, or equal to 100,000 trains of 150 tons 
each. The average time in years is about 
5; but this depends upon the amount of 
traffic over the road. Steel rails are on¬ 
ly half worn out with 95,600,000 tom 
of traffic, making the time in years 
upward of 18. 

SSNNkSVk NNkLk^rVxT'o^'wteAko 'twgWsV. 
"Vrov; NNevOyW 

The Cerah(doShekel) — 0 lbs.0oz. 0pwf.l2gr. 
The Bekah(4Shekel) = 0”0” 5” 0” 
The Shekel = 0 >♦ 0»* 10 ” 0” 

The Maneh(60Shekels)= 2 ”6” O” 0” 
The Talent (3000 >’)=I25”0” 0” 0” 


MxHCrt* (\Wkk 'STKWiT't 
The circunference of the earth is divided 
into 360 degrees, each degree into 60 knots 
or nautical miles,consequently the circum¬ 
ference of the earth—viz. 131,385,456 feet — 
divided by(360x60=)2l,600 gives the length 
of a knot, viz. 6,082.66 feet, which is gen¬ 
erally considered the standard,except by 
the Admiralty. The Admiralty knot is6,080 
feet; the statute mile being = 5,280feet. 

One knot equals 1.1515 miles,conse¬ 
quently to find the equivalents of knots 
in miles, multiply the number-of knots 
by 1.1515. 

\-.WSOkk,Ni\v.t ok XoVwe'io'wxwowNNeaWV.- 
Dr. Farr estimates the value of an agricul¬ 
tural laborer to the commonwealth asfol- 


lows: 

AGE. 

VALUE. 

Ace. 

Value. 

Age. 

Value. 

5.... 


30. 

.. .#1205 

55... 

..*690 

10 ... 

. 585 

35. 

... 1140 

60... 


15... 


40. 

... 1060 

65... 

.. 230 

20... 


45. 

... 965 

70... 


25... 


50. 

... 840 

75... 

.. ->25 


The minus sign shows a loss to the com¬ 
monwealth. Intellectual workers are often 
of much value after the age of TO. 

WxlAIViWL. — A Township is36 sec¬ 
tions, each a mile square,and containing640 
acres. A quarter section is one half mile square 
and contains 160 acres. An eighth section is 
half a mile, long north and south,a quar¬ 
ter mile wide, and contains 80 acres. A 
sixteenth section is a quarter mile square 
and contains 40 acres. 

The sections of a township are numbered 
from I to 36, commencing at the northeast 
corner, thus: 


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

N.W. 

N.E. 

S.W. 

S.E. 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 


The sections are all divided into quar¬ 
ters, which are named by the cardinal 
points, as in section I. The quarters are 
divided in the same way. The description 
of a forty-acre farm would read thus: The 
south half of the west half of the soufhwest 
quarter of section I, township 24,north of 
range 7 west, or as the case might be; and. 
owing to the meridians converging toward 
the north, and diverging toward the south, 
will sometimes fall shorf,and sometimes o- 
verrun the number of acres it is supposed 
to contain. 

A lot with any of these d’rmensions=an acre: 



WlOTH. 

Lenc-th. 

Width 

Length 

5 yards by 968yards. 

10yards by 483 yards. 

20 » 

242 >’ 

50 » » 

97 >» 

80 » » 

604 »♦ 

47 » ’ 

103 »» 

16 ’ ’ 

303 >» 

30 » * 

161 »* 

59 » * 

82 >’ 

40 » » 

121 >> 

70 » » 

69 »» 

55 » * 

88 »» 


The side of a square to eontai n 
I acre=208.7l feet, or 12,63 rods,or 64 paces. 


r 

5 

>’ = 147.58 

*1 

8.94 


45 

* 1 

1 

5 

’> = 120.50 

« * 

7,30 


37 

1 "> 

f 

4 

♦ ’ ** 10436 


6.32 

* > 

32 

5 ^ 

8 

”= 73.79 


4.47 

i y 

214 

1 * 


VAVft Wv 144 

sq.in*= I sq.ft.; 9 sq.tt.= lsq.yd.; 304Sq.yds. 
-Isq.rod; 40sq.rds.= Irood; 4roods=l acre. 

Also for Surveyors’ measure, 7.92 inch- 
es= I link; 25 links=lrod; 4rods=lchain; 
10 squire chains,or 160 square Tods=l acre; 
640 acres=l square mile. 

Ys^fxX.-A pound of water at 
212° mired with a pound of water at 32“ 
a i ves two pounds at the mean temperature 
of 122°; but a pound of water at2l2°mix- 
ed with a pound of ice at 32°, gives two 
pounds of water having a temperature of 
only 51°. In this case the water has lost 
161°, while the ice has gained only 19°,so 
that 142° have disappeared in changing 
the ice to water. This 142°, which is not 
sensible to the thermometer, is cal led 
\aXert\X VetA. 

The latent heat of water is of the great¬ 
est value in nature, and were it not for 
this provision, the inhabitants ofmoTthern 
valleys would be exposed to terrific inundatiois 
aleveTy approach of spring. 

Every solid Has its own latent heat, 
which is called the Heat of fusion, or the 
latent heat of liquids. In the subjoined ta¬ 
ble the second column of figures shows the 
number of pounds of water that would 
beraised one degree by the solidifying of 
one pound of the substance named. The 
first column is the heat of fusion. 

jn°Fahr. Water=l. 

Water..142.65 l-000 

Zinc. 50.63 -355 

Tin ......... 25.65 .179 

Sulphur . ,.16-85 .118 

Lead. 9.65 .067 

Mercuru ....... 5.11 .035 

,T frSVO KV- 

VKkVEAkT.-A true level coincides with the 
sphericity of the earth, while an apparent 
level consists of a continuation of the level 
plain drawn through the point at which 
the observation is made.(See also Distance 


One 

can See). 





OlST. 

OlFF. OF 

Dist. 

Biff, of 

iJisr. 

OlFF. OF 

YOS. 

level- 

inches. 

YOS. 

LEVEL- 
1 NCHESj 

YOS. 

LEVEL- 

INCHES. 

100. 

... 0.026 

900.. 

..2.081 

1700.. 

..7.425 

200. 

... 0.103 

1000.. 

..2.570 

1800.. 

.,8.324 

300 . 

...0.231 

1100.. 

..3.M0 

-5 mile 

..0.500 

400 . 

...0.411 

1200.. 

..3.701 

^ * J 

..2.000 

500. 

...0,643 

1300.. 

..4.344 

% 

..4.500 

600. 

...0.925 

1400.. 

..5.038 

f 

..8.000 

700. 

1.200 

1500.. 

..5.784 

2 ”, 

.32.000 

800. 

... f.645 

1600,. 

..6.580 

3 »». 

.72.000 


\Jc.HCfVA ^ HXksWT.fSee al¬ 

so Sunset and Sunrise Table—index).- 
The inequality of day and night increases 
slowly in the tropical regions, but more 
and more rapidly toward the, polar circles. 
Beyond these circles the Sun, in the hemis¬ 
phere in which it is vertical,makes the 
entire circuit of the heavens, without sink¬ 
ing below the horizon, for a period vary¬ 
ing from twenty-four hours to six months, 
while in the opposite hemisphere there is” 
a corresponding period of continuous night. 
The Table on the next page gives the length 
of the longest day and shortest nigW,fn differ¬ 
ent latitudes, with the difference in length. 


145 
















































































r 

2LWXW WE T)KK KV65 WXXtWT.T^Vl.- 

LATITUOE. 

LONGEST DAY. 

SHORTEST NIGHT. 

DIFFERENCE. 

Equator.. 

12.0 hours. 

12.0 houTS. 

00.0 hours. 

10° . 

12.7 ” 

11.3 ” 

1.4 ” 

20°. 

13.3 ” 

10.7 »’ 

2.6 ” 

Tropics ... 

13.5 ” 

10.5 ” 

3.0 ” 

30°. 

14.0 ” 

10.0 ” 

4.0 »» 

35°. 

14.5 ” 

9.5 »» 

5.0 »* 

40°. 

15.0 »» 

9.0 ” 

6.0 n 

45°. 

15.6 ” 

8.4 ” 

7.2 ” 

50°. 

16.3 ” 

7.7 ” 

8.6 ” 

55°. 

17.3 »’ 

6.7 ” 

10.6 ” 

60°. 

18.7 ” 

5.3 ” 

13.4 »» 

Polar Circles 

24.0 ” 

0.0 ” 

24.0 ” 

67V. 

1 month. 



694°. 

2 months. 



73,3°. 

3 ” 



78.3°. 

4 ** 


• • • • • 

84°. 

5 »» 



Poles. 

6 n 

• • • « • 

• • • • • 


3 




WEIGHTS 




V\&m VNLtOWS..- 4 g; I Is = I pint; 2 pints 

= lquart; 4 quarts-lgallon; 314 gallons «= 

I barrel; 2 barrels= I Hogshead. ThegaUon 
contains 231 cubic inches. 

VV^WVa-jcTkVKWoXfcW W-See Expansion 4 ^ 
Contraction. 

qt v'e^^Kyv^w.- 


VLWIW WlTLYyV'LWcWT 
WOdT’kTXOTVi,.- The following table ex¬ 
hibits the average length of life as ascertain¬ 
ed in the State of Massachusetts: 

OCCUPATION. YEARS. OCCUPATION. YEARS. OCCUPATION. YFARS. 


Unemployed men 68 Blacksmiths. 51 BakeTS.... 43 
Judges.... 65 Merchants. 51 Painters... 43 
Farmers... 64 Calico Printers. 51 Shoemakers. 43 
Bank Officers 64 Physicians.. 51 Mechanics.. 43 
Coopers ... 58 Butchers .. 50 Editors ... 40 
PublicOfficers 57 Carpenters. 49 Musicians.. 39 
Clergymen.. 56 Masons.... 48 Printers .. 38 
Shipwrights. 55 Traders.... 46 Machinists. 36 
Hatters.... 54 Tailors.... 44 Teachers.. 34 
Lawyers ... 54 Jewelers... 44 Clerks.... 34 
Rope Makers.. 54 Manufacturers. 43 Operatives. 32 

\.\*VT\TTy QV.-According to a 

French statistician, taking the mean of many 
accounts, a man of 50 years of age has slept 
6,000 days; worked 6,500 days; walked 800 
days; was eating 1,500 days; and was sick 
500 days. He has eaten 17,000 pounds of bread; 
16,000 pounds of meat; 4,600 pounds of veg¬ 
etables, eggs, and fish; and dmnk in all,wa¬ 
ter, coffee, wine,etc., 7,000 gallons of liquids. 

VX VWtKT TbWWb.-At 16 fathoms a 
living creature would have to sustain a- 
bout six-tty pounds to the square inch; 
at 60 fathoms, as much as 180 pounds per 
square inch; at IOO fathoms,285 pounds; 
at 700 fathoms, 1830 pounds; at 1000fath¬ 
oms, the pressure per square inch consid¬ 
erably exceeds a ton. 

Whales are known to descend perpendic¬ 
ularly 4,800 feet, and consequently a laigi. 
whale would have to sustain the pressure 
of about 212,000 tons,or about 140 tons 
on every square foot of its body. 

V\WT,7\'LVK\\\)’L 0)7.— 

The direct light of the sun has been esti¬ 
mated to be equal to that of 5,570 wax can¬ 
dles of -moderate sizd supposed to be placed 
at the distance of one foot from the ob¬ 
ject. The light of the moon is only e- 
qual to one candle at a. distance of 12 
feet. The sun’s light is more than 
300,000 times greater than that of t he 
moon. The sun’s light, in comparison 
with that of all the stars taken collectively, 
is many million times greater, and that of Sir 
ius alone, twenty thousand millions greater. 


Nitric acid,,,, 12.7 lbs. 
Muriatic acid...12.0 ” 
Linseed oil.... 9.4 »* 

Whale oil.9.2 ” 

Oil of turpentine. 8.7 ” 
Petroleum.... 8.8 ” 
Tar....10.1 ” 


Water, distil led . .1 0.0 lbs. 

Water, salt.10.3 ” 

Vinegar.10.1 ” 

Alcoholfcommerce). 8,2 ” 

AlcohoKpruofspuit) 9.2 ” 

Naphtha...... 8.5 ” 

Sulphuric acid .18.5 ” . 

07 - See Fluids. 

KUOXJWT TWK\ OKVx 7>7. UKT7L 
Twxv a. 7\xs.Ve\ ok Nacivows Qrxavws.- Corn af¬ 
fords 40 pounds of spirits of the specific grav¬ 
ity of 0.9427, containing 45 per cent, of abso¬ 
lute alcohol for each 100 pounds of grain. 
Wheat, 40 to 45 per cent, of spirits; barley, 
40; oats,36; rye,36 to42; buckwheat,4a 
From the above figures it is found that 
each bushel of corn and rye yields l.96gallons 
of proof spirits; wheat, 2.1 gallons; barley,1.68 
gallons; oats, M2aallons;buckwheat,1.82gals. 
VQWVt\QT\NI7.,70\N77\ 07.-A standard 
locomotive, 324 tons weight,cylinders 16 
inches diameter, 24-inch stroke,60-inch dri¬ 
vers, will haul over a level grade and stra^hl 
line, 1,000 tons, or about 50 loaded cars. 
The same locomotive would work as follows: 

20-foot grade. 460 tons ot23 loaded can. 

40-foot grade. 290 n 14 ” 

60-foot grade. 205 ” 10 ” 

80-foot gtade.150 ” 8 ” 

100-foot grade.120 »» 6 ” 

VOWQr tfvk VWVEATk VK7.K7AJ70L.- 
12 inches= I foot; 3feet = lyard; 54 yards, 
or 164 feet = I rod; 4-0 rods = I furl ong; 
8 furlongs = I mile; 3niiles = l league. 

Also,4 inches=l hand; 3 inchest palm; 
9inches= I spam; 18 inches=l cubit;2l.8 
inches=l sacred cubit; 36 inches, ot 3 feet, 
= 1 pace; 28 inches, or 2'i feet= I military 
pace; 33.38676 inches= I vara. < 

Also, 48 hair’s breadths=l inch; I digit 
=h inch; 4 barley-coms-bTeadthways = %of 
an inch, or 3 barley-coms-lengthways= I 
inch; 12 lines= I inch. (Set Cloth Measure). 
V4W7t\W5^7.,V7.W2 : TW Q7 K W 

7.-&xX\Tbe(\xet oSVaVxWta.- 
LAT. MILES]LAT. MILES. I LAT. MlLES.ILAT, MlLES.ILAT. MILES, 


is 122° 24' 53"; that of New York is 74 
00' 03"; the difference in longitude betwan 
the two places is 48° 24' 50", which,divid¬ 
ed by 15,gives 3hours,13-minutes,39-Sseconds, 
for the difference in time. 

To determine longitude from tbne.mul 
tiply the time in hours,minutes,and sec¬ 
onds, by 15; thus.lhr. 5lmim.45sec.X 15 
= 27° 56' 15" 

WoT TAVtOt.- 313 working days in a year, 
10 hours per day; 

5-minules lest in each day=2ds.6hrs. 5m.pfryr. 
10 » » ’ » =5 ” 2 ” 10 ” 

20 ♦ » > ’ =13” 0 ” 20 ’ 1 

60 » * » i =39” I ” 0 ” 

Vfc.KSWS.r8et Lumber Meas¬ 
urement-index. 

TTVLVTWA'L W.~ 

If the air inspired in a lying position be 
taken as one,.then is the air inspired in. a 
sitting position 1.18; standing, 1.33;walking 
I mile per hour, 1.9; walking 3 milesan hour, 
3.22; walking 6 miles per hour, 7.0; swim¬ 
ming, 4.33; riding,4.05.-'^.7.7wk\V\. 

mm'tWa' WLK7M7JL-6 feet = I fathom; 120 
fathotns= I cable-length; 74 cable-lengths =1 mile. 

I statute mile =5,280feet; I nautical mile 
= 6,085-889568 feet; I equatorial degree (See 
Longitude,Length of a degree,etc.),=60 nauti¬ 
cal miles. (See Nautical Measure).- 

The term Vwo\ refers to a division of tfie 
log line which is used to ascertain a vessel’s 
motion.(See Knots and Statute Miles). 

WbWV=>,TK7.KS\YVv7\A7W7 7Wv.- One 
and one-eighth barrels of lime and H yard 
sand will lay 1,000 bricks. 

One man will lay from 1,800 to2,000 
brick per day. 

14 barrels lime, and I yard of sand, wilt 
lay I 00 feet of Stone. 

One man can lay 150 feet of.stone per day. 

14 barrels cement, and h ya-'i sand, will 

lay 100 feet rubble stone. 

7tvK\7.VA k\5> ,\N’L.VLrW'\ 07 \W VONSWb 
7ex OvJo\<c 7oo\.(See alsoCubic FootWeijhts). 
MATERIAL. LBS. MATERIAL. LBS. MATERIAL. IBS. 


-59.99 I9 <t -56.73|37°47.92|55 <V ?4.4I 73°=I7.54 

2 = 59.96 20=56.3838 =47.28 56=33.55 74=16.54 

3 =59.92 21 -56.0139=46.63 57=32.68 75=15.53 

4 --59.85 22=55.6340=45.96 58=31.80 76=14.52 

5 = 59.77 23=55.23 41 =45.28 59=30.90 77=13.50 

6 =59.67 24=54.81 42-44.59 60=30.00 78=12.47 

7 =59.55 25=54.38 43=43.88 61 = 29.09 79=11.45 

8 -59.42 26=53.93 44=43.16 62-28.17 80=10.42 

9 = 59.2 6 27=53.46 45=42.43 63=27.24 81= 9.39 
10=59.09 28=52.984641.68 64=26.30 82= 8.35 
11 =58,90 29=52.48 47 40.92 65-25.36 83= 7.31 
12=58.69 30=51.96 48=40.15 66-24.40 84- 6.27 
13 =58.46 31=51.43 49 --39.36 67-23.44 85- 5.23 
14= 58.22 32-50.88 50=38.57 68-22.48 86 = 4.19 
15=57.96 33-50.32 51=37.76 69=21.50 87= 3.14 
16=57.68 34=49.74 52-36.94 70=20.52 88= 2.09 
17=57.38 35=49.15 53-36.11 71-19.53 99= 1.05 
18=57.0 6 36=48.54 54=35.27 72=18.54 90 - 0.00 

vm\m K\Vv5 mt.- To reduce longi¬ 
tude to time, divide the degrees,minutes, 
and seconds by 15; thus, 122° 24'53"-H5 
» 8hrs. 9min. 39.5 sec. 

To find the difference of time between 
two places, divide the difference in longitude 
by 15; thus, the longitude of San Francisco 


Alum ..107.1 Lime.hydraulic 171.1 Slate,Av. 175.0 
Asbestos -192.8 limestone, Av. 109.3 Soi l,ordi nary 124.0 
Beech... 53.2 Mercarp,solid977.0Steel... 480.7 
Bismuth. 613.9 Mud,Av. .. 102.0 Tile ... 114.4 
BrassWire.534.0 Nickel....487.9 Tin.... 455.7 
Bronze.. 513.4 Olive Oil... 57.2 TupeMetal 653.1 
Coal,Cannel 77.0 Peat 377 to 83.0 Vinegar. 67.5 
Cobalt .. 488.2 Platinum. 1218.8 Water,fresh - 62.5 
Firebrick. 137.7 Plumbago.. 131.0 Water,sea 64.3 
Grindstonel33.9 PoTtWine. 62.3 Water,DeadSa77.5 
Gun Metal 543.7 Red Lead ..558.7 WhaleOil.. 57.7 
Lard— 59.2 Rock Crystal. 170.9 Zinc .. .439.0 

X\TT'^'4S j T\2i\\ c 3,-The Subjoined table 
of Mean Refractions, with the argument appa¬ 
rent altitude’gives the correction to be applied 
to observed altitudes in ordeT to free them 
from the effect of atmospheric refraction. Bodies ap¬ 
pear i-ny more elevated above the horizon than they 


APPAR. MfAN 
ALT. REF RAC. 

APPAR. MFAN 
ALT. REFAAC. 

APPAR. MEAN 
ALT. REFRAC 

APPAR 

ALT. 

«j 

APPAR 

ALT. 

m 

0°O-34 

£ 

3°30'=I2'58 

I0 C 

= 5 16' 

22°= 

r f} 

2 n 

38° 

1 14 

0 10=32 

49 

4 0=11 39 

II 

-449 

23 = 

2 15 

40 = 

1 9 

0 20-30 

52 

4 30-10 43 

12 

=4 25 

24 = 

2 9 

45= 

0 58 

0 30=29 

4 

5 0=9 47 

13 

=4 5 

25 = 

2 3 

50= 

0 48 

040-27 

23 

5 30=9 2 

14 

=3 47 

26 = 

1 58 

55 = 

0 40 

0 50=75 

50 

6 0-8 23 

15 

=3 32 

27 = 

1 53 

60= 

0 33 

1 0-24 

25 

6 30 a 7 50 

16 

s 3 19 

28 = 

1 48 

65= 

0 27 

1 20-21 

56 

7 0=7 20 

17 

^ 1 

29- 

1 44 

70= 

0 21 

140=19 

52 

7 30=6 53 

18 

=2 56 

30= 

1 40 

75 » 

0 16 

2 0=18 

9 

8 0=6 30 

19 

=2 46 

32= 

1 32 

80- 

0 10 

220=16 

1 

8 30-6 8 

20 

=2 37 

34- 

1 25 

85 a 

0 5 

3 0=14 

15 

9 0=549 

21 

=2 29 

36= 

1 19 

90- 

0 0 


■ II Hill I III ■■■«!■ 


146 































































































^m^W=>,NN\AW TOW**, 

For adults, 9 'ive the- full dose; from 14 to 20 
yens of a. 9 c, % of fu-ll dose; 7 to 14 yens, Ta 
0 o 9 e; 4 to 7 yea.rs,^ dose; 3 years,^ dose; 2 
years,dose; I year, Xx dose; for babes, av¬ 
ail I year, the dose should 90 down by months 
at the same rate as by years,for those over 
a year. 

# Y>os>e.s. 

Arsenic, Fowlers Solution of. 2 to 10 drops. 
Aconite. Extract of..........dfc to fjgraiu 

Aconite,Tincture of...I to 5 drops. 

Aloes, Purified...I to 5grains. 

Aloes, Pills of ;.I to 4 pills. 

Asafoetida, Mixture ofto 2 tablespoonfuls. 
Asafoetida,Tincture of... A. to 2 teaspoonfuls, 

Belladonna,Extract of. K to I gra in 

Belladonna, Fluid Extract of.... I to 5 drops. 

Belladonm,Tincture of.5 to 30 drops. 

Bromide of Ammonia.5to20grains. 

Bromide of Potassium.5 to 20 grai-ns. 

Bromide of Sodium.....5 to20grains. 

Calibar Bean, Extract of. 'A to I grain. 

Calomel. >6 to 10 grains. 

Camphor,Spirits of.....5 to 15drops. 

Camphor Water........ J to4teaspoonfuls. 

Capsicum,Tincture of.. 10 to 20 drops. 

Castor Oil..... A to2 tablespoonful. 

Chloral, Hydrate of.5 to30 grains. 

Cinchona, Sulphate of.5 to30grains. 

Cinchona.CompoundTincture of.l to4 teaspoonfuls. 

Cod liver Oil. Afo\ tablespoonful. 

Copper, Sulphate of.... X to ty. arain. 

Corrosive Sublimate...Afo to -Vo grain 

Cream of Tartar....5 to 60 grains. 

Croton Oil..,.f to2 drops. 

Digitalis,Extract of.... K to2 grains. 

Digitalis,Tincture of.5 to 30 drops. 

Dover’s PovydeT.5 to 10 grains. 

Epsom Salts. h. to 2 tablespoonfuls. 

Gentian,Extract.of..I to 5 grains. 

Hydrochloric Acid, dilute.I to 5 drops. 

Iodine, Compound Tincture of... 2 to 5 drops. 

Iodide of Potassium.5 to30grains. 

Ipicacuanha,Fluid Extract of.. 2 to30 drops 
Ipicacuanha, Syrup of.. I to 4 teaspoonfuls 
Iron, Pyrophosphate of ......2 to 5 grains. 

Iron, Tincture of the Chloride of.2 to 30 drops. 

Lactic Acid...15 to 30 drops. 

Laudanum...15 to40 drops. 

Lead, Sugar of. . K to 5 grains. 

May Apple,Extract of.34o 8 grains. 

Muriatic Acid, dilute.5 to 10 drops. 

Morphine..-*b to -^grains. 

Magnesia,Sulphate of.*i to 2 tablespoonfuls. 

Mustard,GTound_.I to 2 teaspoonfuls. 

Nitre, Sweet Spirits of... .h. to I teaspoonful. 

Nux Vomica,Tincture of.10 to 25 drops. 

Opium, Extract of.. \ to 2 grains. 

Opium,Tincture of... 5 to 40 drops. 

Paregoric. A to 2 tablespoonfuls. 

Potassium,Bicarbonate of.. ..5 to 20 grains. 

Potassium,Bromide of,..5 to20 grains. 

Potassium,'Chlorate of...5 to20 grains. 

Potassium, Iodide of ....,..S to30grains. 

Pepsin. 5 to 10 grains. 

Quinine.2 to 10 grains. 

Senna,Fluid Extract of....I tablespoonful. 
Soda,Bicarbonate of......«5 to20grains- 

Squill,Syrup of. \ tol teaspoonfuh 

Strychnia,Sulphate of... ioto/fx of a grain. 
Turpentine, Spirits or Oil of....5 to 10 drops. 
Zinc, Oxide of.. A. to 5 grains. 


YKLVWt OY ‘bWCA.Wi<3Y.- 
The rank In welodu of sblymg birds is as 
follows: The nightingale,linnet, titlark, 
skylark, and woodlark. The mockingbird ex 
cels in Imitative powers, and in variety of 
tones, the robin and goldfinch. 

m W "The aver 

age weight of 20,000 men and women, weigh¬ 
ed at Boston,Mass.,was—men, 141-^lbs.; Wo¬ 
men, 124^ lbs. 

A crowd of people closely packed exerts a 
pressure of about 85 lbs. per square foot. 

The average weight of a man is I40%lbs. 

The average weight of a strong caTt horse 
is 14 cyvt., and of a cavalry horse, 11 cwt.; a 
Cow,6$ to8cwt.; an ox,7 toBcwt.;a pig, 

I to 2 cwt.; and a sheep, % to \A cwt. 

SY.-(See also Composi 
tions, Proportions of, and Coins,Fineness of). 

Bath Metal is composed of copperand tin. 

Bri tanrtia WaTe=tin,antimony,coppeT, bismuth. 

Broiize=tin and copper. 

Cannon Metal=tin and Copper. 

Dutch Cold= copper and zinc. 

Mosaic &old=copper and zinc. 

Old standard Gold = gold,copper, silver. 
Pewter=tin and lead. 

Sheet Metal= lead and a little arsenic. 

Solder= tin and lead. 

Standard Gold=gold and copper. 

Standard Silver= silver and copper. 

Tope Metal=lead and antimony. 

White Copper= copper and arsenic. 
mXkV'b,YVE\.KY\\)Y. NNY.YiYrY'i O’?.-If Bar 
Iron be taken as 100, then Cast Iron is 95; 
Steel,102; Copper,116; Brass, 109; Lead,148. 

If Cast Iron be 100,then Bar Iron is 107; 
Steel, 108; Brass,116; Copper, 121; Lead, 156. 

If Brass be 100, then Bar Iron is 92; Cast 
hon 86; Steel,93; Copper,105; Lead, 135. 

If Copper be 100, then Bar Iron is 87; Cast 
Iron, 82; Steel,88; Brass,93; Lead, 128. 

If Lead be 100,then Bar Iron is 68; Cast I- 
ron, 64; Steel, 69; Biass 74; Copper,78. 
VNf\KkS^'LVK\\\l^. ?0\NTO=> OY Xfc W 
<Wvc\.-(See Heat Conductors). 
Silver is the best conductor of electricity, 
then copper, gold,zinc, iron, tin, lead,an¬ 
timony, and bismuth, in the order as 
given. 

\K\>WS.- While, 

the value of any one metal cannot be re¬ 
garded as constant, it has an average val¬ 
ue; and many of the more rare metaisdo 
not exist in large quantities, yet, in order 
to compare the values,they are considered 
as existingin at feast one pound (Avoirdu¬ 
pois) quantities. In the subjoined list the 
prices are the average per pound 


METAL, 


PRICE. 


Gallium$48, OOO.co 
Vanadium.l 0,000.00 
Rubidium. 9,070.00 
Zirconium. 7,200.00 
Lithium.. 7,000.00 
Glucium. 5,400.00 
Calcium.. 4,500.00 
Strontium. 4,20 0.00 
Terbium. 4,080.00 
Vitrium. .4,080.00 
Erbium.. 3, 400.00 
Cerium. .3,400-00 
Didymiuin3,200.00 
Indium. .3,200.00 
RutHentum2,400.00 
Rhodium..2,300.'" 


METAL. PRICE, 


Niobine $2,300.00 
Barium. 1,800.00 
Palladium!, 400.00 
Osmium 1,300.00 
Iridium.l, 090.00 
Uranium 900.00 
Titanium 689.00 
CHfffmium 500.00 
Gold... 330.00 
Molybilermm225.00 
Thallium 225.00 
Platinum 150.00 
Manganese 130.00 
Tungstein 115.00 
Magnesium 64.00 
Potassium 64.00 


METAL. PRICE. 


SilvertMS.OO 
Cobalt 16.00 
Sodium 8.00 
Nickel 5.00 
Cadmium 4.00 
Aluminium 3.00 
Bismuth 2.50 
Mercury .95 
Arsenic .50 
Tin... .25 
Copper. .25 
Antimony .16 
Zinc... 
Lead... 

Iron.. .Ola 


MKN-Wt QY mwwttms YYYk.YikYvVA. 


Diamond.$50 to$l50 
Sapphire.. 100 ” 150 
Ruby.Qnental ,...100 


Emerald..$50 to#200 
Opal.... 15 »» 40 
Chrysoberyf 15 ” 50 


sq. yd. 
acres 


XAVYYAXj SXSYY.YsN.— The metric system is 
so called as being based on the measurement 
of the earth. The"metre,its fundamental measure, 
is the ten-millionth part of a meridian line 
drawn from tire pole to the equator, and is 
39.37079 English inches. The 100th of a metre 
is the 'Ltxx'SAwe.'w,. The ^rxaxwcwe, is a cubic 
centimetre of distil led waterat the temper¬ 
ature of maximum density(39.2°FJ,being 
15.438 English grains, or ,00220541b. av¬ 
oirdupois. All the multiples and subdivis¬ 
ions of the current coins, as well as of ev¬ 
ery measure and weight, are decimal.This 
system was first adopted by France in 1799. 

\NY.\YYXY> KVW5 - 

LINEAR MEASURE . 

Metre.- 3.2808992 feet. 

DecametreUOmetres)... = 32.808992 feet., 
HectometredOOmeterp). = 323.08992 feet. 
Ki I onietrell,000 metres). =1093.633 yards, 
MyriametreliOjOOOmetres). =■ 6.2138 miles. 

Decimetre!.I metre).... = 3.937079 inches. 

Centimetre!.0lmetre)...-= 0.39371 inch 

Millimetre!.OOTmetre). = 0.03937 inch. 

SUPERFICIAL MEASURE. 

ArellOO sq. metres).... = 119.60113 
Hectare! 10,000 sq. metres) = 2.471143 

Centiare(I sq.metre)... = 1.196033 sq. yd 

MEASURE OF CAPACITY . 

Li tre (I cubic decimetre) = 1.760773 pints 

De'calitrellO litres)...'... = 2.2009668 gals. 

HectolitrellOOlitres)..., = 22.009668 gals. 
Kilolitre(l,000litres)... = 220.09668 gals 
De'cilitrel.l litre).0.17 6 07 pint. 
Centilitrel-01 litre),....- 0.017607 pint 

SOLID MEASURE . 

Stere (I cubic metre).. = 1.31 cubic yard. 

De'castereUOsteres)=!3cu.yds.,2feet, 21 inches. 
DecistereU stere)=3 cu.lt,918.7 cubic,inches. 
WEIGHTS . 

Gramme.=f5.432349 grs.froy. 

DecagramellOgraws! V. = 5.6438 drm. avoir. 
Hectogramme! lOOgrammes) 3.527 oz. avoir. 
Kilogramme11,000 9 t.)= 2.204621 lb. avoir 
Quintal metriqaeOOO kilos.)=220.4671 I b. avoir. 
Mi diet, w tonneau(ll)l)Okilos.)=2204.621 I b. avoir 
De'cigrammel.l gramme) = 1,5432 grain. 

Centigrammel.0lgramme)= 0.15432 grain, 

Milligramme! .001 gramme) 3 0.015432 grain. 

\NY.\WTY> kWX 

Y>ox\\e,r\ \x\\^ ^.w^\\s\\ N Ut\q'c)vs 4 y M eas ures. 

To convert grammes into avoirdupois oun¬ 
ces, multiply by .0352; kilogrammes,into 
avoirdupois lbs., multiply by 2.2046; litres 
into gallons, multi-ply by .2202 ; litres into 
pints, multiply by 1.762 ; millimetresinfs 
inches, multiply by 25.4; metres into yards, 
multiply by 70 and divide by 64. 

VAVYYAC. m\W\S> mk2mY.8,*x\- 
qWsVrY.<\\v\\ia\e.a\W ok.—An English mile 
= 5280 feet; an admiralty knot=6080 feet, 
a kilometer=328l feet. An English mile is, 
therefore = 0.87 knot =1.609 kilometre. Or 
I knot = 1.15mi!e= 1.85 kilometre. Or I kilo 
metre=0.54 knot =0.621 English mile. I me¬ 
tres 39.37 inches; I square mile=259 hec¬ 
tares; I square metre = 1550 square ineh- 
es = 10.76 square feet; 10 square feet=0.929 
square metre; I cubic metre = 1.308 cubic 
uards=35.3 cubic feet; I cubic yard=765 
litres; Icu-bic foot = 28.3 litres; I litre=6l 
cubic inches; lOcubic inches = 0.1639 li¬ 
tres; I Hectolitre = 2.84 _bushels = 35.2 li¬ 
tres; 1 tonneau-wv millier—.984 English 
tonlof 2240 lbs.); I English ton=1.016 tgn- 
neau or millier. 

VA\V^,WVKYKYkVo<i\^ OY.—English statutemile 
is 1760 yards: Roman,1628; Tuscan, 1808; BeT- 
man short,6859-long, 10126; Irish,2240;Dan- 
ish,8224; Swiss,9153; Swedish, II,TOO. 


147 




















































































YvA\\_V,,tWkkk><Y\'b 07 


’WEIGHTS «€ 

l-MEASUR E S 


*W\\W 

\5VS. 





Water. 

Fat. 

Caseine. 

Sugar 

Tola 

Woman 

89.3 

2.5 

3-4 

4 8 

100 

Cow. 

. 86.0 

4.0 

7.2 

2.8 

100 

Ass.. • 

. 90.9 

l.l 

1.9 

6.1 

100 

Goal.. 

86.8 

3.3 

to 

5.9 

100 

Ewe .. 

.85.6 

4.2 

4 5 

5.7 

100 


tK\\^,W^K*N,*\S^^,W.— T he 
time required lor the lull amount of 
cream to rise to the surface o< new milk 
at different temperatures may be seen 
from the following cable. 

10 to 12 hours with temperature of a* 77° F. 
18 tcf20 »» ” ” ” 68’’• 

24 •» " »♦ 55®” 

36 n »• *• ” 50®” 

I pal tori of milk weighs <0 lbs. 4 02 s.; 
being heavier than water in the propor 
tion ol 103 to 100. The best temperature 
at which to churn vx?.v«v isfrom55°to 

60° Fahr. ; for vrv\W. 65° FahT. Milk will 
produce scarcely any cream,even in the 
spare of a month, if it is kept at 33°to38°. 
Milk turns sout by the fermentation of 
the sugar, and its transformation into lar- 
tic acid, thus causing l he milk to curdle; 
vineyar or rennet will produce the same 
effect. Good cream will produce abouttS 
of its weight of butter; cheese made from 
good milk contains nearly 33 per cent, of 
water: that from skim-milk 60 percent. 

NNTAVAT'b VKlWb- 
wns.-See at close of this list. 

mwiw <57.- 
See Hardness of Minerals. 

UvYftft <57 S777>V7kkm. 


FATHER . 

White 

White 

White 

White 

White 

Neyro 

White 

NeyTo 

Mulatto 


Mother. 


Neyro 
Mulatta Cusrrteron 
Cuarterona Q ui ritero 
Quintera White 


Male-Offspring - Fem . 
Mulatto Mulatta 


Indian 
I ndian 
Chinese 
Chinese 
Chinese 


Mestizo 

Zambo 


Cuarterona 

Quintera 

White 

Mestiza 

Zambia 


Chino-bianco 

Zambo-chmo 

Chino 


S, A OkN7.7k<b,Y>Wk7.'b,7.'kk>., 
Wi\C;Vv\ oV \w 7 mX,- 

Asinelli Tower, Italy ..371 feet. 

Barbel,Tower of....680 

BaJbec.500 

Balws of Notre Dame, Paris.2 1 6 

Bartholdi Statue, New York.329 

Belfry Tower,Bruges, Belyium.... 290 

Bunker Hill Monument.221 

Capitol, Washington.287 

Cathedral, St.Petersbury.363 

Cathedral, Escurial.200 

Cathedral, St.Patrick’s, New York .. 328 
Cathedral, Norwich,Eny land.... 315 

Cathedral, Florence.384 

Cathedral,Salisbury,England ... 404 

Cathedral, Cronoma.392 

Cathedral, Bremen,Ger..324 

Cathed ral, Strasbury.468 

Cathedral, Amiens, Ft...422 

Cathedral,Cologne.. 511 

Cathedral, Antwerp.. 476 

Cathedra l, Rouen. 482 


. 535 
68 
984 
350 
216 


. 230 
, 240 
442 
,258 
114 
200 
520 
447 
356 
210 
328 
463 
404 
200 
366 
457 
465 
396 
286 


Cathedral,Milan ....... 438feet. 

Cathedral, Mexico..... 280 

Chicago Board of Trade. . 303 

Chicago Water Tower....175 

Chimney,St.Rolio*,Glasgow.... 455 
Chimney,Muspral’s,Liverpool.. 406 

City Hall,Philadelphia... 

Cleopatra's Needle,New York. 

Eiffel Tower, Paris. 

Giraida Tower, Spain.. 

Grace Church,New York.., 

High Bridge, New York.. 116 

Hotel des invalides, Paris . 344 

Hotel de Vi lie, Brussels. ,-364 

Leaning Tower, Pisa.. 188 

Lincoln Cathedral,England.... 300 
Masonic Temple,Philadelphia 

Monument, London.. 

Notre 0ame Church,Antwerp. 

Pantheon, Paris... 

Pompey’s Pillar,Egypt.. 

Porcelain Tower, China.. 

Pyramid of Cheops,Egypt. 

Pyramid of king Shafra . 

Pyramid of.Sakkara «,,, 

St. John’s, New York . 

St. Mark’s, Venice. 

St. Martin's, landshut,&er, 

St.Mary’s, Lubec... 

St.Paul’s,New York .... 

St.Paul's, L ondon. 

St.Peter's, Rome. 

St.Steven’s,Vienna. 

Torazzo Tower,Italy ... 

Trinity Church, New York. 

WatkinsTower, London.1134 

Washington Monument .555 

ok &oux>\e N\k>xA’\o'\vb,ok ea.cY\Yekkii,Vxow 
W\e, kowesk \o VV\e,\\MjV\esX-.— There must 
be at least 32 vibrations or waves in one 
second of time, to produce a musical tone. 
It is the lowest musical sound recognised, 
and is denoted by the letter C; the length 
ol the atmospheric wave of this letter is 
35 feet,and is the length of an organ pipe 
producing this sound. Nine octaves above 
this!highest sound on any musical instru¬ 
ment) is accomplished through a pipe 
la of an inch in length. 

> In the Jst or lowes t octave. P, vibrates32 
times per second; D 36, E 40, F 42i ,(r48, 
A 524, B 60. 

2nd Octave. -C 64 T [) 72. E 80. F 85,G 
96, A 105, B 120. 

3rd Octave .-C 128, D 144, E 160, F 
H0,G 192,A 2I0.B240. 

4th Octave .-C 256.0 188.E 320, F 
340,G384,A420, B480. 

5th Octave .-C 512. D 576, E 640, F 
680,G 768,A 840, B 960. 

6th Octave .- c 1024, D f 152,E1280, F 
1360,G1536,A1680, B1920. 

7th Octave. -C2048, 0 2304, E 25 60, 
F 2720, G 3072, A 3360, B 3840. 

8th Octave .-C4096. D4608, E5120 
F 5440, G 6144, A 6720, B 7680. 

9th Octave .-C8197. D 9216, E 10,24a 
F 10,880, G 12,288, A 13,440, B 15,360. 

To case and hang one door, I lb. 

To case and hang one window ,% lb. 
Base, 100 lineal feet, I lb. 

To put on rafters,joists,etc.,3 lb. to 1000 ft. 
To put up studding, 3 lb.to 1000 feet. 

To lay a 6-inch pine floor, 15 lb. to 1000feet. 


HKW3 7 ,YkYSkA7k7.7k 777\ 

TACKS. Le rigth. No.pnlb. 


NAILS 


6 penny,fence. 2 inch. 80 

1 oz. 

3 inch. I6,0( 

8 ” 

• « 

50 

14 ” 

16 

> 9 

»0,6t 

10 ” 


3 ” 34 

2 ” 

4 

9 9 

8,0( 

12 ” 

9 < 

34” 29 

24” 

i6 

99 

6,4C 

3 ” 

fine IV* 760 

3 ” 

i 

9 • 

5,33 

3 ” 

t• 

li” 480 

4 ” 

16 

9J 

4,00 

4 ” 


l> 3 ” 300 

6 ” 


99 

2,66 

5 •• 

% « 

l%” 200 

8 ” 


9 9 

2,00 

6 ” 

* * 

2 ” 160 

10 ” 

fi 

99 

1,60 

7 ” 


2 V’ 128 

12 ” 

i 

99 

1,33 

3 ” 


2>i" 92 

14 ” 

fi 

99 

1,14 

9 ” 

1 5 

2%” 72 

16 ” 

& 

99 

1,00 

10 " 

« 1 

3 ” 60 

18” 

fi 

99 

88 

12 ” 

9 • 

3t»” 44 

20” 

i 

9 9 

80 

16 ” 

9 « 

3V’ 32 

22” 

14 

99 

72 

20 ” 

* » 

4 ” 24 

24” 

1 3 

99 

66 

30 ” 

% < 

4V* 18 





40” 

9 * 

5 ” 14 





50 ” 

9 9 

5A” 12 





60 ” 

9 * 

6 ” 10 






The term ^exvuy as applied to nails 
is generally supposed to have been de¬ 
rived from It originally meant 

so -many pounds to the thousand, i.e., 
6 penny meant si* pounds of nails to 
the thou-Sand. The thousand was al¬ 
ways understood, and si* pound,eight 
pound, etc., were gradually shortened 
until the present term penny has en¬ 
tirely taken the place of pound. 

7Y\\s \S O&te W\W\Wv?, 

aNooMe YaOoW. 

WKTWTkKY kAYYY. SY 'EKVAV^NNYVA 
V\cn\TowYr>.\ Yvxxe,.- Grave I,average,40° 
Sand,dry, 38°—wet, 22°: Earth,vege¬ 
table, 28°; Earth, compact, 50°-, Rubble, 
45°: Cl ay, dried, 45°-wet, 16°. 
\\KYTkYk\-VKYAYVsTVY20 leag ues = I 
degree; 360°= Earth’s circumference; 
51 feet = I knot for half-minute glass¬ 
es; 45feet = I knot for 28-second glass¬ 
es. I See also Mariners’, and Circular Meas¬ 
ure). 

WXWim,VY7\2,7.Y\Ak^T. &Y \W7k\Y- 
kmr\\ V\ >\<k% ok T ckoaccQ . - H a va na, 2 %; 
French, 6%;* Virginia,7% ; Brazil¬ 
ian, upward of 77 0 . 

HQfeMkNL A YVNYTYW. YYY 67 KWNUkYYr 
kYr k\\ Ttegxets. ok T'a'VxrtwYitWY. 


Glowworm74 Elephant. 99r Monkey..! 04i 

Snail.76 Porpose.100 Sheep.. .1044 

Shark....77 Bat.100 Hog.105 

Oyster...82 Ral. 102 Jackdaw.107 

Serpent . .883 Cat.102 Spartow.108 

Man.98i Ox.102 Pigeon.. 109: 

Horse. ...9Si Elk.103 Chicken.! 1 1 

WYfkYAYWIY. kJkYYY <57 Y <507^.-Ac¬ 
cording to Frankland an average man 
confining himself to one article of food 
would require,to barely maintain life 
from day to day, 5.068 lbs. of potatoes; 
1.156 lbs. of Cheshire cheese; 1.335 lbs.of 
pea-meal; 1.541 lbs. of grourdrice;2-345 
lbs.of bread; 3.532 lbs. of lean beef; 4.3 
lbs. of lean veal; 6.369 lbs. of wbitity-,8.75 
lbs. of white of egg; 9.865lbs. ofcartots; 
12.02 lbs. of cabbage; 6 | bottles of stout. 

It Has been ascertained by experi¬ 
ment, that an ordinary diet should 
contain one part of nitrogenous mat¬ 
ter { proteids= composed of carbon,hydro 
gen, oxygen,and nitrogen), to about 4 
parts of non-nittogenous diet (fat, etc.). 

(See Food,Con&tituents,etc.,of.). 


148 








































































































l8mo. 

24mo. 

37mo. 

36mo. 

Page. 

288 

306 

324 

342 

360 

378 

396 

414 

432 

450 

468 

486 

504 

Page. 

384 

408 

432 

456 

480 

504 

Page. 

512 

544 

576 

Page. 

576 










... 

... 

... 



























t - r 

’ • 

• • 

... 






... 

... 

... 



q\\-vu ov.- 


Bitter Ahrumd.... 55 

Barley.... 2i 

Clover hiy. 5 

Hemp seed.19 

Indian corn. 7 

Linseed.IT, 

Meadow Hay. 3? 

Oat st-raw. 4 


Oals. 6t 

Rapeseed.55 

Sweet Almond... -41 

Turnip seed.45 

White mustard .. .37 

Wheat bran.4 

Wheat-straw...... 3 

Wheat flour.3 


VVk\W\H^,lt'i.--As an average K pound 
of paint should be allowed per square 
yard for the first coat, and aboutlb. 
for each additional coat. One pound of 
stopping should be allowed for every 30 
square yards. 

# Priming consists of white lead and 
linseed oil. Knotting consists of red lead 
and size. Putty consists of Spanish whit¬ 
ing and linseed oil. 

7>0\>W77>.-24 sheets = I quire; 
IO-’j quires= I token; 30 quires = I -ream; 
2 reams = I bundle; 5 bundles=l bale. 
?N?77v l 7>YL7. \W \Y\7WVb.- 
PRINTING PAPER. 


Flat Letter.10*16 

Law Blank.13x16 

Small Cap...13x16 

Flat Cap.14- v 1 7 

Crown ...15x19 

Demy.16x31 

Folio Post.17*32 

Check Folio.... 17x34 
Medium-Writing. 13x23 
Medium.18x24 


Extra Size Folio. .19x23 
Medium -Wt.<+Pt..I9 x 24 
Royal - Prin ting. .20x74 
Medium -Printing.20y25 
Double Cap. ....17x28 
Sud Royal-Writ...20x28 

Card Board.22x28 

Sup. Royal-Print. .22x28 
Imperial-Writ.. .22x30 
Imperial-Print.. .22x32 


?7W7A5V\m,W 7^ \lV5»7kK77. 
Txtcowto &\ YY\e Ve\i«\ o\ \V\«, Vex \iv 
V\o\x,=> V\ac«.=>.- 

Latitude 00° 00 00". 39.0152 inches. 

00. 00*. .. 39.1270 

53 23 .39.0958 

42' 40*.39.1017 

31' 00'..... 39.1393 
21' 30.39.1845 


Of the different sizes there are also sev¬ 
eral different weights of each size,as Fo¬ 
lio 16,18, 24,etc.,pounds per ream. 

BOOK AND NEWSPAPER. 

This can now be obtained in any sue 
called for, as modern facilities for the 
manufacture of paper enable the manu¬ 
facturer to (ill almost any order on a 
short notice. 

ok aw\;2:\ze..-The Table enables printers 
to ascertain the Number of Forms for a 
Book of any Size, and the Quantity of 
Paper necessary to print a thousand cop 
ies in any form, from Octavo to 36mo, 
ha if sheet-wise. ^.xaw^\e,-How many 
reams .will be required for a l2mo Book 
containing 312 pages? Find the number 
of pages (. 312 ) in the l2mo column; in the 
outer column on the left of the table the 
number of forms is seen(26), and in the 
outer column on the right,the quantity 
of paper required is given(28reams I2qrs.). 

AMOUNT OF 


8 vo. 


Page. 

8 

16 

24 

32 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

104 

112 

120 


12m 


Page. 

12 

24 

36 

48 

60 

72 

84 

96 

108 

120 

132 

144 

156 

168 

180 


l6mo. 


Page. 
16 
32 
48 
64 
80 
96 
112 
128 
144 
■ 60 
n 6 

192 

208 

224 

240 


i8mo. 


24m 


Pace. 

18 

36 

54 

72 

90 

108 

i76 

144 

162 

180 

198 

216 

234 

252 

270 


32mo. 


Page. 

24 

48 

77 

96 

120 

144 

168 

192 

216 

240 

264 

288 

3l2 

336 

360 


36m 


Page. 

32 

64 

96 

128 

160 

197 

224 

256 

288 

320 

352 

384 

416 

448 

480 


Page. 

36 

72 

108 

144 

180 

216 

252 

288 

324 

360 

396 

432 

468 

504 

540 


PAPER FOR 
1000 COPIES. 


Reams. Rrs. 

I 2 


2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 
II 
17 

13 

14 

15 

16 


4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

<8 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 


8 vo. 


12 ™. 


16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 


Page. 

128 

136 

144 

152 

160 

168 

176 

184 

192 

200 

208 

216 

224 

232 

240 

248 

256 

264 

272 

280 

288 

296 

304 

3l2 

320 


Page. Page. 
192 256 


16m 


204 

216 

228 

240 

252 

264 

276 

288 

300 

312 

324 

336 

348 

360 

372 

384 

396 

408 

420 

432 

444 

456 

468 

480 


272 

288 

304 

320 

336 

352 

968 

384 

400 

416 


480 

496 

512 

528 

544 

560 

576 


AMOUNT OF 
PAPER FOR 
1000 COPIES. 


Reams. Qrs. 


n 

18 

19 

20 
22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 
44 


12 

14 

16 

18 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 


3,000 terns over greased slides on a marine 
railway; when in motion, 150 tons only 
is required. 

07 .- 


Latitude 45' 
Washington 38 
New York 40° 
London 51° 
Stockholm 59° 
V7AS>-\7.7x\UCr.- 


I in.ttnck. 2»in.thick. J Sin.th. 

i- 5 ?sq-yd. lisq.yd. 2isq.yd 

3 n 4-^1 


I bu. cement 
cover..... 

I bu. cement and)^ 

1 of sand will cover I 

I bu. cement a. n d t^ ^ 

2 of sand will cover) 

I bu. cement and \,j. ,, c ,, q 

3 of sand win coven 
I cubic yard of lime, 2 yards) 75sq.yd.onbtiek. 

of sand,and 3 bu.of hair w0 ” earth. 

will coveT.)60 ” laths. 

77ft\N\U7r ,7>Y\W4\Vx2, TW7 WKW 

YW\) oWani ^XcweA'OM A 7 tow. wovVxvq 
a\ \\\s xa\e o'! vm mvAts xjsx Y\owi,^w too 
cA \OYvows.— 

Width of furrow, land, width of furrow, lano. 


5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 
11 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 


inches = 


-1.4 
= 1.6 
= 1.8 
= 2.0 
* 2.2 
» 2.4 
= 2.8 
= 3.2 
» 3.6 
= 4.0 
= 4.4 


.0 acre. 

.2 


2 feet = 4.8acres. 


2*4 

3 

3* 

4 

4 \ 

5 

5\ 

6 

6*i 

7 

7*i 

8 


= 6.0 
= 7.2 
- 8.4 
= 9.6 
= 10.8 
= 12.0 
= 13.2 
= 14.4 
H 5.6 
=16.8 
= 18.0 
=19.2 


VOV47.Vx VAT.K'bvoTxT..- The units of Vox to 
and Vwne,, are respectively I 
pound, I foot, and I minute. 

Ytoxx9o\Ne"v.-One man’s power =.0909 
horse power= 3,000 units of work=3,000 
pounds raised vertically i foot in i min¬ 
utest its equivalent. 

'Aoxs>e'?o\Nex.-One horse power - IJ 
men's power = 33,000 units of work 
33,000 pounds raised vertically I foot in 
I minute, or its equivalent. 

V0NN77t,77tx7\7\^y,- A power of 250tons 
i? necessary to start a vessel weighing 


Medi um. 

_Fi*r 

I foot water39.75 
I foot water 62' 
30 i n. mercury 6? 
I in. mercury 32 
I foot air...32 c 


Pounds on 
ea. sq.m. 
0.4335 
0.4330 
14.7275 
0.4912 
0.0006 


Pounds on 
ea. sq .ft. 
~H\.AVz 

62.355 
2170. 
70.73 
0.0807 


In atm os 
phetes 


0.0295 

0.0294 

I. 

0.0334 

0.00004 


pound tethe sq. in.=2.3 ft.water-2'm.mer.0.068 
'c.YA.-A'n em is that por¬ 
tion of a line of print which will form 
a square; so named formerly whenm 
was a square type. It is used as a unit 
to measure printed matter, composition 
being measured by the number of thous¬ 
and ems. 

VYtVST., 7 TkT.QUT.TLTN 07 TALMS.- - 
Aoe . Beats per minute . Ao-E . Beats per minute. 


4 to7years...85to 95 
7 ”14 ” ;:;80 ” 90 
|4”2I ”...75 ”85 
21 ”60 ” ...70 ”75 
Old age ....60”65 


At birth..,.i30tol40 
One month. .120 ” 125 
One year...115 ”120 
Two years.-lOO ”115 
Three years. 95 ”100 

While the above are the average,there 
are many instances of very low pulse, 
ranging from 25 beats per minute to 
40 and 50. 

In certain diseases,such as acute dmp 
sy of the brain, there may be from 150 
to 200 beats per minute. 

In women the pulse beats are much 
more rapid than in men. 

7xN5t\^\0\\.— Lampblack has the highest 
emissive or radiating power known; the 
surfaces of paper, and otheT similar loose 
material are next in order. Polished metals 
are the poorest radiators. 

''NTNVVT’b.-When itis not conve¬ 
nient to weigh the articles given in the sub 
joined table, they are billed at the weights as 
g iven. 


Ale,Beer 

” ” . 170 
” ” ..100 
Apples,dried 24 
• 1 green 56 
” ” 150 

Barley ... 48 
Beams,white 60 
’ * castor 46 

8eef.320 

8ran .... 20 
Brooms.. 40 
Buckwheat 52 
Cider.... 350 
Charcoal.. 22 
Clover seed 60 
Com .... 56 
” in ear 70 
” Meal. 48 
*• ” . 220 
Eggs.... 200 
Fish .... 300 
Flax Seed 56 
Flour.... 200 


320 lb.per bbl. 

bu. 


bbl 

bu. 


bbl. 

bu. 

doz. 

bu. 

bbl. 

bu, 


” bbl. 

ix >1 

” sack. 
” bu. 

•i ,, 

” bbl. 
” bu. 
” bbl. 

HempSeed. 44 ” bu. One Vow weight is2000lbs. 
VxO?7 < b,(m\.Y T A7'b 07 0\7 77.77.V7 m7V 
Italian Hemp Rope is the standard of compari¬ 
son and is taken as I. Ail are hawser laid e»- 
cept hide Topes. 

ROPES. STRENGTR [STIFFNESS. WFIGKT-ORY. STRETCHING. 


bbl. 


bu 

bbl. 


HigHwines 350 Ib.per bbl. 


Hun.Cr.Seed 45 
Lime.... 200 
Malt.... 38 
Millet... 45 
Nails.... 108 

Oats- 32 

Oil.400 

Onions.. 57 
Peaches, dr’d 33 
Pork.... 320 
Potatoes. 150 
” . 60 
” sweet 55 

Rye. 56 

Salt,fine. 56 
” ”.300 
” coarse 350 
” in sacks 200 
Timothy Seed 45 
Turnips.. 56 
Vinegar.. 350 
Wheat... 60 
Whisky.. 350 


bu. 

bbl, 

bu. 

ii 

keg. 

bu. 

bbl. 

bu. 

>1 

bbl; 

ii 

bu. 


Italian Hemp. 

Baltic. 

Manilla. 

Flax . 

Coir Hair... 
Green Hides. 
Iron Wire.. 
Steel. 


I 

0.7 to 0.9 
0.9” 

0.9 
0.2to025 
0.5 
3 
6 


0.8 to 0.9 
0-75 
low 
low 
high 
High 
high 


I 

• tt 


0.88 2 


0.43 

I 

4 

4 


to ia 

r to-j 
0.24 


149 



























































































































^WEIGHT S <% 


LMEASURES W^. 

| . .. 


SWflWWE. m\$,WS KW> V$>&W££.- 
MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

Feet, inches.!Feet. Inches. 


i* 


YfcT\JL^O^S,VfcVK\m QV.- 

The. following table shows the relative re¬ 
flecting powers of polished surfaces of the 
metals turned, the angle of incidence being 
45" 


The index of refraction varies with the -me¬ 
dia, thus, light passing from air into water, 
the index of refraction is % \ from air into 
glass, about %, The reciprocals of these 
numbers will give the indices of refrac¬ 
tion when light passes in the oppisite di¬ 
rection; thus, from water into air it is h, 
and from glass into air/I. The tablegives 
the indices of refraction when light passes 
from a vacuum into any of the substances 
named. The index of refraction for any two 
substances may be found by dividing the 
absolute index of one by that of the other. 


Vacuum.1.00000 

Air.1.00029 

Carbonic acid. .1.00045 

Ice.1.309 

Water.1.336 

Alcohol.1.374 

Alum.1.457 

PLACE. MEASURE. YARDS PLACE. MEASURE. YARDS. 


Silver . 


Steel. 

.. 0.82 

Gold. 


Zinc. 

.. 0.81 

Brass. 


Iron. 


Platinum.... 

...0.83 

Cast Iron.. 

..0.74 


Crown glass .. .1.534 
Quartz crystal .1.548 
Oil of cassia ...1.641 
Bisulphide of cartonl • 768 

Flint glass.1.830 

Diamond.2.439 

Chromate of lead..2.9T4 


Arabia Mile 2,148 
Bohemia Mile 10,137 
China Li 629 

Denmark Mile 8,244 
England Mile,stat. 1,760 
>> » geogr 2,025 

Flanden »» 6,869 

France League,co*.4,861 
*» >> man neb,075 

” ” past 4,264 

•* Kilometre 1,090.6 
Germany Mileliongl 1 1,026 
Hamburg >* 8,244 

Hanover ’• II ,559 


Holland Mile 6,395 

Hungary »» 9,113 

Ireland ” 3,038 

Persia Parasmg 6,086 
Poland Miletlong)8,101 
Portugal League 6,760 
Prussia Mile 8,468 

Rome »* 2,025 

Russia Verst 1,167 

Scotland Mile 1,984 

Spain League 7,4i6 
Sweden Mile 11,700 

Switzer!’d ” 9,153 

Turkey Berri 1,826 

AV5L WEKW.- The amount 
of common 6ait in all the oceans is estima¬ 
ted by Schafhautl at 3,051,342 cubic geograph¬ 
ical miles. The sulphate of soda is equal to 
633,644.36 cubic miles; the chloride of mag¬ 
nesium is 44i,8il.8 cubic miles; the lime 
salts 109,339.44 cubic miles. These estimates 
are made on the supposition that the mean 
depth is 975 feet. Laplace estimates the mean 
depth at 3,250, which would make the a- 
mounts of the above substances correspond¬ 
ingly great. 

Oiam. in inches 

No. of threads ...20 18 16 14 13 1110 9 ’ 


Diam. in inches.. I ,Is.liJl.li 
No. of threads ... 8 7 7 6 6 


'I, 1 !.is, 

6 5 5 


Diam.in Inches ..2 2.i 2i 2|, 3 ,34,3j,3i, 

No. of threads.. ,4i 4i 4 * 4 31 3i 3i 3 

Diam. in inches. .4 4i,4i 4|,5.5i,5i 5J 6 . 

No, of threads.. .3 21 2i 2i2i 2i 21 3 ^2* 
Angle of threads = 60°. Flat surface at 
top and bottom=§ of the pitch. 

For rough bolts, the distance between the 
parallel sides of bolt head and nut=li diam¬ 
eters of boltrg of an inch. 


A Oigit = - 0 

A Palm = 0 

A Span = 0 

A Cubit = I 


.912 A Fathom = 
3.648 
10.944 
9.888 


3.552 
Ezekiel’s Reed = 10 11.328 
Arabian Pole = 14 7.104 
Meas’g Line = 145 11.04 


LONG SCRIPTURE MEASURES. 

Miles. Paces. 


A Cubit.= 

A Stadium oxFurlong.. = 

A Sabbath Day’s Journey . = 

An Eastern Mile.= 

A Parasang. 

A Day’s Journey.= 33 

VwX = \ igaws =\ w\U 

JEWISH MONEY. 

Dollars. 


= 4 


0 

145 

729 

403 

153 

172 


FEET, 

1.824 

4.6 

3 

I 

3 

4 


Cent s. 


A Gerah. 

= 

0 

2.5 

A Bekah. 


0 

25.09 

A Shekel. 


0 

50.187 

A ManeH ox Mina. 

= 

25 

9.35 

A Talent. 

= 1,505 

62.5 

A Solidus Aureus in Sextula 

= 

2 

64.09 

A Siclus Aureus ox Gold Shekel. 

53 

8 

3. 

A Talent of Gold. 

= 24309 

0 . 

JEWISH WEIGHTS. 




Lbs. 

0z. 

Pwt. Gi 

The Gerah (.To Shekel)... = 

0 

T 

0 12 

The Bekahl i Shekel)... = 

0 

0 

5 0 

The Shekel.= 

0 

0 

10 0 

The Maneh (60 Shekels). = 

3 

6 

0 0 

The Talent.= 

125 

0 

0 0 


LIQUID MEASURE. 


A Caph 

A Log.. = 

A Cab.= 

A Hin.• 

A Seah.= 

A Bath, Ephah, or Firkin .... = 

A Kor, Choros, or Homer .... = 

DRY MEASURE. 

lu. Pk 

A Gachal. 

A Cab. 

An Omer or Gomet. 

A Seah. 

An Ephah.= 0 

A Letech.= 4 

A Homer or Kot .... = 8 


Gals. 
= T 
= 0 


Pints. 


=> 0 
= 0 
= 0 


0 

1 

2 
7 

75 

at, 

0 

1 

2 
0 

1 

0 

0 


0.625 

0.833 

3.333 

2 . 

4. 

4.5 

5.25 

Pints. 


0.141 

0.833 

l.l 

I. 

I. 

0. 

I. 


,VYvY\A WW W.-The 
chemical principal of the su-n’s rays,rela¬ 
tively, is more active to heat and lightjdur 
ing the Spring than at any other period 
of the yean As Summer advances,this pow¬ 
er diminishes, and luminous fotce increas¬ 
es; while with the Autumn both light and 
actinism are subdued, but the calorific 
radiations increased. Thus the conditions 
of the light of the seasons vary to suit 
the necessities of vegetable Itfe.-'kWV. 

S&NaM&NBtSL kVft VM.- 

7 he following table shows the periods when 
the different kinds of fish,that are edible 
and mostly in use, are "in 1 season” and 
"out of season.”. The letter'P’signifies that 
the fish aTe then in their prime; the let¬ 
ter r O’ signifies that the fish may be ob¬ 
tained, but are not at their best. 

Names of Fish. 


Barbel.... 

Bass. 

Bream 
Bream, sea 

Brill. 

Carp. 

Catfish.... 


Names of fish. 


Char 
Chub 
Coal fish or Saithe. 

Cockel. 

Cod. 

Conger. 

Crab. 

Crayfish,sea ... 

Dab. 

Dace. 

Dory. 

Eel.,.. 

Flounder. 

Cray I ing.. 

Gudgeon.. 

Gurnard, red ..... 
Gurnard,grey ... 

Haddock . 

Hake. 

Halibut. 

Herring........ 

Lamper-n. 

Lamprey. 

Ling. 

Lobster. 

Mackerel. 

Mullet,red. 

Mullet,gTey.... 

MUssel. 

Oyster. 

Perch. 

Periwinkle. 

Pike. 

Pilchard. 

Plaice . 

Pollack. 

Prawn. 

Salmon & Sea Trout 

Shad. 

Shrimp. 

Skate. 

Smelt or Sparling 

Sole.. 

Sprat. 

Sturgeon. 

Tench. 

Thom back. 

Torsk or Tusk.. 

Trout.. 

Turbot. 

Whelk. 

Whitebait. 

Whiting. 

Wrasse 


P 


The following table shows the average num¬ 
ber of seeds per pound,for the rnost common 
plahts. For the numbe.T of pounds ,in a 
bushel, see Bushel. 

No.Seeds 


Name. 


Per Pound. 


Wheat. 10,500 

Barley. 75,400 

Oats. 20,000 

Rye. 23,000 

Canary grass. 54,000 

Buckwheat.. ^. 25,000 

Turnip, Rendle’sSwede.155,000 

Turnip,Cornish Holdfast. 230,000 

Turnip,Orange Jelly.133,000 

Cabbage,Scotch Drumhead.128,000 

Cabbage, Drumhead Savoy.110,000 

Cl over, red.249,600 

Clover, white.686,400 

Rye grass,perennial...314,000 

Rye-grass, Italian.272,000 

Sweet Vernal grass.923,200 


150 
























































































































































































































TOW.-The following table 
shows the time of sowing various seeds, 
and the quantity of seed per acre.The let 
ten's signifies the months when the seeds 
may be sown: 

C*> 


SEED. 


QUANTITY 
PER ACRE. 


Red Clover.... s s.8 to 10 lbs. 

Timothy .... s s.s s .. bush, 

Red-top.s s,,..s s.,V'l ” 

Ky. Blue Grass ...s s..s s_>» 

Hung.Grass.s s. \ " 

Millet.S s.fS >>^4 ” 

Sorghum Seed.s S.2 quarts, 

Flax Seed.s s s.I to3 bush. 

Corn,hills.s s s.4to6quarts. 

Rye.s s ..s s I to} bush 

Wheat..s s' ..s s .. I ” 2 

Oats.s s s.2”3 

Buckwheat.s s. y v'% 

Potatoes.s s s s s.10” 15 

S. Potatoes.s s ........ Transplant. 

Beets.s s s.4tol0 lbs. 

Carrots.s s s .2” 3 » 

Turnips. S 9 s .... s s .. I ” 

Parsnips. ssss .2"3 •> 

Onions...... s s .4”6 ” 

White Beans.s s. y i”\ bush. 

Peas..... s s.lV’2^ ” 

Pumpkins.. s s s.2 ”3 02 . 

Barley.s s s.l^to2 bush. 

Com,broadcast ,. s s s s.3 ”4 ” 

Corn,drilled.. .. s s $.2 ”3 ” 

BroomCorn.s s s. \"W ” 

Cotton.. s s.lV’3 > ■> 

Hemp.s s s s s .... V’l$ " 

Tobacco.. s sis.2’»3 oz. 

iWYW OT .-Recent experiments 
have shown that out of 338 species,repre¬ 
senting 74 natural orders, only 94 grow 
after 3 years; only 57 after 4 to 8 years; 
16, from 8 to 21 years; 5, from 25 to27 
years; and 3, to 43years.'7n ordinary ca¬ 
ses,” says Asa Gray, "leguminous seeds 
have longest retained their germinating 
power; in some very well authenticated 
instances up to 70, or perhaps 100, years. 
Nearly uniform temperature, darkness, 
and either dryness or burial beyond at 
mospheric influence, most favor the pro¬ 
longation of vitality.” 

S'cTOE-S. PsT\ WIT. UVlVtv'^'LV, tot (\ 
'^>\xY\\.-The celebrated Hufeland,of Berlin, 
observes that the number of males born, 
to that of females, seems to be 21 to 20 
over the whole earth, and before they 
reach the age of puberty, the proportion 
of the sexes is reduced to perfect equal¬ 
ity, more boys than girls.dying before 
■reaching the age of fourteen. 

His conclusions are as follows:— [st. 
There is an equal number ofmales and 
females bom in the human race; 2nd. 
The equality occurs every day in a pop¬ 
ulation of ten millions: 3rd. It occurs 
every week in 100,000; 4th. Ifc occurs 
every -month In 50.06o: 5»h. Every 
year in 10,000; 6th. In small societies 
every ten or fifteen years; 7th. It does 
not occur in individual families. 


No. Ij small size , is 4-*$ inches, and ev¬ 
ery succeeding number increases/^ of 
an inch to 13.. . . 

No. I. lar ge size, is 853 inches, and ev 
ery succeeding number increases^ of 
an inch to 15. 

W tKSWWb.- 
Tin-one-fourth inchin afoot. 
Zinc-five-sixteenths inch-in a foot. 
Lead-five-sixteenths inch in afoot. 
Copper-three-sixteenths inch in a foot, 
Bismuth-five thirty-seconds inch in a foot. 
Brass-two-fifteenths inch in a foot. 
Locomotivecylinders-ife inch in a foot. 
Pipes—one-eighth inch in afoot. 
Beams,girders,etc.-^ inch in 15 inches. 

VF.-Drs.Farr and 
Edmonds, 0 / the London Congress, are 
authority fo-r the following statements: 
1st. The Tatio of sickness, rises and 
falls regularly with the death-rate in 
all countries; 2nd. Of 1000 persons, 
aged 30, it is probable 10 will die in 
a year, in which case there will be 
20 of that age sick throughout the year, 
and 10 invalids. 3rd. Of 1000 persons, 
aged 75, it is probable 100 will die in 
a year, in which case the sick and in¬ 
valids will be 300 throughout the year; 
4th. For every 100 deaths let there 
be hospital beds for 200 sick, and in 
firmaries for 100 invalids. 

OV-.-At various times it 
has been ascertained that snow weighs 
from 5^ to 1034 lbs. per cubic .foot, at 
a temperature of 32° (.FahrO.The weight 
of snow seems to vary greatly in differ¬ 
ent latitudes-it being heavier as the 
latitude increases. The above weights 
were for Washington. In Canada it 
weighed 14^ lbs. on falling; twenty- 
four hours later, 21 $ lbs., and seventy 
two hours later, 2Q% lbs. 

.- The expense of 
smoking three five-cent cigars a day, 
principal and interest, for ten years, 
is *745.74; for 25 years,S3,no.74. 
The expense of three ten cent cigars,at 
the end of. ten years, is % 1,471.56; for 
25 years, *6,382.47; for 50 years, 
*54,162.14. 

SOVVfc OVv W\'E.K9,\iV0L.-9>eetv0o'\e, 

\f\easAyte.. 

White light from 
the sun in passing through a pri sm 
is decomposed into seven different col¬ 
ors, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, 
indigo, and violet, in the order as giv¬ 
en, the red being refracted least, and 
violet, most. 

According to the Undulatory Theory, 
the color of light depends on the size 
of the minute waves that produce it. 
The undulations that excite in the eye 
the. sensation of red light are each 38 o 0 o 


, I 4 , , X JO oW 

of an inch in breadth; those that pro¬ 
duce violet,Tofeoo" $ while the interme¬ 
diate colors are produced by undulations 
varying between these limits. 

W^-KY.- The quantity ofheatterm- 
ed =>^ec\V\cV\e,*i, required to raise the tern 
perature of a pound of water one degree 
is taken as unit. Substances requiring -more 
Or less heat than water, are said to be of high¬ 
er or lower specific heat. M ercurt^ requires 


thirty times the quantity, and its specif¬ 
ic heat is one thirtieth. Hydrogen-requires 
three and a half times less heat, and its 
specific heat is expressed by three and a 
half. 

SVGGWVG QV — Specif¬ 

ic Gravity is the ratio of the weight of a 
body to that of an equal volume of some 
other substance adopted as a standard 
of reference. For solids and liquids the 
standard is distilled water at 62° F.,the 
barometer being at 30 inches. Aeroform 
bodies are referred to the air,at 32°F., 
and under one atmospheric pressure. 

A cubic foot of rain water weighs 
1000 ouncesLAvoir.), and the following 
are tables of the relative weights of the 
principal substances. In all the tables,ex- 
cept that of Gases and Vapors; by remov¬ 
ing the decimal point three places to¬ 
ward the right, that is, multiplying by 
1000 , the result will indicate the num 
ber of ouncesCAvoir.) in a cubic foot of 
the substance named. To fi.nd the nunt 
ber of pounds in a cubic foot, di vide the 
ounces by 16. 

Wavct-vom WOODS. 

Name. gravity Name. 


SPECIFIC 

G-RAVITY. 


Acacia.800 

Alder........ .510 

Apple tree.793 

Ash,light*.... .700 
Ash, heavy... .840 
Bamboo...... .400 

Bay Tree.800 

Beech, light... .690 
Beech,heavy.. .850 

Birch ..71 

Blue gum... .843 

Box.960 

Brazil wood,red 1.03 
Bullet tree... 1.046 
Cabacalli .... .900 

Cane.400 

Cedar of Lebanon .560 
Cedar, Arner... .480 
Charcoal, birch. .540 
Charcoal,fir... .450 
Charcoal,oak... .330 
Charcoal,pine. .290 

Cherry.715 

Chestnut..... .640 

Cork.. .240 

Cowrie.579 

Cypress.598 

Ebony,Indian I. I 00 
Ebony,Amer. 1.280 

Elder.670 

Elm,light... .550 
Elm,heavy... .720 
Fir,Dantzic... .580 
Fir, Riga..... .540 
Hawthorn.... .910 
hazel........ .640 

Holly.760 

Hornbeam.. .770 
Jumper...... .556 

Kauri orCowdie .530 
Laburnum... , .920 
* The specific gravities of woods differ 
according as they are from hills w plains, 
dry ox green. Those given above are for 
woods having dried in the air for ten 
to twelve months, and lost from one- 
third to ome-fpuTth of their weight. 


Larch,light.., .500 
Larch,heavy..., .560 
Lignum vitae,light .650 
Lignum vitae,heavy 1.330 

Locust. . .710 

Logwood.900 

Lemon.703 

Mahogany .... 1.063 
Mahogany,Cuban 

Maple. 

Mora.. 

0ak,English.].f. 

Oak, French].I 
Oak,A-m.,light , 

Oak,Am.,heavy. 

Oak, Baltic.... 
0ak,ltal.,light. 
Oak,ltal. ; heavy 

Orange . 

Pear......... 

Pine,pitch... 

Pine,red..... ,640 

Pine,yellow.. .520 

Plum. .870 

Poor),..579 

Poplar,white. .510 
Poprar,ltalian 
Poplar, yellow 
Saul 

S pruce ...... 

Sycamore... 

Teak,Indian. 

Teak, African. 

Tonka.990 

Wainscot, Riga .600 
Walnut, Amei .560 
Walnut,Span. .670 
Walnut,whit®. .375 
Watergum.... 1.000 

Willow..480 

Yew.807 


.770 

.755 

.920 

.730 

.900 

.720 

.860 

.740 

.960 

1.040 

.705 

.661 

.660 


.420 

.383 

.960 

.480 

.600 

.780 

.960 



































































































































WEIGHTS Sc 
.MEA SURES V>^. 


STONFS,EARTHS,SOLIDS, ETC. 


Name. gravity. Name. 


Alabaster.... 1.874 

Alum.1.124 

Amber....... |.078 

Amberyris... .780 
Amethyst... .2.750 

Asbestos.2.996 

Asphalte,aTit..2.500 

Basalt.2.864 

BatHstone.... 1.970 
Bermuda stone 2.620 
* ’ soft 1.470 
Beryl,Oriental.3.549 
8 itumen .... 1.000 
Bone,ox ....1.054 
Brick,common 2.000 
Brick, fire..., 2.400 
Brick-wall ....'1.800 

Butter.942 

Caen stone ..2.000 
Cement,Portland. 1 .200 
Cement,Roman. .900 
Chalk, solid 2.800-1.800 
Clay, potters’.. 1.900 
Clay with yravel.2.000 
Clay,ordinary . 1.900 
Coal,anthracite 1.602 
Coal, bit itminoas 1.250 

Coke.700 

Concrete.... 1.900 
Concrete,lime. 1.800 

Coral.2.680 

Crystal,rock.2.653 
Diamond....3.536 
Dolomite ....2.540 
Earth,vegetable. 1.400 
Earth, loamy.. 1.600 
Eart h,semi fluid. 1.700 

Emerald.2.678 

Emery.4.000 

Fat,of beef.... .924 

Feldspar.2.600 

Flint.2.594 

Freestone.2.200 

Class,bottle... 2 .733 
Glass,yreen.. .2.642 
Class,flint...2.760 
Class,plate.. .2.940 
Glass, crown .2.530 

Granite.2.625 

Craphite.1.987 

Gu.m Arabic. ,T?4>2 
Gunpowder.. .900 

Gypsum.2.280 

AND VAPORS. 

Cf . ’ - SPECIFIC 

NAME. gravity. 


SPECIFIC 

GRAVITY. 


Hemetite ore. ..4.507 
Ivory.,.,.... 1.917 
Jarypn, Ceylon. 4.416 
Kentish ray. .2.660 

Lard.947 

Lime,chalk,yT’d. .830 
Limestone, >* .2.500 
’ 5 -maynesiar 2.300 
Malachite....3.700 
Marble,averaye 2.700 

Marl.1.900 

Masonry, rubble 2 .200 
” ashlar, Port’d 2.200 
*• ’* yranite 2.500 

Mica.2.750 

Millstone.... 2.500 
Mortar, old .. 1.400 
Mortar,new. 1.700 
Mud ........ 1.630 

Nitre.1.900 

Opal.2,114 

Opium...... 1.337 

Pearl.2.510 

Peat, hard.... 1.300 

Pitch.U 00 

Plaster of Paris 1 .200 
Porcelain,Chinese2.3 85 
Porphyry,yreen.2.900 
Pumice stone. .910 
Purbeckstone.2.600 
Pu22olana...2.700 
Quartz .....2.640 

Rosin.1.100 

Rotten stone. 2.000 

Salt.2.130 

Sand,river.. 1.900 
Sandstone.. 2.300 

Shale.2.600 

Shinyle.1.500 

Slate.2.900 

Slates,Cornish 2.500 

Spar..2.594 

Stone,averaye. 2.500 

Sugar.| .600 

Sulphur,fused. 2 .000 

Tallow..941 

Tar..|.0l5 

Tiles, averaye. 1.800 

Topa 2 ,.3.800 

Trap.2.700 

Wax.897 

White lead... .3.160 
WomentewT .891 


Vapor of bromine 5.5400 
Chloroform.. .53000 
Vapor of turpente 4.6978 
Acetic ether, ,3.0400 
Vapor of benzine 2.6943 
” su.lphur.et her 76860 
Chlorine....24400 
Sulphurous acid. 22470 
Alcohol.1.6130 


Name. 


SPECIFIC 

GRAVITY. 


9 W".U0M 

Air.1.0000 

N i troyen....0.9736 
Carbonic oxide. 0.9674 
Olefiant yas ,.0.8847 
Caseous steam0.6220 
Amoniacal yas. 0.5894- 
Liyht car’d hyd’n0.5527 
CoaJ yas. 0.4381 


Carbonic acid . 1.5290,1 Hydrogen .*I Q.’o692 


\Naver=\.ooo 

Name. 


LIQUIQS, 


SPECIFIC 

GRAVITY 


Mercury..... 13.596 
Arsenic acid.. 3.391 
Bromine-.... 2.966 
Sulphuric acid. 1.840 
Nitric acid... 1.271 
Nitrous acid.. 1.550 
Chloroform.. 1.530 

Honey.1.456 

Water, Dead Sea 1.240 
Water, distilled 1.000 


Water, sea... 1.026 


.008 

.032 

994 


Acetic acid 

Milk. 

Wine, Bordeaux 
Wine, Bury undy .991 

Linseed oil.940 

Castor oil.970 

Poppy oil.... .930 
Rape seed oil. .920 


Name. 


specific 

GRAVITY. 


M uriatic acid.. 1.200 

Vineyar.1.010 

Tar,.|.0f0 

Whale oil.920 

Olive oil.915 

Turpentine oil .870 
Potato oil... .820 
Petroleum ... .880 

Naphtha.850 

Ether,nitric.. 1.110 


sulphurous 1.080 
nitrous.. .890 
” acetic... .890 
” hydrochloric .870 
” sulphuric .720 
Alcohol,proof spin .920 
>» p ure.. .790 

Benzine.850 

Wood spirit.. .800 
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. 

TYPE WLTKY.'S# C'NaXtVA.OCO 


Name. 


Aluminium.. 

Bari urn. 

Cadmium. 

Caesium. 

Calcium. 

Ceri um. 

Chromium.... 

Cobalt. 

Cop per......... 

Davy um....... 

Didymium .... 

Erbium....... 

Gallium...... 

Glucinum.... 

Cold. 

Indium. 

Iridium. 

Iron. 

Lanthanum .. 

Lead. 

Lithium. 

Maynesium.. 
Manganese.... 

Mercury. 

Nickel. 

Osm i um. 

Palladium .... 

Platinum. 

Potassium .... 

Rhodium. 

Rubidium. 

Ruthenium... 

Silver.. 

Sod Turn.. 

Strontium.... 

Thallium. 

Thorium. 

Yttrium. 

Zinc 


Symbol 


Al 
Ba 
Cd 
Cs 
Ca 
Ce 
Or 
Co 
Cu 
Da 
Di 
Er 
Ca 
Cl 
Au 
In 
Ir 
Fe 
• La 
Pb 
Li 
My 
Mn 

Ni 

Os 

Pd 

Pt 

K 

Rh 

Rb 

Ru 

Ay 

Na 

Sr 

Tl 

Th 

Y 

Zn 


ATOMIC 

WEIGHT* 


27.5 

137. 

112 . 

133. 

40. 

92. 

52.4 
59. 

63.5 
150.? 
96. 

112.6 

69.9 

9.4 

197. 

113.4 

198. 
56. 
92.8 

207.. 

7. 

24 

55. 

200 . 

59. 

199.2 

106.6 

197.4 
39.1 

104.4 

85.4 

104.4 
108. 
23. 
87.5 

203.6 
231. 
61.7 
65. 


SPECIFIC 

GRAVITY. 


2.560 

4.000 

8.600 


1.580 


7.300 

7.700 

8.960 


5.900 

2.100 

19.000 

7.400 

21.150 

7.790 


11.440 
.590 
1.750 
6.850 
13.560 
8.600 
21.400 
I 1.600 

21.500 
.805 

11.000 
1.520 
I 1.400 

10.500 
.972 

2.540 

11.910 

7.800 


7.000 


The we-iyht of the atom of an ele¬ 
ment as compared with the weiyht of 
the atom of hydrogen,taken asastan- 
dard. 

To Vw\4i V<\e, yco^oxWowaX 
0\ YYyr, «Xe-xmr\X'=, cA axw> •syOosW-vyls, \NY\ose 
cYvewooaJi Xox'vtwvVaxs Voaovnw. 

Rule.-M ulti ply toyetherthe equivalent 
and the exponent of each element of the 
compound; the product will be the 

K° P s°,Ib°Uriee Wei9Ht °* * halr ikrnerit 


(. ATOMIC 

Symbol weicht. 


$ The weVaVs are yood conductors of 

heat and of electricity,and are charac¬ 
terized by a peculiar metallic luster,al¬ 
so are electro-positive. 

The TYon-nYeX-aVi are non-conductors 
of heat and of electricity,and are elec- 
tro-neyative. i 

The %ewYY-'wtW\s resemble the metals | 
in their physical propeTtiesli.e.,have 
the metallic luster),and the non-met¬ 
als in their chemical pTopertiesLi.e.,theiT| 
oxides are most frequently acidanhydr 1 "' 1 
$ TVS. \m-\MTK\S. 


Name. 

Boron. 

Bromine 
Carbon.. 

Chlorine. 

Fluorine. 

Iodine. 

Nitroyen. 

Oxygen. 

Phosphorus .< 

Selen i um.... 

Silicon. 

Sulphur. 

Tellurium.... _ _ 

^ AYS. Sttf\-We\tY\S. 

Name, Symbol weight. 

Antimony. 

Arsenic .. 

Bismuth.. 

Hydrogen. 

Molybdenum... 

Niobium. 

Tantalum 
Tin. 

Titanium. 

Tungsten. 

Uranium.. 

Vanadium. 

Zirconium 

miscellaneous. 


Sb 

122 . 

As 

75. 

Bi 

210 . 

H 

1 . 

Md 

92. 

Nb 

94. 

Ta 

182. 

Sn 

118. 

Ti 

50. 

W 

184. 

U 

120 . 

V 

51.3 

Zr 

89.6 


Name. 


specific 
GRAVITY. NAME. 


SPECIFIC 

GRAVITY. 

6.700 

3.700 

9.700 
.069 

8.600 

10.780 

7.280 

4.300 

17.400 

18.400 

4*150 


SPECIFIC 

GRAVITY, 


Blood, human.. 1.054 
Brass., about 8.000 

Bronze.8.218 

Cider. 1.018 

Cobalt,cast... 7.812 
Copper,cast.. 8.768 
Copper coin.. 8.915 

Filbert.600 

Cold,hammered-I9.360 

” coin.17.647 

” trinket...15.609 
Cun metal... 8.784 
H umxn bodyjivrny .891 
*- .930 


lron,wrouyht. 7.698 
*» cast.... 7.207 
,r meteoric 7.965 
Iron ore....4.900 
Lead ore.... 7.250 
Live oak ... 1.100 
Mercury,solidl5.600 

Pewter...7.471 

Silver,cast ..10.474 
•» coin...10.534 

Steel.7.816 

Tin,cast.... 7.500 
Type metal .10.400 
Zinc,cast... 7.190 
See 


WIDTH OF 
TREAD. 


. Ce ---- 

SWJkW OY\ MTt WLKSYiV,^. 

Land or Square Measure. 

Treats, eof\&3\\'b«,Y'h.-. 

WIOTH OF HEIGHT OF 
TREAO. RISER. 

6 inches.= 8^inches 

7 >» =8 »» 

8 »* = »s 

9 >» = 7 >9 

\\Y q,YvKYW=..— 
Rice flour, 85; Indian Com -meal,78; Oat- 
TTieaL75*, Wheat /lout,39 to77; Barley flour, 
^9; R^/e flour,50 to6l j Buckwheat, 52.: 
Peas and Beans, 42; Potatoes, l3to 15. 


HEIGHT OFj 

_ RISERS 

10 inches = 6 ^inches. 

11 »» =6 *» 

12 »» =5^ >» 

13 ” 5 *» 


152 























































































































































































QX .-IFahrcnheit). 


!-<■>-:— -b < fr-i»>»-<t U'~ «:.o -;—'- 1- <9’r>r»r» sj-» 




S^m,VK\W\ WX_K\ OX .- Take t wo 
small vessels connected at the top by a 
tube. Let one contain I lb. of water at 
32° Fahr., the other 5% lbs. at the same 
tern petal ure. A p p I ^ a spirit lamp below 
the vessel containing the I lb. of water 
until it is all boiled away,and its vapor 
condensed by passing through the lw.be 
and mingling with the 5-^ lbs.of water 
in the other vessel. At this point the heat 
absorbed by the 5*i lbs. of water will 
raise the temperature to 2l2° Fakir.,or 
boiling heat, and the combined weight 
will be 6^ lbs. instead of 5^ lbs.,as piac 
ed in the vessel at first. The wholeol this 
heat has been transferred from the I lb. 
of water held over the spirit lamp, al 
though at no time Has its heat exceed¬ 
ed 2l2° Inasmuch as this heat cannot 
be measured by any known instrument, 
it is called XaXtnX \\«.a\.lSee Latent Heat). 
The I lb. of water made the 5^ lbs. boil, 
and from this experiment we know by 
calculation that the combined sensible 
and latent heat of steam is I200f-\W«,. 

9AX.KNv,XXvXX>X>\5XvX OX KT X\XXXXVE.\AA 
Oo.cyrwb o\ \Ae.a\ cA W\t ^oWem.— At 2\2 
of heat the water begins to boil, and 
at 868° the iron becomes of a red heat. 
2l2°=a pressure of 15 pounds per sq.in 
251°= ” 30 »» ” 

294°= ” 60 ’ *» 

342= *» 120 ” ” 

398°= »» 240 »» 

464°= »» 480 »» 

868°= ” 7,680 »> 

SVXXA. KUX XXvKXX XVKXXX^NhXXXVA OX- 
XeA VtivcAckkn 


*> 

99 

99 


No.OFlSTEEL 

CAUGEJP0UN0S. 

BRASS 

POUNDS. 

No. OF 1 STEEL 
GAUGE.! POUNDS. 

BRASS 

POUNOS. 

1 

*10.993 

12.382 

18 

1.531 

1.725 

2 

9.789 

11.027 

19 

1.363 

1.536 

3 

8.718 

9.8|9 

20 

1.214 

1.367 

4 

7.763 

8.744 

21 

1.081 

1.218 

5 

6.913 

7.787 

22 

.963 

1.084 

6 

6.156 

6.934 

23 

.857 

.966 

7 

5.482 

6.175 

24 

.763 

.860 

8 

4.882 

5.499 

25 

.680 

.766 

9 

4.348 

4.897 

26 

.605 

.682 

10 

3.871 

4.360 

27 

.539 

.607 

II 

3 448 

3.883 

28 

.480 

.541 

12 

3.070 

3.458 

29 

427 

.481 

13 

2.734 

3.079 

30 

.380 

.429 

14 

2.435 

2.742 

31 

.329 

382 

15 

2.168 

2.442 

32 

302 

.340 

16 

1.931 

2.175 

33 

.269 

.303 

17 

1.719 

1.937 

34 

239 

.269 


s\iXk\^\0*tfUXKX\iX\X.- See Land or Square 
Measure. • 

\X.KXv\HO KXWVLXv.-The following shows 
the weight necessary to tear asunder bars 
one inch square of the following materials: 
Oak,5^ tons; Fir, 5<4 tons; Hickory 6\ 
tons; Ash.4^4 tons; Sycamore,44 tons ; 
Birch,4 tons; Pine, 3h tons; Poplar,?^ 
tons; Cast Iron, T&tons; Wrought Iron, 
10 tons; Wrought Copper, 15 tons; Eng ; 
lish Bar Iron,25 tons; American lron,37i 
tons; Blistered Steel,59^tons. 


Air furnace.... 3300 
Albumencoagulates 145 
Alcohol boils.... 1 13.1 
’ ’ ” in vacuum 36. 

’ ’ does not freeze— 120 . 
Animals hibernate 38. 
Anise oil freezes.. 50. 
Antimony melts 960. 
Baking tempera 
tute of uven32Q-400. 
Bat,nal.tern. .. 100 . 
Beet tallow melts, 100. 
Bismuth melts. 520. 
Blood freezes ... 30. 
Boat in upper Egypt 138. 
Brass melts ... .1900. 
Brineisatu’tjfreeies -4. 
Bromine melts. • 9.5 

* * freezes.» -7.6 
*• boils., 145.4 
Butter melts... 135. 
Cadmium melts. 600. 
Carbonic acid freezes—148. 

5 ’ boils. -1084 
Cast iron melts. .3500. 
Cat,nat.tern. .. 102. 
Chicken,-nal. tern. 111. 
Coffee and tea as 
usually dran k. 135. 
Cold, lowest artificial—187. 
Cold-blooded animals die 106. 
Common fire. .1000. 
Copper melts. .2 16 0. 
Eggs in hatching 104. 
Elephant,nat.tern. 99.5 
Elk,nat.tem.. 103. 
Ether boils.... 94.8 

” freezes... 41. 
Furnace of boilers 1100 . 
Glass melts.. .2400. 
Glow worm,naUem. 74. 
Gold melts... .1983. 
Gutta percha melts 150. 
H 09 .nat.tem. .. 105. 
Horse,nat.tern.. 99.5 

Ice melts. 32. 

Iodine melts... 224.6 
” boils... 341. 
Iron.bright red.. 752. 
*» white hot. .2900. 
Jackdaw,nat.tem. 107. 
Lard melts.... 96. 

Lead melt 9 . 620. 

Linseed oil boils.. 600. 
M ercury me I ts - 37.9 
Mercuryfreeies -40. 
” boils.. 662. 
” volatilizes 680. 
Milk boils ... 199. 


SilveT melts.. 1850. 
Snail, nat.tem. 76. 
Sodium melts. 204. 
Sparrow,nat.tem. i08. 
Spermaceti melts 112. 
Starch,cotiveTtedtosup.l 60. 
Steamboat's en- 
gine -room,W.l. I 55. 
Stearine melts. III. 
Steel melts. . 2462. 
Sulphur melts. 226. 

” ignites. 560. 
Sulphuncacid boils 17.6 
Tepid bath begins 86. 

” ends. 95. 
Tin melts ... 451. 
Turpentine freezeslseit) 15. 
VapoTbafh begins 99. 
•» ends. 130. 
** Finland 170. 
Warm bath begins 95. 

»’ ends 99. 
Water,sea, boi Is 213.2 
” fresh ” 212. 

” ” freezes 32. 

” sea ” 27.4 

” boils(in vacuum) 72. 
*• ” Dead Sea. 223. 
Wax-melts.... 155. 
Wine freezes.. 20. 
Wrought iron melts3912. 
Zinc melts... 680. 

■XXVWX-XvKXXXvX-^XWXXAXr VQXWS XX 
a\ aVAvucoN Xrwftwxe.'a. — 


Milk freezes. .. 29“ 
Monkey .nat.tem, 104.5 
Mutton tallow melts 106. 
Naphtha boils. 186. 
Oil,turpentine,boils 305. 
Olive oil freezes. 50. 
Ox,nat. tern. , 102. 
0yster,nat.tem. 82. 
Phosphorus melts 111.5 
’> inflames 120. 
Pigeon, nat.tem. 109.5 
Platinum melts3080. 
Porpoise,nat.tem. 100. 
Potassium melts 136. 
Protoxide of ni¬ 
trogen boils-157. 
Putrefaction begins 50. 

* ’ rapid 93. 
Rat, nat.tem. .. 102 
Rooms, best tem¬ 
perature for. 6 5 to 68. 
Rose oil freezes. 60. 
Scalding heat. 150. 
Serpent, nat.tem. 88.5 
Shark, • > 77. 

Sheep, ” 104.5 

Si I kworm hatches 77. 


ilina Point 

Barometer, 

Boilina Poin 

° F. 

inches. 

°F. 

184 

16.676 

212 

190 

18.992 

249.5 

195 

21.124 

273.3 

200 

23.454 

291.2 

205 

25.468 

306. 

210 

28.744 

318.2 

211 

29.331 

329.6 

212 

29.922 

339.5 

213 

30.516 

348.4 

214 

31.120 

356.6 

215 

31.730 

415.4 


°F. atmospheres. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 
20 


XX'bWXXXvKXViXvX,XO\V\HX- XX\HT OX 
\Ma\tr $\W«w\\ 

p| aces Above Mean Height. Tem perature . 


Sea-tevel 


Barometer . 

15.442 
16 8So 
20. 750 
22.905 
27.720 
29.922 
31.496 


°L 
179.9 
185.8 
194.2 

200.4 
208. 
212 . 

214.4 


DonkialHimalaga) 1 73 3 7 
Mont Blanc.. 15650 

Quito. 9541 

Mt.Washington 6290 

Madrid. 1995 

London. 0 

DeadSeaibeiow)-l3l6 
■xxvkxxSvKxxxvX, ft sxxxxWvWvxmxmx 
At 68 ft., 47.9° F ; at 299 ft., 48.8°; at 
62l ft.,50.7° ; at 939ft.,57.8° ; at 1290ft. 
58.3°; at 1414 ft., 59.4°: at 1662ft.,61.2- 
at 1900ft., 6 1.4° 

■XXVAXXXKXXXX,V\aXvf\X.- The tempera 
ture on the Moon during the night, 
which is a month Iona, is estimated 
to be 300° below zeroCFatir.),and du¬ 
ring the day, which is also a month 
long, at 400° above zero. 
XX\AVXXvKX\iXvX.,\WTXXmX XX TXX 
X.a'T\Y\.— The increase in temperature 
is about l° F. for every 45 feet of de¬ 
scent. At this rate the temperature at 
various depths is as follows: 

Water will boil at a depth of 2,430yds. 
Lead melts at a depth of 8,400 yds. 
There is red heat at a depth of 7miles. 
Gold melts at a depth of 21 miles 
Cast iron melts at a depth of 74miles. 
Soft iron at 97 miles.—X.K.'AJe.Ws. 
AX.NvX'X.XvKTWvX. ,NNKXXXJb XX XmWo.- 
Lebanon S pri ngs,Columbiana Co.,N.Y. 75° 

Warm Springs, Bath Co.,Va. 98 

Sweet Springs, Monroe Co.,W.Va... 79 
Warm Springs, Meriwether Co.,Ga. 

Hot Springsj&arland Co.,Ark.... 
Palmyra Springs, Jefferson Co.,Wis. 
Blankenships Springs, Texas Co.,Mo.. 

St. Michael Springs, Azores Islands. 212 

Hot Springs, Iceland.261 

■XX.VvXiXvKX\bXvX.,X\7XX.UX. XrX XVbXN; 
\xvt-x.~Bengal and Sahara Desert. .150 

Senegal and Gaudalupe.130 

Persia,Calcutta,Central America ..125 
Afganistan and Arabian Desert....110 

Cape of GoodHope, Utah, Greece.105 

Arabia,Montreal, New York....103 

Spain, India,China, Jamaica.100 

France, Denmark,St.Petersburg... 90 
Buenos Ayres, Sandwich Islands.. 90 

Great Britain, Siam, Peru.85 

Siberia,Australia,Scotland ...... 75 

Moscow,65; Patagonia,55;Iceland.. 45 
XXXAXXXvKXYiX\X,XX\T\X_XI\X XX NNVAAXXv.- 


90 

157 

72 

75 


Moscow,Russia -48 
New York City. - 6 
Poplar River,Mont.-63 
Prescott, Ariz... 18 
St.Petersburg,ftus. 51 
St.Vincent, M inn. -54 


Boston,Mass.., -13 
Chicago,III. ..-23 
Denver, Col.... -29 
Indianapolis,lnd.-25 
Jakoutsk,Siberia-73 
LaCrosse, Wis. .-43 
AXXsNXXXkKXViXkX. ,\W 
In the British expedition underCapt. 
Nares, with the two steamers Discove¬ 
ry and Alert, to the Polar Sea,a sledge 
party advanced over the ice to latitude 
83° 20' 26"N., but found no traces of 
human life beyond tat.81° 52'. In still 
weather the minimum temperature 
was more than 70° below zero,- 


nor were the auroras brilliant or of fre 
quent occurrence during the intense dark 
ness of the aiciu- nignt of i42<Jays. 


153 
























































\ 


‘borAes o\ Va\v\q- 

CENT. 

FAH’T! 

0 

0 

1008.= 

2l2 B. « 

39 = 

210.2 = 

98 = 

208.4 = 

97 = 

206.6 = 

96 = 

204.8 = 

95 = 

203 = 

94 = 

201.2 = 

93 = 

199.4 - 

92 = 

197 6 = 

91 = 

195.8 = 

90 = 

194 = 

89 - 

192 2 = 

88 = 

190.4 = 

87 = 

188.6 = 

86 = 

186.8 = 

85 - 

185 = 

84 = 

183.2 = 

83 = 

181.4 = 

82 = 

179.6 - 

81 = 

177.8 = 

80 = 

176 » 

79 - 

174.2 = 

78 = 

172.4 = 

77 = 

170.6 = 

76 = 

168.8 = 

75 = 

167 = 

74 = 

165.2 - 

73 ■ 

163.4 = 

72 = 

161.6 = 

71 = 

159.8 = 

70 = 

158 = 

69 = 

156.2 = 

68 = 

154.4 = 

67 = 

152.6 = 

66 = 

150.8 = 

65 = 

149 = 

64 =* 

147.2 = 

63 » 

145.4 * 

62 - 

143.6 = 

61 = 

141.8 = 

60 = 

140 = 

59 - 

138.2 = 

58 = 

136.4 = 

57 = 

134.6 - 

56 = 

132.8 = 

55 = 

131 = 

54 = 

129.2 = 

53 = 

127.4 - 

52 = 

125.6 = 

51 « 

123.8 = 

50 = 

122 = 

49 - 

120.2 = 

48 = 

118.4 = 

47 = 

l 16.6 = 

46 = 

114.8 = 

45 = 

.13 = 

44 = 

III.2 = 

43 » 

109.4 = 

42 = 

107.6 = 

41 • 

105.8 = 

40 = 

104 = 

39 = 

102.2 - 

38 = 

100 4 = 

37 - 

98 6 = 

36 = 

96.8 = 

35 = 

95 = 

34 = 

93.2 = 

33 = 

91.4 = 

32 = 

89.6 = 

A3I =; 

k87.8 =A 

30 - 

86 = 

29 = 

84.2 = 

28 = 

82.4 = 

|;27 = { 

f 80. 6 H 

|26 =i 

178.8 4 


RMR. 

808. 

79.2 

78.4 

V 6 

76.8 
76 

75.2 

74.4 
73.6 

77.8 
72 

71.2 


69.6 


68 

67.2 

66.4 

65.6 

64.8 
64 

63.2 

62.4 

61.6 

60.8 
60 

59.2 


52 

51.2 

50.4 

49.6 

48.8 
48 

47.2 

46.4 

45.6 

44.8 
44 

43.2 

42.4 

41.6 
40 8 
40 

39.2 

38.4 

31 .6 

36.8 
36 

35.2 

34.4 

33.6 

32.8 
32 

31.2 

30.4 

29.6 

28.8 
28 

27.2 
26 4 

25.6 


24 

23.2 

22.4 


FAH’i: RMR. 


77 

75.2 

73.4 

71.6 

69.8 

68 

66.2 

64.4 

62.6 

60.8 



15 = 59 
14 = 57.2 
13 = 55.4 
12 = 53.6 


Y.S On." F reenng 
point - 32°F.= 0°C.= 0°R.; Boiling point 
= 2l2°F. = I00°C.- 80°R. _ 

To convert degree s Centigrade m Reaumur 
into degrees Fahrenheit,or \i\w versa,use 
one ol the following formulae.-Let F = 
Number of degrees Fahrenheit, C ^Number 
of degrees Cent igrade, and R-Number of 
degrees Reaumur, hence- 


^f + 37 


F -CrR + 32. 


C = 


5CF-32) 


p - R R 

4 


-t 32 


KT N4W\OW VKO'n'iX Wm'OL'b kt 


R= 4.(F-32) 


=A 


T immCr, A X_ WETAKT VxXXYS- 

''or. -Wooret. - The article being com¬ 
pleted, is hardened by being heated grad 
ualiy to a bright red, and then plunged 
into cold water- it is then tempered by 
being warmed gradually and equably,fi- 
ther over a fire, or on a piece of heated 
metal, till of the color corresponding to 
the purpose for which it is required, as 
per table below, when it is again plunged 
into water. 

A very pale straw. 430°F } Lancets, 

Straw. ,.450 

Darker straw •.. < 470 

Ye 11ow.490 

Brown yellow .. 500 
Slightly tinged purple 520 
Purple . 530 

Dark purple.,,,, 550 ) 

Blue.,.570/ b(n 

Dark blue ......600 Soft tor saws. 

Timw - A wire made ot various met 
als, and 0.84 of a line m diameter, w. i 


j Razors. 

Penknives, SCissors,&. 
Wood Tools. 
Hatchets,Saws, Chip¬ 
ping Chisels,and an 
kinds of Percussive Tools. 


rings. 


sustain 

weights as follows. 


Lead. 


Silver.,,,, 

, 187 ibs. 

Tin • • 

.35 ” 

Platinum, 

..274 ” 

Zinc ... 

.... no ” 

Copper , ,. 


Gold .... 


Iron .... 

,549 •» 




32.8 = 28.8 


34.6 

36.4 

38.2 
40 

41.8 

43.6 

45.4 

47.2 
49 

50.8 

52.6 

54.4 

56.2 


WATE R ,, „,,Health,Wealth 
Milk and Water Serenity of Mind. 
Small Beer.,, Reputation, Happiness. 
Cider and Perry. Cheer fulness, Contentment 

Vvine ..7Strength,Vigor,Nourish- 

Porter . Iment— when taken at 
Strong 8eer .. .J meals, and moderately. 
- (freezing pqi nt75 - 


Punch. 

Toddy. 

Crop and 
Brandy 

Flip and 
Shrub.. 
Bitiers . 
Usquebaugh 
HgstencVfeUr 
G-in. .... 

_ Aniseed 
j R um , 
Whiskey, 

'*t\ lAOWV. 

Whiskei 


, .ew. 


Whiskey, 

J\ rix^VeV. 


NXtcs. 

Idleness, 

Peevishness; 

Quarreling; 

f ighimg; 

Lying, 

Swearing, 

Obscenity; 

Swindling; 

Perj ur y, 

Bu rglary, 

Murder. 


SUICIDE. 




Sickness; 

Puking, 

Tremors; 

Inflamed Eyes; 

Bloated Face; 

Red Nose, 

Swolen Legs; 

Jaundice; 

Pain in limbs; 

Burning in 

Handsi Feet; 

Dropsy 

Epilepsy; 

Melancholy; 

Madness; 

Palsy; 

Apoplexy; 

DEATH. 




Debt; 
Black Eyes; 
Rags.no 
Shelter; 


\rOv«,r«.sV- 



RATE PER CENT. SIMPLE INT. COMPOUNDING 

10.. 

, . lOuca7^€ar$ lOOda^s. 

9.. 


11 

lb ” 

8 . 


9 9 

2 ” 

7 . 


1* 

89 »’ 

6 . 

.16 ” 240 ” II 

1 1 

327 •» 

5. 

.20 ” 0 ” 15 

9 > 

75 *» 

4>r 

.22 ” 81 ” 15 

1 1 

273 ” 

4 . 

.25 ” 0 ” 17 

1 1 

246 ” 

3*1 


f 1 

54 »> 

3 .. 

33 ” 120 ” 23 

* • 

164 ” 

2-Aj 

,, 40 ’’ 0 ” 28 

t 1 

26 ” 

2 

... 50 ” 0 ” 35 

> ♦ 

1 ” 





60 seconds = l minute. 




60 minutes = 1 hour. 




24 ho uts = 1 day. 




7 d a u s = 1 week. 



29 d.l2h.44 m. 3 S. = 1 lunar month. 


28,29.30 or3idays 
30days = 
365days = 
365 todays = 
366 days = 
365d.5h.48m. 49S. = 
365 d. 6 h. 9 m. 12s. = 
365d.6h. 13 m. 49s. = 
88 days = 
224days = 
365 days = 
687 days = 
4,332 days = 
10,759 days => 
30,686 days = 
J60,126 days = 
2 weeks = 
4 weeks = 
52 Weeks = 

12 months = 

13 months = 

12 lunar months = 

4 years = 

10 y ears = 
15 years = 
19 years = 
28 years = 
100 years = 
400 years - 
532 years = 

1 000 years =. 
7600 years = 
7980 


calendar month, 
interest month, 
common year. 
Julian year. 

Leap year, 
solar or tropical year, 
sidereal year, 
anomalistic year, 
revolution of Mercury. 
” ’’Venus. 
•j •* Earth. 

” Mars. 

•• ** Jupiter. 

»• • * Saturn. 

»* ’’Uranus. 
” ’’Neptune, 
fortnight, 
scholastic month 

year, nearly, 
year. 

scholastic year. 
Mohammedan year 
ol ympiad. 
decade. 

Roman mdiction. 
Lunar cycle. 

Solar cyclelOld Style). 
Century. 

Solar cyclelNewStyle). 
Dionysian period!O.S.) 
M i I lenni um. 
Dionysian periodfN.S.). 
Julian period 


years = 

TNUt 5V,\Y^ONX\X5-kNNV\W\a.V,«.rA.-FoT 
the purpose of discipline, and to fairly divide 
the watch,the crew is mustered in two divisions, 
the Starboard,and the PoTt. The day commences 
at noon,and is divided thus:-Afternoon Watch, 
noon to 4 P.M.; First Dog Watch, 4 P.M. to 6 P.M.; 
Second Dog Watch, 6 P.M. to8 P.M.; First Watch, 
8 P.M.,to midnight; MiddleWalch,l2A.M.lo4 A.M.;Mom 
mg Watch 4 A.M. to 8 A.M.; Forenoon Watch, 8 A. M.to noon 
Bells!' 


H unger; 

TWK.U. 

SBells- 6.30 

TwveY.Wv. 

1 Bell - 6.30 

Vagrancy; 

1 Bell-12.30 

6 ” - 7.00 

1 Bell-12.30 

2 Bells- 7.00 

Hospital; 

2Bell5- 1.00 

7 ” • 7.30 

2 Bells- 1.00 

3 ” - 7.30 

Over the 

3 ” - 1.30 

8 ” - 8.00 

3 ” - 1.30 

4 ’» - 8.00 

H111 to the 
Poor-house; 

4 ” - 2.00 

5 ” - 2.30 

"Yvrtve, 

4 ” - 2.00 

5 ” - 2.30 

Ywv\e,Y.\W. 

Arrest; 

6 ” - 3.00 

1 Bel! - 8.30 

6 ”- 3.60 

1 Bell - 8.30 

Jail; 

7 ” - 3.30 

2 Bells- 9.00 

7 ” - 3.30 

2 Bells- 9.00 

Trial; 

8 ” - 4.00 

3 ” - 9.30 

8 ” - 4.00 

3 ” - 9.30 

Whipping; 

■Xv«\ek.U. 

4 ” -10.00 

TXmY.Ylv. 

4 ” -10.00 

The Hu-lks; 

1 Bell- 4.30 

5 ” -10.30 

1 Bell- 4.30 

5 m -10.30 

Botany Bay; 

2 Bells- 5.00 

6 ” - l -l.00 

2Bells- 5.00 

6 ” -11.00 

State Prison 

3 ” • 5.30 

7 ” -11.30 

3 - 5.30 

7 ” -11.30 

GALLOWS. 

4 ” - 6.00 

8 ” - -noon 

4 ” - 6.00 

8 ’ frniinglit. 




154 








































































































V# 




TYi's'dT.0,770. ,7K0Y0K\\OW 07 7KVT 
\000 7N7K70- 

YW 

Muscles. 


Salivi. 

1 5 

Bones. 


Bile. 

3 5 

Cartilages. 

.2.8 

Blood. 

4.5 

Milk. 


Mucus... 

0.6 




y—J> < >!:«■»• —K3-:^rfe -3 

3+ 


^OTVWOW,7VLVK\ WIT. V0\N7T\ 07 YNiTKVS 


Lead... 


Cast Iron.9.0 

Tin. 


Swedish Iron.. 9.5 

Copper...... 


English Iron...10.1 

Yellow Brass 

...4,6 

Blistered Steel.. .16.6 

Gun Metal... 


Shear Steel.17.0 


07 TKT. OOT-KW.-Exper- 
iments -wade by Capt. Wilkes indicate that 
light penetrates the ocean to the depth of 
80fathoms(480ft.). The depth at which ob¬ 
jects cease to be visible to the eye is -much 
less. A pot painted white was let down in¬ 
to the water, and the point of invisibili¬ 
ty marked; upon taking it out the point 
of visibility was marked, and the two 
were found to vary but a fathom or two 
In water at 36° F., the pot disappeared at 
six fathoms; in water at76°F.,at thirty 
fathoms; in the G-ulf Stream, at twenty- 
seven fathoms; just outside of it,at twen 
ty-three fathoms.-O.K.NqeXYs. 

■VMiX NNTAOViT.- 24grains=lpem 

nyweight; 20 pennyweights= I ounce; 12 
ounces= I pound. 

07All founders cast.their 
type one uniform height and depth, bat 
the letters vary much in their breadth. 
The following are the sizes mostly used 
in books: 

7m\\\'av\X.-A column Scinches long, 
and 2inches wide, if set in Briliiant,it 
would contain 124 lines, and about7,500 
letters. 

Prirrtm9 is «h« art of producing Iwpmsions from characters or i*y U »« 

is the next size; the column,as 
above described,would contain 107 lines, 
and about 6,000 letters 

PfltitifTj it (he ari of producing i-mpressiotib from cfiattcfer 

T’ea.'A, 95 lines, 4,370 letters. 

Printing is the art of producing impressions <t 
K cyaioe, 87 lines, 3,740 letters. 

Printing is the art of producing impTessio 
Hon^areW, 75 lines, 3,000 letters. 

Printing is the art of producit^ im 

YKwwoxv, 64 lines, 2,360 letters. 

Printing is the art of producing 

7>-xe\im, 58 lines, 1,970 letters. 

Printing is the art of produci 

^>ovcx^eo\s, 53 lines, 1,590 letters. 

Printing is the art of prod 

N-cmqT’rvmer, 47 lines, 1,360 letters. 

Printing is the art of pr 

Smv»\\ V\ca, 43 lines, 1,120 letters. 

Printing is the art of 

V\ca, 37 lines, 890 letters. 

Printing is the art 


7rv}\\sY\, 34 lines, 680 letters. 

Printing is the a 

Oo\wrx\V>var\, 30 lines, 550 letters. 

Printing is the 

Wvxx\e,-<, 27 lines, 430 letters. 

Printing isth 

<0ow\>\4 Vvca, 22 lines, 280 letters. 

is K 


NOVOWE. KYVO \N7A7r\V\ 67 75W KVKr 
The Standard of Comparison is the vol¬ 
ume of air at 32°Founder an atmospher¬ 
ic pressure of 29.22 inches in the baromeer 


Print 


mg 


■VtTO.SCn\Wfc,KK'77. 07.- The rapid¬ 
ity with which type can be set depends 
upon the size of the type, and thechar 
acter of the composition. An expert can 
set upward of 2000 ems, solid minion,23 
ews to the line, one break to each stick¬ 
ful, in an hour; or upward of 5000ems, 
nonpareil, newspaper measure,!n 3 hours. 

^XVT\N?vY\\\\Cr,7\K77. 07.- The rapidity 
of this depends upon the character of the 
matter, and the familiarity of the wri¬ 
ter with it. An expert can write, on or¬ 
dinary correspondence, 100 words in a 
minute. Upward of 9000 words from 
dictation has been written in I hour 
30 minutes. 

77V7-VWW.\NT\7\HO,7\K\7 07 - Th is term 
refers to the pen print as seen through- 
outthis book. In order to fairly repre¬ 
sent this method with the above t.wo, 
the'writer timed his best work, and 
found, that in ordinary woTk,such as 
this and the above two paragraphs, he 
could print a page of this book in four 
hours and ten minutes. The page contains 
about 4000 ems. 

Vi\v\X) 7Ae,a.vw\e.- 20 units= I score; 12 u- 
nits=ldozen; 12 dozen = I gnoss; l2gToss 
= I great gross. 

<=\K77:S> TAOWtX 1 0 m i 1 1 s = 
cent; 10 cents = I dime; 10 dimes = I dol¬ 
lar; 10 dollars = I eagle 

N7.tV7\Y.K"7\0W Each person requires at 
least fTom3to4 cubicfeet of air per 
minute. Sleeping apartments require 
1000 cubicfeet of space to each occupant. 
An ordinary gas flame requires as 
much air as 9 persons. 

\J\7KV\7\ 67 <577.00-YOe*. a\so 


Anise.3to 5 


Artichoke ... 5 

Beans. 2 

Beets..«!■• 3 

Broccol i.5 

Cabbage.3 

Caraway..... 2 
Cauliflower.. 5 

Carrots.2 

Celery .. 2 

Com (on cob). 2 

Cress.. 3 

Cucumber -...-8 

Endive.5 

Egg Plant.... I 

Leek.2 

Lettuce.3 

Melon.. 8 


Asparagus ... a to3 


Mustard.3 

Okra.3 

Onions.2 

Peas.5 

Pumpkin .... 8 

Parsley.2 

Parsnip.I 

Pepper.2 

Radish.3 

Rhubarb .... 3 

Sage ...2 

Squash.b 

Spinach.3 

Sweet Corn.. 2 

Tomato. 2 

T urn ip.3 

Wheat...... 2 


TEMP 
E RA T 
URE. 
0 ° - 
12 « 
22 = 
32 = 
42 = 
52 ’ 
62 « 
72 = 
82 = 
92 ■ 
102 = 
112 = 
I 22 ■■ 
I 32 = 
I 42 = 
52 


VOL 

UME. 

.935 
.960 
.980 
1.000 
1.020 
1.041 
1.061 
1.082 
I 102' 
1.122 
1.143 
1.163 
1.184 
1.204 


WEl&HT 
IN LBS. 

PEB CU.FT. 

=.0864 
= .0842 
=.0824 
=.0807 
=.0791 
=.0776 
=.C76l 
=.0747 
=.0733 
=.0720 
=.0707 
=.0694 
= .0682 
.0671 


1.224 =.0659 
1.245 =.0649 


TEMP¬ 
ERAT¬ 
URE. 

62= 1.265 


VOL 

UME. 


weight 
IN lBS. 

PEB.CU.FT. 

.0638 


172= 1.285 =.0628 
182 = 1.306 =. 0618 
192 = 1.326 =.0609 
202 =1.347 =.0600 
212 =1.367 =.0591 
230 = 1.404 =.0575 
250 = 1.444 =.0559 
275 = 1.495 =.0540 
300 = 1.546 =.0522 
325= 1.597 =.0506 
350 = 1.648.=.0490 
375= 1.689 =.0477 
400 = 1.750 =.0461 
450 = 1.852 =.0436 
500 = I.954 =.0413 


NN K\7.7V ,\N7\7yWY7 Km VfcS&VWfc* 07.- 
FRE5H. SALT. 
Greatest density = 39.2° Fa hr. = Freezing Point. 
Icu.ft.at40°..= 62.425 lbs. = 64 lbs. 

I cu.in.at40°. . = .036126 lbs. = .031037 lbs. 
Icu.ft.at 40°. .= 7.500gals. = 7.48gals. 

I pallon weighs.= 8-33 lbs. = 8.61 I bs. 

I ton..= 35.943 cu.ft.= 35 cu.ft. 

I ton.=240gals. =233gals. 

Freezes.=32° Fahr. =27 0 Fahr. 

8oiI. 212 Fahr. =227°Fahr. 

f cubic foot of i ce weighs 58.08 lbs. 
water evaporates at all temperatures. 

In freeiirip it expands .076 of its bulk. 

By weight 88-889 parts=oxygen; 11.10=hydrogen. 
By -measure I part = oxygen; 2 = hy4rogen. 
In changing to-the gaseous state, water in 
creases in volume 1696 times. 

About 53 part of the weight of sea wa¬ 
ter is salt 

<41 K77K7KVV7,\\7\7rK7 07- feet. 
Cerosola Cascade, Alps, Switzerland. 2*400 

Falls of Arvo, Savoy.1,600 

Lanterbaum, Lake Theen.SwitzerPd. 900 

Natckikin Falls, Kamschatka. 300 

Falls of Terni,near Rome. 300 

Mont Morency Falls,Q.uebec,Canada 250 
Fryer’Sjnear Lochness, Scotland... 200 
Niagara Falls, North America .... 164 
Lidford Cascade, Devonshire,England. 100 
Sentinel, Yosemite Valley, California .3,270 
Yosemite, ” ” ” 2,634 

Royal Arch, ” ” ?’ 2,000 

Genesee Falls, Rochester,N.Y. 96 

Missouri Falls,Montana. 94 

Waterfall Mountain Cascade,S.Africa . 85 

Passaic Falls, New Jersey. 71 

Mohawk Falls,N.Y. 68 

Falls of St. Anthony, Upper Mississippi 60 

Nile Cataracts,Upper Egypt. 40 

Tivoli Cascade, near Rome.. 40 

\W NKTWONYb 7K7Ve> 07 
YY\s, 7 o ivy ,"w\ \0 7)07 ar v s>.- , 


Teeth.100 

Bones.130 

Cartilage .'.550 

Muscies.750 

Ligament®.768 

Brain.. 789 

Blood.795 

\NK'\7.K,Ni\K\Om A7Yd\V7kKV0K7S 07 
Sea water is seldom below 40°; springs, 
about 45°; pools and small rivers are as the 
atmosphere; fermentation,57°to 77°;dry 
ing herbs,etc., 77° to. 122° 


Bile..,'.880 

Milk. 887 

CinerealicJuice. 900 
Lymph ....... 960 

Gastric Juice.. 975 
Perspiration... 986 
Saliva.995 


155 







































































































w e i 

Measures v>^. jp. 

plllu; " " ' '* , ‘ ill,u ' - " 11 " 4 g* 


NN KVLTk-V ONNT.Tv ,T 0 T,K\_TA5VK\T. 
Niagara Falls has a capacity of wore 
than ten millions of cubic Feet per min 
ute, equal to three million horse- power 
nominal, ot nine million real. 

To calculate the power,in foot-pounds, 
or horse power, of any water-fall, VKwWv 
\\\) We area. w Vv\e cross, te.cV\cm'vaWX 
\>y Vat \ie\oc\V\* yt\ W\ \er rc\\T\vWe , 
arr& •wwv\V\\\\^ \>\> www\)or o( 

^owvAs vw a cwV\c koo\ o\ vvaXer , ar\6 
VV\\s \>\) T\\t \erV\oaA 4a\\ ’vv\ W\, wVi\6c\ 
ty\\ies> Wve ok kooV^owx\6s ^e-r 

vt\\r\w\t ok \\\i ka\V, 6w\&e ^o\) 7>'i>,0W> Vo 
art Vv\e \rorse-^oveer. 

£ XAMPLE.— The flume of a mill is 15 
feel wide, the water is 4 feet deep,the ve 
locity 50 feet per minute,and the fall 10 
feet; what is the horse-power of the fall? 

0\eraV\or\.-l5x4 x50xl0x62 J 5=l,875,000, 
Then,1,875,000-5-33,000=56n- horse-power. 

OT KT \MTYY 
«,r\V Vrevsoxes.-The temperature of boil¬ 
ing water at atmospheric pressure, or ex¬ 
posed to air, is 212°; under 60 lbs. press¬ 
ure of steam as shown by steam gu-age, 
307°: usual heat of superheated steam, 
380° to 400°. 

\NKTV^,KWmT TOTv WW 

Twr^oscs.-Assuming that each individ 
ual drinks an average of one quart of 
water each day, during a life of 70pears, 
he would drink 203 barrels. The total 
population of the earth drink each year 
1,977,865,900 hogsheads, equivalent to a lake 
having an area of 100 square miles.and 
6 feet in depth. 

VNkNtS,SYZT KmTOkVbT OT.-The dy 
namic force of waves is greatest at the 
crest of the wave before it breaks,and 
its power of raising itself is measured bp 
various facts. At WasWrg, Norway it has 
risen 400 feet, and on the coast of Com 
wall, 300 feet. Thm are cases showing 
that waves have sometimes raised col 
umns of water equivalent to a pressure 
of from three to five tons per square foot. 

The extreme height of mid-oeean waves 
is estimated to be from 20 to 22 ft., and 
the average fence 6 11 lbs. peT square foot 
during the summer months,and2086 
lbs. during the winter months. 

By observation it has been determined that 
when waves had heights of 
8 ft., theTe were 35 peT mile, and 8 per minute. 
15 ” »• 6 »» •» 5 •’ 

20 ” •» 3 ** »• 4 > > 

OT OT.T.'OT, OT - Or. 
Lindley estimates as a low average the, 
fol lowing number of seeds from each of| 
these four plants: 

I plant of Groundsel produces .. 

I ” Dandelion >> 

I ”• SowThistle ” 

I ” Spurge ” 

The above estimates, the average of 
which is 4,100, may also be applied to 
pig-weed, burdock, fox tail, chick-weed,and 
purslane. 

The seed from the firs, rour plants win 
cover three and a half acres of land 
at three feet apart. 


.. 2,080 
..2,740 
,.11,040 
540 


'NT.kkTkkWCr KmWIT.T.TKTWT.T).- 


Pa peT 

Leather 

Wooden 

Woolen 

Tin 

fSlLK OR 
IF 1NE LINEN 

Crystal 

China 

Silver 

Pearl 

Ruby 

Golden 

Diamond 


4 9 

2 nd 

' ♦ • 

* 1 

« 9 

3rd 

9 1 

9 9 

t • 

5th 

M' 

• 9 

• t 

7th 

9 • 

9 9 

ft 

10 th 

♦ » 

i » 

O 

12 th 

9 • 

1 9 

9 9 

15th 

9 9 

1 » 

J» 

20 th 

« 9 

9 ♦ 

9 * 

25th 

9 9 

9 9 

• 9 

30th 

9 9 

9 • 

9 9 

40th 

9 9 

9 9 

• 9 

50th 


9 9 

9 9 

75th 

9 9 

99 


and buyers are further guided by 

subdivisions of these grades. 


Grade. 


No 


Name. 

No 

Name. 

NO. 

Weight. 


NN'ETTMTS KWTi \f\T.KT>\bTkT.5,T,\ < 5T'5W W, 
The earliest units of lineal measure were 
the finger.the thumb, the digit,the palm, 
the hand, the forearm (cubit), the fath- 
omfspace from end of one arm to end 
of other, both arms being extended), the 
girdle, the foot, the span, the stride, the 
mile of 1000 paces, etc. Seeds were used 
as units both of weight and of length, 

In 1266 it was enacted in England that 
"an English penny, called a sterling,round 
and without clipping, shall weigh 32wheat 
corns, from the midst-of the ear,and 20 
pence shall make an ounce, and 12 or. I 
pound, and 8 pounds do make a 9 a!Ion 
of wine, and 8 gallons of wine do make 
a London bushel, which isthe-fe part 
of a quarter; and in 1324, that "3 bar 
Icycorns, round and dry, shall make an 
inch” (meaning originally twelfth part), 
and 12 in. a foot.” Other primitive stan¬ 
dards of weight were the weight of a 
man, the load of a man, of an ass, but 
lock, mule, or camel. 

Troy weight, supposed to be derived 
from the fair of Troyes, was used in 
England when, about the beginning of 
the 14th century, its foreign commerce 
began to enlarge. 

Avoirdupois weight, now used for all 
merchandise sold by weight,except the 
precious metals and the precious stones, 
ha.s been in use in England foT many 
centuries. The word ''avoirdupois”(to 
have weight) occurs first in the English 
Statutes in 1335. 

In the United States, Congress adopted 
the decimal system in the subdivision 
of money. In 1836 a law was enacted 
for regulating the Weights and Measures 
of the Union, by which the Secretary of 
the Treasury was directed to supply stan¬ 
dards of weights, of length, and of ca¬ 
pacity, according to the standards of 
Great Britain, to the Governors of States, 
and Revenue Collectors. JohmQumcy Ad¬ 
ams reported in 1821 in favor of the Brit¬ 
ish standards, because they were in gen 
eral use, and a change to the decimal sys 
ternl MetTic System), would be attended 
with great embarrassment. 

The Metric System was legalized in the 
United States on July 28, 1866. 

M9VteK'\,TjT,KT>TJb OT .- Weight,Color, and 
cleanliness are the principal considera¬ 
tions in determining the grade of wheat. 

The word c\\x\> is used in America and 
other countries to designate a kind or 
species of wheat, bu-t in Liverpool it is 
used only to designate the best quality 
or the highest grade, and in that mark 
et any kind or species of wheat of rhe qual¬ 
ity of the grade is called Club Wheat. 

In Liverpool the grades ate k>\\Oo arMifW- 


Club 


Average' 


1st Division 


Conrnn 


Choice. 


01* 


Choice' 


CommoTV 


2nd Division 


63 lbs. 
63 lbs. 
63 lbs. 
63 lbs. 
60 lbs. 
60 lbs. 

60 lbs. 
574 ” 
574 ” 
574 " 


Co l ox 

{Extral 

(White! 

White- 

Light. 

Dark. 

Dark. 

Light. 

Dark. 

Dark. 

Light. 

Dark. 

Dark. 


Cleanliness. 

WITH 

OUST »NO 
QTMERG*A1N) 

Clean. 

Clean. 

Clean. 

Clean. 

Mixed. 

Clean. 

Clean. 

Mixed. 

Clean. 

Clean. 

Mixed. 


'NYvtKT<5T .-Wheat 

varies considerably is to the proportion 
of starch, gluten,etc., which it contains. 
One hundred parts of the grain of wheat 
contain on an average —water, 14.83; 
gluten, 19.64; albumen,0.95; starch, 
45.99; gum, 1.52 ; sugar, 1.50 ; oil, 
0.87; vegetable fiber, 12.34; ash,2.36; 
total, 100 . 00 . 

The ash ish-ich in phosphoric acid, 
magnesia, and potash. Its composition 
is as follows; Potash, 29.97; soda,3.90; 
magnesia, 12.30; lime,3.40; phosphor¬ 
ic acid, 46.00; sulphuric acid,0.33; sil¬ 
ica, 3.35; peroxide of iron,0.79; chlor 
ride of sodium, 0.09; total, 100 . 00 . 

Of flour, the best wheat yields 76 to 
80 per cent, sometimes even 86 peT 
cent, whereas, inferior kinds seldom 
yield more than 68 peT cent, and some¬ 
times only 54 to56 per cent. 

Wheat-straw contains, on an average, 
nitrogenous, substances, 1.85; non-ni- 
trogenous substances, 67.56; mineral 
substances, 4.59; water, 26.00; total, 
100.00. The ash of straw is as follows 
Potash, 12.14; soda,0.60; magnesia,2.74; 
lime, 6.23; phosphoric acid,5.43; sul¬ 
phuric acid, 3.88; silicia,67.88; perox¬ 
ide of iron, 0.74; chloride of sodium, 0 . 22 : 
total, 100 . 00 . 

7a\Ae.—vrvbexk.- A body of air in motion 
is called wind. It travels at various 
'rates and in many different directions. 
By means of an instrument called 
the anevAQmrter(see cut), it has been 
ascertained that the velocity of a light 
wind is 5 miles an hour; oT a "stiff 
breeze, 25 miles; of a storm, 50; of a 
hurricane, from 80 to 100 ,or even 150, 
and of a cyclone, 180. . 



156 































































WEIGHTS & MEASURES.]!*- 


NM \H^-VN\\_\J», V WTtV, 7)7 K7 W\W 

«rc\\ Me\oc\V\es oV \V\eW\r\A.- The length 
of an arm (whip) is divided into 7 parts, 
the sails extending over 6 parts. The 
force of the wind at 10 miles an hour, 
is halt a pound per square toot; at 14miles 
is a pound; at 70 miles, 2 lbs.; at Smiles, 
3 lbs.; at 35 miles ,6 lbs.; at 45miles, 10 
lbs.; at 60 miles, 1744; at 1 00 mi linear¬ 
ly 50 lbs. 

The driving shaft of a wind-mill Ts 
to be set at an elevated angle with the 
horizon when set in low localities,and 
at a depressed angle when set on eleva¬ 
tions. These angles may range Prom 3 C 
to 35.° To give the fullest effect to the 
force of the wind, the sails are inclined 
to the axis from 72° to75.° The tips 
of the sails often move 30 miles peT 
hour, or 44 feet per second. From tip 
to tip is about 70 feet, and the bTeadth 
from 5 to 6 feet. The performance of 
such a mill is equivalent to the poweT 
of 34 men. 

\N\UTE. 07k V\&V>\7) 4 gills 

= I pint; 2 pints = I quart; 4 quarts = I 
gallon; 31/4 gallons= I barrel; 42gallons 
= I tierce; 63gallons = I hogshead ; 2 hogs¬ 
heads = I pipe or butt; 2 pipes=l ton. 

The wine qallon contains 23lcu.in. 

\N\Wt ,7> KTWLTk, KVI\Q\M\ 

Vor fences.- The table is based upon each 
pound of wire measuring one roddS-^ 
feet). \\_vne.. TVvxxes. 'JvVvxes. 

I sq uare acre .. ... 50% lbs. I0l^lbs.l52lbs. 
Iside of a sq.acTe .. 12% ” 25^” 38 ” 

IsquaTe half-aCTe. 36 ’» 72 ”108 ” 

I square mile... 1280 ”2560 ”3840 ” 

1 side of sq.mile... 320 »* 640 ” 960 »» 

100 rods in length 100 ” 200 ” 300 ” 

100 (eet > » 6 Y S ” 12 V’ I83f s ” 

\NOQVTV40VA<v\nCr w.- 

Circular saws for ripping soft wood,9,000 
ft. per minute at the periphery. Ripping Hard 
wood, 6,800 ft. per minute at the periphe¬ 
ry. Cross-cutting soft wood, 10 ,000ft.per 
minute, and cross-cutting hard wood,7,500 
ft. per minute. 

Mill or reciprocating saws, designed to 
carry not more than one saw per I in. 
width of saw or swing frame. To cut 109 s 
up to 4ft. sq., M 0 revs. peT min.; 3ft .6 in. 
sq., 120 revs. peT min.; 3 ft.sq., 125 revs, 
per min.; 2ft. 6 in.sq., 135 revs. peT min. 

2 ft. sq., 155 revs, per min.; I ft .6 in. sq., 
180 revs, per min. 

Double Equilibrium Deal Sawing Frames 
(balance swing frames). To cut two deals 
up to 14 in. x 5 in., 300 revs, per min.; 18in. 
x 6 in., 260 revs, per min.; 24 in.x7 in., 
220 revs, per min. 

Single Deal Sawing Frames.-To cut one 
deal up to 11 in.x3 in., 260 revs, per min.; 
14 in. x4in., 250 revs, per min.; I8in.x6in. 
2l5 revs. peT min. 

Single-bladed Frames, 1,500 feet peT min. 

Band Saws.-Blades running on wheels 
up to 3 ft. diameter. Fot sawing soft woods.- 
Traverse of saw blade per min. upto4,500 
ft.; ao. hard wood,3,500ft.; do. very hard 
wood, ivoTy,elc.,750ft.; do. iron, 250 ft. 

JiggeT Saws, to cut 12 in. deep, 800 tolOOO 
revs, per min. 


Planing Machines.-The cutting edges of 
planing and molding irons-when two on 
ly are employed and arranged on cu-tter blocks 
varying in diameter from 4in.to9in. in 
diameter-should be speeded to travel from 
5,000 to 6,000 feet per minute. 

Mortising Machines.tRedprocatm<)).-Heav 
y machines to mortise up to 3in.wide, 175 
to 275 strokes per min. I in. wide, 200 to 
300 strokes; I in. wide (movable table),275 
to 400 strokes. 

Rotary Mortising and Boring Machines. 
Soft wood, 2,000 revs, per min.; haTd wood, 
1,200 per min. 

Tenoning Machines.-Heavy machines,av¬ 
erage 3,000 ft. of cutting edge per minute. 
Light machines,3,000 to 4,000ft. of cut¬ 
ting edge per minute. 

Emery wheels for saw-shaTpening,etc., 
4,500 to 6,000 ft. 

>NQ7«tS,Uk}YA7>7.V, \5S>7.7b W 7>\7 77.777.7*7 
Vctsotns.— Shakspeare, who had the rich¬ 
est vocabulary used by any Englishman, 
employed only 16,000 words.(There are up 
ward of 60,000 different words in the En¬ 
glish Language). Milton used but 8,000, 
arid the average graduate from any of 
the great universities, rarely has a vocab¬ 
ulary of moTe than 3,000 or 4,000 words. 
The ordinary person can get along ver- 
y comfortably with 500 words,and in the 
rural districts a knowledge of 200 words 
is sufficient to carry a man through his 
life. This of course refers to the needs of 
conversation. A man reading newspapers 
and well written books, needs upward of 
2,000 words. The Old Testament contains 
5,642 differert words. 

Sk\O\N\U<0 7k7.YK\\\t7 
ok kw^ko-Sa.-xorv NNox^s \y\ 
tfMewwV ok VtxqkksVi V\\<n- 

aWie,.—LTieVAWkek. __ 

The English Bible.. 93 
The Prayer Book.. 87 

Poetry..._.88 

Prose Fiction .... 87 
Essays.78 

\N0W&<a,VPv0V07V7\(m 07 vo^taotwh 
V\\ e TL-ngWsVxV-ar\qv.aq«..-From an exam¬ 
ination of the dictionary, Dean Trench 
comes to the following conclusion. Sup 
pose the English language to be divided 
into 100 parts; of these, to make a rough 
distribution, 60 are Anglo-Saxon; 30are 
Latin; 5 are Greek; and the remaining 5 
parts are to be divided among all the 
other languages from which isolated words 
have been derived. 

\N\UT7.7\ KWT) YY\^YY7\K\Y>V,Yr 

The average difference between winter and 
summer temperature varies with the d 1 S 
tance from the equator. At Singapore it 
is but 2°; at Bombay the difference is 6 ° 
at Calcutta, 14° ; at London,23°; at St. 
Petersburg, 43° ; at Quebec, 54°; New 
1 . A a 6 . o:. 


Oratory. 

...76 

History. 

... n 

Newspapers.. 


Works on 


Rhetoric. 

.. 69 


: San D 
, Chica- 


York, 44®; Bismarck,N.D., 63 
ego,Cal., 13°; Indianapolis,48 
go, 48°; Denver, 45°. 

Apples,green, bushel =50 lbs.;barrel = 200lbs. 
Almonds, seron = I to2 cwt. 

Ashes,pot or pearl, barrel=450 Ib 3 . 

Beef, Pork,or 8 acon, hogshead = 1,000 lbs. 
Butter, bbl.=224 fbs.; f irkin=56 lbs.;tub*84 Ifa 
Bark, cord= 2,000 lbs. 

Beer, hogshead = 54 gallons. 

Brandy, puncheon*';°'°}gals; hhd.= s 6 5 o igals. 


Bricks, common, each = 5 lbs. 

Cement, barrel = 300 I bs. 

Charcoal, bushel =22 lbs. 

Claret, hogshead* 46gallons. 

Coffee, tierce* 5 to 6cwt.; bag,Rio = l62lbs 
St.Domingo=)30 lbs.; packet, Java=5 0 
lbs.; bale, Mocha, = 2 to2%cwt. 

Coke, bushel=40 lbs. 

Cotton, bale=300 to 400 lbs. 

Eggs, barrel =200 lbs. 

Fathom*=6 feet. 

Figs, drum = 24 lbs. 

Fish, quintal* 112 lbs.; barrel =200 lbs. 
Flax, Russian bale* 5 to 6 cwt. 

Flour, barrel- 196 lbs. 

Fodder of Lead* 19%cwt. 

Ginger,ground, box = 24lbs. 

Hair’s Breadth =%e of an inch. 

Hand = 4 inches. v, 

Hides,green, average each=85 lbs.; dry,av¬ 
erage* 33 lbs. 

Honey, gaflorl = 12 lbs. 

Hops, bag*about 2 J 4cwt. 

Ice, bushel* 80 lbs. 

Indian Meal, hogshead* 800 lbs. 

Lard, barrel = 333 I bs. 

Last =10 quarters of com. 

Lemons, box,Sicily,*about 300 lbs. 

Lime,barrel = 225 lbs. 

Line*-^^ of an inch 
Mace,case = about l-hcwt. 

Madeira, pipe = 92 gallons. 

Man’s Load -5 bushels. 

Market Load = 40 bushels. 

Metre =3.28 feet. 

Nail=24 inches. 

Nails, keg* 100 I bs- 

Oranges,box,double 0,= 300 to350 1 bs- 
»> ” single 0, = i75 to 350 •* 

Oysters,bushel = lOO lbs. 

Pace =3 feet. 

Palm* 3 inches. 

Pork,barrel*200 lbs.; hogshead* >,000 'bs 
Port Wine, pipe* 115 gallons. 

Resin, barrel* 300 lbs. 

Rum, puncheon = 100 to 110 gallons. 
Powder, keg*25 I bs. 

Raisins, cask* • 00 lbs. 

Salma of 0>i* 42.i6gallons. 

Salmon, bo* = i20 to 1 30 1 bs. 

Sau, hogshead =30 bushels; barrel* 3'r 
bushels; bushel* 70 1 bs. 

Sand,Gravel,etc.,cubic foot = >50 lbs. 
Sherry, butt* 108 gallons. 
Skippond,GottenbuTg, = 300 lbs. 

Soap, barrel*256 lbs.; box=75 lbs. 

Span =9 1 nches. 

Stcne,dressed,cubic foot = l80 lbs. 
Straw or Hay, load* 36 truss. 

Sugar, barrel* 200 to250 lbs.; box =400 to 
500 lbs. 

Tallow, barrel* 333 lbs. 

Tar, barrel = 300 lbs. 

Tea, chest,Congou, =75 lbs.; Hyson,chest 
= 60 to 84 lbs. 1 

Teneriffe, pipe-100 gallons. 

Ton of Wood* 2 stones. 

Truss of Hay = 56 to60 lbs. 

" ” Straw = 40 I bs. 

Turpentine, barrel = 300 lbs. 

Vara,Spanish, = 8 feet. 

” of Baracoa* 20feet. 

Whale Oil, bar rel* 3l > a gallons. 

Whiske y, Scotch, puncheon 1 10 to 130 gals. 
Wood,hickory,cord = 4,500 lbs. 

” oak ” =3,500 lbs. 

Wool, pack=240 lbs. 

1 * sack= 308 I bs. 

Yard* 0.9143835 metre. 

Yam,skein=80 turns around a54-in.wheel. 


157 
















































"WHO? WRat? WHere? WRen? 


mm 


OCCUPATION BORN 


NAME 


OCCUPAT ION 


BORN 


NAME OCCUPATION 


BORN 


NAME 


OCCUPATI ON 


BORN NAME 


0 C CU P ATI ON 


BORN 


AAtl,PASHA- TURKISH STATE5MAN-i8l5 
ABAkA. KHAN- PERSIAN EMPEROR- 0 1282 
ABANCOURLO’-FR. STATESMAN- 1758 
ABASCAUjJ.F - SPAN. ♦» - P43 

ABBAS U-SHAH OF PERSIA-1557 

ABBAS,MifUA-PFRS. PRinCE-.1103 

ABBAS PASHA-viCEAOY OF EGYPT-( 81 3 

abbatugci,ghas.-fr.&eneral .mi 

ABBATUCCI,J.P.*FR.GENERAL-H26| 

ABBATUCCIjJ.P.- FR.OlPlOM’ST - • • 119! 
ABBOT, BENJ.- AMER.EOUCATOR- • • -1162 
ABBOT.SAM’L- AMER.MERCH’T- - * 1132 

ABBOTT, JACOB- AMER. AUThO R-12*3 

ABBOTT, j.$.G.- AMER. AUTHOR-10*5 

A 8 BT, THOS.-GER .AUTHOR-ll 38 

ABO-EL-KAOER-ARAB CHIEF.I0OT 

A80UL-AZIZ-TURK. SULTAN.1830 

ABOUL-MEOJIO-»» »» . 1823 

A , BEGKE7,GlLB , T-ENG.AUTHOR-IQ tO 

ABEGG.J.F H.-GER.JURIST-.«796 

ABEKEN.B.ft.-GER. WRITER.17 80 

ABELARD, PlERRE-FR. PHILOS.-1019 

ABERCROMBIE,JAS.- BRlT.GENER AL-IT 06 

ABERCROMBIEJNO.-SGOT.PHYS’N-IT 81 

ABERCR0MBY,$IR R - 8 RH GENERAL* • 1734- 
ABERCROMBTjSiRR0F7. *» •• ■ 1740 


AOAMS^AM'L-REVOLU’Y PATRIOT- • - 1722 
AOAMS,WM.T-MA&AliNE WRITER OF U.S.-I822 
AOANSON,MlCHEl-FR.NATURALIST* • • -17 27 

AODi$oiyosEPH-EN&. author- • 1672 
A0ELAI0E,SI- QlUEEN of ITALY- • 933 

A0ELUNG,JOHAN-6ER.PHILOLOGIST* • • 17 32 

AOET,PIERRE A.-FR.POLITICIAN-1163 

A0ELCREUT7 5 KARL-SWE0.SOL0lER.17 ST 

AOLERSPARRE.GEO.-SWEO.STATESMAN- 1 760 
AOOLPHUSJOHN-ENG.HISTORIAN- • -1766 
AOOLPHUS,FREO’K-KING OF SWEDEN* - I ll 0 
ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU-GER.EMPEROR-I 250 
AORIAN l.-ROMAN PONTIFF-*0l£0, 795 
AOAIAN II. •• . t --OlfD, 872 

AORiAN III.* '• •» *-OlE0,885 

AORIAN IV. •» •» *-OiED,liS9 

AORIAN V. • •* *t • • 0lFD,l276 

AORiAN VI. .* >« 1459 

AESCHINES -GRECIAN OAATOR--- 0 C. 389 

AESCHUUS •» POET -B.C. 525 

AESOP •? FABULIST- -e C 620 

AfTiuS- ROMAN GENERAL. 396 


PHILIP AUGUSTUS. 


ALEXANDER THE GREAT-FROM A COIN. 


JOHN aUlINCr ADAMS. 


A8EROEEN,G.H.G.-SCOT. STATESMAN--17 84 

ABERNFTHY,JN0.-ENG. SURGEON-IT65 

ABiNGER,JAS.-ENG.LAWYER--- -1769 

ABOUT, E.F.V.-FR. WRITER-.1028 

ABRANTf$,AND0CH£,FR.$OL0lER-111 I 

ABRANTESjOUGHESSE-FR.AUTHORESS* 

ABT, FRANZ-MUSICAL COMPOSER- 
ABU-0EKER-ARA8. CAUPH- • * 
ABU-FEMAN-ARAB'C POET- 

ACCUM,F«iEORlCH-GER.CHEMlST- • -1769 
ACHAAOjFRANZ-GER.PHlLOSOPHER* 
ACHEN 8 AGH,A.-GER. PAINTER- • • 
ACKERMANNjKONRAO-GER.COMEO’N- 
ACOSTA,JOSF OE-SPAN.WRntR- 
AOAlRjJOHNjAMER.SOLOlflUStNATOR- 
A0AiR,SiR R08T.-BRlT.0lPLOMATlST- 
AOAM,A.G -FR.MUS.COMPOSER‘ - ■ 
A0AM,AL6RECHT-GFR.ARTIST- • ■ • 
ADAMjROBT.-BRlT.ARCHiTECT- 
AOAMS,CHAS.B.-AMER.CHEMiST 
AOAMSjCHAS.F.-AMER.REPRESENT- -r^OT 

aoams,oani[l-amer. author -n‘~ 

AOAMS,HANNAH-AMER.WRIT£ R.115S 

ROAMS,J0HN-3N0 PRES-OF U S.-- HJ 
A0AMS,J.g. 6TH PRES OF U S.- » 7&T 


Af AKA5IEFF. ALEX.- RUSSIAN AUTHOR-) 82 6 
AfFR.,0ENl$-ARCH8lSH0FOF PARIS- 1793 
AFZELIUS.ARVIO A UG.-SWED. AUTHOR- l 7 85 
AGASSll.LOUlS-AMER.NATURAUST- -18 07 
AGATHO-ROMAN PONTIFF -DIED, 682 
A&ATHON-GRECIAN TRAGIC POET-B.C. 447 
AGNESI, MARIA-) TAL 1 AN SCHOLAR - ■ • l 7 18 
AGRlCOM,CNElU$-ROM. GENERAL *• 37 
AGRICOLA,GEORG.-SAX.MINERALOGIST-I4 90 

AGRICOLA, RUDOLF-&ER.SCHOLAR-1442 

AGRiPPA,HENRY-GER.PHILOSOPHER I486 
AGRlPPA,MAR.VIP.-R0MANGENERAL-8X. 63 
AGUESSEAU,HENRI-FRENCH JURIST • \ 6 

AGUILAR,&RACE-ENG.AUTH0RES9 l 8 I 
AGUSTINA-SPANISH PATRlOT-DlED, i 8 
AHLEFELOjCHARIOTTE-GER.NOVEUST i 7 8 
AHN,JOHANN-GER.&RAMMARlAN- -I 7 
AIGUILION,A.V.O.R.-FR.$TA7ESMAN 
AIKlN,JOHN-ENG.AUTHOR • • 

AlKI N,LUCY-£NG. AU7H0RES5- 
AINMULLERjMAX.-GER. ARTIST 
AINSWORTHjWNI.-ENG.&EOLOGiST- 

AINSWORTHjW.H.-EN&.NOVEUST- _ 

AlR^GEO.B.-ENG.ASTRONOMER-- l 8 0 l 
AlTZEMA,LlEUWE-0U7CH HlSTORlAN-16 00 

AKBAR- SULTAN OF THE MOGULS -i 542 
AKENSlOE,MARK-ENG.POn-• • • I 72 l 
AKERMAN.A.T,- AMER.ATT’Y GEN.-I 823 
AKERS, BEN.P.-AMER. SCULPTOR-182 5 
ALARlC l.- KING OF VISIGOTHS •• 3 SO 


60 
16 
57 
i 

96 
1720 
•IT4-7 

n q i 
1807 
i 0OT 
• 80S 


I8i9 


80» 




ISI 


539 


59 


763 


1801 


1123 

*3»4 


CHESTER A. ARTHUR 


LOUIS AGASSiZ. 


ALBA,FERD.DUKE of -SPAN.&EN’L • SO0 
AlBANi,FRANCESCO-iT al.PainTER-i ST8 
AlB£RONi,GIULIO-SPAN.STaTES'N-» 6 64 
ALBERT I.-GER.EMPfROR i240 

ALBERT II. •• •» s l 397 

ALBERl-PRiNCE CON. IN EN& l8«9 
ALBERT EOWARO-PRlNCF Of WALES • 841 
ALBERTuS MAGNUS - BAV PhiloS’R-' i 93 
<4LB>NU$,B.$.-GER. ANATONUST • i 
AL0ONI,MARlETTA-ITAL.SlNGER- 19 
AL33fT # JEANNE-QUEENOF NAVARRE-I S 
ALCfBUDES-GRKiAN GEnERal-B.C. 4 
AlCOTI,W A. AMfR. AUTHOR- IT 
AUDIlY JAS.-AMER.ADMIRAL -I 8 
AL DRilH^ThUS.B,-AMER. POET -10 
AiORO' ANeu^U.-ilAL.NMURAllSl- l 52 
Alembert, jEaw-fr.philosopher i 71 
Alexander ^reat-k’gof mac.-b.c. 3 
Alexander 1 -kcwaw pontiff oieo.i i 
AL lXANDER n - .# #1 DIEO.I 0 

alExandcRIII ♦ 


ALEXANDER IV.-ROMAN pontiff 0 ., 12 6 1 
ALEXANDERV- »» ft -0/14-10 

ALEXANDER VT- *» ft O.-i 503 

ALEXAMOEftVll: ♦ > »♦ *D. 1667 

ALEXANDERS. *♦ ♦. -O.-I 691 

ALEXANOEG I.-RUS.EMPEROR • • 1777 
ALEXANDER II. •» t, • 1818 
ALEXANOER,WM.-amER.REV.GEN.-| 1 26 
ALEXIS,MIKHA.-CZAR OF RUSSIA- 16 30 
ALFIERA,VITTORIO-ITAL.POET- | 749 
ALFONSO I.-KINC-OF PORTUGAL* i 0 94 
ALFONSO II/ m »i M85 

ALFONSO III.* »» if -12 10 

ALFONSO IV* > » it -12 90 

ALFONSO V- » » if -• 1432 

ALFONSO VI/> » it -1643 

ALFONSO XII. kIN&OF SPAIN • • IQ 57 

ALFRED The GREAT-KING OF ENG. • 849 
al&ARDi, AlESanDRO-iTal.SCulP’R-i 6 00 
ALGER,W.R/AMER.AU7H0R -I 823 
ALlBERT,jEAN-FR.PHYSlClAN -I 7 76 
ALISON,SIR ARCH.-ENG.HISTORIAN-IT 92 
ALLAN, DAVID-SCOT. PAINTER -1744 
A LLAN, JOHN-REVOLU’RY PATRIOT 1746 
ALLE&RljGRE&ORlO-iTAL.MUSlClAN- i 580 
ALLEN,CHAS.-AMER.CH»F JUSTICE I 7 97 
ALLEN,ETHAN-REVOLUTION^ OfFlCIR-i 7 37 


ANACREON-GREEK POET-B.C. 560 
ANASTASIUS t.-flOMAN PONTIFF-0.402 
ANASTASIUS II; ♦* »* -0.498 

ANASTASIUS UL- • » * * *0. 903 

ANASTASIUS IV t» t i -D. I I 54 

ANAXAGORAS-GREEK PHIL05/8.G. 500 
ANAXIMANDER-»> >> -8.C.6IO 

ANCELOT, JAC.- FR.POET.1194- 

ANClLLON.JOHANN-G-ER.HlST’N-n 66 
ANDERSON,HANS-DAN.WRlTER--| Q05 
ANOERSON,MARY'AMER.ACTRESS -*1 8 59 
ANOERSON,ROBT.-AMER.SOLOIER- *l 8 05 
ANDRASSr,JULIAN-HUN&.S7’$MAN-l 8 23 
AnORE,jQHN-BRlTlSHOFFICE R -1 1 S» 
ANORANA,ANDREA-lTAL.PAINTER- -1 S40 
ANOREW,J.A.-AMER.STATESMAN ‘ - I 8 18 
ANDROS,SIREOMUND”COLON’LGOV»R-I 6 37 

AN&EU FILLIPPQ-1TAL.PAINTER-I 600 


WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT 


LORO BACON. 


Allen,henry w.- amer.general -1020 
alien, john-amer.rev.officer --m 2 

ALLEN. JOS.W.- ENG. Painter • -18 0 3 

ALLEN, PAUL- AMER. WRITER-17 7 5 

ALLEN, WM.- ENG. CHEMIST - - - I 7 7 0 
ALLEN,W.H.-AMER.NAV.OFFlClCER l 7 04 
AHlBONE,S.A.-AMER. AUTHOR- 1816 
ALLISON,W.R.- AMER. STATESMAN- 18 29 
ALLORi,ALfSANDRO-iTAL.PAiNTER-i 5 35 

a llston, wash’n-aivier. painter -1 t 79 

ALMA-TAOEMA,L-BEL&IAN PAINTER -1 Q 36 
ALMY,JOHN-AMER.COMMODORE-l 8 14 
AMADEUS-KING OF SPAIN - -1845 

AMALlE,MARlE-&ER. ORAMATiST-I 7 94 
AMBROSE. ST.-FATHER OF LAT.Ch.- 340 
AME5,FI<HER-AIVIER. ORATOR * • 1153 
AMHERST, JEFFREY-BRIT.GENERAL - iT i T 
AMiCi,GiOVANNi-iTal.ASTRONOMER -1 T 84 
AMPERE,ANDRE-FR. PHILOSOPHER -1 t 75 
AMSlER,SAM ? L"GER.ENGRAVER -1 7 9 1 


e & q a.. CO 0* 9 y ’ * v r 


ANGELICO,FRA-lTAL.PAINTER-1387 
AN&ELL,jOS.K.-Am£R.lEGALWRIT.-I 7 94 
ANNE OFAUSTRIA-QUEEN OF FR*NC;l60l 
ANNE-QUEEN OF ENGLAND- 1 664 
ANNE Of CLEVES-4TH Wlf.HEN.VIII.-l 5l5 
ANNE BOLEYN-2ND »> *» t»-i507 
ANSON,GEO.-ENG.ADMlAAL * -1697 
ANTH0N,CHAS.-AMER.SCHOLAR - 1197 
ANTHONY,ST.-E&TP.FOUN’R MONAS.- 25l 
ANTHONY,HEN.B.-U.S.SENATOR--I 8 15 
ANTiGONUS-GEN.OFALEX.THE GR.-BX.382 
ANTIPATER-MACEOON GENERAL-B.c. 390 
ANTIPHON-GRECIANORATOR- B.C. 480 
ANTiSTHENES-GREClAN PHIL0S.-B.G.439 
ANTOlNETT£,MARlE-FR.QUEEN -1755 
ANTONELLI.GIACOMO-|TAL.S7AT»M’N-I806 

ANTONY, MARK-RQIYiAN GENERAL-B.G. 83 
ANVILLE,JEAN-FR.G£OGRAPHER 1697 
apple &ART H, ROBT/LEAD.ENG.W’KM’N -18 3 1 
applet on,john-amer. statesman- 18*5 
APPlE T ON, JNO.j.“AMFR.DlPj.OM , ST-l 7 92 
APiJLlUSjLOCIUS-PLATONlC PHILOS 


30 


JAMES BUCHANAN. 


AQUINAS,ST- T HO$.-lTAL.PHlLOS.- - 122 - 
ARABI PASHA-EGYP.RFvOLUTlONlST-1834 
ARAG0,D0IY1INQUE-FR.STATESMAN- I 766 
arbuthnoi,john-scot. physician • 1675 

AHCHIMEOES-GREEK MAThEMKTIC»N-8.C.287 

aretino,guiOo-iTal. inventor* • 990 

AR&YLE,A.C.-5C0T. COVENANTER • - 1599 

AR&YLE.&.D.C.-EN&.STATESMAN-- 1 823 
ARlOSTO,LUDOVICO-lTAL.POET- • • 1474 
ARISTIDES-GREEK STAT£S’N-DlEO,BG.460 

ARISTOPHANES-&REEK POET- •• B.L444 


ARIUS-PATRIARCH OF ALEXANDRIA- 
ARKWRIGH7,S|R RlCH.-FNG.INVENTOR- -17 32 
ARMINIUS- &f R. HERO ■ B.C. 18 

ARMINiUS,JACOBUS-DUTCH 7HE0L. - 1 S 6 O 

armita&EjEow.-eng.hist.painter -18 n 
ARMSTRONG,JOHN-SCOT. POET- 1709 
/TRMSTRONG,WM G.-ENG.INVFNTOR-I 81 O 
ARNAUO.HENRi-WALOENSE LEAOER- 1641 

ARN0T,C.M.-GER. POET* • - 1769 

ARNHEIM.J.&.von-GER. OlPlOMAl.-l Sol 
p RUS. 01 PLOW A] 1 ST- 1 824 

ARNOLO^FNEDicT- AMf ft. 1 Ra 1 T OR - n40 


JULIUS CAESAR. 


ARNOLO OF BRf SClA-lTAL.REFORMER-0. 1 1 55 

ARNOLO,EDWIN-ENG. POET . 1 Q 32 

ARNOLO,MATTHEW-ENG. AUTHOR-* *1822 
ARNOLO,THOS.-£NG. HISTORIAN — 1195 
ARNOLO.WINKELRIEQ-SMSS PATRlOT-O.1386 
ARTAXERXES I.-KINGOF PERSIA-D1E0 6.G.425 
ARTAXERXES D.* *• ft 1 1 B.C. 362 
ARTAXERXES III.- * • •»8.0.338 

ARTEMISIA-FL.-480 B.C.-QUEEN Of HALICARNASSUS 
ARTEMISIA- FL. 350 B.C. - CONSORT OF MAUSOLUS. 
ARTHUR,CHFSTFRA.-2IST PRES.U.S/ -l 831 
ARTHUR,TIMOTHY $/AMER.AUTHOR* *1809 
ASCHAM.ROGER-ENG.SCHOLAR I 5)5 
ASHBURTON, ALE X.8.*EN&.0IPL0MAT.-m4 
ASPASIA-MISTRESS OF PERlClES- 0,B.C.432 

ASTOR,JOHN JAC08-AMER.MERCHANT-1 763 
ATHANASlUS-GR.FATHER OF CHURCH- 296 
ATHELSTAN-KING OF ENGLAND--- 895 
ArT£RBURY,FRANClS-ENG.PRELATE 1 662 
ATTiUA-KlNG OF THE HUNS-'OIFD- 453 
AUBER,DANIEL F.c.-fR.MUS.G0MP0S.-l784 
AUOi'BON,JIVO.L.-AMER.ORNrrHOLOGlS7-i7 80 
AUERBACH,BERTHOLO-GER. AUTHOR- 1012 

AU&EREAU.P.F.C.-FR.GENERAI. iTS7 

AUGUSTINE,ST.-LAT.f ATH. OF THE CH. 354 


CH AR L E M ACNE. 


AUGUSTUS I.-KING Of POlANO • I 670 
AUGUSTUS CAESAR- 1 ST ROM.EMR- 8 .G. 63 

AUREUANUS-ROM.EMPEROR- 2 1 

AURELIUS.MARCUS-ROM.EMPEROR-■ 1 2 

AUSONIUS-LATIN POET.. 3,0 

AUSTEIM,JANE-ENGLlSH AUTHOR- - 1 7 75 
AYTOUN.WM.[.-SCOTTISH POET- IBl? 
BABER,M.-FOUN.MOGUL EMP.lN INDIA-14 83 
BACClO DELLA PORTA-UAL PAINTER- 1469 
BACH,JOHAN S.-&ER.MUS.COMPOSLR- 1 685 
BACHE.ALEX.D.-AMFR. PHILOSOPHER- 18 O 6 
Back, GFORGE-ENG.ARCTIC NAV 1 &AM TS 6 

bacon.frangisClord)-en&. Philos.-*1561 

BACON, NATHAN.-YIRGINIA PATRIOT - 1 630 
BACON,ROGER- EN&.PHILOSOPHER* I 2 i 4 - 
BAFFIN,WM.-ENG.NAVlGATOR • 1 580 
BAILEY,JACOB W.-AMER.NATURAL»S 181 
BAlLLlE, JOANNA- SCOT. POETESS • • H62 

baillie, matt.-scot, physician • -n6» 

BAlur, JEAN S.-FR. ASTRONOMER 1736 
PailY, EDW. H.-f N&. SCULPTOR • 1788 

BAILY,FRANCIS-ENG.ASTRONOMffl. ,-174 
BAiRO,OAViO-SCOT. GENERAL-» 757 

BAIRD, SPENCER-AMI R.NATuRAliST -1 823 
BAJA2FT-SULT0N OF OTTOMANS- i 347 
BAKfR, SAM’L W.-EN6.AF.EXPL0R; i 821 
8ALB0A,VASCO-SPAN. DISCOVERER* 1475 
BALOWIN I.-kinG OF JERUSALEM-1058 


ARISTOTLE-GRFEk PHILOSOPHER- -B.G. 384jB/\i.fE,MICHAfL VV.-TriSh 'cOMPOsTr-i 808 


oni.rt ? miv,nACl VY.'iKIbH COMPOSE 

Balfour,A j.-fNG. statesman 

6 ALLOU, HOSEA-AMER. THEOLOfr’N 


LES 

































































WHO tefets to the ttawe of the individual;as,Napoleon Bonaparte. 
WHAT refers to that for which he is chiefly remembered; as,Blaine was astates’n 
WHERE refers to the country in which he lived; as, Bel I lived in Scotland. 
WHEN refers to the date of his birth; as, Bismarck was born in 1815. 


NAME. OCCUPATION. BORN. NAME. OCCUPATION. BORN 


BALMES,JAIME-SPAN. PHILOSOPHER-1 HI 
BALZAC,HONORE-FR. NOVELIST • * • 1799 
BANCROFT,GEO.-AMER. HISTORIAN-18 00 
BAr OELLO,MATTEO-lTAL.NOVFLIST • -14-80 
BAi.U,JOHAN-SWE0lSH GENERAL- -I 595 
BANIM,JOHN- IRISH NOVELIST • - * * 1798 
Banks, hath an. p.-amer.gener al- i e 1 6 
BANKS,SIR JOS.-ENG.TRAVf LER • ■ 1143 
RANKS.THOS.-ENG.SCULPTOR - IT 35 
BANNEKER.BENa.-AMER.NEG.NIATH.-n3l 
8ARB0UR,J0HN- SCOTTISH POET • -1 320 

BARCLAT.fiOBT.-SCOT.QUAK. AUTHOR -1648 
BARNHAM,RICHARD H.-ENG.HUM0RIS7-H88 
8AREB0NE,PRAISE GOD-FNG.FANATlC-0.,1680 
barlow, Joel- amer. patriot— 1755 
BARNES, ALBERT-AMER. THEOLOGIAN-1798 
BARNUM,P.T.-AMER.SHOWMAN —18»0 

BARRAS.PAUL-FR. STATESMAN-1755 

BARRFT.LAWRENCE-AMER.ACTOR- - 1838 
BARRYJame$-iRi$h painter-- 1741 
BARR/C0RNWAU-EN&.P0n - •-'1790 
BART0LINI,L0REN20“ITAL sculptor-- mi 



SALMON P. CHASE. 


Bartolommeo,FRA riTAL.PAiNTER-i469 

BAR T ON,BERNRAO-ENG. QU AK. POET-17 84 

BARTRAM,JOHN-AMER. botanist-itoi 
BARTSCH, JOHANN-GER. ENGRAVER-17 57 
BASSANO,HUGUES-FR.STATESM AN-1763 
BA U ME, ANT 01NE-FR. CHEMIST -1728 
BAXTE k, RiCHARD-ENG. MINISTER- --1 6 15 

BAYARD, PIERRE-FR. WARRIOR-1475 

BAYER, JOH ANN-GER. ASTRONOMER-1572 
BAYLE,PlERRE-FR.PHlLOSOPHER - --1647 
BAZAlNE,FRANCOlS-FR.GENERAL • • 10 1 1 
BEACONSFiELO,BENj.-ENG.NOVEUST-i804 
8EATON,0AViD“SC07. CARDINAL--1494 

BEATTIE, JAS.- SCOT. POET.17 35 

BEAUH ARNA 1 S 5 EU&.-FA.GENERAL - - n 8 
BEAUMARCHAIS,P.-FR. DRAMATIST-17 32 
BEAU MONT,FRANCIS-EB&.0RAM’T-i 586 
BEAURE&ARD,P.G.-AMER.C0N.GEN.-l8'8 
BFCKET.THOS. A.-ENG.ARCHBISHOP--I • 17 
BEDE, THE VENERABLE-FNG.MONK- • 673 
BECHER.H.w-AMER.DIViNE-•• I8i3 
BEECHER,lvman-AMER.OIVINE -*»7 75 
BETHOVEN,LUDWIG-GER.MUS.COMP0Sri77O 
BEHRING,VITUS-DANISH NAVIGATOR-1680 
BELISSARIUS-BYZANTINE&ENERAL 505 
BELL,SIR CHAS.-SCOT. PHYSIOLOGIST 74 



HENR 


BENTLEVjR 1 CHARD-EN&. PHILOSOPHER-! 662 
BENTON, TH0S.H.-AMER.STATESMAN-I782 
BERANGER,PIERRE-FR.IYRIC POET-- 1780 
BERIOT,CHAS.A.-BELGIAN VIOLINIST- -1802 
BERKELEY,GEO.-:RlSH PHILOSOPHER- 1 684 
BERLIOZ,LOUIS H.-FR.COMPOSER- - 1803 
BERNARD,SVFR. ECCLESIASTIC -1091 
BERNARD, SIMON-FR.&ENERAL— 1779 
BERNHARDT,SARA-FR.TRAGEDIAN--I8S0 

BERT, PAUL- FR. PHYSICIAN.1833 

be rthoilFt, Claude- fR. chemist-1748 
BERWICK,JAS.-FR. MARSHAL- - 1 660 
BESSEL,FRIEDRlCH-PRUS.ASTR0N J R-n84 
BESSEMER,HENRY-ENG.EN&INEER- -1013 
BEUST.FRIEDRICH-&ER.STATESMAN-I809 
BiODLE,JOHN-ENG.THFOlOGlAN- -*I6*5 
BIER5TADT,ALBERT-AMER. PAINTER-1829 
BINNEY, AM0S-AMER.NATURALISM803 
BlRO, R08T.M.-AMER.AUTHOR - -1803 
BISMARCH,PRINCE VON-GER.STATS’N-1815 
BLACK HAWK-AMER.INDIAN CHIEF-1167 



NAME. OCCUPATION. BORN. 


BOLIN&BROKLHENRY-EN&. STATESMAN-! 67 8 

BOLIVAR,S1M0N-S.AM. PATRIOT-1783 

Bonaparte,chas.-fr.emperor -1808 

BON APARTE, J E RDME-KIN&OF WESTPHAIIA-H Qi 
BONAPARTE.JOS.-KIN& OF SPAIN- • * - 1768 
BONAPARTQOUIS-KIN&OF HOLIANO- “1118 
BONAPARTE, LUCIEN-PRINCE 0FCANIN0--I775 
BONAPARTE,NAPOLEON-FR.EMPEROR- • 17 69 
BONHEURjROSALlE-FR.PAINTER - 1822 
BONIFACE,SVAPOSTLE OF GERMANY • - 680 
BONIFACE L-ROMAN PONTIFF- -01 ED, 422 
BONIFACE 11: *» •* *• 532 

BONIFACE III.* • • *» **607 

BONIFACE IV. * * •* »• 615 

BONIFACE V.- » • » * * * 625 

BONIFACE VI.* >* •• » * 896 

BONIFACE VU/ « * »t 

BONIFACE V1IU> . ♦ • > * 1303 

BONIFACE IX.' * * ♦ > ) * 14041 

BONNEVILLE,BENJ.-AM.TRAVELER-1795 

BOONE,DANIEL-AM. PIONEER-»135 

BOOTH,BARTON-ENG.TRA&EOIAN- • 168l 
BOOTH,EDW-AMER.TRAGEDlAN*- 1833 



COPERNICUS. 


BOOTH.JUNIUS B.'ENG.TRAGEDIAN-1196 

BORDEN,5IME0N-RM. ENGINEER-1798 
B0RGIA,CESARE-HAL.CARDINAL-I45T 
BORROMEO,CARLO-ITAL.CARDlNAL-i538 

BORROW, GEO.-EN&. AUTHOR.1803 

BOSCAWEN.EDW.-EN&. ADMIRAL- H11 
BOSSOET,JACQUeS-FR.PRELATE- • 1627 
BOSWELL,JAS.-5C0T. LAWYER- --1740 
BOTHWELL,JAS.H.-SCOT.CONSPIRATOR -1526 
BOTTA,GARLO-lTAl.HISTORIAN • - ■ -1766 
BOTTCHEfUOHANN-GER. INVENTOR-1682 

BOUClCAULi, DION-IRISH 0RAMATI9T 1822 
BOUOl NOT, EU AS-AM. PHILANTHROPIST-! 7AD 
e0UGUER,PIERRE-FR.PHYSiCIST-*-l6S8 
BOUILLON, GOOFREY-LEAOFR 1ST CRUSADE • 1060 
80UIT0N,MATT.-EN&. INVENTOR- *• IT 28 

BOuRBAKI,CHAS.* FR. GENERAL.1816 

BOURBON,CHAS.-FR.GENERAL-1490 

BOURDONjSEBASHEN-FR.PAINTER—- 1616 
BOURNE,HU&H-ENG.FOUNDER PRIM.METH0DISAA-I772 
B0WDITtH,NATHANIEL-AM.MATHEMA7lClAIH773 
BOWDOlN,JAS.-AM.STATESMAN.1727 



BEL UN l,VI NCENZO-iTAL. COMPOSER-1802 
BELVf DERE, ANDRE A-iTAl.PAiNTER-i646 
BENDfMANN.rDW.-GER. painter- -iQh 
BENEOEKjLUOWIG-HUN&ARiAN GEN.- 1804 
BFNEDICT ST-FOUND.MONACHISM 480 
BENEDICT I.-ROM AN PONTIFF-Dif D, 578 
BENEDICT It; •* •> »» 685 

BENEOICT III. •* *• ” 858 

BENEDICT IV.- »* ” ”903 

BENEOICT V • *• »* »> 365 

BENEOICT VL- 5 > ” 9T4 

BENEDICT Vll.*** *» »* 983 

BENEDICT VU1;»* •* »> '024 

BENEDICT IX.- »• * • »* ‘065 

BENEDICT X.- >♦ »> ” ‘059 

BENEOICT XI. >* » > »> >304 

BENEDICT Xll;»» * * *' ‘342 

BENEDICT XIII.** ** ’*‘130 

BENEDICT XIV.->* * * ” >158 

BE NE DICT.SIR JULIUS- 6ER.MUSICIAN-1804 
BENJAMIN, PARK- AMER. JOURNALISTS 09 
BENNETT, JAS.&ORD.-AMER.JOURNAI'Sl-1795 
BENTHAM,JEREMY-EN6.JURIST' - 1748 


G-ROVER CLEVELAND. 


BLACKRURN,JOS.-AM. STATESMAN-1838 
blacks f one,sir wm.-eng. jurist n23 
BLACKWOOD,WM.-SCOT.PUBLISHER -17 7 6 
BLAINE,JAS.G -AM.STATESMAN - - 18 30 
BLAIR.HU&H- SCOT. RHFTORICl AN - 17 1 8 
BLAKE,ROBV BRUTISH ADMIRAL • 1 59S 
BLANC,JEAN-FR. JOURNALIST 18 I 3 
BLANCHARD,THOS.- AM.iNVENlOR-n 88 
BLESSINGTON.MAR&.-IRISH COUNTFSS-n 89 
8 LOOMFIELD,ROBV ENG. POET H 66 
BLUCHERjGEBHARD-PRUS.F’LD MAP..-1742 
BLUMENTHAt, LEONARD-PRUS.&EN.-I8I0 
BOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI- ITAL.N0VFLIST-I313 
BODE,JOHANN- &ER. ASTRONOMER -1747 
&OERHAAVE,HERMAN-DUTCH PHILOS.—IS 68 
BOETHIU$,ANICIU$-ROM. PHILOS.- 470 
BO&ARDUSjJAS.-AM. INVENTOR- 18 OO 
BOHN, H.&.-ENG. PUBLISHER i800 ; 
BOLEYN,ANNE-2ND W. HENRY VIII.-1507 




NAME. OCCUPATION. BORN 



JEFFERSON DAVIS. 


BRIGHT,JOHN-ENG.STATESMAN- (fill 
BRlSSOT,JEAN P.-FR.GIRONDIST • I 7 54 
BROGLIE,CHAS.-FR.STATESMAN*I 82i 
BRONTE, CHARLOTTE-fNG.NOVEUST-lB 16 
BROOKS, JA5.- AM. JOURNALIST”! 81 0 
BROU&HMjHENAYUOMJhBRIT.AUTHOR- -I 7 79 
BROWN,CHAS.-AM.NOVELIST- -1771 
3R0WN,J0HN-AM. ABOLITIONIST -1800 
985 BROWN.THOS.- SC0T.MEUPHYSlCIAN-m8 
t BROWNE,CHAS.F.-AM.HUMt)RlST- 1035 
BROWNE,SIR THOS.-ENG.PhysiCian-- 16 OS 
BROWNING,ELIZ.B.-EN&. POETESS-1809 
BROWNING,ROBT.-EN'&.POET- • 1 Q12 
BRUCE, JA5.-SC0T. TRAVELER- 17 30 
BRUCE,ROBT.-KING OF SCOTLAND- 1274 
BRUT US,LUCIUS-ROM.PATRIOT-FL.B.C.500 
BRUTUS,MARCUS-ROM.GENERAL-B.C. 80 
BRYANT.WM.CUL-AM. POET • -* 17 94 
BUCHANAN, GEO.’SCOT. HISTORIAN-1506 
BUCHANAN,JAS.-I5TH PRES. U.S.* 1791 
BUCKINGHAM,DUKE 0F-ENG.STS’MN-l592 
BUCKLE.HENRYT.-ENG.WRITER- 1822 
BUDDHA,&AUTAMA-HIND00REF0RMER-B.C.624 
BUFFALO BILLOVM.COOY)ORl&.WimWF5T5HW-l845 
BUFFON,GEO.L.-FR.NATURALIST *1707 
BULWER-LYTTON,LORD-EN#.NOVELIST-I805 
BULWER-IVTTON, ED.W.-ENG. POET • • 18 31 
BULWER,HENRY-8N&.AUTH0R--- 1804 
BUNSEN, CHRIS.KJ.-GER.DIPL0MATIST’I79I 
BUNYAN,JOHN-ENG. AUTHOR - - 1628 
BURCKH ARDT, J0HANN-SWI5S TRAVWH7 84 



Thomas oe oumncy. 


COUNT VON BISMARCK. 


CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 


BOWLES,WM.-ENG POET 1762 

BOYLEjROBT.- IRISH PHILANTHROPIST-1626 
B02ZAftlS,MARCO-GREEK PATRIOT 1790 
BRAODOBK,EOW.-BRlT.GENERAL 1 715 
BRAOOON,MARY E.-ENG.NOVELIST <837 
BRAOFORO,WM.’&OV.PLYMOUTH COL. 1590 
BRADLEY,JAS.-EN&.ASTRONOMER 1692 

BRADY.JAS.* AM.-LAWYER-I8l5 

BRAGG,BRAXTON-C0NFED.C-ENERAI -*18»5 
BRAH E,TYCHO-DANISH ASTRONOMER-1545 
BRA I NARD,DAYID-AM. MISSIONARY • • 17 18 
BR ANDE,WM.T.- ENG. CHEMIST - - * I 788 
BRECKENRIDGE,J.C.-CONFEO.GENERAI-I82l 
BREMER,FREDRIKA- SWE0.N0VELIS7-1802 
BRENTANO,CLEMENS-GER.POET • 1777 
BRENGHEL,JAN-FLEMISH PAINTER-1569 
BREWSTER, DAIVID-ENG.PHYSICIST--I78I 
BRIAN,BORU-KING OF IRELAND- - 927 


BURGOVNE,JOHN-fN&. GENERAL-17 30 
BURKE,EDMUND-FNG STATFSMAH-1730 
BURLEIGH, WNI.C.-FN&.STATESMAN-I520 
BU R NET, GIL6ERT-BRI7. HISTORIAN- 1 643 
BU R NS, ROBT.-SCOT. LYRIC PO E T - - 1 7 59 
BURNSlOE,AMBROSE-AM.GENERAL-i824 

burr.aaroof-am.statesmam ~ n sg 
burritt,elihu-am journalism 810 

BURTON,RICHARO-IRISH TRAVELER-182 I 
BURTON,ROBT.-ENG. AUTHOR - - • 1 575 
BUTLER,BENJ.F.-AM.LAWYER -1818 

BUTLER, SAM’l-EN&.POET- 16 12 

BYRON, LORO-ENG. POET - - - -17©0 
CABOT,JOHN-EN&. NAVIGATOR-0.1498 
CABOT, SEBASTIAN-EN&.NAVI&ATOR-1477 
CAEDMON-ANGLO-SAXON POET-O. 68 O 1 
CAESAR,JUUUS-R0M.&ENERAL-8.C. 100 
CAGLIARI,PAOLO-iTAL. PAINTER • -1530 
CAILLE,N!CHOLAS-FR.ASTRONOMERH7 I 3 
CALDERON,BARCO-SPAN.ORAMA7l$T’i600 
CALHOUN, JOHN G.-AM,STATESMAN- 1 783 
CALIGULA,CAIUS-ROM. EMPEROR-- 12 
CALVERT,CECIL-IST PROPRIETOR OF MD.-B.l676 
CALVERT,GEO.-FOUNOER OF MARYLAND-* i582 
CALVERT,IEONARD-ISTGOV’R OF MD.- 1 606 



CHARLES DICKENS. 


NAME. OCCUPATION. BORN. 


CALVIN, JOHN-FR.THEOLOGI AN • *• *IS09 

CAMBaCERLSjJEAN-FR.STATESMAH- n s*» 
CAMBYSES-KlhiG OF PFRSlA-OlED B.C. 52 2 
CAMERON,RlCHARD-SCOT.COVENAHTER-:i 6 80 
CAMERON,SIMON-AM. POLITICIAN 1 1 99 
CAMILLUSjMARCUS-ROM.GENERAI-O. I.t. 364 
CAMOENS,IUI5-PORTUGUESE POFT —is* ■* 
CAMPBELL,ALEX.-miGlOUS REFORMER-1 7 86 
CAMPBELL,SIR COUN-BRn. GENERAL — 1792 
CAMPBELL,THOS.- SCOT. POET * . • - n 7 7 
CAN BY, EDWARD-AM. GENERAL * -1 8 19 
CANISIUS,PETRUS*DUTCH THEOLOGIAN- -l 52 1 
CANNING,GEO.-ENG.STATESMAN- • -17 7 0 
CANOVA.ANTONIO-ITAL.SCULFTOR • • • 17 57 
CANR0BERT,FRANC0IS-FR.MARSHAl-l8O9 
CANUTE H.-KING OF DENMARK • - - 990 
CAPET,HUGH-KING OF FRANCE 94-0 

CARET, HENRY C.- AM.POUT. ECONOMIST-! 7 9 3 
CARLETON,WM.-lRlSH NOVELIST ■ • il9© 
CARLISLE.JNO.&.-AM. STATESMAN ' i 8 2 9 
CARLOS,DON-DUKE OF MADRID- 104.8 

CARLYLE,THOS.-SCOT. AUTHOR •• i 7 95 
CARNOT,LAZAR-FR.STATESMAN-•• HS3 
CAR ROLL. CHAS.- AM. PATRIOT - I 7 37 



JOHN DRYDEM. 


CARTIER.JAQUES-FR.NAVI&ATOR- - 14-94 
CARTWRIGHT,EDMUND-EN&.INVENT0R-I74 3 
CARY,ALICE-AM.POETESS - - <820 

CARYjPHOEBE-AM.POET ESS - - - - 1824 
CASIMIR L-KIN& OF POlANO-O' f 0, i 058 
CASS,LEWIS-AM. STATESMAN- • 17 82 
CATHERINE,ST.-ITALIAN NUN-••■1347 
CATHERINE I.-EM PRESS OF RUS$IA-i682 
CATHERINE OF ARAGON-WIFE oF HEN.VIII- i486 
CATHERINE OEMEDK>Q.HfN.D.OF FR.- i510 
CATHERINE 0FVAL0I5-Q.HEN.V. OF EN&.-I40 i 
CATILl NE,LUCIUS S.- ROM.CONSPIRATOR-B.G. 1 O 8 
CATO,DIONYSIUS-LATIN POET-FL.3d CENTURY 
CATO,MARCUSP.-ROM.STATESMAN- 8 .G. 234 
CATULLUS,CAIUS V.- LATIN POET - B.C. 77 
CAVAIGNAC,LOUIS-FR.GENERAL • 1802 
CAVENOISH,HENRY-ENG.PHILOSOPHER-17 3 I 
CAY0UR,CAMILL0-ITAL.STATESMAN-I8 i 8 
CAXTON,WM.-ENG. PRINTER 1412 
CECIUA,ST.-R0M. PATRONESS OF MUSIG-FI.2DC. 
CELLINI BENVENUTO-ITAL.ARTIST- 1 500 
CENCI,BEATRICE-FAMOUS ROM.LADY - 1 583 
CERVANTES,SAAVEDRA-5PAN.N0VEUST *i 54 7 
CHALMERS,'THOS.-SCOT. DIVINE •• 1780 
CHAMBERLAIN,J0S.-EN&.STATESMAN-I836 
CHAMBERS,WM.-SCOT. PUBLISH ER - 1800 
CHAMPLAIN,SAMT.-FR.NAVIGATOR I $70 



QUEEN ELIZABETH. 


CHAN&ARNIER.N.A.1.-FR.GENERAL 1793 
CHANNIN&.WM.E.-AM.divine* -il 8 o 
CHANTREYSIR FRANCIS-EN6.SCULPTH782 
Chapin, f Ow.h.-am.divine • • -i 8 14 
CHARLEMAGNE-GER.EMPEROft** • 742 
CHARLES II.- •* »» -823 

CHARLES m.- .. ♦. 832 

CHARLESIV.- »* 1 316 

Charles V. •• * 1 5 oo 

Charles vi.- t* *# - 1 685 

CHARLES Vll. *♦ 19 -1697 

CHARLES 0.- KING OP FRANCE • • 823 
CHARLESIV.* 99 i9 • —1294 

CHARLES V.* 99 99 .-1337 

CHARLES VL* ♦♦ •• 1368 

CHARLES Vll.- 99 99 '- -1403 
CHARLES IX.* — 15 SO 

CHARLES X.- >» 9 9 —1757 

CHARLES i- KING OF ENGLAND-1600 

CHARLES II.* 99 99 1630 

CHARLES L- KING OF SPAIN--1500 

CHARLES II; tt 19 -1661 




Cof>y 0Y th* *t/r*o* 


159 























































MILLARD FILMORE. 


Charles ziL-nmt of spain--- me 
Charles IV.-m n —1748 

CHARLES 1X.-K1N& OF SWEDEN— ISSO 
CHARLES X*“ * 9 j) --I622 

CHARLES XH» 9 9 99 -**1682 

CHARLESm*> 5 5> 174-8 

CHARLES XIV-' 5 5 >t -*17 64 

Charles xv.- 5 > ** —1826 

CHARLES EDV*. STUART- END.PRINCE-172 0 
CHARLES THE BOLD-OUKE OF BURGUNDY-143 3 
CHARLES MARTU-KUKOFTIft FRANKS- 694 
CHARRON.PIERRE-FR. MORALIST —1531 

CHARTlER, ALAIN-FR. POET--1385 

CHASE,SALMON P.-AM.STATFSMAN - 1808 
C HATEAUBRIAND.F.A.-FR.AUTHOR - -17 68 
CHATHAM,WM.PITT-ENG.STATESMAN --17 08 

CHATTERr0N.TH0S.-ENG.POET.1752 

CHAUCER,&EOFFREY-EN&. POET-- 1328 

CHEEVER,CEO.B.-AM.DIVINE-1807 

CHENIER,ANDRE M.-FR.POET.17 62 

CHERUBINI, MARIA-ITAL.COMPOSER-I7 60 
CHESTERFIELD.EARl OF-FNG. ORATOR- -1 694 
CHEVALIER,MICHEL-FR. P0L1T.EC0N»ST-18 06 
CHILD,LYDIA M.-AM.PHILANTHRDPl ST-1802 

CHOATEjRUFUS-AM. LAWYER.17 99 

CH0ISEUL,ETIENNE~FR.STATESMAN-I7 
CHRISTIAN I.-KIN& OF DENMARK-1425 
CHRISTIAN 11.- >> 5 5 -1481 

-•1502 
-1577 
-1646 


»> 

CHRISTIAN III.- J 5 
CHRISTIAN IV.-5» 
CHRISTIAN V.-J) 


5 5 
• 5 
9 9 
5 5. 


CIE M ENT VN.-ROMAN PONT If F • -15 3 6 
CLEMENT XL- »» »> —1649 
CLEMENT XIV.- » J *5 *-17 0^ 
CLEME NTl, fvHI7lOHTAL.PlANIST--1 7 52 
CLEON -ATHENIAN GENERAL-D..B.C. 422 
CLEOPATRA-QUEEN OF CGYP7- - B.C. 69 
CLEVELAND,GROVER-PRES. U.S.— I 837 
CLINTON,OE WITT-AM.STATESMAN -17 69 
CLINTON.SIR HENRY-ENG.&ENERAL---17 3 8 

CLIVE, ROBT.-En&.GEnERAL.17 2 5 

CL00T2.JEAN- PRUS.TRAVELER- I 7 53 
CLOUGH,ARTHUR H.-EN&. POET -- -1 8 20 

CLOVIS-KING OF THE FRANKS-4 6S 

COBBETTjWMrENG.POLlT. WRITER*- 17 62 
COB DEN.RICHARD-EN6.STATESMAN -1 8 04 

COKE,$ifiEDW.-EN&. JURIST-1552 

COL BERT, JEAN B.-FR.STATESMAN - * I 6 19 
COLBURN,WARREN-AM.MATHEMAT>N- 1793 
COLEJHOS.-AM. PAINTER-1801 




ROBERT FULTON. 


WILLIAM E.GLADSTONE. 


(816 

DAVID-KIN& OF ISRAEL-B.C 

DAVID,ST.-PATRON OF WALES-490 

DAVID,JACQUES L.-FR.PAINTER — 1748 
DAVID,PIERRE J.-FR.SCULPTOR — 1789 
DAVIE5S,CHAS.*AM.MATHEMATICIAN-1 798 
DAVI ESS, JOS. H.- AM. STATE SM AN —17 87 
DAVIS JEFFERSON-AM.STATESIYIAN —1808 

DAVOUST,LOUIS N.-FR.MARSHAL-177 0 

DAVY.SIR HUMPHREY-EN&.CHEMIST — 1770 

DEARBORN, HENRY- AM.GLNERAL-17 51 

DECATUR,STEPHEN-AM. NAVIGATOR--17 79 

DEFOE, DANiEL-EN&.NOVEUST-1661 

DE KALB,J0HN-GER.6ENERAL-17 32 

DELACROIX, F.V.E.-F R. PAI NT E R - —1799 

DFlAROCHEjPAUL-FR.PAlNTLR-1797 

DEL AWARE, LORO-GOV. OF VA.-DlED, I 6 1 8 
DEL SARTO,ANDREA-FR.PAINTER--I488 
DEMETRI U$,PHALr&A.PHIlOSOPHEA-B.C. 345 
DEMETRlUSjPOL.-MACEDON’N GEN.- B.C. 335 
DEMOCRITUS-&REEK PHIL0S0PHER-B.C.46O 
DEMOSTHENES-ATHENIAN ORATOR- B.C.385 
DE QUINCEY,THOS.-EN&.AUTHOR--* 1785 
DE RB Y, E DW. - ENS. STATE SM A N - -17 99 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 


CHRISTIAN VL-KIN& OF DENMARK-1699 
CHRISTIAN VII; 9 9 9 5 -1749 

CHRISTIAN VI1L- 9 * 55 -17 86 

CHRISTIAN IX.- 9» i5 -) 8 18 

CHRISTINA-QUEEN OF SWEDEN-1626 


COLENSO,J.W.-ENC-.THEOLOGIAN-I8!4 
COLERI DGE.SAM’L T.-EN&.POET - - - -I 7 72 
COLFAX, SCHUYLER-AM.POLITICI AN -1823 
C0LI&NY,GASPARD-FR.ADMIRAL--|5I7 
COLLIER,JEREMY-EN&.THEOLO&IAN-I 650 
COLLINGWOOD,C.-ENG. ADMIRAL - -17 50 
COLLINS, ANTHONY-ENG.AUTHOR - -1676 

COLLINS,WM.-EN&. POET.1720 

COLLINS,WM.W.-EN&.NOVELIST-I 824 
COLMAN,&EO.(ELOER)-ENG.ORAMATIST-I733 
COLMAN,&EO.(YOUN&ER)-ENG. DRAMATIST-1762 
COLT,SAMUEL-AM. INVENTOR - -1814 
COLUMBUS,CHRISTOPHER-OlSCOV.OF AM.-14 36 
COMBE,&EO.-ENG.PHRENOLOGIST--1788 
COM MO DUS, ANTON.-ROM.EMPEROR -161 
COMTE, AU&USTE-FR.PHILOSOPHER-I798 
CONDE,LOUIS Il.-FR. GENERAL - - - 16 21 
CONDILLAC, ETlENNE-FR.PHILOSOP^-n 15 
CONDORCEtJmARIE-FR.SAVANT-- 1743 
CONFUCIUS -CHINESE PHILCS0PHER-B.C.55I 
CONGREVE,WM.-EN&.ORAMATIST-1670 
CONKLIN&jROSCOE-AM.SIATESMAN- 1829 
CONRAD L- EMPEROR OF GERMANY-0. 918 
CONRAD II.- 95 ,, -0.1039 

CONRADUI; »» 95 --I093 

CONRADIV.- »* >♦ --1228 

CONRADV.- 9» 95 -1252 


COX,S.$.-AM. STATESMAN-1824 

C0Z7EN$,FRED 5 K-AM.P0ET.I 8 18 

CRABB,GEO.-ENG.PHllOLO&lST • --1778 

CRAeBE,GE0.-ENG.POET.17 54 

CRANMER,THOS.-ENG.REFORfy\ER--l4 89 
CAASSUS,MARCUS-R0 M.TRIUMViR-8.C.1 0 8 
CREASY,SIR EDW.-EN&.HISTORIAN --18 12 

CRICHTON,SCOT. PRODIGY.1560 

CRISPIN,ST.-CHRISTIAN MART YR-D. 287 
CRITTENDEN J.J.- AM. STATESM AN-17 86 
CROCKETT,DAVID-AM.BACKWOODSMAN-1 7 8 6 
CROESUS-KIN& OF LYOIA-- -B.C.590 
CROMWELL, 0L1V£R-£N&.GENERAI--I5 99 
CRUDEN,ALtX.-SCOT. AUTHOR---17 00 
C R UIK5HANK,GE0.-ENG.CA1UCATURIST-17 9 2 
CUR RAN,JOHN P.- IRISH 0RAT0R--I7 50 
CURTIS, BENJ.R.-AM. JURIST - - I 8 09 
CURTIS,GEO.VY.-AM. AUTHOR - - -1 824 
CUSHING,CALEB-AM.LAWYER-• I 8 00 
CUSHMAN,CHARLOTTE-AM. ACTRESS-1 8 16 
CUSTER,GEO.A.-AM.GENERAL— 10 39 
CUVIER, &E0.-FR.NATURAL1ST - • • 17 69 


CHRY5IPPUS-&R.STOIC PHILOS.B.G. 280 
CHRYSOSTOM,ST.-GR.FATH.OF CH.-- 347 
CHURCH,FREO.E.-AM. ARTIST— 1826 
CHURCHILL,CHAS.-FN&.POET - —17 31 
CHURCHILL, RANDOLPH-EN&.STS’MN-1849 
CIBBER,COLLEY-EN&.ORAMATIST-I 671 
CICERO, MARCUS T.-ROM. ORAT OR-B.C.IOG 
CIMABUE,GI0VANNI-|T.U.PAINTER-II40 
CINCINNATUS,LUCIUS Q.-ROM.PAIRIOT-B.C. 520 
CINQ-MARS, HENRI-FR.NOBLE--1620 
CLARENDON,E0W.H.-ENG.STS’MAN-1 6 08 
CLARKE,ADAM-IRISH THEOLOGIAN- 17 60 
CLAUOt LORRAINE-FR. PAINTER-1 600 
CLAUOIUS-ROM.EMPFROR- - B.C. 10 
CLAUDIUS,MARCUS-ROM. EMP’R--2 14 
CLAKHENRY-AM. STATE SM AM --I177 
CLEMENS.SAM’L L.-AM.HUMORIST-18 35 
CLEMENT I.-ROM. PONTIFF--.- 30 
CLEMENT V.-55 95 -12 64- 

CLEMENT VU.-9» »> ---1478 



FREDERICK THE'GREAT. 



JAMES A. &AR FIELD. 


CONSTANTINE THE GREAT-ROM.EMPEROR-272 
CONSTANTSI.-ROM.EMPEROR--- 250 
CO NT|,FR ANCOIS-FR.&ENERAL - -• 16 64 

COOK, lUZA-ENGv POETESS.1817 

COOKJAMES-EN&.NAVI&ATOR-17 28 
COOPE R,SI R ASTLEY-ENG.PHYSIC IAN-1768 
COOPER,JAS.FEN.-AM. NOVELIST17 89 
C OOPE R, PE T ER-AM. PHILANTHROPISE 7 91 
COPERNICUS, NICH0LAS-&ER.ASTR0N.-I473 
COPLEY,JOHS S.-AMAEN&. PAINTER-17 3 7 
CORDAY,CHARLOTTE-FR.HEROINE—1768 
CORNELIUS,PETER-GER.PAIN7ER-1187 
CORNELL,E2RA-AM. PHILANTHRO’T-I807 
CORNWALLIS, CHAS.-BRIT. GENERAL-1738 
CORREGGIO,ANT0NI0-ITAL.PAINTER-I494 
CORTEZ,HERNANDO-CONQ.Of MEX.-I485 
COTTON, J0HH-PUR1TAN MINISTER - • 1585 
COUSIN,VICTOR-FR.PHILDSOPHER --I792 
COWLEY,ABRAHAM-ENG.POET • 1618 
C0WPER.W1LLIAM-ENC. POET-113 



OLIVER GOLDSMITH. 


DESCARTES,RLNE-FR.PHILOSOPHER - 1596 
DESMOULINS,CAMILLE-FR.JACOBIN --1762 
DE SOTO.FERNANDO-SPAN. EX PlORER-I 5 00 
DE VIGNY,ALFRED-FR.NOVELIST" 17 99 
DE WITT, JOHN-OUTCH STATESMAN - • 1625 
DIAZ.P0RFIR10-PRES.0F MEXICO - • 1830 
DIBOIN.CHAS.-EN&.DRAMATIST -• H45 

DICK.TROS.-SCOT.AUTHOR • - • • 1772 

DICKENS,CHAS.-EN&.NOVELIST •• I 8 >2 
DICKINSON, ANNA-AM. LECTUR ER • ■ 1842 
DIOEROT, DENIS-FR.PHILOSOPHER-17 13 
DUKE,SIRCHAS.-EN&.STATESMAN-1 843 
DIOCLETIAN-ROM.EMPEROR - - 245 
DIO&ENES-CR.CYNIC PHILOS.-B.C. 412 
DlONYSI US(ELDERVTYRANI SYRACUSE-B.C.430 
DIONYSIUS(TOUNGER) 95 59 B.C.398 

DISRAELI,BENJ.-ENG. AUTHOR *• - 1805 
DIXON.WM.H.-ENG. HISTORIAN- 1821 
DODGE,MARY A.-AM. AUTHORESS* 1838 
D0ELLINGER,J0HN-GER. HISTORIAN-1199 


CYPRIAN.ST.-LATIN FATHER-200 

CYRUS THE GREAT-KING OF PERSIA-D,B.C.529 
DAGUERRE,10UIS-FR. ARTIST -- - -17 89 
DAHLBERG,ERIC-SWED.GENERAL- 1625 
DAHLMAN.FRlED’K-GER.HISTORlANH7 85 
DALLAS, ALEX.J.-AM.STATESMAN-1759 
DALLAS, GEO.M.- AM. STATESMAN-1792 
DALTON,JOHN-ENG.CHEMlST--- 17 66 
DANA,CHA$.A.- AM.JOURNAUST-1819 
DANA,FRANCIS-AM. LAWYER — 1743 

DANAjRlCH.HENrAM. POET-1787 

DANA,RlCH.HEN.-AM.LAWYER —1815 
DANE,NATHAN- AM.LAWYER--17 52 
DANIEL-HEBREW PR0PHET-FL.6TH C.,B.G| 
DANIELLJOHN F.-EN&.SCIENTIST-1790 
DANTE,ALLIGHIERI-GREAT ITAl.POET-1265 
DANT0N,GE0.J.-FR. REVOLUTION 1ST-17 59 
D ? ARBLAY,MME-ENG.N0VELIST-|752 
DARIUS-KING OF PERSIA-DIED B.C.485 
DARLEY.FELIX-AM. ARTIST ---1822 
DARLING,GRACE-ENG.HEROINE --1815 
DARNLEY,HEN.S.-HUS.OF MARY’SCOTS-I541 
DARWIN,CHAS.R.-ENG. NATURALIST - • IQ 0 9 
DAVENANT,SIRWM.-ENC-.DRAMATIST-I605 



GEOR&E 



ULYSSES S. &R AMT. 



HORACE GREELEY. 



ALEXANDER HAMILTON 


DUNOONALD,THOS.-BRlT. ADMIRAL-1775 
dunglison.rob.-am. Physician--I798 

DUNQlS, JEAN-FR. HERO.1402 

DUNSTANjST.-ENG.PRELATE-— 925 
duquesne,abra»m-fr.nailcom.-i 610 

0URER,AL8RECHT-GEfURTlST~l47l 
DWIGHT, TIM0THY-AM.DIVINE-I752 
EARLY,J.A.-CONFED.GENERAL - -I 818 
EA$TLALE,SIR CHAS.-ENG.PAIHTER-I7 93 
EATON,AMOS-AM.NATURAUST-17 76 

E DES, BENJ.-AM. PATRl OT .1732 

EDGEWORTH,MARIA-ENG.N0VEUST-I767 
EDISON,THOS.A.-AM.INVENTOR--1847 
EDMUND I.-ANGLO-SAXON KING--- 922 
EDMUNDII; 9» »* ---989 

EDMUND5.&E0.F.-AM.LAWYER- -1 828 
EDWARD I.-ANGLO-SAXON KING-* 070 


EDWARD n.- 9 » 
EDWARD Ulr 9 5 


9 9 
• 5 


960 

004 


EDWARDI.- KING OF ENGLAND-1239 
EDWAR0I1.- 9» 99 - -1204 

EDWARO III.- 9 9 9 9 -1312 

EDWARD IV.* 9 9 a -1441 

EDWARD V.- J* 99 —1470 

EDWARDVI.- 9 9 99 -1537 

EDWARD,PRINCE OF WALES -13 30 
EDWAROLCONFESSORV ENG. KING -• i004 



BENJAMIN HARRISON, 


DOMINIC,ST.-SPAN. PREACHER--I 170 
DOMITIAN-ROM.EMPEROR -- 51 

DON AT l,&IOVANN l~ ITAL.AS7R0N 5 R-1826 
DONIZETTI .GAETANO- ITAL.COM POSER-17 98 

DORE,PAULG.-FR. ARTIST--1832 

DOUGLAS,JAS.-SCOT. PATRlOT-O. 1330 
DOUGLAS,STEPHEN A.-AM.STAT^IYIN- 18 '7 
DRAC0-ATHENIANLAW&IVER-FL.B.G.624I 
D R AKE,SIR F RANG IS-E N&. N A\l l&ATOR - • 15 40 

DRAKE, JOS.R.- AM. POET.1795 

DRAPER,JOHN W.- AM. SCI E NT 1ST -18 11 
DRAY TON,MICHAEL- EN&. POET • • -15 63 
DRUSUS,CLAUD. N.-ROM* &EN.-B.C. 38 

ORYOEN,JOHN-ENG. POET- 1 631 

OUCANGE,CHAS.-FR.HISTORIAN -1610 
DUDEVANT, MME.-FR.NOVELIST-1 804] 
DUFFERIN,FRED.-ENG.STATES , N-I826 
OUMAS.ALEX.-FR. NOV E LIST - • 1803 
OUMOUkIEZ,CHAS.-FR.&ENERAL*-i739 
DUNCAN I.-SCOT. KING--Pi ED, 104Q 


EDWARDSJ0NATHAN-AM.MnAPHYSlClAN-l703 
E&MONUAMORAL-FLEMISH&ENERAL-I522 
ELGIN, JAS.B.- BRIT. STATESMAN- -1811 
ELGIN,TH0S.B.-BRlT.0lPL0MATiSM777 
ELIOT.JOHN-EN&.ClERGYMAN --I604 
ELIOT, SIR jOHN-FNGbORATOR —1590 
ELIZA BETH, QU. OF ENGLAND-1533 
ELIZABETH PETROVNA-RUS.FMPRESS-IT l 0 

ELLERY, WM.- AM. PATRIOT.1727 

ELLIOT,E8ENEZER-ENG.P0ET - - -I 70) 
ELLSWORTH,OUYER-AM.JUR 1 ST—1745 
EMERSON,RAL.WAL.-AM.ESSAYIST-|803 
EMMANUAL-KING OF PORTUGAL-1469 
EMMET, ROBT.-IRISH PAT Ri OT ---n 80 
ENCKE,JOHANN-&ER.ASTRONOMER-17 9 I 
ENDlCOn, jOHN-COLON. GOV. OF MASS.1589 
ENOCH- FATHER OF METHUSELAH-B.C3378 
EPAMINONDAS-THEBAN 0RAT0R-B.G.4I2 
EPICTETUS—&R.STOIC PHILOS.--- 60 
EPICURUS-&REEK PHILOSOPHER-B.C34fl 
ERASMUS, 0ESIDERIUS-DUTCHSCH0LAR-I46S 
ERAT0STHFNES-GR.ASTR0N0MER-B.U76 



WILLIAM H.HARRISON. 


160 












































































NAME OCCUPATION 


BORH 


NAME OCCUPATION SoAnInAME OCCUPATION BORn|NAME OCCUPATION 


BORN 


NAME OCCUPATION BORN 


ERICSSON, JOHN-miNVENTOR •• 1803 
EBSKINE,TBOS.-SCOT. LAWYER-- I T SO 
ETELRER II.-AN0L0-5AX0N KING-- 968 
EUCLID Of ALEXANDRIA-CR. MATK.-FL.B.C. 300 
EUGENE,PRIIKE-AUSTRIAN GENERAL--166 3 
EUGENIE,MARIE-FR.EMPRESS - — 1826 
EUGENIOSE.-ROMAN PONTIFF-D. 6ST 
EUGENIUS ]].- n ?? -0. 82 T 

EUGENIOSI1I. ; >7 ?i D. 1153 

EUGENIUS IV.- ?? ?? -D. 1441 

EtlURJSONARB-SWISS MATHEMAT’N-H OT 
EURIP1DES-GREEK TRAGIC POET-B.C. 480 
EUSEBIOS PAMPHILI-GALSAREAN HIST’N- 266 
EVANS,AUGUSTA-AM.NOVE LIS1 —1836 
EVANS,MARIAN-ENG.NOVUIST •• 1820 
EVARTS,WM.M.-AM.LAWYER -- 1816 
EVELYN,JOHN-ENG. AUTHOR--1 620 
EVERETT,EOVY.-AM. SCHOLAR — 1194 
EWING,THOS.-AM.STATESMAN -- IT 89 
EXMOUTH,EDW.-ENO. ADMIRAL- IT 51 
E2EKIEL-HEBREW PROPHET-EL. B.C. S99 
EZRA-HEBREW LAW-MARER-FL B.C. 536 
FABIU5 MAX IM US-ROM.CON SUL-B.C. 203 
FAHRENHEIT,G.B.-GER.PHILOSOPHER-I686 


RUTHERFORD B. HAVES. 


FAIRFAX,THOS.-ENG.GENERAL —161 
FALCONER,WM.-SCOT. POET - --IT 32 
FALIERI,MARINO-DOGE OF VENICE -1218 
FANEUlt,PETER-AM.MERCHANT-IT 00 
FARADAY,MICHAEL-ENG.CHEMIST--IT91 
FA RQUHAR.GEO.-I RISH DRAMATIST-1 6 T 8 
FARRAGOT,UAVID-AM.ADMIRAL —I 8 01 
FAUST, DR. JOHAN N-GEft.NECROMAN.-FL 15 00 
FAUST,JOHANN-GER. INVENT.PRINT.-D. 146 ' 
FAWKES,GUY-ENG.C0NSPIRAT0R-D.l606 

FEARNE.CHAS.-ENG. JURIST-IT49 

FECHTER,CHA$.A.-ENG.ACT0R - -1 824 
FENEL0N,FRANC0I5-FR.AUTH0R-165 I 
FERDINAND I.-G-E R. EMPFROR - -1 503 
FERDINAND II.- »* >’ -1518 
FERDINAND 111.-> i 7 ? -i 608 
FERDINAND 1V.-KING OF NAPLES - -17 51 
FERDINAND I.-KING OF CASTILE-I 000 
FERDINAND 111.-»» -11 99 

FERDINAND IV.-' * »» -1285 

FERDINAND V.-KIN&OF SPAIN -• 1452 

FERDINAND VI.- ’> ?? - i 713 

FERDINAND VH.-ii n -i784 


NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 


FERGUSON, ADAM-SC01.PHILOS’R--n24 
FERGUSON,JAS.-SC01.AS1R0N ! MR-|11 0 
FERNANDEZ, DlNIZ.-POR’GS NAVIGM.-FL.I446 
FESSENDEN,VY.R-AM. STATESMAN-1 806 
FICHTE, J0HANN-GER.PHIL0S0PHER-1162 
FI ELD,CYRUS VY.-AM.MERCHAN1 • ■ • 18 19 

FIELD,DAVID D.-AM.JURIST-1805 

FI ELDING.HENRY-ENG. NOVELIST • • HOT 

fiesole Giovanni—ital. paint er -1 3 8 7 

FILLMORE,MILLAR0-I3TH PRES.U.S.-I800 
FISH,HAMILTON-AM.STATESMAN-1808 

FITCH, J0HN-AM.INVENTOR.IT43 

FLAMSTEED,JOHN-ENG. ASTR0N.--I646 
FlAXMAN,JOHN-ENG.SCULPT0R-n55 
FLETCHER, JOHN-ENG.DRAMATIST-1576 
FLEURY,ANDRE H.-FR.STATESMAN-! 653 
FONTENELll,BERNARD-FR.AUTH0R-l65T 
FWTE, ANDREW H.-AT/I.AOMIRAL-1806 
F00TE,SAM’L-ENG.C0ME0IAN--IT20 
FORBES, EDW.-ENG.NATURAU5T-I8I5 
FORREST,EDW.-AM.TRAGEBIAN--I 806 
FORSTERJOHN-ENG.BIOGRAPHERT8I2 


PATRICK HENRY. 


FORSYTH, JOHN-AM.STATES’N- -IT80 
FOSCARI,FRANCESCO-DOGEOF VENICE-137 3 
FOSTER,JOHN-ENG. ESSAYIST- -I T10 
F0UQUET,NIC0LAS-FR.STATESMAN-I6 i 5 
FOURIER, FRANCOIS-FR.SOCIAUST-ITT2 

FOX, CHAS.J.-ENG.STATESMAN-l T49 

FOY, GEO.-ENG.FOUN.OFS.OF FRIENDS-1624 

FOY,MAXIMILIAN.FR.GENERAL • -1175, 
FRANCIA,JOSE-DICTATOR OF PARAGUAY-1757 
FRANCIS L- KING OF FRANCE ---1494 
FRANCIS II.- >i .1 1543 

FRANCIS I.- GER. EMPE ROR - -IT08 
FRANCISIEr ” )i -1768 
FRANCIS JOSEPH-AUSTRIAN EMK-1 830 
FRANCIS, ST.-F0UND.FRANCISCANS-II82 
FRANCIS XAVIER,ST.-FR. JESUIT-1506 
FRANKLIN, BENJ.-AM.PHILOSOPHER-IT 06 
FRANKLIN,SIR J0HN-ENG.EXPL0RER-IT86 
FREDERICKVl.-KINGOF 0ENMARK-IT68 
FREDERICK VI].-i> i, -1808 

FREDERICK I.- GER.EMPER0R-II2I 
FREDERICK II; ” ?’ -1194 

FREDERICK 111; »» it -1415 


THOMAS HOOD. 


FREDERICK l.-KING OF PRUSSIA -1657 

FREDR’K WILLIAM 1.- n n -1688 

FREDRTK ILpHE GREAT)” " -Hi 2 

FREDR’K WILLIAM IL-*? >i -1744 

FREDR’K !! . Til,->7 11 iT 

FREDR’K ?i IV.-7i i! -IT95 

FREEMAN,FDW.A.-ENG. HISTORIAN-1823 
FREllNGHUYSEN,THE0.-AM.STSM'M-n8T 
FRELINGHUYSEN,F.T.- 71 11 18 IT 

FREMONT,JOHN G.-AM. EXPlORER-l 813 
FROEBELjFRED’H-GER.EDUCATOR • - IT 82 
FROISSART, JEAN-FR.HISTORIAN- -13 37 
FROU0E,JAS.A.-ENG. HISTORIAN 1818 
FULLER,SARAH M.-AM.AUTHORESS -18 I 
FULTON.ROBT.-AM. INVENTOR - - 1765 
GADSDEN,CHRIS.-AM.STATESMAN-17 24 
GADSDEN,JAS.- *) '7 7 -IT88 

GAINSBOROUGH,TH0S.-ENG.PAINTER-IT2T 

GALEN-GREEK PHYtlAN.13 

GALERIUS,CAIUS-R0M.GENERAl-292 
GALILEO-ITAL.ASTRONOMER--I 564 
GAIL,FRANZ JOS.-GER.PHYSICIAN-IT 58 


DAVID HUME. 


GAlLATIN,ALBERT-AM.STATESMAN-I 7 61 
GALLAUDET, T. H.-AM. CLERGY MAN-IT8T 
GALLIENUSjPUBLIUS-ROM.EMP.- 233 
GALT,JOHN- SCOT. NOVELIST-1 779 
6ALVANI,ALOISIO-ITAL.PHYSIOLOGIST-I T3T 
GAMA,VASCO DA-PORT.NAVIGATOR -I450 1 
GAMBETTA,LEON-FR. ORATOR - • 1838 
GARDINER,STERHEN-ENG.PRELATE-1483 
GARFIELD,JAS.A.-20TH PRES.U.S.-1831 
GARIBALDI, GU15EPPE-ITAL.PATRIOT-I80T 
GARRIGK,DAVID-ENG.ACTOR-- IT 16 
GARRISON,WM.L.-AM.ABOLITIONIST -1804 
&ASKELL, ELIZABETH C.-ENG.NOVELIST-I 8 10 
GASSENDI,PIERRE-FR.SAVANT --■ 1592 
GATES,H0RAT10-AM.GENERAI -1728 
GATLING,RICH’D J.-AM.INVEN1OR-I810 
GAUSS,KARL F.-&ER.MATEMATICIAN-I777 
GAUTIER,THEOPHILE-FR. POET - 1811 

GAY,JOHN-ENG. POET.1688 

GAY-LUSSAC, JOS.- F R. CHE MIST- ITT 8 
GENEVIEVE, ST.-FR.RELIGIONIST - 422 


WASHINGTON IRVING. 


JEANNE DARG(JOANOf ARC]. 


GENGHIS KHAN-MOGUL CONQUEROR-1163 
G-ENSER1C—KING Of THE VANDALS - • 
GEORGE, HENRY-AM.POUTICAL WRITER-1039 
GEORGE l.-KING OF ENGLAND-- 166 

GE0RGE1L-77 .7 -16 

GEORGE Ill.-’< »< -17 3 

GEORGE [V .-77 7 , --1762 

GEORGE, ST.-BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA-B.361 
GFRlCAULT, JEAN- FR. PAINTER — IT 90 
GEROME,JEAL L.- FR.PAINTER - - 1824 
GERRY,ELBRIDGE-AM.STATESNIAN-IT44 
GESNER,CONRAO-5WI5S NATURALIST-1516 
GESSLER-AUS.BAIllEFKILlEDeTTFLl-D.1307 
GHIBERTI, L0RENZ0-ITAL.SCULPT0R-I3T8 
GIBBON,EDWARD-ENG. HISTORl AN-1737 
GIBSON, JOHN-ENG.SCULPTOR - IT90 
GIFFORD,WM.-ENG.WRITER --IT5T 
GILBERT,SIR HUMPHRT-ENG.NAV’R-1539 
GILES,WM.B.-AM.STATESMAN ■ H62 


GOUGH,JOHN B.-AM. TEM.LECT.-1817 
GOULD,AUGUSTUS A.-AM.NAT’ST-1805 
GOULD,JAY-AM.RAIUY MANAGER-1836 
GOUNOD,CHAS.F.- FR. COMPOSER -1818 

GOWER,JOHN-ENG.POE.1320 

GRACCHUS, CAIUS-R0M.STATS)N-BJLI59 
GRAHAM, JOHN.-SCOT.&ENERAL-1650 
&RANT.JA5.-SCOT. NOVELIST - -1822 
GRANT, U.S.-I6TH BRES.U.S. ■ 1822 
GRANVILLE,JOHNC.-ENG.STAT5’N-I690 
GRATTAN,HENRY-IRISH ORATOR-1746 
GRAY, ASA-AM. BOTANIST--1810 

&ray;thos.-eng.poet .ni6 

&REELEY,HORACE-AM.JOURN’ST-I 811 
GREEN,JOHN R.-ENG.HISTORiAN-1837 
GREENE,NATHAN’L-AM.GENERAL-'T42 
GREENLEAF,BENJ.-AM.AUTHOR-IT86 
GREENOUGH,HORATIO-AM.SCULPT.-I80'5 
GREGORY I.-ROMAN PONTIFF--0.,604 
GREGORY El.- ?7 7? - - D.,731 

GREGORY lit »t >i -0.,74| 


GROT E,GEO.- ENG. HISTORIAN - IT 94 

GROTIU$,HUGO-DUTOK JURIST -1563 
GROUCHY,fMMANVFR.GENERAL-17 66 
GROVE,WM.R.-ENS.SCIENT 1ST- 18 I ! 
G-UOIN,JEAN-FR.PAlNTER - - 1802 

&UIOO,RENI-ITAL.PAINTER - 1575 
GUISCARD,ROBT.-NONMAN SOLDIER-IO15 
GUISEXHAS.-CARD’L Of LORRAINE-1525 
GUISE,CLAUOE-FR.GENERAL- - -1496 
GUI7 Or, FRANCOIS-f R.HISTORl AN-17 87 
GUNTER,E0M.-ENG.MATHEMAT’N-I58l 
GURNEY,JOS. ENG.PHIIANTHR’ST-l788 
GUSTAVOS l.-KING Of SWEDEN -1496 

GUSTAVUSE.- 77 7i -1594 

GUSTAVUSO!.-’-. n -174-6 

GUSTAVUSIV.-” 7i -|7T8 

GUTENBERG,J.-&ER.INV. Of PRIN’GH4Q0 
GUYNNE,ELEA.-EN&. ACTRESS 1650 
HADRIAN-ROMAN EMPEROR - 76 

HAFIZ-PERSIAN POET - 1300 


ANDREW JACKSON. 


THOMAS JEFFERSON. 


GREGORY 1V.-R0MAN PONTIFF-D., 844 


GREGORY V.- 
GREG0RY VI; 71 
GREGORY VH; >» 
GREGORY VII& 7 7 
GREGORY IX.- 7 7 
GREGORY X.- 17 
GREGORY XL- 7 7 
GREGORY XII.- 71 
GREGORY XIII; 71 
GREGORY XIV'.-? ? 
GREGORY-XV. ?i 
GREGORY-XVI; 1 ? 


OR. SAMUEL JOHNSON. 


-0., 999 
-D.,I04T 

- -D.,i 085 

- D.,i 187 
-- D.,l24i 

- - 0., 12 T 6 
—D.,l 3 T8 
-D.,1417 
-D.,1585 
• D.,l59l 
-D.,1623 
-D..I846 


HAHNEMANN,S.C.F.-&ER.PHY5»N-IT 55 
HAKLUYT, RICH’D-ENG.HISTORIAN-1553 
HALE,EOW.EVT-AM. CLERGYMAN-1822 
HALE,SIR MATTHEW-END. JURIST -I 6 09 
HALEVY, JACQUES-FR.C0MP0SER-I799 
HALIBU RTONpTHOS.-NOVA SCOTIAN JURI5TIT9 6 
HALIFAX, CHAS.M.-ENS.STATESMAN-IS6I 

HALL.JAS.-AM.&E0L0GI5T.1811 

HALLAM.HENRY-ENG. HISTORIAN-1777 
HALLECK,FIT7-GREENF-AM.P0ET- 1790 
HALLEY,EDM.-ENG.ASTRONOMER 1656 
MAMILCAR-CARTHA&INIAN GEN’L-0.,B.C229 
HAMILTON,AlEX.-AM. STATESMAN- lT5T 
HAMILTON,SIR WM.-SCOT. META PHYS.-I T 88 
HAMILTON, SIR WM.R.-IRISH ASTRON.-180S 

hamlin,hannibal-am.statesman-i 809 

HAMPDEN,J0HN-EN&.STATESMAN-IS94 
HAMPTON, WADE-AM.C0NFED.6fN.-l 818 


GILLM0RE,Q.A.-AM.GENERAL-I 825 
GILLOn,JOS.-ENG.PEN MANUFAC’R-1800 
GIRARD,STEPHEN-AM. MERCHANT -IT50 
61RARD IN.EMILE -FR. JOURNALIST—1806 
GIULIO,ROIYIANO-ITAL.PAINTER-I492 
GLADSTONE, WM.E.-ENG.STATESMAN-I809 
GLAUBER,JOHANN R.-GER.CHEIvliSM604 
GLENDOWERjOWEIM-WELSH CHIEFTAIN-13 50. 
GLUCK,CHRISTOPH-GER. COM POSER-17 14 
GODWI N,WM.-E NG.N OVE LI ST- - - IT 56 
&OFTHE,JOHANNW.-GER.POFT- -1749 
GOLOSMITH,OL1VER-IRISH POET-1728 
GOMEZ,SEBASTIAN0-5PAN.PAINTER-1616 
GONSAIVO DE CORDOVA-SPAN.GEN’L-1443 
GOODRICH,SAM’l G.-AM. AUTHOR - -1793 
GOODYEAR,CHAS.-AM.INVENTOR -1800 
GORDON, GEO., LORD-ENG.ADITATOR--IT50 
60RE,CATHARINE &.-ENG.N0VELIST-I799 
GOTTSCHAEK,LOUIS M.-AM. PIANIST-1829 


GREGORY.ST.-GR.FATH. OF THE CHUR.- 332 

&revy,fRancois-pres.of France - is i 3 

&REY,CHAS.-ENG.5TATESMAN - - --1764 
GREY,LADY JANE-GIF TED ENG.IADY - -15 37 
GRiMM, FRIEDRICH 14- GER. AUTHOR - IT 2 3 
GRIM VI, JACOijA .-GER. PHILOLOGIST - - IT 8 5 

GRISI.G'UHA-ITAL.SINC-ER.I8 >2 

GRlSWOLU.RUFUS W.-AM.AUTHOR-1815 


ANDREW JOHNSON. 


PAUL JONES. 


HANCOCK,J0HN-AM.STATESMAN-IT3T 
HANCOCK,WINFIELD S.-AM.GEN’1-I824 
HANDEL,&EO.F.-&ER.COMPOSER- 1684 
HANNIBAL-CARTHAGINIAN GEN.-B.C.247 

HANS SACHS-&ER.POET.1494 

HARDICANUTE-KIN& OF ENG. —101 8 
HARDINGE,HENRY- ENG.&ENERAL-17QS 
HARDY, Y HOS.- F N G.NOVELIST - - 1840 
HARl Rl, ABU IVIOHAM.-ARAB.POET-10 S4 
HARLEY,ROBT.-ENG.STATESM AN -166 1 
HAROLD l.-KING OF ENGLAN0-D.I04O 
HAROLO II; >> ?» -Q.I066 

HAROUN-AL-RASCHID-GAURH OF BAGDAD- 7 66 
HARRISON,BENJ.-23 PRES.OF U.S.-I833 
HARRISON, JOHN-ENG.INVENTOR -169 3 
HARRISON,WM.H.-9TH PRES. U.S.-IT73 
HARTE^RANCISBRET-AM.HUMOR’T-1839 
HARVAR0,J0HN-F0UND.HAR.C0ll.-l608 
HARVEY,WM.-ENG.PHYSICI AN-- -1578 
HASDSU8AL-PUNIC GENERAL-D-,81.207 


161 







































































IvAtoL OCCUPATION BORN 


NAME OCCUPATION BORN 


NAME OCCUPATIOM BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORN 


NAME OCCUPATION BORN 


BEN JONSON. 


HASTINGS,WARREN-VICEROT OF INDIA-1732 
HAVE LOCK,HENRY-ENG. GENE RAL -17 95 
HAWTHORNE, NATHAN VAM. AUTHOR-1804 
HAYDN, JOSr&ER.COMPOSER ---1732 
HAVES,ISAAC-AM.ARCTIC EXPL0R.-I832 
HAVES,R.B.-I9TH PRES.O c U.S.-I822 
HAYNE,R0BT.Y.-AM.STATfcSMAN-|79l 
HEC-IL,GEORG W.-G-ER. PHILOS’R-1770 
HEINE, HEINRICH- GER. POET--17 99 
HELMHOLTZ, H.-GER.PHYSI0L’ST-I82J 
HEMANSjFELIClA 0.-ENG.P0ETESS-I794 
HENDRICKS, TH0S.A.-AM.STATWN-1819 
HENRY l.-KING OF FRANCE -1005 
HENRY ]\r >> si '-1519 

HENRY ni.-j> n -1551 

HENRY lY.->> ii - -1553 

HENRY ].-GER.EMPEROR-- 876 
HENRY H.- s > 5 ? --372 

HENRY Hi.- 1 * ss -1017 

HENRY IV.- >1 55 -1050 

HENRY V.- 5 > 5 5 -1081 


HIPPARCHUS-&REER ASTRONOMER-FL.B.C.I50 

HIPPOCRATES-GREEK PHYSICIAN -8.C.460 
HOBBES.THOS.-ENG. philosopher- 1588 
H0CHE,LA7ARE-FR.GENERAL---I768 
HOE.RICH’O M.-AM. INVENTOR- 1012 
HOFFMAN,CHAS.F.-AM.AUTHOR-1806 
HOGARTH,WM.-ENG.ARTIST —1697 

HOGG,JAS.-SCOT. POET.I TT2 

HOLBEIN,HANS-GER. PAINTER-14-97 
HOLLAND, J.G.-AM. AUTHOR —1819 
HO LMES,0L1VER W.-AM.AU7H0R - -1809 
HOMER-GREEK POET-FL. 8 .C. 875 
HONORIUS.FLAVIUS-ROM.EMP’R- 384 

HOOO.THOS.-ENG.POET.1798 

HO PKfNSjJOHNS-AM.PHILANTH’ST-l 7 9 5 
HORACE-LATIN POET — - B.C. 65 
HOSMER,HARRIET-AM.SCULPTOR-I830 
HOUSTON,SAM-AM.GENERAL - -1793 
HOWARD,JOHN-EN6.PHILAN’PST- IT 2 6 


LOUIS XIII. 


ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 


LA FAYETTE. 


HENRY VI.-GER.EMPEROR — • II 65 
HENRY VII.-m )! • —1262 
HENRY I.- KING OF ENGLAND-1068 
HENRY 11.- m )) -'1133 

HENRY HI; 5) :v> -1207 

HENRY IV.- 5 » ?» ‘-1366 

HENRY V. si m -1388 

HENRY VI.- v* i» 1421 

HENRY VI!.- m ,, -1456 

HENRY si -1491 

HENRY, PATRICK-AM. ORATOR — 1736 
HERACLITUS-GREEK PHILOS-B.C. 535 
HERBERT,GEO.-ENG.POET -- 1593 
HERDER, JOHANN-GER.AUTHOR-1744 
HEROD THE GREAT-KING OF JUDEA-B.D. 73 
HEROOOTUS-GREEK HISTORIAN- - B.C.484 
HERRICK,ROBT.-ENG.POET - • • 1591 

HERSCHEL,SIRJ.F.M.-FNG.ASTR0N.-I792 
HERSCHEL,SIRWM.-tj ss -1738 
HESIOD-GREFK POET FL.,B.C. 850 
HEZEKIAH-KINGOF JUDEA ---B.C. 750 
HILDRETH,RICH’D-AM. HISTORIAN-180 7 


H0WE,EUAS-AM.]NVENT0R--I8J9 
HOWE,SAMU G.-AM.PHILANTIPST-1801 
HUDSON,HENRT-ENG.NAVIGATOR-D.1 6 11 
HUGHES,THOS.-ENG.AUTHOR---1823 

HUGO.VICTOR-FR.POET.1802 

HUMD0LDT,F.H.A.-GER.SCtENTIST-l769 
HUME,DAvlD-SCOT. HISTORIAN-! 7 

HUNT/LEIGH-END.POET.1784 

HUNTER, JOHN-SCOT.SURGEON --1728 
HUSS,JOHN-BOHEMIAN REFORMER-1373 
H UXLEY.TH0S.H.-ENG.SC1 E NT1ST--182 5 
HUTGENS,CHRIS'N-DUTCHSAVANT--I629 
HYOER-All-HINDDO PRINCE -.--17 18 
IBRAHIM PASHA-VICEROY OF EGYPT-1789 
IGNATIUS,ST.-BISHOP OF ANTIOCH-D. I 0 7 
IGNATIUS LOYOLA-SPAN. JESUIT — 1491 
INGELOWjJEAN-FNG.NOVELIST--1830 
INGERSOLL,ROBT.G.-AM.LAWYER -1833 
!NGRES,JEAN-FR.PAINTER — 178 I 


HENRY W. LONG-FELLOW. 


ROBERT E.LEE. 


INNOCENT I.-R0M.P0NTIFF-D.4I7 
INNOCENT I!.- ss ss -D.II43 

INNOCENT 111.- ss ss -D. 1216 

INNOCENTIV.- ss ss -D.I254 

INNOCENT V.- 5 s ss -0.1276 

INNOCENT VL- ss 5 5 -D.I362 

INNOCENT VIL-n 5 5 -D. 1406 

INNOCENT VI11.-S 5 5 5 -D. 1492 

INNOCENT IX.- 5 > 55 -D.I59I 

INNOCENT X.- 5 5 5 5 -D.I655 

INNOCENT XI.- 5» ss -D.I689 

INNOCENT Xll.-5 5 55 -D.ITOO 

INNOCENT X111.-5 > 5> -D.I724 

IRENS.US.ST.-BISHOP OF LYONS- 140 
IRENE-BY2ANTINE EMPRESS--- 752 
IRVING,EDW. -SCOT. DIVINE 1792 
IRVING,WASH>TON-AM. AUTHOR - -1783 
ISABELLAl.-QU.OF CASTILE - - -1451 

ISABELLA IL-QU.OF SPAIN-1830 

ISAIAH-HEBREW PR0PHET-FL.B.0.740 


ISOCRATES-GREEK ORATOR-B.C.436 
ITURBIDE,AGUSTIN-MEX.EMP>R-I784 
IVAN II1.-RUS.EMPER0R--I439 
IVAN IV.- 5 5 55 ---1529 

JACKSON,AN0REW-7TH PRES.U.S.-I767 
JACKSON,T.J.-C0NFED.GEN'L~I824 
JACOBI, FRIEDRICH-GER. PHILOS.-17 43 
JACQUARD,J0S.M.-FR.INVENT0R-I752 
JAMES1.-KING OF SCOTLAND-1394 
JAMESL- 5 5 55 -1430 

JAMESIllr 5» 5 5 - -1453 

JAMES IV.-5 5 -1473 

JAMESV.-ss 55 -1512 

JAMES l.-KING OF ENG.+SCOT.-I566 
JAMES II.- 55 S3 -1633 

JAMESON, ANNA-BRIT.AUTHOR-1797 
JANSEN, CORNEIIS-DUTCH OIVINE-1585 
JANUAR!US,ST.-PAT.ST.OF NAPLES- 272 
JASPER,WM.-BRAVE AM.S0LDIER-I750 
JAY.J0HN-AM.STATESMAN--I745 
JEFFERSON,TH0S.-3RD PRES.U.S.-1743 
JEFFREY, FRANCIS-SCOT.JUDGE- • ITT3 
J EEFR EYS,CEO.-BR IT. J U DGE--1648 
JENNERjEDW.-ENG.PHYSIClAN —1749 
JEROME,ST.-LAT.FATH.0FCHUR.- 340 


JOHN xill.- ROM. PONTIFF-0., 972 

JOHN XIV.- 5 5 55 0., 984 

JOHN XV.- 5 5 5 5 -0., 996 

JOHN XVI.- 5 5 55 -D.,S98 

JOHN XVII.- ’ 5 5 5 D.,1003 

JOHN XVIII.- 5 5 5 5 -D.,1009 

JOHN XIX.- 55 j5 -C.,1033 

JOHN XXI.- 5 5 5 5 -D.,1277 

JOHNXXII.- 55 "55 -D.,1334 

JOHN XXni.- 5 5 5 5 -D.,14-19 

JOHN THE BAPTIST-PROPHET-B.C. 5 

JOHN,ST.-APOSTLE.0., 100 

JOHNSON,ANQREYHTH PRES.US.4808 
J 0 HNSON,SAM’L-ENG. lEXICOG.’R-1T 09 
JOHNSTON,A.S.-CONFEO.GEN.-- 1803 
JOHNSTONJ.E.- 5 5 51 -1807 

JONAH-HEBREW-PROPHET-FL.B.C. 800 
JONES,JOHN PAUL-AM.NAV.CDM.-1747 
JONES,SIR WM.-ENC.LINGUIST— • 1746 


LORO MACAULAY. 


LORD LYTTON. 


JEROME OF PRAGUE-BOHEM.DIVINE-1378 
JERR0L0.D0UGLAS-ENG.AUTHDR-IS03 
JOAN OF ARC-FR.HEROINE —14-12 
JOEL-HEBREW PR0PHET-FL.B.C.7 75 
JOHN l.-KING OF FRANCE-1316 
JOHN Dr 5 5 5 1 -1 3 19 

JOHN-KING OF ENGLAND—1166 
JOHN l.-KING OF PORTUGAL-1357 
JOHN II.-KING OF POLANO —1609 
JOHN 1T1.- 5i 55 —1624 

JOHN I - ROM. PONTIFF- D., 526 
JOHN II.- 15 55 0., 535 

JOHN m.- 5 5 5 5 D., 573 

JOHN IV.- 5 5 5 5 D., 642 

JOHN V.- 5 5 5 5 D., 686 

JOHN VI.- 5 5 is D., 705 

JOHN-VIL- 5 5 is '0.,- 707 

JOHN VII!.- n is D., 882 

JOHN IX.- 5. is D. 900 

JOHN X.- 5 5 5 5 D., 928 

JOHN XL- > 5 5 5 D., 936 

JOHN XII.- 55 55 D., 964 


JAMES MADISON. 


JONSON,BEN-ENG. DRAMATIC POET-1574 
JOSEPH!.-GER. EMPEROR - —1678 
JOSEPH II.-5s 55 ---1741 

JOSEPHINE-FR. EMPRESS---1763 
JOSEPH US,FLAV.-JEWISH HISTORIAN- 37 
JOSHUA-HEBREW LEADER-B.C. 1537 
JUAREZ,B.P.-PRES.OF MEXICO-1806 
JUD$ON,ADONIRAM-AM.MIS$lONARY~l 7 88 
JULIAN THE APOSTAIE-ROM.EMP’R— 331 
JULIANI.-ROM.PONTIFF-0., 352 
JULIAN II.- 51 ‘Ji D.,1513 

JULIAN III.- 5 5 5 5 D.,1555 

JUSTIN,ST.-CH.FATH.IN PALESTINE- 103 
JUSTINIAN 1.-BYZANTINE EMP>R- 483 
JUVENAL, OECIMUS-LAT.POET-- 40 
KALAKAUA.OAVI D-KING OF HAWAll-r83S 
KALB, JOHN-AM.GENERAL - - -1721 
KANE,ELISHA K.-AM.ARC.EXPL0R;I820 
KANT,IMMANUEL-GER.PHIL0S>R-I724 
KEANjEDM.-ENG.TRAGEDIAN -1787 
KEARNEY, PHILIP-AM.GEN *L - -1815 


CARDINAL MAZARIN. 


KEATS.JOHN-ENG.POET-1795 

KELLERMANN,F.C.-FR.GENERAl- 1735 
KEMBLE.JOHN P.-ENG.TRAGE0IAN-I757 
KEMPIS, 1H0S. A.-GER. M0NK---I380 

KENT, JAS.-AM. JURIST-1763 

KEPLER, JOHANN-GER.ASTRON.-IS71 

KEY, FRANCIS S.-AM. POET-17-79 

KING,RUFUS-AM.STATESMAN-l755 
KING,WM.R.- 5 5 55 -17 86 

KINGSLEY,CHAS.-ENG.DIVINE • 1819 
KITTO.JOHN-ENG.BIB’L SCHOLAR-1804 
KLEBER,JEANB.-FR.GENERAL-I7 54 
KLOPSTOCKjF.G.-GER.POET - -1724 
KNIGHT,CHAS.-ENG.AUTHOR - - l79l 
KNOWLES,JAS.S.-ENG. ACTOR-1784 
KNOX,HENRY-AM.STATESMAN-1750 
KNOX,JOHN-SCOT. OIVINE - -1505 
KOSCI USCO,THAOOEUS-POUSH PATRIOT-1746 
KOSSUTH,LOUIS-HUNGARIAN PATRIOT-1802 
KOTZEBUE. AUGUST-GER.DRAMATIST-17 61 
KUTUS0FF,IVIIKHNL-RUS.&CNERAL-I74S 


JOHN STUART MILL. 


LABLANCHE,LUIGI-ITAL.SINGER-- i394 
LA FAYETTE,MARQUI$-FR. PATRIOT-1757 
LA FONTANEJEAN-FR.POET- - • 1621 
LA GRANGE.J0S.-FR.MATHEMAT’N-I736 
LAMARTINE,ALPHONSE-FR.POET - -1790 
L A M B.CH AS.- ENG. ESSAY I ST - - ■ - 1775 
LAMBERT,JOHN-ENG.GENERAL- -1619 
LAN OOR,WALLS.- ENG. AUTHOR -17 75 
LANDSEER,SIREOW.-ENG.PAINTER-I802 
LANGTRY,MRS.L.-AM. ACTRESS - - 18 52 
LANNES,JEAN-TR.MAR$HAL • -1769 
LANSDOWNE.WM.-ENG.STATES’N-17 3 7 
LAPLACE, P.i-FR. ASTRONOMER-1749 
LA ROCHEFOUCAOLD,F.-FR. AUTHOR--1613 
LA SALLE.ROBT. C.-FR.EXPLORER-i 643 
LAS CASES,EMAN’L-FR.GLNERAl--IT66 
LATIMER, HUGH-ENG.REFORNIER-1490 
LATOUR D’AUVER&NE-FR.OFFICER -1743 

LAUD,WM.-ENG. PRELATE.1573 

LAURENS,HENRY-AM.STATES’N--1724 
LAVATER,JOHN C.-SWISS PHYSIOG’T-I T4I 


JOHN MILTON. 


LAVOISIERJY.L.-FR. CHEMIST--1743 
LAW, JOHN-SCOT. FINANCIER —1671 
L AWR E NCE, A.-AM. PHILANTHRO’T-I T 8 6 
LAWRENCE, JAS.-AM.NAYAL HERO -17 81 
LAWRENCE,THOS.-ENG.PAINTER-1769 
LEBRUN.CHAS.-FR.PAINTER --i6l9 
L£OYAAD,JOHN-AM.TRAVELER-I75I 
LEE,ARTHUR-AM.STATESMAN --1740 

LEE,CHASr AM. GENERAL-1775 

LEE,FRANCIS L.-AM. PATRIOT 1734 

LEFjHENRY-AM.&ENERAL-17 56 

LEE.RICH’D H.-AM. ORATOR - • -1732 
L E £, ROBT.E.- CONFEO.GENERAl- - i 806 
LEECH, JOHN-ENG.CARICATURIST-1817 
LEFEBREjFRANCOIS-FR.MARSHAl 1755 

LEGARE.HU&H S.-AM.STATESMAN -17 97 
LEIBNITZ.GOTTFRlED-GER.PHILOS’R-l 646 
LEICESTER,ROB.O.-ENG.EARl- •- 1532 
LEO 1- ROM. PONTIFF- D., 461 
LEO II.- 5, , , - o., 684 

LEO Ill.-' • * 15 0., 816 

LEO IV.- 5 5 i i -0., 855 


JAMES MONROE. 


162 











































NAME OCCUPATION BORN 


LEO V.- ROM. PONTIFF-0., 903 


LEO VI.- 
LEO VII.- 
LEO VIII.- 
LEO IX- 
LEO X- 
LEO XI.- 
LEG XII.- 
LEO XIII.- 


ii 
i * 
1 • 
H 


♦ > 
*i 


0., 929 
•H., 939 
-0., 965 
-0.,105-4 
-D.,1521 
- 0-, 1605 
1T60 
■ 1810 


1E0NI0AS-KIN& OP SPARTA-BX.-0.4.8O 
LEOPOLD I.-GER.EMPEROR ■ • 1640 
LEOPOLD H.- ’ » > • ■ ■ ■ 1747 

LEOPOLD I.-KING OF BELGIUM- 1790 
LEOPOLD EL- «» I835| 

LE SAGE,ALAN R.-PR.N0VEL1ST- 1666 
LESLIE.CHAS-R.-ENG. PAINTER 17 94 
LESSEPS/ERDrFR.ENGlNEER 1805 
LESSING, GOTTHOLO-GER.CRIT IL - 1729 



NAME OCCUPATION BORNlNAME OCCUPATION BORNINAME OCCUPATION BORN 



PROF. S.F.B. MORSE. 


LEVER,CHAS.J.-IRISH NOVELISE - 18 06 

leverrier,u.j.j.-fr.astronomer IBM 

LEWES,GEO.H.-ENG. AUTHOR i 9 IT 
LEWIS, MERIWETHER-AM.EXPlORER-17 T4 
lEYOEN.LUCAS-OUTOH PAINUR-1494 
LI EBER,FRANGIS-AM. PUBLICIST- -1800 
LIEBIG, JUSTUS-GER. CHEMIST —II8 03 
LINCOLN, ABRAHAM-I6TH PRES.iLS.-l 809 
LINCOLN,BENJ.-AM. GENERAL - -17 3 3 
LIND t JENNY-SWED.VOCALI&T — 1821 
LINNS.US,CHAS.-SWED.B0TANIS7-.' 17 07 
LlPPI,FILlPP0-ITAL.PAINlER--i4.|2 
USZTjFRANZ-HUNG.ENANIST- -1811 
UTTLETON.THOS.-ENG. JURIST-1420 
LIVERPOOL, ROB.-ENt.STATESMAN (7 70 
LIVINGSTON,EOW.-AM. JURIST - - 1764 
LIVINGST ONLDAVHi-StOl.EXPlOREfl 1813 
LIVY,T(TUS-HOM-HIST OKlANr -B.C. 59 
LOCKE,john-eng.philk;opher- -1 6 32 

LOGAN,JOHN A.-AM.S1ANSMAN - 1826 
LONG,ROGER-E NG.AS7R0N0MER-1680 



NAPOLEOK. 


LONGFELLOW,H.W.-AM. POET • - -1 8 0 7 
L0NGSTREET,JAS.-C0N‘7D.GEN.-I 821 
LORRAINE, OUKL 0F-6ER.GEN’L • -| 6 04 
LOSSING, BENSON J.-AM.HIS70RIAN- 1813 
LOUIS 1— KING OF FRANCE - - - 778 
LOUIS IL- »» »i -'-846 

LOUIS 111.- »> *1 363 

LOUIS IV.- J> »» 921 

LOUIS V.- )) »» •-• 967 

iOUI? VI.* »> ll ■■■1018 

.0UISVII.-JJ >» ---1120 

-OUlSVIil:?* >« •••M87 

.OUIS IX.- )> >» "1215 

.OUIS X.- » » "—1289 

.0111$ XV»» »> - --1423 

.0UlSXlU-7> >» -1462 

.OUIS XU1.-) > >» ---1601 

.0UISXIV.->> )» 1638 

.ouis xv.-»» j > -mo 

.OUlSXVUv* >> •• 1754 


WILLIAM PENN. 


LOUIS XVII.-RING OF FRANCE-17 85 
LOUIS XVIIi.- ) 5 i» -17 55 

LOUIS PHILLIPPE-ii ») -| 773 

LOUIS IV-GER. EMPEROR — 12 85 
LOUV0IS,YRANC01S—FR. STATES’N-1641 
LOVER,SAM’L—IRISH NOVELIST - 17 97 
LOWE LL,JAS.RUS’L-AM. POET -18 19 
LOYOLA,IGNATI US-5PAN.1ESUIT-I4 91 
LUCAN,MARCUS-ROM.POE7- - - 39 

LUCIAN-GREEK SATIRIST- 120 

LUCRETIUS-LATIN P0ET-8.C. 95 

LUCULLUS,LUCIUS-ROM. GEN.-8.C. 110 
LUTHER, MARTIN-GER.REF0RMERH463 
LUXEMBOURG,F.H.-FR.MARSHAL-I 628 
LYCURGUS-SPAR7AN LAW-CIVEBL.B.C.950 
LYELL,SIR GE0.-SC07.GEOLOGIST-17 97 
LYNDHURST,J.SX.-ENG.CHANCEUOR-l 77 2 



COMMODORE PERRY. 


LY 0 N,NATH AN IEL-AM. GENERAL - • 1819 
LY£AND£R-SPARTAN SOLOi£R-D.,R.C. 3 95 

lysimachus-kingofthrace- ■ ••b.c. 355 
LYSIPPUS-GREEK SCULPTOR-R., B.C.330 
MACAULAY,TH0S.6.-FN6.ESSAYIST- • 1800 
NIC CARTBY,OUSTm-IRISH WRITER — 18 3 0 
MACCHIAVELLI,N.-ITAL.$TATf$MAN-l 4 69 
MAC CLELLAN.CEO.B.-AM.GENERAL-1 82 6 
l*TC C0SH,JAS.-SC07. THEOLOGIAN -• 1811 
MACDONALDjETl ENNE-FH.MARSHAl-1 7 65 
MACOONALD,CEO.-SCOT.POET- - - I 824 
MACOONALD,JNO.A.-CAN.STATES’N -1 8 14 
MACKINTOSH,SIRJAS.-SCOT.STATFS’N-I 7 65 
MC CLOSKEY,JNO.-IST AM CARDINAL-1 8 I 0 
MC MWELL,IRVIN-AM.CENFRAl -I 8 1 8 
MCKINLEY.WM.-AM.S7A7ESMAN-1 844 
MAC MAHON,M.E.-PRES.OE FR.--I 808 
MACPHFRSON.JAS.-SCOT. POET - 17 38 
MACREADY,WM.C.-ENG.ACTOR - -1 7 93 
MADISON,JAMES-4TH PRES.aS.-l 7 51 



MAGELLAN JER.-P0R7.NAVIGAT0R-I4 70 
MAHMOUO L-SU1TAN OF TURKEY--1 696 
MAHMOUD 0.- )» »» --17 85 

MAINTENON,FRANCOISE-WF.LOU6XIV.-16 35 
NiAUBRAN,MARIAF.-FR.V0CALIS7 - -18 08 
MALPIGHI,MARCELLO-llAl.SURGEON ■ 1628 


MALT H US, TH OS.R.-FNG.POLI T. WRIT T R 
MAAIDEVILLE-SIR JOHN-ENG-TRAVELER - 
MANNING,HEM,-ENG. CARDINAL — 
MANN,HORACE-AM.EDUCATOR- 


1766 
1300 
1808 
1796 

MA«SFICL0,WM.M.-8RII.JURIST— I 7U5 

MANUriUS,A.-VENETIAN PRINTER- 14-49 

MARAT,JEAN P.-FR.REVOLUTIONIST- 1744 
MARCELLUS.MARC.-ROM. CONSUL-B.C. 268 
MARGARET OFANJOU-WF.HIN.VI. ENG.- -1429 
MARSAREI-QU.OEN. NOR. SWED.- —13 53 
MARGARFT-QU.OF NAVARRE •••• 1492 
MARGARET-QU. OF FRANCE —-1553 
MARIAH.-QU.Of PORTUGAL--1819 


FRANKLIN PIERCE. 



JAMES K. POLK. 


MARIA DE’MEDlCl-QU.OF FRANCE—I 573 
MARIA LOUISA-FR.EMPRESS - - -17 91 
MARIA THERESA-GU. HUN.+BOH.- -1 7 17 
MARIE ANTOINEITE-WF. LOUIS XVI.-1755 
MARIO,CIUSEPPE-ITAL.SINGER---1810 
MARION,ERANCIS-AM.GENERAL- -1732 
MARIOTTE,EDME-FR.PHYCISIST-O. I 684 
MARIUS,CA1 US-ROM.GENERAL-B.C. 157 
MARLBOROUGH,J.C.-£NG.GENERAL-I6SO 
MARLOWE,CHRIS.-ENG.ORAMATIST-I 564 
MARMONT, AUCUSTE-FR.MARSHAL-1 774 
MARQUETTE,JACRUES-FR.EXPLORFR-1 637 
MARRYATjFRED’K-ENG.NOVFLIST-l T 92 
MARSH,GEO.P.-AM.PHILOLOGIST - -1801 
MARTIAL,MARCUS V-LATIN POET- 43 
MATINEAU,HARRIET-ENG.WRITE R-l 8 02 
MARY I.-QUEEN OF ENGLAND -1 516 
MARYD.- .» i » - 1662 

MARY STUART-QUEEN OF SCOTS' 1542 




SIR WALTER RALEIGH. 


MELBOURNE,WM.-ENG.STATES.-1779 
MELVILLE,ANOREW-SCOT.REFORMER-I545 
MENDELSS0HN-8ART. -GER.COMPOS.-18 09 
MESMERjFRIED’K-GER.PHYSICIAN -1733 
M E T TE R N ICH.C.W.- AUST.ST AT E S’N-1773 
MEYERBEER.G.-GER.COMPOSER-1794 
MICHAEL-ANGELO-1TAL. ARTIST - -14 74 
MIFFLIN,THOS.-AM.PATRIOT-- 1744 
MILL, JAS.-SCOT. HISTORIAN —1773 
MILL, JOHN STUART- ENG. PH IL OS.- I 806 
MILLER.HUGH-SCOT.GEOLOGIST-1802 

MULLER,C.H.-AM.POET-1841 

MILLS, CLARK-AM.SCULPTO R—1815 
MILTIADES-ATHEN.STATES.-EL.B.C.500 

MILTON.JOHN-ENG.POET. 1608 

MIRABEAU,G.H.-FR. ORATOR - • 1749 
MlTCHEL,O.M.-AM.ASTRON’R-l 810 
MITCHELL,O.G.-AM. AUTHOR-1822 
Ml TH Rl DATES-K1NG0F P0NTUS-B.C.I32 
MOHAMMED-FOUNOER OF ISLAM- 570 



RICHELIEU. 


ALEXANDER POPE. 


MASON,JAS.M.-AM.STATESMAN-I 797 
MASON,LOWEU-AM.MUS.COMPOS.-17 92 
MASSENA,AN0RE-FR.MARSHAL-I158 
MASSEY,GERALD- ENG.POET • - I 828 
MATHER,COTTON-AM.DIVINE- I 663 
MATHEW, THEOBALO-IRISH PRIEST-1 7 90 
MAURICE Of NJSSAU-GFR.GENERAL -1 5 6 7 
MAURY,MAT.F.-AM.HYDROGRAPHER-I 8 06 
MAXIMILIAN I.-6ER.EM PE ROR -14 59 
MAXIMIllAN.E.J.-MEX.EMPERORI 832 
MA7 ARIN,CARDINAl-FR.STATES 5N-I 602 
MAZEPPAJVAN-POL.NOBLEMANI-1 644 
MEADE,GEO.G.-AM. GENERAL - -1 8iS 
MEDICI, C.-CHIEE FLORENTINE REPU8.-13 89 
MEOlCI,t.-GR.DUKE OF TUSCANY • • I 5 I 9 
MEDICI,L.-PRINCE OE FLORENCE-14 4 8 
MEHEMET ALI—VICEROY OF EGYPT - IT 6 9 
MElSSONIERJEAN-FR.PAINTER-1 8 I l 
MELANCHTH0N,P.-GER.REF0RMER-I497 


MOHAMMED D.- TURKISH SULTAN - -14- 30 
MOHAMMED IH.- »» * -15 66 
MOHAMMED IV >» u -1642 
MOLIERE,JEAN-FR.ORAMATISTI 622 
MOLTKE, COUNT VON-GER.GENERAL-1 800 
MONK,GEO.-EN&.GENERAl - - - 1608 
MONMOUTH,JAS.S.-ENG.DUKE - -1 649 
M0NR0EJAS.-5TH PRES. U.S.- -17 58 
MONTAGUE,LAOY-ENG.AUTHORESS I 690 
MONTAIGNE,MICHEL-FR.PHILOS’R-1 533 
MONTALEMBERT,C.F.-FR.ORATOR-| 810 
MONTCALM,L.J.-FR.GENERAL- -1712 
MONTESQUIEU,CHAS.-ER.NUTHOR-1689 
MONTEZUMA H.-MEX.A7TEC EMP.-1480 
MONTFORD,SIMON-NOR.CRU$M!ER-I I 50 
MONTGOLFIER,J.E.ER.INVENT0R-I745 
MONTGOMERY,JAS.-SCOT.POET- -1771 
MONTMORENCY,ANNE-FRJHARSHAL-1493 
MONTMORENCY,HENRI-)) .. -1534 

MONTMORENCY,MAT.-). »» — 1175 
MONTROSE,J.C.-SCOT.BERERAE- 1612 
MOODY,O.L.-AM. EVANGELIST - -18 37 
MOORE,SIR JOHN-BRIT.GENERAL -17 61 

MOORE,THOS.-IRISH POET.17 79 

MORALES,LUIS-SPAN.PAINTER-1509 



ROBESPIERRE. 


MORE, HANNAH-ENG.AUTHORESS—1745 
MORE,SIR THOS.-ENG.STATESMAN-• 1480 

MORE AU,JEAN- F R. GENERAL- 1763 

MORGAN,JN0.H.-C0NFE0J5ENERAL -1825 
MORLEY,JOHN-ENG.STATESMAN --I838 
MORRIS,GEO.P.-AM. JOURNALIST- -18 02 
MORRIS, R08T.-AM.FINANDER—17 34 
MORSE,S.F.B.-ANUNVENTOR 6F ItlEFflH 79l 

MORTON,JAS.l-SCOl REGENT.1530 

MORTON,OLIVER P.-AM.STATESMRN— 1823 
M0SES-HE8REW LAW-GIVER—B.C. 1570 
MOTLEY, JOHNL-AM.HISTORIAN-—1814- 

MOTLVAIENTINE-AM.SURKON- -1785 

MOULTRIE,WM.-AM.GENERAL.1731 

MOZART.JOHANN-GER.COMPOSER—1756 
MULLER, MAX.-ENG.PHILOLO&IST—1823 
MUNCHHAUSENJARON-GEISOUIIER-1720 

MURATJOACRIM-FR.MARSHAI- 1771 

MURILLO, B.E.-SPAN. PAINTER - -«• -1618 
MURRAY, JAS.S.-SCOT.REGENT----1533 



JOHN RUSKIN. 


MURRAY, LIN DLEY-ENG. GRAMMAR IAIH745 

MUSSETU.U.-FR.POET. 1010 

NADIR SHAH-KING OF PERSIA - — 1688 
NAPIER,SIR CHAS.L-ENG.CENERAL- -1782 
NAPIE R JOHN-SCOT.MATHEMATICIAN • 1 5 50 
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE-aEMPEROR -17 69 
NEAN DER, J.A.W.-GER.THEOLOGIAN - IT 89 
NEBUCHADNE7ZAR-KING OE BA6YL0N-D.,B.C.56I 
NECKER,JACQUES-FR.STATESMAN - IT32 
NEHSON,ADELAIDE-AM. ACTRESS - -1053 
NEL50N.HCRATI0-ENG.ADMIRAL--I7 58 

NERO-ROMAN EMPEROR. 31 

NESSELRODE,CHAS.R.-RU$.STATES’N 17 80 
NEWMAN,CAROINAL-ENG.DIVINE -1801 
NEWTON,S'R ISAAC-E NG.PHI LOSOPHf R-F 642 



SIR WALTER SCOTT. 


NEY,MICHEL-FR.MARSHAL - --I769 
NICHOLAS I.-HUS.EMPEROR--1796 
NICHOLAS,ST.-3ISHQP OF MYRlA-0„ 340 
NIGHTINGALE.FIOR.-EN&.PHILANTH’STI820 
NILSSON,CHRfSJiNE-SWED.VOCALIST -1843 
NORTH, EREO’H-ENG.STATESMAN-1732 
NOTTINGHAM,H.F.-EN&.JURIST - - -1 621 
NOYES.GEO.R.- AM. THEOLOGI AN -1798 
O’RRlEN.WM.S.-IRISH PATRIOT-1803 
a’CONNELL,OAN’L-IRISH ORATOR-1775 
OOOACER-KIN&OF ITALY-- — 0., 493 
0 , OONNELL,LEOP’0-SPAN.STATES.-1809 
$HLENSCHUGEM.&.-OANISH'ROET - -17 79 
(ERSTEO,HANS t-DAN.NAT.PHILOS.4 777 

offenbach.jacq.-ger.composer-i 819 

OGLETHORPE,JAS.-ENG.G£NERAL-"1698 
OLOCASTLE.SIR JNS.-ENG.REFORM’R-* 3 60 
OLLENOORFF,HENRI-G£R.EOUCATOR;1803 
OLMSTEAD,OETllSON-AM.ASTRONYR-n9l 
OMAR PASHA-TURKISH S0LDIER-I*06 


163 










































































O’MEARA,B.E.-IR1SH SURGEON-1780 
ORANGE,VVM..PR.OF-DUTCHIEADER-1553 
ORIGEN-GREE’K THEOLOGIAN — I 86 
OSSOL!,MARt.F.-AM. AUTHORESS-1810 

OTHOI.-GER.EMPEROR.912 

OTHOH.- ?5 '55 ,955 

OTHOIL- 5 5 5 5 980 

OTHO IV.- 5 5 5 5 . 1 I 74- 

OTIS.JAMES-AM. LAWYER- -1725 

OVIO-ROMAN POET-B.C. 4-3 

OWENjRICHARO-ENG.ANAtOMIST-1804- 
OWEN,ROBT.-ENG.PHILANTHRO'ST-| 7 7 I 
OX ENSTIERN, AX EL-SWED.STATES.-1583 
PADILLAjJTJAn-SPAN.PATRIOT —14-90 
PAGAN INI,NICOIO-ITAL.VIOL1NIST-17 84 
PAINE, ROBT.T.-AM.LAWYER---1773 
PAINE,TH0S.-AM.FREE-THINKER-I737 
PAIXHANS,HENR|-FR.INVENTOR-l 783 


PALESTRINA,G.P.-ITAL.COM POSER-1524 
PALFREY, JOHN G.-AM.HISTORIAN —1796 
PALISSY,BERNARO-FR. POTTER - -1510 
PALMERSTON, H.U-ENG.STATES’N-1784 
PAOLI.PASQUALE-CORSICAN PATRIOT-1726 
PAPIN, OENIS-FR.PHYSICIAN-1647 
PARACELSUS-SWISS ALCH EM 1ST-1493 
PAROOE.JULIA-ENG. AUTHORESS-1806 
PARIS,LOUIS A.P.-FR. PRINCE -18 38 
PARK-MUNGO-SCOT.TRAVELER-177 I 
PARKER,THEODORE-AM.THEOtOEIAN-18 
PARKMAN.PRANCIS-AIV1.H IST0RIAN-I92 3 
PAFTNELL.CHAS.S.-I RISH AGITATOR-1843 
PARR,CATHARINE-QU. HENRY VllL-l 509 
PARROTT, ROBT.P.-AM. INVENTOR-1804 
PARRY, SIR WM.-ENG. EXPLORER-1790 
PARSONS JHEOPH.-AM. JURIST-1750 
PARSONS,THEOPH.-Ss 5» —1797 
PARTON,JAS.-AM.AUTHOR - - -1822 
PASCAL, BLAISE-FR.PHILOSOPHER-1623 
PATRICK,ST.-APOSTLE OF IRELAND- 372 


WILLIAM T. SHERMAN. 


NAME OCCUPATION BORN 


iflE OCCUPATION BORN 


NAME OCCUPATION BORN 


NAME OCCUPATION BORN 


PATLADELINA-SP.OPEIWIC SM-1843 

PAUL,ST-APOSTLE.D., 65 

PAULI.- ROMAN PONTIFF-D., 767 
PAUL Ilr 5 5 5 5 -D.,14-71 

PAUL III.- 5 5 5 5 -D.,1549 

PAULIV- 55 5 5 -D.,1559 

PAULV.- 55 5 5 - D.,l 621 

PAULI.- RUSSIAN EMPEROR-1754 
PAULDINF,JAS.K.-AM.AUTHOR--| 77 9 
PAUSANIAS-SPARTANGEN.-D..B.U68 
PAXTON,SI R JOS.-ENG.ARCKTTECT-1803 
PAYNFJN0.H.-AM.0RAMATIST--I792 
PEABODY,GEO.-AM.PHILANTHRORT 7 95 
PEALE, REMBRANDT- AM.PAINTERI778 
PEOROI.-EMPEROR OF BRAZIL--1798 
PFPR0I1.- 5 5 55 — I 825 

PEEL,SIR ROBT.-ENG.STATES’N-n 88 


CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 


PIERCE.BENJ-AM.MATHEMAT1CIAN-I809 
PELLICO,$ILVIO-ITAL. PATRIOT - - -17 89 
PEMBERTON, J.C.-CONFEO. GEN’L-1814 

PENN,WM.-ENG.QUAKER-1644 

PEPIN(THE SHORTj-FR. KING-714 

PEPYS,SAM’L-ENG. AUTHOR- —I 632 
PERCIVAL, JAS.G.-AM. POET 17 9 5 

PERCY,THOS.-ENG. AUTHOR—1728 
PERGOLESI,G.B.-ITAL.COMPOSER-171 0 
PERI CLES—ATHENIAN STATES’N-B.C. 495 
PERRY,OLIVER H.-AM. COMMODORE-17 85 
PERSiIjS-ROMAN SATIRIST— 34 
PESTALOZZI,JOHANN-SV»iS$ EDUCATOR-1745 

PETER,ST.-APOSTLE.0., 66 

PETER I.[TNEG*EAT)-CZAR OF RUSSIA ! 672 
PETER (THE H£RMIT)-FR.M 0 INI K'D. 1115 


SYDNEY SMITH. 


TOBIAS SMOLLETT. 


PISISTRATUS-TYRANT OF ATHENS-B.C.612 
PITMAN,ISAAC-EN9.INVENT. Of PHONOU 61 3 
PITT,WM.-ENG.STATESMAN-|7 59 
PIUS I.-ROMAN PONTIFF-- D., 157 
PIUS Hr 5 5 5 5 --D.,l 4-64 

PIUS III.- 5 5 5 5 —0.,l 503 

PI US IV.- 5 5 5 5 -D.,l 565 

PIUS V.- 5 5' 5 5 "D.,1572 

PI US VI.- 5 5 5 5 —D.,1799 

PI US VII.- 5 5 5 5 -D.,1823 

PIUS VIII.- 5»- 5 5 "0.,t830 

PIUS IX.- 5 5 5 5 --0.J878 

PI2ARRO,FRANCISCO-CONft,OFPFRU-1475 
PLATO-GREEK PHIL0S0PHER--8.C. 428 
PLINY(ElDER)-ROM.NATURALIST- 23 
PllNY(YOUNELR)-ROM. AUTHOR— 61 

PIUTARCH-GREEK BIOGRAPHER- 50 
POE.EDGAR ALLAN-AM.AUTHOR - - I 809 
POLK,JAS.K.-IITH PRES.U.S.--I 795 

POLLOK,R08T.-SGOT. POET-1798 

POLOjMARCO-VENETIAN TRAVELER ! 254 
POMPADOUR, JEAN.-MISTRESSLOUIS XV.H 7 2 I 
POMPEY-ROMAN GENERAL--B.C. -106 
PONCE OF LEON-SP.OISCOV.OF FLORIOA-14-60 


PETRARCH,F.P.-ITAl.POET--l 304 
PHELPS,ELIZABETH S.-AM.AUTHORESSI 815 
PHIOIAS-GREEK SCULPTOR—B.C. 490 
PHILIP H.-KING OF MACEDONIA-8. C. 382 
PHILIP Il.-KING OF SPAIN ----1527 

PHILIP 111.- 55 5 5 -(b78 

PHILIP IV.-5 5 55 -1605 

PHILIP V.- 5 5 55 -1683 

PHILIP Il.-KING OF FRANCE--1165 
PHILIP HI.- 5 5 5 5 —1245 

PHILIP [V.-55 55 ---1268 

PHILIP VIr 5 5 . 5 5 --I293 

PHI LLIP$,WENOELL-AM.ORATOR - -1811 
PHOCION-ATHENIAN STATESMAN-B.C.-402 
PICKERING,TIM’Y-AM.STATESMAN-1745 
PIERCE,FRANKLIN-I4TH PRES.U.S.- 1804 
PILATE,PONTIUS-GOV.OF PALESTINE-O., 38 
PINCKNEY,CHAS.C.-AM. STATESMAN-1746 
PINDAR-GREEK LYRIC POET — B.C. 520 
PINKNEY,WM.-AM.ORATOR-—1764 


ROBERT SOUTHEY.' 


RA8 ElMS,FRMtC.-FR.SAT IRIST - - -1 49 5 

RACHEL,ELI2AB.F.-FR. ACTRESS - -1 82 0 
RACINE,JEAN-FR.DRAMATIST- I 6 39 
RAOCllFFE,ANN-ENG.NOVEUST--1 764 
RAGLAN,JAS.H.-ENG.GENERAL-I 788 
RALEIGH,SIRWALTER-ENG.NAVIG.-I 552 
RAMEAU,JEAN P.-FR.COMPOSER-I 663 
RAMSAY,ALLAN-SCOT.POET -- I 685 
RAMSAY,DAVID-AM.HISTORIAN— I 749 
RANDOLPH,JOHN-AM.ORATOR -t I 7T3 

RAPHAEL- ITAL. PAINTER.1483 

RAYMOND,H.J.-AM.JOURNALIST-I 820 

READ,TH05.BUC.-AM.P0ET.1 822 

READE,CHAS.-ENG.NOViUST-1 814 

REAUMUR,R.A.P.-FR.PHYSICIST- 1 683 
RECAMIER,JEANNE-FR.BEAUTY --1777 
REEVES,SIMS-ENG.SINGER -—I 822 
REGULUS,MARC.ArROM.GEN.-D.,B.C. 250 
REID, MAYNE-IRISH-AM. NOVELIST-1 818 
REID,THOS.-SCOT.METAPHYSICIAN-1 7 I 0 
REMBRANDT,PAUL-DUTCH PAINTER-1 607 
REN AN, JOS.E.-FR. PHILOLOGIST - -1 82 3 


ALFRE0 TENNYSON. 


JEREMY TAKLOR. 


RUSSELL,WM.-ENG.PATRIOT-- I 639 
RUTLEDGE,JOHN-AM.-STATES’N-1 7 39 
R.UYTER,MICHAEL-DUTCH AOMIRAL-1607 
SACKVILLE,GEO.-ENG.STATESMAN-| 7 I 6 
SAINT CLAIR,ARTHUR-AM.GEfi’L•-1 7 34 
$AINTE-BEUVE,C.A.-FR.POET -—I 804 
SAINT PIERREJACQ.-FR.AUTHOR-17 37 
SAINT SIMON,G.H.-FR.PHILOS’R-l 7 60 
SALADIN-SULTAN OF EGYPT - - 1 I 3 7 
SALISBURY,ROBT.A.T.-ENG.STATE.-I 830 
SALLUST- KOM.HISTORIAN-8.C. 86 
SALVINI.SIGNOR-ITAL. ACTOR— 1830 
SAMUEL-ISRAEUTE JUDGE-8.C.I I 70 
SANTA ANNA-MEX.GENERAL--I 798 
SAPPHO-GREEK P0ETESS-FL.B.C.600 
SAUL-FIRST KING OF ISRAEL-D..8.C.I055 
SAVONAROLA, 6.-ITAL.REF0RMER-14S2 
SAXE,HERMANN M.-FR.MARSHAl-l 696 

SAXE,JOHN G.-AM.POET-I 81 6 

SCALfGER, JULIUS C.-ITAL.CRUIC-1484 
SCHELUNG,F.W.J.-GER.PHILOS , R-l 7 75 


POPE,ALEXANDER-ENG. POET-1 689 
PORTER,DAVID-AM.COMMODORE-1780 
PORTER,FITZ JOHN-AM.GENERAL-1823 
PORTER,JANE-ENG.NOVELIST--1776 
POUSSIN,NICHOLAS-FR.PAINTFR-I 594 
POWELL, MAJ.J.W.-AM.ETHNOLOGISTI 8 3 4 
POWERS.HIRAM-AM.SCULPTOR--1 805 
PRAXITELES-GREEK SCULPTOR 0.,B.C.350 
PRENTICE,GEO.D.-AM.JOURNALIST-1 802 
PRESCOTT,WM.H.-AM.HISTQRIAN-I 7 96 
PRICHARD,JAS.C.-ENG.SCIENTIST-P786 
PRIESTLEY,JOS.-ENG.PHILOSOPHER-I 7 33 

PRIOR.MATTHEW-ENG.'POET-1 6G4 

PROCTOR,BRYAN W.-ENG. POET-1790 
PROUT.FATHER-IRISH WRITER-1 805 
PTOLEMY I.-KING OF EGYPT-B.C. 3 67 
PTOLEMY-GREEK ASTRONOM.-FL..B.C.150 
PULASKI,COUNT-POLISH PATRIOT-! 747 
PUTNAM,ISRAEL-AM.CENERAL--I 7 I 8 
PYRRHO-GREEK PHILOSOPHER-B.C.360 
PYTHAGORAS -55 5 ? FL.,B.C.S50 
QUINCY,JOSIAH-AM.ORATOR---I 744 
QUINTILIAN-R0M.RHET0RIC1AN- 42 


RETZ.JEAN F.-FR. CARDINAL—-I 614 
REVERE, PAUL-AM.PATRIOT—17 3 5 
REYNOLDS,SIRJOSHUA-ENG.PAINTER I 7 2 3 
RICHARD [.-KING OF ENGLAND—I I 57 
RICHARD II.- 55 55 —1366 

RICHARD H1.-55 5 5 —1452 

RICHARDSON,SAM’L-ENG.NOVEIIST-1 689 
RICHELIEU,A,J.-FR.STATESMAN-I 585 
RICHTER, J.P.F.-GER. AUTHOR—1763 
RIENZI,NICOLA G.-ROM. ORATOR - -1 313 
RISTORI,ADELAIDE-ITAL.AGTRESS--I 821 
RITTEN HOUSE,D.-AM.ASTRONOMLR-1732 
ROBERT I.-DUKE OF NORMANDY- D.,l 035 
ROBERT l.-KING OF SCOTLAND ----1274 
R08ERTIL- 5 5 5 5 ---13 1 6 

ROBERT,LOUISL.-FR.PAINTER --1794 
ROBESPIERRE,M.-FR.REVOLUTIONIST-I 758 
ROCHAM BEAU, J.B.D.- FR. MARSHAL-1726 


WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY. 


ZACHARY TAYLOR. 


EDMUND SPENSER. 


RODNEY,&EO.B.-ENG.ADMIRAL-17 I 8 
ROEBUNGJOHNA.-AM.ENGINEER-I 806 

ROGERS.SAM’L-ENG.POET-1 763 

ROLAND,MARIE-FR.GIRONDIST--I 754 
ROLLINjCHAS.-FR.HISTORIAN-l 661 
ROMULUS-FOUNDER OF ROME-FLB.C.7SO 
ROSA,SALVATOR-ITAL.PAINTER-1 615 
ROSCIUS,Q.-ROM.ACTOR-D.,B.C. 62 
ROSECRANS,WM.S.-AM.GEN’L-l 817 
ROSS,SIR JOHN-BRlT.ARC.EXPLOR.-n77 
ROSSINI,&.-ITALCOMPOSER - -I 7 92 
ROTHSCHILD.M.A.- JEW. BANKER-1 743 
ROUSSEAU,JEANJ.-FR.AUTHOR- I 7 I 2 
RUBENS,PETER P.-FLEM.PAINTER-I 577 
RUDOLPH I.-GER. EMPEROR — I 218 
RUDOLPH Ur 55 5 5 ---1552 

RUMPORDjBEN J.T.- AM.PHILOS’R -1 753 
RUSH,BENJ.-AM. PHYSICIST---1745 
RUSKIN, JOHN- ENG. ART WRITER -I 819 
RUSSELL,J0HN-ENG.STATESMANI792 


SCHILLER,JOHANN-GER. POET-1 759 
SCHLEGEl,AUGUST W.-GER.POET-1 7 67 
SCHLEGEL,KARLW.-GER.SCHOLAR-| 7 72 
SCHLOSSER,FRIED’R-DER.HISTORIAN-n 7 6 
SCHOEFFER,PETER-GER.PRINTER -14 3 0 
SCHOFIELD, JOHN M.-AM.GENERAL-1831 
SCHOOLCRAFT, REN.-AM.ETHNOLO&1SM 7 93 
SCHOPENHAUER, ART’R-GER.PHILOS’R-17 88 
SCHUBERT,FRANZ-GER.COMPOSER-I 7 97 
SCHUR7,CARL-GERrAM. STATES’N-I 829 
SCHUYLER, PHILIP-AM.GENERAL —1733 
SCHWANTHALER4.M.-GER. SCIUP’R-1802 
SCHWARTZ.BERTH’L-GER.MONK-FL.I 340 
SCHWEINFURTH,G.A.-GER.TRAVELER-I 836 
SCIPIO,PUBLIUS G.-ROM.&EN’L-B.C. 234 
SCOTT.SIR WALTER-SCOT.NOVEIIST-1771 
SC0TT,WINFIELD-AM.GENERAL~I786 
SEBASTIAN,OOM.-KIN&OF PORTUGAL-1 554 
SEDGWICK,CATHARINE M.-AM.AUTHOR-I 7 89 
SENECA.LUCIUSA.-ROM.PHILOS’R-D., 65 
SENNACHERI8-ASSYRIANKIND-FL.B.C.7 0 0 
SERGIUSl.-ROM. PONTIFF — D., 701 
SERGIUS L- 55 5 5 — 0., 847 


JAMES THOMSON. 


NAME OCCUPATION BORN 


william shakspeare. 


&EN.P.H.SHERI DAN. 


164 


















































NAME OCCUPATION 


SERGIUS m.- ROM. PONTIFF-D., 912 

SER&IOSIV.- ,, ,, 0.11012 

SEVI6NE,MARIE.-FR. AUTHORESS - -1 626 
SEWARB.WM.W.-AM.STATESIAAN-1801 
SEYM OUR, HORATIO-» >j |QII 

SHAFTESBURY-ENG. y y | 621 

SHAKSPEARE,WM.-ENG. DRAMATIST-1 564 
SHAW,HENRY W.-AM.HUMORIST ---1818 
SHEIL.RICH’D L.-IRISH ORATOR-I 791 

SHEUIY,PERCY B.-ENG. POET-1 792 

SHERI DAN,P.H.-AM.GENERAL-- I 83 I 
SHERIDAN,RICH’D B.-IRISH ORATOR-1 7 51 
SHERMAN,JOHN-AM.STATESMAN-1 823 
SHERMAN, ROGER-yy yy | 721 

SHERMAN,WM.T.-AM.GENERAL-- I 820 
SIOBONS,SARAH-ENO.ACTRESS- - -1 7 55 
SIDNEY,AlG-ERNON-ENG-STATES’N-1 622 

Sidney,sir philip-en&.author - -1554 

SIWSM UNO-GERMAN EMPEROR - I 368 
SIGISMUND I.-KING OF POLAND-1466 


THOMAS A. EDISON. 


SIGOURNEY.MRS.-AM. POETESS --IT 9 I 
SIUIMAN, BENJ.-AM.NATURAIIST-I 7 T9 
SIMMS,WM.&.-AM. NOVELIST-~l 806 
SIMON,JULES-FR. STATESMAN-I 8 14 
SIXTUS I.-ROM. PONTIFF -EL, 128 
SIXTUS0.- yy yy -D., 258 

SIXTUS EL- yy yy -D., 440 

SIXTUS IV.- yy yy -D.,1484 

SIXTUS V.- yy y, — 0.11 590 

SLOWACKIjJULIUS-TOLISH POET-I 809 
SMITH, AOAM-SCDT.POLIT.ECON’ST-17 2 3 
SMITH,GERRIT-AM.PHILANTH’ST-1 797 
SMITH, JOHN, CAPTAIN-ENG.EXPL0 RtI5T9 
SMITH,JOS.- FOUND. MORMONISM-1805 

SMITH,SEBA-AM. AUTHOR-1792 

SMITH. SY'DN ry-EN&.AUTHOR -1 771 
SMOLLET,TOBIAS G.-SCOT NOVELIST-1 T 21 
SOCRATES—GREEK PHILOSOPHER-B.C.47C 
SOLIMANO.-SULTAN Of TURKEY-1490 
SOLOMON-RING OF ISRAEL-B.C.l 03 3 
SOLON-ATHENIAN LAW-GIVER-R.C. 638 


TUR&OT. 


SONTAG,HENRIETTE-GEUOCAUST-I 806 
SOPHOCLES-&REEK TRA&.POET-B.C. 495 
SOUTHEY, ROBT.-ENG. POET- — 17 74 
SOUTHWORTHjEMMA-AM.NOVEL’T-1 81 8 
SPARKS, JAREO-AM.HISTORIAN-1 7 89 
SPEKE.JOHNH.-EN&.EXPLORER— I 827 
SPENCER,HERBERT-ENG.PHILOS.-1 820 
SPENSER, EDMUNO-EN&.POET-1553 
SPINOZA,BENEDICT-DUTCH PHILOS.-I 632 
SPURGEON,CHAS.H.-ENB.DIVINE-1 834 
SPURZHEIM,J.C.-GER.PHRENOL.-1776 
STAEL-HOLSTt 1N, A. L.-FR. AUTHORESS-1166 
STANHOPE, P.H.-EN&.HISTORIAN-I805 
STAN LEY,HENRY M.-AM.-AF.EXPL0R.-I840 
STANTON,EDW.M.-AM.STATES.-I 8 14 
STEDMAN,EDM.C.-AM.POET--I 833 
STEELE,SIR RICH’D-EN&.ESSAYIST-I 671 
STEPHENI.-ROM. PONTIFF-D., 257 
STEPHEN H.- yy YY D., 7S2 
STEPHEN Hi.-YY yy 0., 757 

STEPHEN IV.- Y Y YY D., 772 

STEPHEN v.- Y Y Y Y 0 ., 8 1 7 

STE PHEN VI.- Y Y y y D., 891 


NAME OCCUPATION BORN 


JOHN TYLER. 


STEPHEN VU.-R0M.P0NTIFF-EL 897 
STEPHEN Mr YY yy 0., 931 

STEPHEN JX.- ), ,, o., 942 

STEPHEN X.- jy D.,1058 

STEPHENS,ALEX.H.-AM.STATES’N-| 812 
STEPHENSON,GE0.-EN6.ENCINEER-17 81 
STERLING,JOHN-ENG.ESSAYIST—I 806 
ST£RNE,LAURENGE-ENG.HUMORIST-| 7 I 3 
STEUBEN,BARON-GERrAM.GEN’L-l 730 
STEVENS,THAD.-AM.AB0L1TI0NIST-17 93 
STEWART,A.T.-AM.MERCHANT-I 802 
STODDARD,RICH’D H.-AM.POET-1 82S 

STORY,J0S.-AM. JURIST.17 79 

STORY, WM.W.-AM.SCULPTOR- -| 819 
STOWE,HARRIETB.-AM.NOVELIST-1 8 12 
STRABO-&REEK GEOGRAPHER --8.G. 54 

STRAFFORD.THOS.W.-ENGs.STATES’N -1 5 9 3 
STUART,Cm C.-AM. PAINTER --17 56 
STUYVESANTL PETER-GOV. NEW NETHrl 6 0 
SUE,EUGENE-FR.NOVELIST--I 804 
SULLA-ROM.GENERAL- -B.C. I 38 
SUMNER,CHAS.-AM. STATESMAN-1 81 I 
SURREY,HENRY H.- ENG. POET - - I 5 I G 
SWEDENBORG,EMAN’L-SWED.PHILOSrl 6 88 
SWIFT,JONATHAN-IRISH DIVINE--I 667 


WILLIAM TYNDALL. 


SWINBURNE,ALGER C.-ENG.POET-1837 
SYLVESTER I.-BOM.PONTIFF-D., 3 35 
SYLVESTER II.' yy yy 0.,l 0 03 
TACITUS, CAIUSG.-ROM.HIST0RIAN- 55 

TAINE,HIPP.A.-FR.AUTHOR-1 828 

TALBOT,WM.HF.-EN&. AUTHOR—1800 
TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD-ER.STATES.-I 7 54 
TALMAGE,THOS.D.-AM.01VINE -1832 
TAMERLANE-ASIATIC CONQUEROR-1 336 
TANY,ROGER B.-AM.JURIST —17 7 7 
TARQUINIUS.L.KING OF R0MF-UJU95 
TASMAN,ABEL J.-DUTCH NAVIGAT.-I 6 0 0 
TASSO.TuRQUATO-ITAL.POET-— • I 544 
TAYLOR,8AYAR0-AM. AUTHOR - -1 8 2 5 
TAYLOR,JEREMY-EN&.AUTHOR-I 61 3 
TAYLOR,THOS.-ENG.SCHOLAR-I 750 
TAYLOR,2ACHARY-12TH PRES.U.S.-I184 
TELL,WILHELM-SWI5S HERO - D.,13 54 
TEMPLE,SIR WM.-ENG.STATES’N-1628 
TENIERS,DAVID-FLEM.PAINTER-I 6 I 0 
TENNYSON.ALFRED-ENG.POET- 1809 
TERENCE - ROM. COMIC POET-B.C. 195 
TERRY,ALFRED H.-AM.GENERAL-1 827 
TERTULUAN-LAT. CH. FATHER - - 150 


MARTIN VANBUREN. 


NAME OCCUPATION BORN 


TETZEL. JOHANN-&ER.MONK - -1460 

THACKERAY,WM.M.-ENG.NOVELIST-I 81 I 
THALBERG,SIGISNI'D-SH/ISS PIANIST-1 81 2 
THALES-GREEKPHILOSOPHER-B.C. 635 
THEMISTOCLES-ATHENIAN &EN.-B.C. 514 
THEOCRITUS - GR. PASTORAL POET-R. 275 
THEODORIC-KINGOF OSTROGOTHS — 455 
THEODOSIUS.FLAV.-ROM.EIVIPER’R- 346 
THEOPHRASTUS-&REEK PHILOS’R-37 2 
THIERRY, JACQ.N.A.-FR.HISTORIAN-17 95 
THIERS,LOUISA.-FR.HISTORIAN-I 797 
THOMaS,GEO.H.-AM.&ENERAL- 1 8 . 
THOMSON,JAS.-SCOT.POET—I 7 00 
TH0RWALDSEIt,A.B.-DANISHSCULP.-1 770 
THUCYDIDES-GREEK HISTORIAN-B.G. 47 I 
TI6ERIUS-R0M. EMPEROR-B-C. 42 
TILDEN,SAM’L J.-AM.STATESMAN-1814 
TINTORETTO-ITAL.PAINTER-1512 


NAME OCCUPATION BORN 


QUEEN VICTORIA. 


TITIAN-ITAL. PAINTER.1477 

TITUS-ROMAN EMPEROR- 40 
TOBIN, JOHN-ENG. DRAMATIST-17 7 0 
TOCQU EVIL LE, A. C.-F R.STATES -18 0 5 
TOOKEJOHN H.-ENG.PHILOLOGISTI 7 3 6 
TORRICELLLEVANG.-ITAL.PHIIOSJ608 

TRAJAN-ROM. EMPEROR- 52 

TROLLOPE, ANTH0NY-ENG.N0UEUSTI815 
TRUMBULL, J0HN-AM.PAINTERT756 
TRUMBULL,J0NATHAN-AM.STATES.-I74O 
TUPPER,MARTIN F.-ENG. AUTHOR-1810 
TURRENNE,HENRI-FR.GENERAL-I6! | 
TURGOT, A.R. J.-FfR. STATE S’N -1 727 
TURNER, JOS.W. M.-EN&.PAINTER-I77 5 


GEORGE WASHINGTON. 


TWEED,WM.M.-AM.POLITICIAN -1823 
TYLER,JOHN-IOTH PRES.U.S.—I 790 
TY N DALE,WM.-EN&.BIBLE TRANSLATOR-1485 
TYNDALL,JOHN-IRISH SCIENTIST-1 820 
URBAN I.-ROM. PONTIFF-D.,230 
URBAN D.- yy yy' -D.,1099 

URBAN in.- yy yy -D.,lI 87 

URBAN IV.-YY yy -D.,1264 

URBANV.-yy yy -D.,137 0 
URBAN VI.-YY YY -D.,1389 

URBAN VIU-YY yy -D.,1590 

URBAN VDI.-JY yy -Q.,1644 

USHERJAS.-IRISH THEOLOGIAN- I 580 
UTRECHT,ADRIAN-OUTCH PAINTER-1599 
VALENSjFLAVIUS-ROM.EMPEROR- 328 
VALENTINE-ROM.PONTIFF--D., 827 
VALERIAN-ROM. EMPEROR-0., 260 
VAN ei)R£N,MARTIN-8TH PRES.U.S.-I782 


OANIEL WEBSTER. 


VANCOUVER.GEO.-ENG NAVIGAT.-I 7 58 
VANDERBILT, C0RNEL.-AM.CAPITAUST-I794 
VANDIEMEN,ANTH>7-DUTCII NAVIGAVI S3 3 
VANDYKE,ANTRONY-FLEM.PAINTER-1599 
VANE,SIR HENSY-ENG.STATESMAN-161 2 
VANRENSSElAERjS.-AM. yy 1764 
VASSARjMATT.-FOUND.VASSAR COLL-17 92 
VALASGLUEZ.DIEGO-SPAN.PAINTER - -1599 
verdi,Giuseppe-ITAL.COMPOSER - -1814- 
VESPASIAN.T.F.-ROM. EMPEROR— 9 
VESPUCCI,AM ERIGO-ITAl.NAVIGATOR-1451 
VICTOR!.-ROM.PONTIFF — D., 202 
VICTOR Dr yy yy — D.,1057 
VICTOR m.-YY yy — D.,1087 
VICTOR EMMANUEL L-KING Of SARDINIA-17 59 
VICTORIA-QUEEN OF ENGLAND-1819 
VINCENT DEPAUL,Sl-ER.REF0RMER-IS76 
VINCENT,JOHN 1L-AM. CLERGYMAN-1832 

VIRGIL-LAT. EPIC POET.B.C. 70 

V OL TAjALESSAN DRO-ITAL.NAT. PH1L0S;17 45 
VOLTAIRE, F.M.A.-FR. PHILOSOPHER-1694 
VOORHEES,DAN’LW.-AM.STATES.-182 7 
VON MOLTKE,H!LB.-GER. MARSHAL- -180 0 


CARDINALWOLSEY. 


WAD DINGTON,WM.H.-FR.STATES.- 1826 
WAGNERjRICH’D-GER. COMPOSER-181 3 
WAITE,MORRISON R.-AM. JURIST—181 6 
WALKER JOHN-ENG.LIXirOCMPHER-17 3 2 
WALLACE.SIR WM.-SCOT. PATRIOT-1270 
WALLACE.WM.V.-IR1SH COMPOSER-1815 
WALLENSTEIN, A.W.E.-AUSTR.&EN.-I583 
WALPOLE,HORACE-ENG, AUTHOR—1717 
WALTON, IZAAK-ENG. WRITER —1593 
WARD,ARTEMAS-AM.GENERAL-I 72 7 
WARNER,CHAS.D.-AM.HUMORIST-1 829 
WARREN, JOS.-AM.PATRIOT- —1741 
WARWICK,RICH’D N.-ENO.WARRIOR-142 0 
WASHINGTON,GEO.-IST PRES. U.S.-1732 
WATT, JAMES-SCOT. INVENTOR-1736 
WATTSjISAAC-ENG.SACRED POET-1674 
WAYNE,ANTHONY-AM.CENERAL-l 745 
WEB£R,KARL M.-&ER. COMPOSER-1786 
WEBSTER,DANIEL-AM.STATESMAIH782 
WE8STER,N0AH-AM.lEXIC0GRAPHFR-l 758 
WE E D.TH U R L OW-AM. J OURNA LIST-17 9 7 
WEUJNGTON,ARTH.W.-ENG.GEN.—1769 
WELLS.SAM’L R.-AM. PHRENOL’T-1820 
WESLEY,CHAS.-ENG.OIVINE—-1708 


WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. 


NAME OCCUPATION 


WESLEY, JOHN-ENG DIVINE.17 03 

WEST,BENJ.-AM. PAINTER-1738 

WHEEiER,WM.A.-AM. STATESMANS! 819 
WHEWFLLWM.-ENG.PHILOS’R-JT 94 
WHITE,ANDREW D.-AM. SCHOLAR-! 832 
WHITE,RICH’O G.-AM. AUTHOR —1 822 
WHITEFIHLD.&EO.-EN&.DIVINE —II 7 14 

WHITMAN,WALT-AM.POET.-1819 

WHITNEY,tU-AM.INVENTOR-II7 65 

WHITTIER, JOHN G.-AM. POET-R 807 

WIEIANO, CHRIS. M.-&ER. POET—! 7 3 3 
WILBEFORCE,WM.-ENG.STATES’NM 7 59 
WILLIAM I.-KING OF ENGLANC—1027 

WILLIAM I.-GER.EMPEROR.1797 

WILUAMS, ROGER-FOUND. RHOOEI5UUS5-1599 
WILLIS,NATH.P.-AM. JOURNALIST—1806 
WILMOT.DAVID-AM.STATESMAP*- -1814 
WILSON,HENRY-AM.POLITICI AIR — 1812 

WIRT, WM.-AM. AUTHOR.1772 

VYOLCOTL JOHN-ENG. SATIRIST 1738 

WOLFE,CHAS.-IRI5H POET.1791 

WOLFE, JAS.-ENG.&ENERAL— -17 2 6 


JOHN WYCLIFFE. 


W0LSELEY,SIR &.H.-BRIT. GEN. -183 3 
WOLSEY.THOS.-ENG.CAROINAL-147 I 
WOODWORTH,SAM’t-AM. POET—1785 
WORCESTER, EDW.S.-ENC.INVENTOR-1601 
WORCESTER, J0SJ.-AM.LEXIC0GR’R-17 84 
WORDSWORTH.WM.-ENG.POET— IT 7 0 
WREN,SIR CHRI5T0PH.-ENG.ARCHITICT-J632 
WRIGHT,SILAS- AM. STATESMAN -17 95 
WYCLIFFE, JOHN-ENG. REFORMER-13 2 4 
XAVIER, FRANCIS ST.-FR.JESUIT--[ 50 6 
XENOPHOft-GREEK HIST0RIAN-8.C. 444 
XERXES-KING OF PERSIA --D..B.C. 465 
XIMIN ES,FRAN CISCO-SPAN.PRELATE -14 3 6 
YALE.EUHU-FOUND.YALE C0LL.-I648 
YANCEY, WM.L-AM.POLITICIAN —1814 
YONGE,CHARLOTTE M.-ENG.WR1TER-182 3 
YORKE,C HAS.-ENG. STATESMAN -17 2 2 
VOUNO,BRIOHAM-PRES.MOR.CH.-| 801 


BRI&HAM YOUNG-. 


YOUNG,CHAS.A.-AM. SCIENTIST—1834 
YOUNG,EOWARD-ENG. POET --16 84 
YOUNG, THOS.- ENG. PHILOS’R-17 9 3 
ZECHARIAH-HEBREW PR0PHET-FL.B.G.520 
ZELOTn,BATTISTA-ITAL.PAINTER-1532 
ZENO-FOUND.SCH.OFSTOICS-B.C. 355rJI 
ZENO-GREEKPHILOSOPHER-- 495 
ZENO-EMPEROR OF THE EAST-D.,491 
ZENOBIA-QUEEN OFPALMYRA-D.,275 
ZEPHANIAH-HEB.PROPHET-FL.B.d.630 

ZEUXIS-GREEK PAINTER-450 

ZHUKOVSKY-RUSSIAN POET—1783 
ZIMMFRMANJ.G.-SWISS PHI10S;I728 
ZINZENDORF,N.L.-GER.DIVINE“ 1700 
ZISKAJOHN-BOHEMIAN GEN.-I360 
ZOLA-FR.APOSTLE OF REALISM-1840 
ZOLLICOFFER.F.K.-AM.GEN’L-1812 
ZOROASTER—PER.PHILOS.- FL..B.C.I5O0 
ZUCCAR0,FERD.-|TAL.PAINTER-I543 
ZWINGLE,ULRICH-SWISS REF0RM.-I484 


165 














































■K. ^ tlfcUC ttttG '.&£& tt&JCAHaKtt£^4t'«S£»tt£t ‘ .** t«r«K -*i -.'C JCIK. U 


XHIMOW VOWLV\\OV\.-The tea or 
afternoon reception, is a very popular en 
tertainrnent for ladies exclusively. T he 
hours are from A to 6 P.M. The -re¬ 
freshments are Ii 9 ht, and all ostenta¬ 
tious display is avoided. The invitation 
is printed on large-sized visiting cards. 

^oawv\Ajo\W , 

C^iAA\aA^o^,CNv\ojNA\) c k,\ < 5i-, 

S^cruv fV (\w5oio § lo'^orifo. 


^KV Invitations toa\»Nmv\ufc 

should be elegant in design,and read 
as follows: - 

OtV\h>. ow\A>O0vWi ,CVfvoA\) 
TsaOyjUAzJo Wu V^taojvoJvsu <^co^i\)r\) 
<WW\X{gOVV\/V^ Xw\i\^'A£A^&'4M> 

RTVJ 

CVYvovAovv^ ^RjtaWo 

o5o SAO^rJo f) w. 

^KV\_- Balls being of a public -nater^aiid 
yenerally held under the auspices of a 
club or society, the invitation should 
read as follows: 

SW t^WvjJ'S) COWS)^ONV^Wi) mojwMj 

/ oil «u 

VoV) -.f 

<&> 

*0 

^>Gq5sjw^jV\> —,cXj fxwrsi o' <\cr^w. 

^KW^TTjWA'c.TVX t\\_.— Invitations by 
a regiment to a ball to be given by tire 
officers, are worded as follows: 

V^-^T\£^VjOvo^ cx-rki c^axv\m <3^Vto 

^XtjXjQ^lo^av\sjnAj %*objfyrvoM V'Jf'v.'fo. 

nso^xvJo Wmo )^\sjAAAAMJ Q<\\)\). OJV\J&) 

OiX'0'Jv.^xwvJVo'A) ww^ammj «jw T\\su 
^OpvuJuOOVO^, oSv ^ c'iOukV). 

OjQWVOYO^, ^Vx/OR) Vio . 


^Vai t^Wworo) ^ 0(Yj\).^J\/W\Aj m row 
V^aaaa^ 'km Wuo^jaAiAi \ j o oj cxnXxANY\s>\raMo, 
cJo Oi\ywM, ow VW \y^o ^ 

C^\XM\S), oX) (VWVM) c’Axr^.$OWJCW^&\&>W 

m> hax\joaz5aA). 

^ojyuxiw^ axm\j Vu^am <Xj \Q o* <3icrdx) 
$\"\ ^XkojvSj ^Wwam>, ^ww» *X,\^—. 

REPLIES TO ABOVE. 


^ WO'xa.'oNa. 
Mr. Gerard accepts 
with pleasure the po¬ 
lite invitation f or 
Thursday the 10th inst. 
17 K St., June 7,19—, 


\irvXaN or aX>\ e< . 
Mr.Gerard regrets 
that the recent death 
of a near-relative will 
prevent his accepting 
any invitations for 
the present season. 

17 K St., June 7,19—. 


V KVxXX, \V\\J\T NT\OH _ 

A grand celebration is usually given in 
honor of a son’s attainment to his ma¬ 
jority. The form of invitation, on en 
graved card, is as follows: 

CYcOm. 

r0U\JUVJo TVjd VqSouXAAAMJ W^rWA) 
iccrvvOcjojwxv, 

vVVWwAaav iakmaaajOv, Vcaaaw < XO%to, 

0 X 1 xacVTj a w-crOw, 
oX> \\m> 

*X\ 

A^^ajuw aov\j, 
bjwvish VOPA&hA-o. 

^\>AHU %>\i. 

KS>TS,\HM\'\K\\OU 5 b X$_In- 

vitations to breakfasts and suppers should 
be informal and written on correspond¬ 
ence cards, with crest or monogram on 
top left comer. The following is the form; 

V$.0(Wj. a^QfOw$A\j. 

^VxaMAuW\^o5o Wl C <3 ukV), 
'GcXc^i'Oo ’o'lV). 


0K^S,MK^\0\i<o \k\W^S MW V&'tS. 
AFTERNOON RECEPTION. 


OK \°>—. 

1 S'Mvco'lViMS> 'ttio )W10 0 AjO^M. 

?>AT> \AsmAaW'A) %&■ 


BETROTHAL CARD. 

It is customary among the Hebrews to 
announce betrothals, and either cards 
or notes may be used. The following is 
a good form; 


0) vJvAr^vVvaA i. 

Oft'0'O. i^SJWKA^ . 

QTTVkw 


DECORATOR ANDPAPER HANGER. 



'ftvxxmWc. 


EVENING- RECEPTION. 


CK\n.^Okv\». CNxi^.^xAv^. 

O.H vAmLhAj^^rwv\WjCY 

VA ^VarJMx^Vk). 


INVITATIONS. 

The proper size of invitation cards is a- 
bout 3 by 4 inches. 


\Lr.tM,rs.k\w<\, Wl\ 
•\S,^Ws\SM.')\wsni (f \p>« 
wwjsxvg ox\ 
XwesL'».\»V'ie'!\\m,ta'ft.\, 
\^— 

Vv.'m T\^e'b\. 


\fv\.VVLrs.kS>.H«\w^ , 
»X \\on\e, 

Vi^Vb— 
Vrox<\\w««.\»'im $CwX 
\% brew's'.. 


J66 












































































'S NVlTATlON S, CA ft OS, ^ 
KOTES.-ETC-OONTINUEO: ^ 


V>KYd\iS ^CAiUT \YV\XVTi. 

INVITATION, CONTINUED 


.-<«\We,SV=Vfte 

\)teM4 oX. 

W<N}M«»,W^'ivias) ewxCty 
m*v,n.\. tvjwv o'c,WV. 
TVa Vmw oX wvmsuw 

'Vr W\WSMA. 


VM.O.T.YvN\c>&e.s 
re^ieftsXY&^tt-Swis, cX 
Xt\.WX> CttR^mtyO'CkVu- 
fas* wwivmJtet\,^— , 
\a wX XV* Yxt£\te«X 
oX XYiaXirWeA 'bXaXe.s. 

\akw*flYfcW»,W\c»jy*. 


VV>5$ox&>t» fy)xx}5Jfo., 

k 

&V 53 oaAj » VbvxUvAs . 

‘&Vjd '•3o<3'JX, ( v'K m\JWi\n, ojyvj^u&n^- 
w&N\> Vrw\r3a> (n^jj \xsVuV^sjajA>tSj'iW 
,cvo^cyoorj!^>>^co^ 

O^jA YX,V^—,<& A\tos> cy\jo^«. 

TV 0(Y\lMTkAmVl). 


MEMORIAL CARD. 

Memorial cards arc sent to the friends of 
the deceased about a week after the funeral. 


In Memory of 

\xxx^wsa \^crWf\w^, 

^bcrvo ^fVjoj^'X^a —. ^,»}u O|woa> \&,YS —. 
CXwas)^) wo^mxw. 


MERCHANT TAYLOR. 


Harrison,Cubert &Cody, 

.0 VK^WvKWVKXV^'5., ..V 

1°V 6 o- 

£S No.133 Poplar Street. 

v v 

MOURNING- CARD. 


CVC\K» nv\A\^OAma/\jOjyA. 

^kojwiAovo ^SYojau. 


presentation. 


CxtOav ^Oos^^uSw t&rAlosVaNVvNWoWw 
YcCYx\3oe»0oAH\>,<wA) uajosoJjo 
VttN tvx«XjlftN\£» «?^'iVso oj^rw^aNx^A^'f^o 

cm tu \j^em A^Vsn ajXwwu. 

VWjo&N'Mua, Vi—. 


PROFESSIONAL CARD. 


^ us. 0 .^0rocrv\x^rvvv!8^ 

\E>TV^oWAaj\asu Vo., 

^«t«tucv. - _ 

Dr.A.S.Bond. XAcr^X5vo,M^^\J(xW'j. 


publisher’s card. 


Q \)3&>j5a3Jvo. 



Cb ojvoS ^ VVw. 


RECEPTIOTM. 


0\5U3>^DuCIV\),, 

^N\> % Va>J\A^MXM^ < V^OAA3 7>„VX-, 

^ojo^ojwJo ^rowxj'AO^. 


RECEPTION,INFORMAL. 


CYYO" SlCSYwo. Q^jvmd ^cvwsxw^ 

OYtxWtA(!LaA| &wvua-ujai, 

7 69 'ildxj GW 


TEACHER S CARD. 


VjOjAsOs) 


o\ 

'a^Vervc.o. 


9exAtvS>V'r\«'>, 

Vovra.. 


VISITING- CARDS. 

The chief uses of visiting cards are: 

1. To announce a visitor’s name. 

2. To announce a return home. 

3. To announce a departure from home. 

4. To accompany a letter of introduction. 

5. To represent the owner in -making calls. 

6. To make known one’s name to a strange* 

7. To announce a yuest’s name at a reception. 

8. To express congratulation and condolence. 

9. To serve as a credential ot certificate of authority. 

10. As a substitute for a note of non-acceptance. 



< vXY'o 


*5 V^QTTXxmsjv <^Vo^. 


V 'Vxojla>^) OVflMo,^0<\) . 


QYcuan C^xroAw. 


QK r/WarAoJv^. OY^ojyTco ,& <v\&). 


©J\)\\xvro (Wdjwnv\jA. 

^.^VVjcrvWVo^&^c., 
3 qVTcoj^s . 


CVfXiUlS^K .Oo & Gj\AJOY\N. 
OfXVxM) ^MVxcmA). 

^warAoJx^). Ov/\K/v\w.a>. 


Vkaw a'idsrdffSin*. 


167 

















































































































23 -- 1NVI TAT 10 NS,;CAROSi-; t*. 


IN VI TAT 10 NS, CAROS, : 

l flSSI&SIfe£S 2 aKa& 


OW\YWWT\*vW VTWTT.— 

CWcOjijJV) i)Wj\A^ $ko\AMJV XVsd 

v^Wawjd OrcvsMo-*) tow- 

Y^OJVVO^ rtJWJ ^\).Oio5jl/vXvV\S)'/l) \^CNV\) 

\imj wjv&A) \^r\xK) oAjckV). 


OWXSTKY Vq toovwo ,\n\iw K\\Q\A to.— 

Cards with a fine glass finish are used 
foT invitations. 


CWVuw ^jaaaad CnN'ASuuojvyw hu\pAv’^i> 
VqWww>jj ^CV(\jo^kjo\) C ^^rvm^Ww^^ 
CxrwO^uvvvv^ icrw QYHlArAiAj&jOJV^iArtNW^^ 
'O.dSuXyUN) Vh, \^xrw\> \^akj\c iww) o'Aadw. 
TWW''iwvvcAAi\> ^OvCvuxrK. 


—College and 
Society Anniversaries are subjects upon 
which engravers have almost exhausted 
their invention in making new forms. 
The invitations should be printed on a 
sheet of Heavy, fine note-paper, bearing 
the monogram of the college at the top. 




/ 


The Honor of YourCompany is requested 
rj at the 


19—. 


Tb WT 
WT.VO K\ TVS. 

_first Qhris^iarv QIiutcI\, 

w*. oovvx.x,x vkkwxx sx %. 

Atlanta,G-a., 

Friday £ye., Jure /%,/S— at eight o'clock. 


OWW\STm < ~> ^\m'e^ 1 \WN\TK\\OW TO.- 

H TT $ Aw5v^)T)., n ^,u). < X\\%—. 

OCYVO^XAhii^WW oro ■. 

©w & Vmxrw 

'Wvmi IW5 jod^wvo x^oxw. 

^ c\»WV>JO\i>\o YjoNqJu rv^POO MJi 

crv\) C^KljL^^iLNflA>^\x3 sJoN ioj ' ! ^W\xaWu) 

^AAlWXSrs. QO^IXW AAr$\> rwajSo 

\jXn oaxAiXXam c^axaXcaa) owvio'iW twv&jj,' 
CVwAo (Co \^AW Voj^(\i\oT^\>aAAJo^, AN?W5 
<OJ\S),VAm.' xaoxaaaj&JL, \xkt \ano Vvrwv 
Vcrwvs) < «m N^anwAa^ V^oonVa^. 

iiW^AAroO^ ro^J\w YxAakj rv\o i$X\ slA) 
lAAXUXXYA/VNiAAJo, VAaJLAM) (WAD, AAf\j\x> 
\<A> aatvAmA) «^\Va) Asi/cowvo., 
CV^r\m> <w\a^\ 

^Vaaaad 


^\>\aAi\>u 

AD ^/OXX^wVx>OXr\W 


Tb . , ViecDA —. 

U\> Ocsc>&\*Yciox\Vr. 

\ -m,wj\ mV Vo 

^VeaAwxe. \>owx Y\yA \xw\\a.V\ox\ V ox OVxVsY 


ncvas x\xax\Y\x\^ \)d\j. xvwsV, v&m.sX\\^ 
Vox xoxv\exx\Y>tx\xv<) xxw> \ox\Oi\x\ess. \ axw 
suxe V<\aX *\x\ \) 0 \vx Yvoxxxe ovxcVe \ oax\ Vox- 
Vox Vrw, V\xx\e \\ovm Vax \ axn Vxoxw owx 
VoWsV ax\A \ sYv\\ ^xesexxk n\\>wVV yax«.Vv.a\\Y. 
W\X\x \Naxxx\wV CWvsYwas qxeeVvx\i)S, 

T.vex \) 0 \xx Vx\ix\\, 

K\Vxeiv Oox. 




crystal 


1900. 


WtDDINC 

1915. 


tV^-r. and N^rs. benjamin f-jarold 
OX) (bWwMo, 
CYv\jo'v\iuOj\>^V'KAWvA^ 

*i> suoo^A o'«Su>c\). 

ITT Oak Street. Memphis,Tenn. 


OWWYK ,\W\I VTK'WOW'VO.— 

The paper used for invitations should 
have a smooth, dead-white surface^ re¬ 
sembling the surtace of China-ware. 


1900. 


I Eo °- 


1920. 



Cio ^Vcrwxss, 
^o\j3 05 \x3,^ic\i. 


XVKW'bVW'o ,\W\1\T tCV \OW.- 



IV|r. gc lV[rs. tV^onroe iV^anning’s 
ejOXAVvm^ws xov. 


CVYV<nAAojo^rwAW\rvoi ^ A —. 


DANCING-. 


v,x.\v,tsmc».xs NNWV’i'LSX.WJVJ AX x\w o'oxm. 


,\WN\TKWOVt TO.— 
Yfvx.TYxWxxY xw\u^s\s \Yv«, oV Vt\x. 

VjYas.T<i«\'s cox\\^ar\>, z\ ^\x\-x\ex,oxvYAox\- 
even\x\<^,XAa'g \Q, a\ o’cNotY, 

yV,xV\YqVox\ Youse, 


Mr. Teel presents his 
kind regards to Mr. 
Hunt, and aceepts.with 
pleasure, his polite in¬ 
vitation for Monday 
evening, 
in M St..Way8,l9- 


Mt.Teel regrets that 
a previously arranged 
business engagement 
will prevent his accept 
ing Mr. Hunt’s kind 
invitation for Mon¬ 
day evening. 

117 M St.,May 8,19-. 


Xb\KNVOY\^ NN'LWVb\YV%,\W\IWt\T\OW TO ~ 
There are but few persons who enjoy 
the happiness of celebrating the. seventy- 
fifth anniversary of their -marriage, but 
when such is possible, it should be observ- 
ed with all the impressiveness the occa¬ 
sion demands. The invitations should be 
printed in clear letters on the heaviest 
and finest paper, with envelopes to match. 


1900 . 




^\VTH /!%/. 1975. 

*\v mSf, /-% 


% 
% 


MR. &:MRS. ABSALOM C 0 AN. 


i^OVWJO, 
< ^VOjyv\jbja-o^^ Kkm}y^WrArrvC^ 

^ lAoVdv ‘Lfe’iV). 


WM'L,\HM\TKT\OH TOW.- 

CNx'i^'^X\AAA)OfV\^m 
Voxxaso 's\xd Vjcrvurx \xj <s^xxrvv\>^vovw^ 
Vojm aan iNxM\no \c ^(^Gbajw^oWi 'SaAo 
^aam (c^Jdvvvxnrvvl Ao ^KaWs 
xro AAd uXuSj "WnAro x»r5\) aaajSo 


Vim 


(OmAHAfAAiLfVXCS). 


V'b. 


Miss Miller’s compli¬ 
ments to Mr.Osborne; 
she accepts with pleas¬ 
ure his kind invitation 
for this afternoon. 

J-f convenient, cal I at 
three o’clock. 

79 M St., June 15. 


~yZ: 


V 


Miss Miller regrets to 
state that an import¬ 
ant engagement will 
prevent Her accepting 
Mr. Osborne’s kind in- 
vitation*fot this after¬ 
noon. 

79 M St., June 15. 


TNWAVrtVj VWWTT,\WN\TKT\OV< TO.— 
Ovroxw .OlV ic^SuoW wVwwio nsu5^Ah)\c( 
CVcdjiAiA \imcw (OTvCN^rwwvjojBioxXax', 
ojv\A) hJLO^wAvXVso V^axaaaanu 
wxvx^uoww^ icrw CNVvAaaxa\<va^\aixjwk^ 
Vto.VoV (dSo slmA^ 4 o'l^tjcn^eo. 

V ^9>VT ^Vru - J 


Misses Cora and Em 
ma Foster’s compli¬ 
ments to Mrs.Walton; 
they accept with pleas¬ 
ure her kind invitation 
for Wednesday evening. 

H6 R St., Oct. 13,19—. 


Misses Cora and Em¬ 
ma Foster present their 
kind regards to Mrs.Wal- 
ton. They regret that 
the illness of their lit¬ 
tle brother will prevent 
their accepting any 
invitations for the pres¬ 
ent. 

4-6 B St., Oct. 13,19m 


T m\Y\KW WVT.;- 

Friend Henry: 

\ sYa\\ Wave. a-Vx-w WwisVitnVc 6Vxv- 
x\tx oxxTVwvxsia-^ aVVrxxxQoxx x\e,x\, t\ V\w, 
w\\\ \>o\a o\)\\^e xw^'o\) maY\x\c^ ox\e oV VVxe. 
xwvxn'oex' 1 . 

< a\x\cexe\\p \powxe, 

YV'oex^'o^xVxxc^ex. 

'bWo VNassacVxwseVVs kve. 

O cVoYiex 1 , -. 



168 


































































'r'LS'WM KY,\W\1 WKWOW — 


ffcte 

OH^W^ WWW 0^ 

qI^ch, 

S ^Vvr^NJ -aW e.^ , 

Q'KvjWa^Xxv^>^C^av^^ \yb- 

ENTRANCE TICKET, 50 CTS. 

^WEm*-,,VdE££SA\OW O'? .- 


Hf\.%>Hf\S. tv\.T.lv\Ef\F\ITT 

V, e. o, «,\\j«, W\ e,w &<b, 

Ok OWatAor^V (W■ 

At 8 o’clock. 


WTv,m'\'L*';0 KW?KW,— 

OK'^o OKoo^OK^ilkcm oxcs>$j’’iVsu 

OJ5oOArv^^rA^)^A^x^ )^jojVouo^>, .oa> oj\c- 
Vs/W K^V ^5iNS0 VxAm iAmJTO OJVrAl X&ApXbj 

^ \ ^ . \^ . \ q ® 

CTO VsSl)\J V\*su\r\A> \ 

OWrojou OfYvOuvwu. 
^rVj50utW\Ajoi^O^M> l^amA Ao • 

OY^.C^j^^aow^^^jctoVo AjuyVVws 
iccrwi^jirmiN^ axacAj VAi xxroVoiJv 
OCCVAVi ^Qoko>^ oc^A>Wycrv^Jj, otv^Vuxn 
1 lVo!h jVju wt^o kxwsWSo^asd sxc/jcm^w- 

NVV^JYU^\}Y^M iOA> oo aoaaajWak) <^\\Yn 

Mo^xAj ioaaAi Axvoou^jt Vatu A^aXaxaso 

\uX>^G^3v/\I\JIAN. 

OS>Jvvwv\) VL.^N^anxso—- 

PjOYYYVv NNlMm,WW\K\mNOr 
This should be printed on a sheet of gold 
paper. 


SVrtVL'vkKY \WdY\K\\W\.—When funer¬ 
al invitations are issu-ed, they may be ei¬ 
ther written or printed-on note paper edg¬ 
ed with black, or plain white paper may 
be used. Envelopes should correspond. 

OOvpnjvhwoo cuvuLV jvaVv o-Xso YaxS^su&s- 

\\r. Caleb V^GoodTicI^ 
^ojvvnAVsi) xslAaAsuvvcs) <^Vm> sw!W$vKV\fi. 
t&rrojV^^oXrnslfo, ovo ^wjv\Axw^''^oa) 2>&) 

YjwV, \a Vojw 'kV^so YujtxM) oSo’Wm. <s W 

OJV\A) ^twiaii Ye ^\u^?V\W A> VWwvAv. 

^ao.iAN\o^ 1 ^)ayf5j. OAtJo. 

'AK^'LW VNKYN, XWMWKWQWAQ.- 

fi^Wro ^Xcro«0^ s) ^ , -, N fb~- 

O^3\)t.^feKCrW0 MO^XSoV) VaSi) >^3jOM>J\SO 
uacrcon'M coNvO^jamM^rsN 
'tb aSouaTYcrM^ ota'^roJv o' iW, 

\jo io> AjvoajXwMMV^ owvAj kWuowo Vm^jv^anv 

VlX) O^XiW). 

0 WbKMA, WAY \Y KK \YW YY. 

CV\Wi. &W\>too\jV w xxrw^(^Y\muvV\jC 
OK\^. < ^cyNOjo^\Am, omAi kwcpAAx Vo 
V^juxmA) Yes \voj\jaj Vanvm ^rwi V\sl)\) 

^iKtyyvouyu ©wj *5? XaAjojv^ iroWOWVCM^ ^5. 

TaSV, io5m auVio o’AxjVo. 

VCWOK. 


\WW\ KWQW ,YYWYWYY 'pAXV'L.—This 
form may be varied to su-it eirc urn stances. 
Separate invitations should be sent to sons 
and daughters. WSM.7.=hnsmT\k \><ju 'jY/aseV 

OiXYvi. icvmAoQ^'KWi.C^Vmi ^ cn> 
T\suc^ja)5oVas) V<xWl>ivjnso ^^ 0 ^ 4 - 

^ o- 

YaVto 9^t^Vi,Voo\v^5 uo^SoYo YuAaiw 
cfcWV. 

V\a R.S.v. R 

W'fl'iWV'l S’ WWYH,\HY \Y K\ \0 W Y 0.— 


1900 


1950. 


#I& 0 LDEN WEDDING:# 


. ?>^NX\aXi ti 

COMPLIMENTS. 

CKaM/ fUtCMAW LWaAj ^AAJLmAm /oL thl) 
AJW^diovxce; icfy LlreK) aow, &-& / nMxyw, 

T^OVAS>VA \iVTt\V. E-V^-WH o’CVO'C'A, 

ON iMaslkAojv^j rvaNv-rrMo^^xnai 'b ,\'b'bQ. 
V\S>N.V. 191 Pine Street. 


WKVVQNNmA ,\Va\J\A N\ \QW.-— 


Willie, Am brose, an d Cora CI em en t’s 

WVKVVX’TA'LWi \W 

oJLwdCbuojo^www^ T>\ % V5)-. 

673 Peach Avenu-e. 


CVTOo^^ivwwvai WoAtWs), 
owA) 

^C^\xxtV)\) V Voo^xAiQVw 
Tcoo^asjJoVasu y^aoM)J\so n^cv^yoX) 
iow 

OK aVvarAoj^ w^wojv\o^, ( V<\aw^V 
\wvn\) \\a ioiOLosV. 

'bTVc> < tQf\«AiXh Vh 


VK\m\ ^\7k , L'L,m\l\AK\\QW AO.- 

OKMo.8L^^XJi.^U5.(^)ov^). 

CVfAo .'^o^Vox^J. 

^ouo^mA) Vnd V^jloauXu^ rv^mJv co rm 
\qjOjvw^, o5o oo'V5v M ^^'^Pd\a30,^tAxW^^ 


v\>ww\ivo^ 


tlJUWW Xa 


Vo^V^xxA) \xm id'«V<V,Caxc^xAo T>\ . 
\Sb-, axkxAVsXj )VarjvAro5V/vvv. 

'_’\ X N\A MMX'i ^ K7\\\,\W\WK\\W- 
OJVxrvVwJ^arvNSe 
C'iTVX ,*A Vx^VojxAxo^, 

^5jOJ\) Vw. 


WW ,\WM\A K\m, AO. 


0 B 


A^o 


CENTRAL 


Hqy 




"MpNDAY E^VENINC-jX/bARCH 31,19— 

-<i OVAVVXWCWTKW- 

CV\M ., 

Yourself and Ladies are Cordially Invited. 
oowuccvT'L'e ov KWMA^wevnsv 
A.C.Cox,W.R.Burton,A.T.Stewart,L.C.Iviannon. 


) (W^roo Q^AW 
WJvSVo ^LOAAANl) A^w^avJv iwtvv^jojvw^okA 


oj o^jwnso A^Vcwrw KsvwwOi) (voioSo 
vxK^jojv^ (O^OLMNAAnyvo' 5 . ^kxJm kAj^o^sAa) 
Mo-V wrwoj bjy^ym crw’sVso C X'.'7>'^ Wwi 
oowbo'^ jvvJw icoJdOoao^A) 1 La (vwiih 1 SVsuwo 
^Wsfjvw^\jcr wAalo-wm i\>^svj o jvwrw^So 
1 SVjuvw,9 iojwv, 

UW^TaaAa)^ fO^rUKA), 

AxxwJvoo^ftwwJ 


\JLK\\\ , LV\ NNVb^Wda JSwVwMWa.'vVon orvWVrw) 


1900. tH ER WEDQim L m 


<Ki 

CXSNiN) .?<Q’N\5\ti.'AKkjorwO^^0vo. 

^ W WOVA^. 

Wednesday Evening,March 23,1903. 

I6T4 WALNUT STREET. 


169 
























































VAkVWS-kikA VKk\^\,\U\\'\K\kOk\'kk>.— 

MO^lAjv ^Voo 

\<\W)JiXV)\a) i^^kkNJO. OVV^A)^(\k)\h>.^f\M)^ 
\^CVe\arw^N lOOrorA^wOVVVV^A^J \AVVV^04XrY'S 

wvo CN\\cmAAA^V^'^ A) X/w5jA icAi N^j-vjn) 

o' rWcW 

Q^UAJJooJvv^X^X'b—. \"V^ 'b\i. 


WL^NYX 

QW\K^^^JOUiQKiO>^5u' N CmvA^kjVwAjO 
VJ\^\Na-S_ KMWTOm.-A mar- (QJV ^ ) C\^.$Ww/, oWki 

nape announcement is sometimes made by ,. _* . * ^ ^ V 

-note or catd after a weddinp has taker place. 

With the following form may be enclosed 
a Reception Card: 


Q'Ck\i\>RXY < ^.^ ooAjv^wrcoAa^ 

lOWNN, 

Q^vaj^KiolA), 

\\JOd\AAjOJO^<^fkYQJV>^ ^w> —. 


umv^ WVW'i'L.— The wording 
of this depends upon circumstances.The 
following is the most common form, and 
may be modified to suit different tastes: 

VKKVnVA^. 

Vwoovn—A m^ysow:—V<\ k,N\\s cW\>,?A 
\V\«, ''ce.S'Aorxoe. ok Vao Vu^e’s ka.V<\e,T, liw- 
W!cx^ NkJi'ft—,\ jv> \\wk\«,\i.Vv.Vi•'^Xov.rA,^- 
tor ok \W Y\t=,\ ^\\V\s>V\V!\k J k\sv<A\\,VA'x. 
Y.'i.YvrNCoYn ar\& \fAss YmwaY.Y a.Tk\sov>, 
^o.v.^vXer ok NNw.YtwVbOT^Yscy, a.\\ ok 
'ha.'YvvTa.wovsco. 


umw kroo ‘h'L v ky\\ ,k qw wmiuT 

C^\k^Jv^^u^ < vkk\Mi .(^orvoAi'. 

OH\j ©J\so o^?\n\.o^ 
\a C^SXcAsi^AoJ^’A VNJ^TvAAM^Vo^iCtt 
CSX\j^\S>^^lOCrO!0 V^ojAm^, omAAaj&(ww^\ji 
vw^Aj c$Ww 0{k\jojwAs> ioovaA) ^uorokso \o 
'^3AACO^\ooOo\^m^ CrVoC^iAjYML\Ajaw^ 
^as) O^Aj *Aj\^m> o' h^jo^o. 

’W/vwyvrj Vjcxa) Vwv\Aa>^ mwAsn- 
\Aju\nVs ^ ioa^io <oov\Aj 

vwo mjonAs icAA'iAm) «^v\Awln\i\jo iocm\» 
WVJ ^AjOJVA^JJO.'iftAAjoo KM^Vu^oJJ^S) 
QkK\AWi)0(^x^i^5Ai, ojv\Aj OkAW>,''V>A&ju 
^o-v^^Ajojo- 

Q^v Ajct iw?o oV^rocroA YoAsj 
VoO\VKh), fOO^kQJJO parAjo ’W) cAj Ao^Ai, swA> 
vxro vxr$A) YvuA/o *jA^i icAj \jlnm. 

CkW^KN\X^Y<5 wa> r\^j\W\) AkAAmno 
^AjJAcjN O^XvAjJ,^ OJVMM, 

'oWojxn rowwrW oAn<, 

V .\i.^KvvAsJ\>o. 


VIWYoXk) KY V KYCkX, VAYYk K\ \0W X 0.— An 

invitation to a musical party should en¬ 
close a proyramme of the concert, if one 
is printed, and should read thus: 

CYC\W0. < ^A5AjVVC^ YvSLO^UoAa) 'k\\SO 
V(\axxN)ojNSo n^Of'Wo. ojvAj^NMxw^N )5Ajv 
(C/tvvAqxvvvv^ <ovo "5 rXAojv^ iimww^^P' 

\ArU\j W,<A> rnVfo «'A/iAv,\8 nwaAj 

SAi\i> (YV\a/wAyU\N % OkA^J ^\w) 

UA. ' T 

fc§\''VxA«t>Vfo. 


Mx^asAeAvo V^suoamOnm mjw>- 

k^jOJWO^ iOT\) < 5>0 JIaAoj\>^ lAKNVWVVO^^R)- 
Yn^tfOokkA A iju^rA: a AjoAu,\d tNroasA) 
^k\J\). iojv\AoC^(\K)i. ^Va>Jwvojv\J. 

YoY\ \ ^(SoAV,^—. 


WL\M N^.K^ kbKV^.— 


0N\mva> ^)CT\^<\>wcrc\o. 


V, V.V?VH WN\S-ASV. 


?K'?'LV\ NN'Lkb^kWkj.—^Vwi X,V\e, \W\- 
krA\or\ ora ^-a-^or. 


frCOND/f- 19 02.. 

S 1900 . ^NiversAR^' 

O(M\)Ni.&.QW0\>i). $)\oxoxs) Qk Ay^Aa). 
oi ivomiu, 

^k\w^i\Aojo^a .jfiWX. 

616 &3Um1i. 


V KVAH, \H\ V\ Kk\fik\ Akk_ 

C\X\Jv.arAjA)QWo^.^6t\oAK5 WujjaaAiAm 
V^WhXXJMO i^QVWO. (OmAjOC^M. JjWiVMM'’ 
coreA^axNvv^ wvo OKsA\roAAjoj\>^ifmOj\o^ 
Oojoo^A Nkb^V^—,icA> sauc^A) io'AcAo. 
9"lre; 3tA/wji. SiOVusj JQ/QMAcvvJiw, 


OKWMcOVS WC\W.tKVS 


vwsnn'w. "\o w. '.^.nr ro 
“V5 w\v\rv. src. 


k’^.KkkV \NkAkb\Wkj.—k«(sssr\s oorsv* ok kuAv 



io 1930 


I^I\.tr^t\S. f\ICt|A(\D AMBROSE. 

k-s 'norA't,- 

vVf iArr\sAAxvo^j cwrorr.o^^m^ . 


913 pine street. 


VNWAkj ,\HMVkK\\Qk\ Akb. — 

OWkWtf. VWtyAo m caocoA^vvv\3ovAa) 
\o CkkkXM) iWa«A), oov\Ao kmotAA)\w 
V^WahAj Vjct Vxwo Vaaj i^fwo <w 't^atNvx) 
\vod\W^\c Q(fV>Iksj ^bvA^AWdM ^^JVJTVO^, 
cyw O'K '^'ajoAam^, v^Aiw \kk. ^oWwio^h) 
AojAj\^jovwCH\\mi.^Vjo^^^ ioAj rrojwi) 
o'IA okV), CXmA) OJ WJ^ \f 0 INUHJVJO- 

lA) \crc Qk\\XVi ^Wao^>^w. 

__ 

Vkk^'bk^'LH'kkKv. kk^'LV'kXOVv.— 

*S Vsu QlMlAkAWk) 




0,ON 

icAo 


oou^AxArn^kWArAxm. 
mv\\w ^kk^W^LVvKVV OkkVK : 


QkYoxn.^k^cooo^^vwo, 

«A)\\ONVvM, 

< SVoovrjJAxvo^,^jorew \\o"\Q.0(A). 
^^kC'KlOJO^aA) ^)O^XO>S). 


'A\^'L,\k\MVkM\0k\ AQ.— 

Qk\\Aj.^'Arum ^J\iasjvAjo Vm 9 ocrw- 
\^ixr\o(\aArAri)\o Ckk\ka^Q^(\c)^RN^ 3 , ojv\A> 

kvtonAA Vu iwvoj^ai V^axxMAi’A^Af^wro\AAj 

oju^otn\)\^xv^*a^^ 'k m oj AjwooXc ^o- 

\<rvvu>oor o^sOvvvocm iAAoiAbAi 

i^kA ^ Vk.,^vxm) \ —._ I 


Miss McComb’s com' 
pliments to Mr.Gibson, 
and accepts with pleas 
ure his kind ifivitation 
for this afternoon. 

77 Strawberry Hilt 


Miss McComb reprets 
that an important en- 
papement will prevent 
her acceptinp Mr. G-i b- 
son’s kind invitation 
for this afternoon. 


V\\kkk\ ^NkAb^kWkj. —k,\k\s oows\s\ ^k V\v-ki\rs 


A. 




t| 

1900 

RUBY WEDDING-. 

1940 


b%pn 

'<56* 

Yf 


.Oj 3^5 

W^LL I^ECE^VE TP^E^ FIENDS aTTI^E 

VOTVTWTW VWW\ME.V.SKV>X 
OF THEIR 

V\K\k\\ KSr'L, 

^iiuM/Wj Sjrvviumj, Sa|iliAnlrcAi 3,1940: 

•=>E.VOe\>\T.\_ VVFOt.' 


170 




































































\N KYY.,\WN\A KA\OY\ AO .— 

\^i\a) , —-'S N^mA) 
AroS^o VxjmjVXwjWtt^^vkW o^kanrwow) 
V iojuwS(j5o oj Aao^owvo^ S^vrwo oo^roj^rr 
cm mjo^w \a QNooAmkxaA)’) s<oJ\Aa/wj. 


<b\VVN ''N^.OOXXXO.— The invitations ate to 
be printed on silk, and thejjifts, silk 
articles. 


Y^OS. 


vm. 


>CSILK WEDDIN&ojf 

Jv1f\.&fy/IRS. I-|. f\. |S/1 U N C Y, 
«»se^s?b 


^Q^AWVVXJUV^., ^^U/VNxAa). 


^VOvIMXk NN^.OO\HO.-Print invitation 

on silver paper, and make silver presents 


1900. 



92.5. 


\^mw 

Qvjuo^oaA)' kWY^W jwxaso 5^c\x^j\)J\i 

VNWVt-V WVA WS.DD\ttO 

P Q 

ANNIVERSARY, )£a$5» 

<r — 

^on QWVcrvv^jaw^^i twvvvvvo^^XW^ c V-,\'h'B 
No. T63 WEBER ST. 

A\W VN^^WVj.—P rint on tin-foil. 


1900. /\^iV£| 


g HT^ 


1910. 



t 


CX) AWwva), 

^ \voJ%wXoM^r\5V'r^^ ,\^\0. 

1614 G-rote Place. 


'ItyOJVN) Q VAXXMS) AV\S> t^JaAMWXS) 
A/nyAw^rr A/j Vmo^ oo V^rodvArom^ 1 . 

(v^aaj ©J\» o$o\jXaD\ta\^, 9 wr5X) coAj \^fr 
cv^rw kXiXXaAM) (o'AxyOa). 

QOi/swmi wjajvAajoW, ^ 

' J ta Aj^JVWO^. 




\A& 




J 


My Dear Mr.G-oldsmHh,- 
When you call at three 
o’clock you will find 
me booted and capped 
for our lony walk. Re¬ 
member you are to be 
tired first. 

Wours truly, 

Ella Maxwell. 

64 D St.,June 4,19-. 


My Dear Mr.Goldsmith,- 
I am very sorry that 
a promised visit from 
my friend,Miss Osborn, 
will keep me at home 
this afternoon. Had I 
known of your leisure 
time, I should have in¬ 
vited her for tomorrow 
but hope now t h at 
you will abandonee 
proposed walk, and join 
us at tea. 
yours, etc. 


mmm ,\w\i\a kaxowao.— 


GylPS .Qo. Vf, .\^f^C\r\As 

'wvW^ksj oo^tvxjVo V) V^jMhyA) 

«Jo \3tr\su rw\/XAJ\>j3j>£> i^XSasXA) &oaao^s)\s 
NoO^TO 

CWt/cI/mAdUxAf' ^nrtnaw^,CVvicL^'4,19—, 
s2k> fAMM) oVJaj<5m. 

^Krvv\a>oOKidW>Aj oj^ VoAmo^XassSjo. 
ftiAMxmrvcAv. 


NN^-^XWCr ?v^^?A\On.— The subjoin 
ed form is most suitable for written in¬ 
vitations. Besides the card of the bride 
and yroom, a third card is sent to those 
who are desired to be present at the cer¬ 
emony, containing the words "Ceremony 

at.o’clockl’Those who do not receive 

this card, of course attend only therecep 
tion. 


GV^.»^^i\lS. < 'G^\N\) ioX> 

Ksuo^jsA) \Vso V^aoJWXM) i^Q^\N.^<. 

V5 w^' A) COyA^ 0JV\W^(A>^W XMtX^ANVOM 


,COA) 


OKvWsAXaA^VNWaMJO^^^ 

SAo^\fo xwvXi^VvxAm) o’ <5 vGa>. 
\S\\^ posno%W5o. 


•'NA.^\W'5,,m\ KA^- 

Wb $4 ^Xj.i^wnso K\,\^— 

CXx\a>^\a^Qw\a^ •. 

OJOCClWfo 

<5^ os Vaj&ivXs &axs&os ww^C(Vo.QN\joQ i r'aA'N 
msdX&wwjo^ raw XVss 
^\a/v\» uoA\> V) os ^r\jj\seXa> iowd, 

csmcj raaAjo MaA> o\Aj, o/v\A) aAjcm- 

Vw\nJ0 iOJV\J&S AaAXiWvoSju ^vaatAw xmkpXsl&s 

Cvvvvovva^o XXaso VxsWojv mod Vo\a)V( ms) 
CV^JW. ^>V\S) C30MVVV\XmW^MO^\w A)^)V 

OoaAj’tj ViVxXxAv), o5o V ^ .OfYo. 
UNM^VjoAo^M^AVA) \^Xsn\^s, 

dfVVVJU *& . 

NN’L^XiWk^ t.\'fA,^A'L AO WkWr 
.OK’^Aojm' SWv^rcWvvcrAjovo 

Nuv\AA) Vaa> Wlm^J^jJv^^JvvAA) (ojv\Ai\vJo 

M0\AnAA)\« OiWjdVo ^OJVWVA>^^)^JUV\CXh), 
ow\A)\ax)^\\\o5o Aim) moc^o occiy^o^oj) 
OJ^O , W^X)WVV^O^\)0S^ ow O) ACAKMVridV) 
axmA) AiakAso^tc VsAj 


A'oA ^VsjWwSo^Aj.^^AO,^— 


\NOOOtW WI'LOOWkO— 



Af/?.<&.Afj>£ WAlff/f SfO/?Y, 


v-jCfc&SV 


OYjmIaijUxIqa^ ^nrtArAMe|,(|umip'l,l903, 
/ait o’clock. 

No. 6T8 Presley Avenue. 


NNOOVt-W NN^OXWOr. 


X’SOO. 


X'bOA. 


SEVENTH ANNIVERSARY. 


N\f\.8clS^I\S. ^.1^.^ANF0I\D, 

&l gomt, 

^>OStAo\M^OSVXVWWJO^^^J\)^0 ,\^lOA. 

298 Monroe Street. 


171 






























































VkYvA'b QY k VtTTYSY 


I—^^ Washi ^°V^-1. '900. 

DearNewCentury, Vsoxsn ov vvex«>\. 

We have long looked for 
thy wave to break upon the shore, and 
see thy shadow move oveT the dial plate 
of time. A general welcome from the multi- 
millions of this great nation salutes thee, 
and bids thy predecessor a last farewell. 

VWX-NYCvYlYYXNKL cmrwSy 
Youts most sincerely, 

Ysv&ykxwsX 


YHKVAYV 

To Twentieth Century, 
\Nxms.sV\. 

. Eternity. 


United States. 


. tti 
6= 
& 
n 

i 2 

?? 

£ z 

or 



"SV 

^>Y., 

Vtarv\iv5o\>^. 


VSS\Wx> SY k^W&Sft. 

Vxf&kS'bKYciY'b.-To His Excellency the Rt. Hon¬ 
orable-, ot His Excellency the Ambas¬ 
sador for-. My Lord. 

V?VYYYkYWIY T NTYYS.- See Abbreviations. 

VYWYYSYOV.-The Most Rev. His Grace the Lord 

Archbishop of-. My Lord Archbishop. 

Your Grace. 

Vyyyyyvyqy .-The Ven. Archdeacon- 

Revd.Sin 

kSSVST KAT S.^V.YAkY,\'e.S,^rJ\VK\<iS\OmS>vS>, 
Yyvlas os ^yY’lkyy,Ayyk%yyyy,Ycwav 
TYY os yyyTyykayy'(.,Y'XC,.-To the As¬ 
sistant Secretary, Commissioner, etc. Personal 
communications should be addressed to the 
simple name, followed by the official title. 

kvyatWL y VavuCY.- Mr. J us t ice-. 

Y>KVvOH.-See Viscount. 

'feKYOYYT <jYYw\YYT.-To Sir (and the first 
Christian name). Sir(and Christian name),The 
wife takes the title of "Lady,” and is personal¬ 
ly addressed as "Your Ladyship.” 

^VbYW.—To the Rt. Rev.-.The Most 

Rev. the Lord Bishop of-My Lord. 

Diocesan,suffragan, and missionary bishops are 
addressed"The Right Revd.’’ 


^y%\yysY\yw>,Y.tc>.- Messrs.- 

Sirs, Dear SIts,G entlemen. 

YkYVkYT ^Y'YKY'WYYWst-To the Secretary of 
State, WaT, Navy, etc. To the PostmasteT-Deneral, 
To the Attorney-General. (Personal),To the 
Honorable-, Secretary of State, Na¬ 

vy, etc. PostmasteT-GeneTal, Attorney-General. 

(Wives of Secretaries,etc.) Mrs. Secretary-; 

Mts. Postmaster-General-; Mrs. Attorney- 

General-. 

£>VYYV Ws\\YY.-To the Chief Justice.!Personal) 
Mr. Chief Justice. 

The Revd.( with Christian name and 
surname). Sir. 

^YYYYYY'vKWYY't.- Prof.-, D.D., 

LL.O., B.A., etc. Sit, DeaT Sit. 

OUQr'iVE.'i'oIMcxnVxA. See Honorable. 

^YNA.-The VeTy Reverend the Dean of-. 

SiT. 

^YHTXYT.- Dr.-, D.D.S., ot D.M.D. Sir. 

^oaoY,VYAS\C\KY.w YmYWY- Dr.-, 

M.D. SiT. 

^YiYYY'iS.-To HeT&Tace the Duchess of - . 

Your Grace. (A duke’s daughter is addressed as 

"Lady-,” and if married to a commoner, 

retains her title. The duke’s eldest son takes 
his father’s second title, and is addressed as 
a marquis ot eaTl. His youngeT sons aTe 
styled "Lord”and the wife takes the title 
of "Lady’.’) 

^yyy.-To HisGTace the Duke of-. 

My Lord Duke. 

Y.KkY or To the Right Hon. the Earl 

of -(ot Count). My LoTd. (The eldest 

son of an earl takes his father’s second ti¬ 
tle, and is addressed as if he were a BaTon 
or Viscount.) 

VOYY\&X\ ^WYSYAKWY'V\Y?YY«>YHT KVMYrTo 
His Excellency, the-- Yout Ex¬ 

cellency. 

^YUTYYVAfcn.--, Esq. Sir. DeaT 

SiT. My DeaT SiT. (Two gentlemen are ad¬ 
dressed the same as a BusinessFiTm). 

YOMYYXXOY.-To the GovemoT.dn someo! 
the States), His Excellency the Governor, or 
His Excellency the Governor of-. 

ViOWOYY^YY.— This term is confined to heads 
of fhe great Executive Departments, Judges 
of the United States Courts, Senators and Rep- 
7esenlative9,GoveTnoTs of Stales, and May¬ 
ors of cities. It is improperly used when ad 
dressed to chiefs ot bureaus, ot ofheT subor¬ 
dinate officials. In such cases tise the offi¬ 
cial designation, 

XwtynxYVY- If the intimacy be close, use "My 
DeaT Sir, ot Madam; if slight, use " DeaT 
SiT, or Madam, and close the letter with 
"Yours faithfully;’if an entire stranger, 


SiT or Madam,and close the letter with 
"Your obedient servant.” 

Vo'dQrY.Y.- To the Honorable Mt. Justice- 

On the bench a judge is by courtesy address¬ 
ed as“My Lord.” Judges of U.S.Courts, Hon. 

-, J udge of the U.S- 

YawY or OAiY.YW.-To H is (or HeT) Most Gra¬ 
cious Majesty. May it please your Majesty. 
YvW\W\.- See BaTonet. (see unmarrieo lady) 

N.kY'L.-lMarried), Mts _Madam, 

DeaT Madam. (Un-mamied), Miss- 

Madame. DeaT Madame. (Two young la¬ 
dies are addressed as "The Misses-* 

Mesdames, or "The two Miss--s!’) 


Yy^j ky'vyky YYWY\ "S 


,Esq. 


Yoyy OxwYT YyYWYY.— To the Right Hon. 
the LoTd Chief Justice. My Lord. 

Y<iYTb VI\MOY.~To the Right Hon. the Lord 

MayoT of-. My LoTd Mayor (His 

wife is styled "Lady Mayoress,” and is per¬ 
sonally addressed as "Your Ladyship.” The 
chief Magistrates of London, YoTk,and Dub¬ 
lin are alone entitled to be addressed as 
"LoTd Mayor.” 

kf\MOY.— To the Mayor.Hon. MayoT of 

-. The Riqht Worshipful the MayoT 

of-. SiT. 

YIyywYo\ i\\ cXssacsA.-Mt. -. SiT, 

DeaT Sit, My Dear Sir. 

VtWYYTKYY VvKMKY.— See the various ti¬ 
tles of this class in the list of abbreviations 
on another page, as, Capt.,Col., Brig.Gen., 
Gen., etc. See also"MilitaTy” under Mis¬ 
cellaneous Letters. 

MvNYC,y\owy^.~T o the Most Honorable the Mar¬ 
chioness of-. Madam,or Mu Lady. 

- - l, ~ 1 •- fath- 

he 

were an eaTl of count.) 

VNkyynys.—T o the Most Honorable the Marquis 
of-- My Lord Marquis. 

VKVYYhAYY ox YY\YVY-V$k vtw; \cvb\xs.Si\oxA 
To the Rev.-. SiT, etc. 

WWX.-See Military. 

YVjYXYVYX vi\b>Y YWTYY.- Peers have their eld¬ 
est sons, and their sons’ eldest sons in peipet 
ual succession, addressed as "To James PaT- 
ton, Esq.” The sons of Baronets, Esquires 
of Hie Knights of the Bath, Lords of Manors, 
Chiefs of Clans, and otheT tenants of (he 
CTown,\x\c^q\\e, aTe similarly addressed. For 
others see the sepaTale articles in this list. 
Oyt\yyyy.-AII officers of the U.S.Civil Service 
not referred to in separate articles in this list, Al¬ 
dermen, Magistrates and other officers, are ad¬ 
dressed as “To-.Esq. S!t, etc. 


MIIVMKM VI -. Wiauatllj Ul LdU I 

(The eldest son of a marquis takes his f 
ct’s second title, and is addressed as if 


KSZSSQEifii 


v ' \ L jV) • Oily c tU> 

To His Royal Highness l he 
r 7 iT]ce of Wales. Yout Royal Highness. 


172 



























































9YxXVx 9,\N9 S>\l9,99.0xk.-See Doctor 

99,9Vx99.t\ 9.-To the President. Mr. President, 
(in addressing a letteT to the President the 
following form should be observed:‘‘To the 
President, Executive Mansion,Washington,D.C.) 

99x\9.Vk.-Same as Minister. 

Vs^Vs'y^.-This title should be use in ad¬ 
dressing the membeTS of the faculty in anu 
educational institution, organized with full 
departments; also scholars and scientists who 
have become noted as specialists in any de 
partmenl .of knowledge. (It is abusively used 
when applied Tndiscnmately to the lowerranks 
of instructors and others.) 

QjA9.9.tk.-See King. 

9N9>9\.-Same as Minister. 

9x9.9rvo9»-Same as Minister. 

90TNV 9x199. errTo His(orHeT) Roy¬ 
al Hiqhness the Duke ot Duchess of - 

Yout Royal Highness. 

VxOXNVkfNVNWH.-To His (ot HeT) Royal Highness 
PTince (or Princess). May it please your Roy¬ 
al Hiqhness. (See Prince of Wales). 

< x>9r\Kk099>.-Hon.-,Senator of the 

United States (otU.S. Senate). (Informal), Sena¬ 
tor. 

E>99N999 or TYX99W-.9, g>9 99.999.99.HT NT \N99.~ 
To the Speaker of the House of Representatives. 

(Personal), Hon.-, Speaker of the 

House of Representatives. Mt. Speaker. 

V\9Vk\999.nT PxT\\j99.- H on_, Rep 

resentative from-(orHouse of RepTesen- 

lalives. (Informal), Hon.-, M.C. 

\1hvJxN99\99 Vkw.- To Miss- 

Miss. DeaT Miss. (See Lady). 

N)\tvVvs.<i\ryy\T.-To the Vice-President .(As the 
chief officer of the Senate), To the President of 
the Senate. (Personal), Vice-President of the 
United States, without prefix of title. 

NJVbOOXlwr or 9990 W.- To the Right Hon.Lord 

Viscount-. My Lord. (Sons of avis 

count or baron are s,yled"The Honorable.” 
The dauqhters aTe styled "Honorable” and if 
married to a commoner, aTe still addressed as 
the "Hon. Mts. -)’ ot if to a baronet ot 


knight,"The Hon. Lady- 

umm m mumM. 

* OollaT, or Dollars; as, *5: *1000. 

4 Cent, or cents; as, 15^; 75 £ 

S> Pound, or Pounds (sterling); as,£2; £10. 
tt5 Pound, or Pounds(in weight); as,6tfe. 

@ At, or to; as, silk @*2. peT yd. 

^ Pct, as, sheep@ *4. head. 

% PeT cent; as, discount 6%-*-17.63. 

% Account; as, John Doe in with Richard Roe. 

/ Shilling, or Shillings; as,Ji= Is. 2d.;%*2s.3d. 
AI The designation of a first-class vessel,in Lloyd’s 
Reqistet or the British and Foreign Shipping; the 
letter denoting that the hull is well built and 
sea-worthy, and the figure-the efficient state 
of heT rigging, anchors, cables, etc. First Class. 
XX Double strength,fineness,etc., as, XXale. 
XXX Triple strength,etc., as, XXXale. 

% In caTe of; as, Send % Thos. Jennings. 

# or No. Number; as, #10 Market St. 

Lettn of credit. See undeT Miscellaneous Letters, 
Month and day; as,Feb.5th; %’May 9th. 

2‘ The small figure =|; 2'=ii; 2 , °2i. 

Shipment marks; as, X= Shipped Mamh 4th. 
V* Check mark; showing that an entry is made- 
'see \v»\ ok Wo'oreM\KV\orvo kor oVrxex Vxofrx*. 




, Comma. 

; Semicolon. 

: Colon. 

. Period. 

- Dash. 

? Interrogation. 

! Exclamation. 

0 Parenthesis. 

C) Brackets ox Crotchets. 
’ Apostrophe. 

- Hyphen. 

' Acute Accent. 
v Grave Accent. 

A CrTcirmflaAcoeritw Broad. 
~vT Tilde ox Cimumflex. 

II Parallels. 

-Underscore. 


' M acron ox Long accent. 
~ The Short ox Breve. 

" OiasTesis. 
p Cedilla. 
a £aret. 

“ ” Quotation Marks. 

I Brace. 

Ellipsis. 

—• Leaders, Steo Ellipsis. 
— Ellipsis. 

• Asterisk 
t DaggeT.or Obelisk, 
t Double Dagger. 

§ Section.. 

IT PaTaqTaph. 

Index. 

V ox •*« Asterism. 


^K^V\KV \JLTTOS. 

Begin all addresses, as DeaT Madam, 
Dear Sir, My DeaT Sit, etc., with a capital. 

9x919C.T\n9S>.- Beqin all adjectives fomied from 
the names of places, people, points of the 
compass,etc.,with a capital; as, English, 
Romish, Northern. 

9\9x_T..- A capital is always used Tot the tents 
ordinarily employed to designate the Bible, 
or any particular paTt ot book of the Bi¬ 
ble; as, The Holy Bible, the Sacred Writings, 
the Old Testament, the Gospel of Matthew. 

9>0W&.-Begin all titles of books,and usu¬ 
ally each important woTd in the title, 
with a capital; as, Hume’s History of 
England, Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates. 

2A-NV199.9.-Clauses, when separately number¬ 
ed, should begin with a capital; as, This 
writer asseTls, I. That Nature is unlimited; 
2. That her trearsures aTe inexhaustible; 3. 
That etc. 

9MS.-The days of the week should begin 
with capitals; as, Sunday,Monday, etc. 

^e/Ovv^All names and titles of the Deity 
should begin with a capital; as, God, Jeho¬ 
vah, Father, Creator, Almighty, etc. 

99.9WI KT\N9S>-Words derived from Proper 
Names should begin with a capital; as, 
Mohammedan, Christian, to Christianize,etc. 

9\99CT\OWS.- Begin the woTds North,East, 
etc., and theiT compounds and abbrevia¬ 
tions, with a capita); as, North, North-east, 
S.W., etc. 

9.9'tx9\\N9>\9.— WoTds requiring special em¬ 
phasis aTe frequently printed in small 
capitals or capital^; as,"I brand him as 
a Yoqxxe, a thief, a COWARD.” 

9N9.UTS.- Begin the name of any histor¬ 
ical event with a capital; as, the French 
Revolution. 

9XK9N9Y9.- The first word of a sentence 
ot clause given as an example should be¬ 
gin with a capital; asj'Temperance pro¬ 
motes health.” 

9X9999.9.-Numbers am sometimes repre¬ 
sented by capital letters; as, I, V,X, C, 
He-rmry VIII. 

9x0\X09.-Titles of honoT ot distinction 
should begin with capitals; as, 9vr\ 
Russell, theater spoke, GeoTge theTxxxxA. 

\XVT99X99T\ot\.-T he interjection 0 is 
always a capital; as,"Sleep, 0 gentle Sleep.” 

\x\T9cm9T09\ \N099.-The first word 
after an introductory woTd ot clause 
should begin with a capital; as^kevAv- 
eA, That one hundred dollars be appropriated 

VKOWVAS.- The first letteT of each month 
should be a capital; as, January, Feb.,etc. 


9VxiU9999.~See Figures. 

9N9N99N99.rBegin every paragraph with a 
capital letter. 

Vkvtvvaivmns.-E ach item in a list of partic¬ 
ulars, arranged in paragraphs, should begin 
with a capital; as, The expenditures are as fol¬ 
low: 

In Austria,thirty-three percent; 

In England.thiTty-eight peT cent; 

In Germany, thirty-four per cent. 
999X09.-The first word afteT a period, except 
when used foT an abbreviation, should begin 
with a capital. 

?9990HN9r99-Names of important person¬ 
ages aTe frequently printed in small capi¬ 
tals. 

999 < =OH\9\OKX\OW.- In strongly marked peTSOit 
ifications, the noun peTconified should begin 
with a capital; as, for a season bade the 
world farewell, And Vcee-Aaru shrieked as Kosci¬ 
usko fell? 

9VV999.-Begin the names of places with a 
capital; as, Boston, London, etc. 
VOVC9N.-Begin every line of poetry with a 
capital letter 

990H0\lXk.-The pronoun Y should always 
be a capital. 

990999UNrtx99.-AI I proper names should 
begin with a capital; as, Jame9, Katie, At 
lantict Mediterranean, etc. 

QM99T\0H9.-The fiTst woTd of a direct ques¬ 
tion should begin with a capital; as, His words 
are,"Why do you not study the lesson?” 
0xMOTN\\OH,9.-AII quotations should begin with 
a capital; as, Plutarch says," Lying is the vice 
of slaves” : ~ 

29WT9H.09.-The fiTst woTd of evny sentence is, 
when followed by a full stop,as a period, T£ 
quiTed to beqin with a capital. 

2990\NY\tK 909TNW.09.- Wo t d s of special^ im¬ 
portance should begin with capitals; asjThe 
Tariff’.’"Prepare for the Great Day'j’The Sheriff 
of Tipton Countyi' 

TVTV9-9N999 fcxxA\v9N9\W2%.-Title pages and 
the headings of chapters should be entirely 
in capitals. 

TX'tx. 99.-Beqin all titles with a capital; as,Gen- 
eTal, Doctor, Captain, Mr., etc. 

XN0992 rcxxA 999N99.9-WoTds and phrases us¬ 
ed as the names of particular objects ot pla¬ 
ces, should begin with capitals; as, The Falls, 
.the City of Brotherly Love, the Cape of Good Hope, 

VO?WK^\^ 

V9999XI\Kk\oxVb.-Avoid as much as possible. 
99tx\iv<.-Excellence is true beauty. 
9>OH9\999VxXXOW.-Consider well before wttfing a letter 
209X99 .-Always retain copies of important letters. 
9W9.-EveTy letter should be carefully dated. 
2.Wxi9V0999.-Same color and size as the paper 
9\9X199V-Do not use figures when three words will do. 
9 099\2W 999N999av o i o, AVOID. 
\rtx999T\W9W09.-Treat with silent contempt. 
XWxfx.-Best quality, and black. 

Y99\9X\.xtn.-L egibility is a fiTst requisite. 
9N99.kv.-Use white letter ot commercial note. 
99W,9\x..-Use only when pen is unobtainable, 
909X209x99.-Using this indicates negligence. 
VxamsSkxSNVWH.-This is the politeness of kings. 
QCOOTKXXOWO.- Be strictly your own author. 
992\2\9 KT\oh -Always register important letters. 
99XX199 9X9Q.X192T.-This returns uncalled-for letters. 
290M9Tk\.-Securely fold and fasten before mailing, 
E>\9WNVX199 ..-You can spell yoin own name-others mag not 
< o\xhVy\CXV\.- This is a grace that should not be despised, 
Err NNxV-Enclose for reply when letteT concerns yourself. 
9vtv.9..-9e-Tx , awtt\-BE natural-BE NATURAL. 
xjk.kxfxW'r-Adhere scrupulously to truthful statements. 


173 






































in elude 

ISJnhose of the household,Te- 
•mationship,and friendshi p. 

They claim a wide Tange of 
thought, a nice discernment in 
the choice of words, and a finish¬ 
ed and ornamental style of expression. 
The style is Tegulated by the degree of 
Tespect the person addressed claims of 
us, by Teason of age, relationship, ot 
the strength of our esteem and the 
warmtlj of out attachment. These let¬ 
ters being the pTomptirngs of t he 
heart, admit of all the details of every occu¬ 
pation, scene and interest, foT to one who 
loves us nothing that concerns us is trivial 
ot uninteresting. 

NtNWa QVT, TO VWj> TWTWLT. 



Amiapolis, June 4,1770. 
Sib: 

I have been trying, eveT since you went a- 
way, to leam to wTite you a letter I shall make 
pooT woTk of it; but,sh.mamma says you will 
accept my endeavors and that my duty to you 
may be expressed in poor writing as well as 
good. I hope I grow a betteT boy and that you 
will have no occasion to be ashamed of me when 
you return. Mt. Maxwell says I leam my books 
well. He is a venj good master. I read my books 
to mamma. We all long to see you. 

I am, sh, youT dutiful son, 

John Quincy Adams. 


TO \N\^. 

Lincoln, Neb.,Feb.l, 19—. 
Vtor texmw.-You will see by the date 
of this that I am creeping slowly homeward, 
and I trust that another week will end my 
business engagements heTe. and leave me free 
to hasten to you again. Nothing could have 
made this long absence endurable but the 
fact that I was accomplishing so much in a 
pecuniary point of view, and thereby increasing 
the comfort of my deaT little wife and ba¬ 
bies. You know, my dearest, what a hard siny 
gle it has been foT the last two years to pro¬ 
vide even the necessaries of life, and I know 
you will feel more reconciled to my long ab¬ 
sence when you aTe assured that it will re¬ 
sult in engagements that, while they largely 
increase my income, will diminish my laboi-s. 

I am longing unutterably to clasp you in 
my arms, and heaT youT sweet voice again. 

Hoping that in my next I shall be able,to 
name a definite time for my Telum, 

I am,as ever, 

Yout loving husband, 

A. P. PaTker. 

Mrs. Jennie Parker. 


\NY^ TO WOOT>KW'0. 

Raleigh, N.C., Aug. 13,19—. 

Dearest Love: 

1 am at last safely undeT uncle’s 
roof, having arrived here last evening,baby and 
myself both well, but Teilly very tiTed. Wc had 
no delay, except about one hour at Louisville. 
Uncle met me at the depot with his carriage, 
and in twenty minutes from the time of my 
arrival, I was cosily seated in my tooth 
which was all in Teadindss forme. 

Uncle and aunt seem greatly pleased with 
my coming, and both aTe loud in their praise 
of the baby. They veTy much regret that 
you could not have come with me,and say 
they intend to prevail on you to make them 
a visit when I am Teady to Tetum home. 

Baby looks into my eyes once in a while 
and says,solemnly,VPapa, papa!” I do actually 
believe he is thinking about home,and warts 
to keep up a talk about you. Everybody thinks 
he looks like his papa. By day afteT to-monow 
I will WTite a long letteT. I want you to get 
this by the first mail, so I make itshoTt. 
With dearest love I am 

Yout Wife, 

’ Florence. 

OKOOWTOT TO VtxOTWTT. 

Li the R ock, Aik., J une 3,19 —. 
My Own OearMother: 

We aTe looking forward most impatiently 
to youT Tetum. Home will be sweet home once 
more when we have you amongst us again, 
foT we all miss you sadly these long evenings. 
The little ones aTe wild with delight. TheiT 
heads aTe full of projects foT little surprises to 
give deaT mamma. The choicest flowers that 
each can claim as heT own aTe watched with 
anxious care, and are destined to be sweet offer¬ 
ings of love to you. 

I hope, deaT mother, you will be pleased 
with my household management during i/out 
absence. Papa considers me guite clever, and 
a credit to your able teaching. I have not neg¬ 
lected my music and singing. In the I at t cr, 
papa says, you will find a marked improvement. 

Hoping that nothing will delay youT long- 
wished-foT Tetum, wilh best love, in which 
all unite, 

• Believe me, your own fondly 

Attached and loving child, 

Edna Fowler. 

W\WW TO 

Helena, Mont., June 2,19—. 

Dear Katie: 

Yout letter which has been receiv¬ 
ed, affords great pleasure and satisfaction to 
youT father and myself. Nothing could give 


out hearts greater happiness than to know of 
youT enjoyment and firm purpose to do right. 
Now that you aTe removed from all parental 
restraint, it is of the most vital importance 
that you implicitly Tely upon the religious pre¬ 
cepts which have been instilled into youTmind. 

We aTe greatly pleased that you aTe well sit¬ 
uated with Mt. and Mts.C onnelly: in return foT 
their kindness you must be honest, industrious, 
kind and obliging; doing yourduty always 
faithfully, which will be a Teal satisfaction to 
yourself as well as to your employers. 

We shall constantly pTay for your contin¬ 
ued protection and prosperity. Louie and Wal¬ 
ter unite with your father and myself in 
sending you love I remain, deaT Katie, 

Yout affectionate MotheT, 

Melissa Armstrong. 

^ KTWLW TO SOW. 

Knoxville.Tenm.,F'eb.2,l9— 
Si-wVcmv;.-1 cannot tell you my proud 
pleasure in hearing such a favorable report 
from youT Principal, Prof.Cibson, of youT 
progress during the last term. You know how 
g Teat my anxiety has eveT been that you; 
should enjoy all the advantages of education, 
yet my most lavish expenditure and great 
care would have been in vain if you had not 
yourself been willing to give your attention 
to your studies. 

It is therefore with great gratification that 
I receive such encouraging TepoTts as the last 
one sent me. 

It was one of the greatest trials of my life to 
part with you during yom school temis,and 
nothing but the certainty of youT Tapid improve¬ 
ment can reconcile me to your absence. 

With warmest affection,!am, my dear boy, 

’ Yout pmud and happy father, 

Henry MacMurray. 

mTO 'tKTWLW. 

Providence, R.I., Feb. 4,19-. 

My Dear Father:—M any thanks foT youT 
kind present and valuable advice. I sincerely 
hope. that your good opinion of me will long 
Temain unchanged, ana that I may be able to 
do justice to the strenuous exertions and 
kindly attention of my excellent preceptor. 

I am, at present, working veiy ham, and 
hope to gain one step higheT in the school be¬ 
fore the end of the term. My schoolfellows are, 
generally speaking, veiy agreeable and well-dis¬ 
posed boys, and we are so well treated that I 
feel almost as happy as if I were at home. Yet, 

I often think of the coming vacation with not 
a little eagerness, and long to meet you arid my 
dear mother. I remain, my deaT fatheT, 

Yout affectionate and gTatefu.1 son, 

WilberF.Ward. 


f»MOro />r*co#Y XtA'oi AtTTTTSTT 


174 





























































*5} 


^TpTyfrn.j^ 






iimuMiuiiu ti»* < 


LETTEBS.Te 1 ^' 




'e.Tkcn v^Tk ao < b\‘^^. 

Deserted Dolet,Wyo., Apt7,19—. 

SaVwv. 

I cannot Hnd woids to express the pleas¬ 
ure I felt on receiving your letter, after 
the long, long months of silence on youT 
part. You, who live in civilized communities, 
cannot realize the intense pleasure we home¬ 
less vagabonds feel in reading a fetteT from 
out loved ones faT away. A letteT from you 
always brings the bright sunshine to my 
heaTt, making me happy foT days and weeks. 

DeaT sisteT, if you could Tealize how bit¬ 
ter is my disappointment on the arrival of 
each mail, when I enquire fOT a letteT and 
the answer is,"Nothing foT you,sir’,’ I am 
sure you would not continue putting off 
WTiting till tomorrow. 

There are thousands of Tough fellows in 
this country, whose long isolation from wo¬ 
man’s society and influence has made them 
uncouth -in theiT marmeTS, but whose Hearts 
aTe as warm and true. as in early -youth,and 
who love and treasure the memory of those 
Ht away with an intensity undreamed of 
by those who pass therr lives surrounded by 
loving friends and relatives. 

May all blessings be yours, and remember 
there is no mail from the East in which I do 
not expect to find a letter from my sister 
Yout loving brother, 

, James Oso-ooo. 

WT^tk TQ ^SkkfkY^Tk. 


Smithfield, 0., Nov. 10,19— 
kbtvc {yyaVcoss/.—M other has just informed me 
of the delightful fact that we are to have a 
visit from you during the Christmas holidays 
and that you will bring foT out loving embra¬ 
ces what I have always lonqed to possess — 
a sister. It seems that I can hardly wait the 
weeks that must intervene before embracing your 
Edna, and assuring heT of my sisterly affection. 

You may imagine that we were veiy much 
astonished, but I assure you that we have all of¬ 
ten speculated on the perfections of thefairMiss 
Edna, who occupied so much of youT time 
thought, and space in your letters.. 

Will you give my warm love to your Edna, 
and tell heT, that although peTsonly a stranger, 
I am a most loving sister to any one who claims 
the heart of my deaT bTotheT Ambrose. 

Yout choice must be a worthy one, and 
believe me, I am all anxiety to welcome youT 
bride. 

Ever your loving sister. 

Emerald. 

K 'o <b\VLW^.. 

Columbia, S.C., Ju-ly 13,19- 
^m\n\rc\v.— I am quite at-a loss to con¬ 
jecture the cause of your silence, as I am un¬ 
willing to believe you have entirely torqottev 
me, ot that there is any decline in your af¬ 
fection ot regard. It is now more than three 
months since I received a letteT from you, and 
in the meanwhile I have formed many theories 
in oTdeT to account foT your long epistolary 
silence. .Have you been sick, or what has been 
the matter? Do let me Hear from you as soon 


as you can. I am anxious to know how you 
progress, and tmst I shall soon have the pleas¬ 
ure of hearing from you. I remain,deaT Emma, 
Your sincere friend, 

Julia Pressler. 

CinnabaT,Monh, June 10,19- 
^e.xxVx\e-r\&\— Accept a hasty line for your 
entertaining letter. I have been so constantly 
in motion, or in company, or indisposed,that 
I have not written one letter but of absolute 
necessity ot business since I met you that 
last morning.You have not the less lived 
in my affectionate remembrance. Instead 
of the stipulated fortnight, Mt.C hase prom¬ 
ises, us a month in the charming and grand 
Yellowstone PaTk, accompanying us on our 
excursions. When this enchanting PaTk was 
set aside to be forever the grand tourist re¬ 
sort of the people, and theiT common prop¬ 
erty, few had an idea of the endless variety 
and stupendous-grandeur of the features em¬ 
braced in this .tTact of country. Will give de¬ 
tails in my next letter We hope to return o- 
veT the Union Pacific. 

May continued prosperity and happiness be 
youTs, my deaT friend. 

Youis affectionately, 

Frances Murphy. 

k < m’ < b uvimmt. 

Newtomville,M ass.,Feb. 1,19— 

My dear son: 

Your last letteT gave us pleasure not un¬ 
mixed with pain; pleasure to heaT that you 
were well, and held in esteem by your supe¬ 
riors, and on friendly terms with those of 
y out own standing; and pain from the re 
quest which it contained. Yout mother like 
myself, feels grieved that you shoud ask 
f ot an additional allowance. You should 
consider that you have brothers and sis¬ 
ters foT whom I have also to make a previs¬ 
ion, and that if the allowance I now give to 
youfwhich is considered large) be increased, 
it must deprive us all of some of our nec¬ 
essary cumfoTts. When you reflect on this, 
deaT boy, I feel assured you will not urge 
your request. 

All your pets are well, and we guard them 
jealously foT your sake. Trusting that we 
may constantly heaT from you, 

Believe me, with our united love, 

Yout affectionate father; 

JamesWalford. 


Sante Fe.New Mex.,ApT. 1,19—. 

'avsv. 

Imagine my amazement, on coming 
to make mi; usual yearly visit at grandma’s, 
to find you married and gone! By some strange 
mischance your caTds.did not reach me,and 
on the supposition of each of the aunts and cous¬ 
ins that some one of the others had written -me 
all about it’, I have been left in entire ignorance 
of the momentous event. 

Can you wonder that I have never sent a 
line of congratulation, or the* tiniest token of 
my love? And it was Walter! I always thought 
it would be Walter who would cmy oft my 
dear little cousin, though she was so shy about 
it. With best wishes and much love, I am 
x Yout affectionate cousin, 

Clan. 


Salem, Ore., Jan. 10,19—. 

Tear Chloe: 

Yout letter describing the christen¬ 
ing of the wee treasure has just reached me. 

I cannot tell you how deeply gratified and 
touched I was that you have named the dar¬ 
ling foT me, and my only regTet is that I 
could not be present to stand as heT godmoth 
eT. 

It was venj kind in Julia to be willing 
for heT ffrst child to be named after youT 
sisteT, and I will write to. her to-day. 

Thank you for your wish to have me with 
you. As soon as vacation fre'Cs me foT a lime 
from my teaching duties I shall certainly 
pay you a visit. 

Kiss my dear littlf namesake foT me. I send 
by to-day’s express a silver cup that I hope 
you will accept for her. 

Lovingly eveT, 

Cynthia. 

vwm wmi 

LaTamie,Wyo.,April 29,19 — 
'vt^.K'a^.xwiNW.-lt grieves me very much that 
you again Have so far forgotten your home 
lessons, your mother’s teachings, and your fath¬ 
er’s pTide in you, as to have "habitually fre¬ 
quented the bar-room and gambling saloon - 
not once noi twice, out informant says, but 
every evening for weeks. 

Edward, my deaT, deaT boy, pause while 
there is yet time, and think of the utteT de¬ 
struction of body and soul to which you are 
hastening. You must be aware of the fearful 
risk you are running, and I implore you to 
Stop where you are.. 

I have been weeping all day, and yout fath¬ 
er looks as if ten years had been added to his 
life since that dreadful letter came this morning. 
If your love torus is so faT gone that our team 
and pTayeTs will not arrest you, then re -mem¬ 
ber that there is a Higher PoweT, a G-od of infi¬ 
nite love to a repentent sinner, but a Bod of 
vengeance to those who willfully abuse his 
qoodness. 

May G-od bless and strengthen you,my 
deaT son, and that he may lead you back into 
virtue's path is the eamest.pTayeT of 
Yout loving mother, 

Melrose Balowin. 

Vv SOVk. 

Pierre,S.O.,Feb. 3,19- 

DEAR Mother: 

As f have been writing to you 
so regularly since G-eoTge was taken ill, it can¬ 
not come to you as a surprise that the doctoT 
gives rr.>» very little hope of hisrecoveTy, yet 
he does not think he is in immediate danger..In 
deed the nature of his disease warrants him 
in saying he will pTobably have a very long 
illness, whether he gets well ornot, 

UndeT such circumstances I think it may 
be a comfort to you to come here foT as long 
a time as may be convenient to yourself, and 
be with him. Veru often since his appetite has 
failed, he has said to me,“if I could have one 
of mother’s biscuits’— ot some other nice 
dish—"I could eat itr f have told him of this 
letter, and if you will write that you will,as 
Cady as convenient, come, I will tell George. 

Yout affectionate daughter, 

Flora. 


175 






















B fetegTl i 






, r rV> n ry-> o n ro P> « CQ ^ OO ? Of 1 T ft 






■^..ms 


i sO o 00 o Lu o cXj 


^Jll the blessedness, all the utility, ef¬ 
ficacy, and happiness of the married 
state, depend upon its truthfulness, 
ot the wisdom ot the union. Letters 
of this character which are written 
n sincerity and good faith, need but few 
suggestions as to their composition. The 
form should accoid with the general form 
on friendship, and theiT preparation should 
be more careful than any other, as no oth¬ 
ers *Te so thoroughly read and Te-Tead,and 
carefully laid away and preserved. As there 
aTe times when the writer would give for¬ 
tunes to possess a'love letter'm order to destroy 
it, great caution and deliberation aTe necessa¬ 
ry in their composition. 

The following forms aTe given as models, 
and may be of service to the WTiten 

Kmw KVVWt. 

Atlanta, lnd„Jan. 10,19—. 

My//earM/ssWfiso7r:- The burning love which 
consumes my heart must find expression 
in writing to you. I cannot pouT out the 
aident devotion which consumes me, while 
in youT presence, as then I am dumb. I fear 
that oftentimes you have thought me stupid 
and dull, while I was only intoxicated with 
youT lovingness, and listening witheageT de- 
,- ght to the music of youT matchless voice. 

I think you must ere now have seen that 
love you with all the anloT and devotion of 
a first true love, yet I pine for a smile to bid 
me hope, a word of encouragement to save 
me from despair, 

Will you grant that smile? Will youspeak 
that word? I anxiously await your answer. 

Youts devotedly, 

William Bishop. 

No.10 Pine St.,St.Louis, Mo., 
Oct. 29, 19— 

My fiearM/ss fZ/swor/h:- It is now moTe 
than two yeaTS since I had the great and high¬ 
ly appreciated pleasure of being received a t 
youT house. During all this time I will frankly 
confess that one attraction, and lateT, one sbong 
hope, have been drawing me eveT to youT res¬ 
idence, and I need scarcely add that your own 
dear self was the attraction, the desire of win¬ 
ning youT favorable regard my hope. 

Have I been successful? Has the deep, faith¬ 
ful love that I feel foT you any response in 
yom heart? Upon your answer hangs all my 
hope of happiness in the future, for mine is 
not the fleeting fancy of an hour,but the true, 
abiding love that is founded upon respect and es¬ 


teem. Yout own maidenly dignity has kept your 
heart so securely hidden from me that I scame 
ly venture to hope I have a place there, but I 
feel I cannot endure suspension any longer,so 
write to win ot lose all. 

If you will be my wife, it will be thepTide 
of my life to tTy to shield you from all sorrow, 
and to give you all the happiness that a ten- 
den loving husband can bestow upon his first 
ana only love. 

Hoping to hear from you soon, 

I am with Tespect and devotion, 
Youts faithfully, 

&eoTe H. Lowe. 
TO k'bbNl. 

No.79 Grant Ave., St.LouTs, 
Nov. I, 19— 

My fiearMr. Zone:- Yout kind and manly 
letteT opens my eyes to the fact that what 
I believed to.be only a warm friendship is a 
stronger feeling. I see that it would be a pain 
to me to lose your visits and presence,and 
that such love as you promise your wife would 
make me vena happy, toil see that I answeiyou 
frankly, deeming it wmng to trifle with such 
affection as you offeT me. 

I have shown youT letteT to my parents, 
who desbe me to say that they will be pleas¬ 
ed to have uou call this evening to see them. 

With kindest regards, I am 
EveT yours truly, 

Minnie tllswoTth. 

No.79 Grant Ave.,St. Louis, 
Nov. I, 19— 

Mt. GeoTge H. Lowe, 

Dear t f/>v—Y out letter has occasioned me 
the deepest pain, for I feel that I have, uncon¬ 
sciously, led you to a hope which I can never 
make a Tealjty. I bust that you will believe 
that it was in no spirtt of coqueby that I 
encouraged your frequent visits, but be¬ 
cause I valued your friendship veTy highly, 
and believed that I was to you only a friend. 
Your kind and manly letteT, which I shall 
ever regard as a sacred confidence,has shown 
me my enoTj but while I Cannot Tetum the 
sentiments which it.contains, I deeply ap¬ 
preciate the honor which you dome. 

I bust that your love is not so deep, that 
your real happiness is injured by mu rejec¬ 
tion, but that you will find some other heart 
that will beat rcsponsive to your own. 

Hoping that I may still Tetain your friendship, I am, 
EveT youT triend, 

• Minnie Ellsworth. 


Chicaqo,III.,OCT. 1,19- 

My fieares/frn/'/y.- 

How qneved I am that you should think, 
me capable of wavering in my affection toward 
you, ot of wilfully inflicting a slight upon 
one in whom my whole hope of earthly happi¬ 
ness is centred. Believe me, my attentions to 
Miss Elliot were neveT intended for anything 
more than common courtesy. My long and inti¬ 
mate acquaintance with her brother and my 
knowledge of heT amiable character, as well as 
the circumstance of her being a comparative 
stranger to the Granger’s, weTe my sole rea¬ 
sons foT my paying more attention to her than 
I would otherwise have done. 

Rest confident in the belief that my affection 
f ot you is as unchanged as my rcgrebis qTeit 
that I should eveT have given you cause to doubt 
it, and believe me, dearest Emily, 

Youts, ever sincerely and devotedly, 

* Alexander Gibson. 

WVOWVtO'O's YOMY YYYXYY. 

Atlanta, Ga.,Dec.l,l9-. 

Dear Miss DaniELs: 

Delicacy and modesty cause me to adopt this 
mode of approach to onefoT whom I cherish 
sentiments of the warmest esteem and admira¬ 
tion. Do not be startled at this abrupt avowal,as 
it is not the expression of mere passing emotion, 
nor the evanescent intensity of "love at fiTst 
sight” Two summers ago I fiTst had the pleasure 
of seeing you, and last winteT of meeting and 
conversing with you. My impressions of the 
graces of your person and character being thus 
formed bom personal observation, and particu¬ 
larly as I am not altogether unknown to you, 
you may naturally think it would be more 
manly and sbaiqhtfoTwaTd to divulge my name 
at once — but ah! pardon me, so unworthy and 
sensitive of slight do I feel, that I could not di¬ 
vulge the whole secret of attachment in the first 
instance. Should you not despise worthy and 
honorable motives, you would confer a great hem 
ot upon one who loves you with a heartfelt 
affection, by acknowledging this to, 

Yours, veTy devotedly, 

Nicholas. 

ua/fa e. a a vo a a si r. 

Miss Daniels has received MissDaniels begs to acknowledge/ 
receipt of ‘ r NiCHOLAs”letter o) the 1st 
inst,,and to say that, if Nicholas” 
gives his real name.Miss Daniels will 
consider it an act of politeness to 
frankly state heT sentiments. 


a communication from "Nich¬ 
olas, No.7 B Street’, ’And, for 
reasons which she TeseTves 
to heTself, declines to enter 
into further correspondence. 


176 












































































■ Wrfa-tv- j&jt •&&&-: 

t^LOVE LETTERS c S!yr- 



vkvx..- 

331 Jessie St., May 4,19— 

M/ss£lia OwfA/s: 

Having qreatIy enjoyed our 
brief meeting at the residence of Mr.Walton, 
on last Monday evening, I venture to write 
to Tequest permission to call on you at your 
own residence. THouqh myself almost asbran- 
qeT in the city, Mt. Williams of Lansing, Mich, 
who is my cousin, has frequently met youT 
fathen Trusting that you will paidonthis 
liberty, and place me on your list of gentle 
men acquaintances, I am. 

Yours venj Tespectfuliy, 

Herman Lincoln. 

VOL’k'VYLS 'Vb 


r/n-onf sir. 


C'rrPAi'OPAffr.C. 


44-St,Je.l,l9- 44 —St., Je. 1,19 —. 

Mr.Hermon UncoIn, Miss Ella Owens mat- 

AearSr'r: mg it a mle to Te- 

It will give me ceive no gentlemen 
much pleasure to see you at visitors upon such 
our residence next Thursday brief acquaintance, 
evening. My father desiTes me begs to decline the 
to state that he is very favor honoT of Mt. Lin 
ably impressed with your coin coin’s visits, 
in, in consequence of which he Herman Lincoln, Esq 
will be pleased to continue 
youT acquaintance. 

Yours truly, 

Ella Owens. 

Mt. Munson presents his regards to Miss Uhl, 
and solicits the pleasure of heT company to join 
a small party intending to pass the day at lin¬ 
den Park, on Thursday next (17th). Carriages 
will be in waiting at 8 o’clock,A.M..Thursday, 
May nth. 

FA POSt A B/S. 

Miss Uhl accepts with 
pleasure Mt. Munson's ver 
y kind invitation for 
a drive to Linden Park 
on Thursday next. 


UrvPA VOBABte. 

Miss Uhl resets that, 
owing to a previous en¬ 
gagement, she is unable 
to accept Mr Munson’s 
kind invitation for a 
drive to Linden Park on 
Thursday next. 

Thursday, June 4,13-. 

L. J. lew/s, £sq. 

Oear Sir:- I tTust you will not consider 
my conduct Tash ot presumptuous, or wanting 
in respect to yourself ot family, when I explain 
my object in addressing you at this time, and, 
a? the matteT is one which very neaTly con¬ 
cerns my happiness, let me request youT kind 
attention and forbearance. 

Having had the pleasure of frequently meet¬ 
ing your daughter. Miss Claia, I have been 
so impressed with heT amiability of disposi¬ 
tion, heT lady-like manners and accomplishments, 
that my feelings of friendship have Tipened 
into sincere and honorable attachment. I 
presume that my character and posit i-on in 
society are so well known to Miss Clara that 
I may be spared the disagreeable eqotism of 
referring to them moTe minutely. 

As reqaTds 4 my worldly circumstances,my 
Income from*an established and prosperous 


business is, I believe, amply sufficient for 
the purpose of meeting the expenses of house¬ 
keeping and a family in a comfortable style. 

In conclusion I have the highest satisfaction 
in assuring you that my affection foT your 
daughtet is reciprocated; and, should your¬ 
self and Mts. Lewis sanction my proposals, 
I shall eveT esteem it a privilege, as well as 
a duty, to promote your daughters happi¬ 
ness, thereby doubtless securing .my own. 

An earty Teply will qreatly oblige, 

Yours, very respectfully, 

Eli C. Crowe. 

FAPOBAB/F. 


June 6,19-. 

My Dear Mr. Crowe: 

I very 

highly appreciate the man¬ 
ly and honorable way in 
which you have addressed 
me in reference to mi) daugh¬ 
ter ClaTa. 

Believing youto be hon¬ 
est, mdustTious,imbHu>us 
to do well, and possessed 
of excellent moral charac¬ 
ter, I unite with Mts. 
Lewis in the belief that 
out darling child may vev 
y safely trust heT happi¬ 
ness to youT protecting 
caTe. 

If agreeable and conven¬ 
ient to you, we shall be 
happy to have you dine 
with us tomorrow. 

Very sincerely yours, 

L.J. Lewis. 


v/vrAyo/fASir. 

June 6, 18- 

Dear Sir: 

Highly apprecia¬ 
ting the straightforward 
and gentlemanly manner 
in which you have writ¬ 
ten me concerning a sub¬ 
ject that every parent has 
an interest in, I am com¬ 
pelled to infomr you 
that, though my daughter 
has treated you with much 
friendliness as she is ac¬ 
customed to with all heT 
friends, foT reasons we 
TeseTve to ourselves,Mrs. 
Lewis and myself regret 
to state that we feel it 
out duty to withhold out 
sanction to your propos¬ 
als. 

Fully sensible of your 
most excellent qualities, 
we unite in the wish 
that you may meet with 
a companion in every 
way calculated to ensure 
youT happiness. 

Yours respectfully, 

L.J. Lewis. 

VVJWtom *\WV VkWm Th LOt.™ 

1 ColleqeAve., May ID,I9—. 

Aft/f>earffess/e The vay kind letter which 1 
I have just received fTom your father, the ten- 
ot of which I presume is not unknown to you, 
inspires me with the hope that the thrice hap¬ 
py day, to whose advent I have long looked 
foTwaTd, cannot now be faT distant. You 
will recollect that out delightful meeting Sat¬ 
urday evening, I said so faT as my plans aTe 
concerned, there is nothing to prevent out nup¬ 
tial ceremony being performed on Thursday,May 
25th; but, of course, this is contingent on 
the day suiting your own and your rela¬ 
tives’ convenience. Remember, my deaT Bessie,I 
will regard each day as of a weekk duration ti II 
I ban call you my own; do not, then, I pTay 
you, lose an hour, but accelerate eveni arrange¬ 
ment foT that event which will permit me to 
siqn myself your affectionate husband till death; 
though meantime, believe me,my deaT Bessie, 
Yout attached and faithful, 

G-eoTqe. 

\W\T "W WV \N VksVAWvr. 


Mt. Mts.M. A.LoringeT 

ffepuesf ffre p/easure of your corrrpa op 
a/ /Ae marr/aye of /Aefr (fattyAte/} 

Emma to HenryArnold, 

ff///rsoky,Afd^J?4ff t *97, a/ &o’c/oe/r } FAf. 
ATTHEiR HOME, COLUMBUS,0. 


VLkbKV 



Marriage 

-State of- n<. 


License. 

-County of- 


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ewovix es ok ,'oeV\Neex\ Mr... 

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s\Q 1 -v.obV\^\\ow,Nxx\b«.-Y Wt qosxakXv, ok One 
N\wc\ircoL VroWvss. 

WITNESS...,CknVok <m 

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aV Vvs okV\oo,Vx\. ,yyv saW 

VoxxxxVo^VYwx ok-'-.,V.V., 

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k>ovmvt Vvono. 


State of. 


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ok.. 


SEAL. 



^Vorrrscxv or\V\NO- 
man •xWvxvo, Wo \os- 
V\oo or rrthrvviVoT 
nn\\\ sv^VoXVorovdk 
tc Will youhavethis 
woman to be your 
wedded wife,to live 
together after God’s 
ordinance, in the ho 
ly estate of Matrimo¬ 
ny, to love heT, com¬ 
fort her, honor and 
keep her, in sickness 
and in health, and forsaking all others,keep 
thee only to her, so long as you both shall livef, 
W\W svo, Xo V\\o Vsiomwtv 
'■‘‘Will you have this man to be your wedded Hus¬ 
band, to live together afteT God’s ordinance, in the 
holy estate- of Matrimony, to love, honoT,and keep 
him, in sickness and Ln health, and forsaking all 
others keep thee only to him so long as yguboth 
shall live?’’ 

kVW^arkVs vwn trWa,\r\ Wt s.kk\r'w,r5Cwt,V\\t 
rrtWwXtr 'rtxkkkrx^wrw.VVkvxrwVq V*\rv Vx^rxtxS, 
vc\k \m\W %avy.V 

"By the act of joining hands you rake upon yan>- 
selves the relation of husband and wife, and solemn¬ 
ly promise and engage, in the presence of these 
witnesses,to love,honor,comfort and cherish each 
other as such, so long as you both shall live, therefore, 

in accordance with the laws of the State of-. 

I do hereby pronounce you husband and wife.” 

*3=* f//fe o/ose of Me ceremony /Ae fas 3i»d 
sfoa/fof/a/'n from /fe off/c/e//>y me?Ss/r<it& 
e A/irr/oye Cert/f/c<i£e, as proof of//re marr/ape. 
fn case of rrecessf/t/ rvAerr rmrr/rrftp apofAercao/rs). 

Ha ■ana.’kth _ 


177 
























































Jot a vacant position 
observe the following suggestions: 
1 Yout letter will be used as 


a criterion by which to judge 
of your fitness to fill the po¬ 
sition. 

2. Write with extra care, 
on good plain note or letter papeT 
with envelopes to match, and be as 
brief as is consistent with perfect 
clearness. 

3. State what advantages you. have 
enjoyed,and express your intention of 
honestly endeavoring to perform the 
duties required, but make no mention of 
your character ot qualifications, as these 
will be learned from youT testimonials and ref¬ 
erences. 

4. Write immediately afleT hearing of 
the vacant position, or Teading the adver¬ 
tisement. 

5. If answering an advertisement, give the 
name of the papeT in which the advertisement 
appeared, and neatly paste the advertisement-at 
the head of the sheet upon which you write. 

6. Enclose a of any testimonials you 
may have. 

7. Enclose a postal card ot stamp for the 
reply, not stating that the stamp is for the 
Teply. 

8. In applying for a-position as teacher, do 
-not sign your name with a degree attached, 
but if a graduate mention the institution. Do 
not ask foT a Teply. The letteT should be full 
and explicit, but all boasting avoided. 




Annapolis,Md.,Feb. I,19—. 

Messrs. 8.4C., 

Baltimore,Md. 

&e-w\Vmer\\— In reference to the above ad 
veTtisement, which appeared in to-day’s Ex¬ 
aminer, I respectfully offer my services. At 
present I am assistant book-keeper in the 
employ of Messrs. Boyd<€ Co., of this city, 
but desire advancement. I am perfectly fa¬ 
miliar with the duties of the position ap¬ 
plied foT, and am at liberty to TefeT you to 
my present employers, who will, I think, 
satisfactorily answeT any questions, as to 
my character an<f qualifications. 

VeTy respectfully, 

Oliver Rhodes. 




APPLICATION: 






C.C. 


San Francisco,May I, |9 —. 


Box 793 P.0. 
c b\v.- | would respectfully apply for t he 
position advertised in to-day’s Chronicle. I am 
fouHeen years old, reside with my parents at 
1417 Oak Street, and TefeT you to the H.S.Man- 
ning Co., from whom I received the enclos¬ 
ed testimonial. 

Very truly, 

Walter LaFeber. 




Indianapolis, March 2.7,19—. 

< bVc. 

. I take the earliest opportunity ot re¬ 
plying to the enclosed advertisement. 

I have been for the last three years in the em¬ 
ploy of Poke 4 Co., Dry Goods Dealer,97 Ash street, 
until the dissolution of theiT firm. I beg to refer 
you to Mt. A.C.Cue, of the firm of Cox 4 Co., 1519 
Noe St., for testimonialyshouJd you entertain mg appli¬ 
_Yburobedient servant, Tr.x.eW.luams. 


Reading, Pa., J ul y 27,19 —. 
3. C.G., Call Office. 

’Ae.s.^ecXeA \Aatew.— In answer to the 
above advertisement which appeared in to¬ 
day’s Call, I beg to offer my services for 
the situation. I have been in my present 
place, at Mrs. Borell’s, No. 16 Bush St., tor 
two yeaTS, and am leaving on account of 
the removal. of MTs.Bozell to New Yoik. Mts. 
Bozell permits me to Tefer to her for recom¬ 
mendation. 

I have a great fondness for children, and 
have had the caTe of them for seven years. 
Should you engage-me, I shall spare no ef¬ 
forts to please you, 

Youts very respectfully, 

Anna Dunn. 




Topeka, Kan., Nov. 13,19- 

Competent, 

Box 174, Journal Office. 

Seeing youT advertisement in to-day’sJour 
nal, I respectfully apply foT the situation. I 
am a single man twenty-eight years of age, 
and have had ten years experience in the 
caTe and driving of hoTses. 

I am permitted to refer to A.R.Bentleu<C 
Co., 1741 East St.; C.C.ShortTidqe 4 Co., 2.17 
Hayes Ave.; Mts. H.C.Merrill, 612 Olive St. 
Yout veTy obedient servant, 
Malcomb Collier, 

No. 17 Cheny-St. 


0 Y\. 


M i I waukee,Wis., Dec. 10,19—. 
Mrs. A. &. Walton, 

Yf\a&aw.- From to-day’s Times 
I take the above advertisement, and respect¬ 
fully apply for the situation. 

I have been with my present mistress, Mts. J. 
M.WhisleT, for two years, but she is going to re¬ 
move to Chicago. I shall Temain with Mts. 
WhisleT a few days longer, and you may TefeT 
to l*T«tornycapacrty.^ TO ^, u|lyi 


’ Ann Cue. 




Richmond, Va.,Feb. 1,19—. 

MRs.H.L.Gasho, 

Yves.'qe.OveA \AaAvwv.-In reply to the above 
advertisement, I beg to state that I am oblig¬ 
ed to leave my present eituation.asMrs.Ad- 
ams, my present mistress, is about to break 
up housekeeping, and I should like to apply 
for the situation you offer. I have been at 
the house of MTS.Adams for six years,and 
she will answeT any questions relative to 
my industry and trustworthiness. 

Yours veTy respectfully, 

Rose McCarthy. 




Wheeling,W.Va., Aug. 5,19— 
H.H.,Smithfield,0. 

Seeing the above advertisement In the En¬ 
terprise CN.Y.l, I should like to secure the sit¬ 
uation for myself and wife, if the location 
is a healthful one, and the salary is satisfac¬ 
tory. I understand farming and the care of 
stock, and my wife is a good housekeeper 
and laundress. We enclose copy of testimo¬ 
nials received fTom- last employer. Should you 
engage us, we shall tTy to do out duties in 
all Tespects. 

Youts respectfully, 

594 Pine St. Joseph Huntinoer. 


Vt\ 


Chieago,III.,Oct.4,l9—. 
Messrs. Blount4 Picken, 

—Without wishing to trespass 
upon youT valuable time, permit me. to ask 
your consideration of a subject which to me 
is of urgent necessity,namely, the question 
of an increase in salary. I have now been with 
you two years, in which time you have 
doubtless determined upon my disposition 
and ability to do the work required of me, 
and, in calling your attention to this sub¬ 
ject, I do so under the belief that it has es¬ 
caped youT notice in the more pressing 
demands upon your time. In the perform¬ 
ance of my duties, 1 have eveT tried to be 
prompt and accurate. I trust my effotfs have 
met with your approval, and,therefore,that 
you will regard this matter as liberally as possibfc 
Very respectfully, 

G-eor&e Jonson. 


R ochester, N. Y., A uq. 1,19 —. 
Rev. J.R.Jaquez, ’ 

. ^<lvc %Vv.- DesiTimg to apply foT a posi¬ 
tion as teacher in Snell Seminary in this 
city,I would be greatly obliged if you would kind 
ly favor me with a testimonial as to my char¬ 
acter, ability, and conduct rn Boston Normal School. 
Should you consider me fitted for the position,yen 
will confer a great favar by interesting yourself in 

my behalf. y 0UT o^g-nt servant, . _ 

Alice Cook. 


178 














































































^ A P PlilG^TK)NS^?r^ 


jw— 


SrOV 

Vicksburg,Miss., Feb. 3,19—• 
Mrs. T.J. Hancock, 

Yenx \M.&axw.—From to-day’s Times 
take the above advertisement, and would 
state that I am anxious to obtain such 
position as you often For the last seven 
years I have been teaching in the Peabody 
Seminary, and the dosing of that institution 
last December necessitates me to seek anoth 
er position. 

Mt.C.H. Henry, Principal of the. seminary,per¬ 
mits me to refeT to him. While in the semi¬ 
nary I taught the Higher branches of English 
studies, French, and Latin. 

Hoping that I -may hear from you soon, 

I am, madam, 

Very respectfully, 

MamieC.Frank. 

VNNi'bVu TYVT>Wto\. 

Xenia,lnd.,Sept. 1,19—, 

Judge C.B.Little, 

%‘w.— | have to-day learned that you 
wished to secure the services of a competent, 
music teacher, and WTite to offer myself as 
a candidate Lot the situation. 

I am a graduate of the Chicago Conservato¬ 
ry of Music, and have devoted my time espec¬ 
ially to the study of the piano, guitaT, and 
vocal music. The enclosed testimonial is a 
copy from the original given by Prof.MoTe, 
my -teacher in the Conservatory. 

I am, sir, 

Very respectfully, 

(Miss)&ERTIE&RIFFlN. 

Bowllna Green, Ky.,June 1,19-. 
Mr. A. B. Lambert, 

SupZ. Pud. Sc boo/s, Pd(/uZca,ffy. 

%Vc.— I should like to secure a position 
in the schools of .your city. My present 
term of teaching in the schools of this 
jlace will close June 23rd, after which time 
would be ready to enter upon work in 
new field. 

I have, for several years, taught the' 
Intermediate Department here, where I can 
remain should I so desire. I enclose a letter 
from the Board of Directors here, and re¬ 
fer you also to Prof.A.F.Armstrong, Prin¬ 
cipal of out schools. 

I would prefer an intermediate room, 
but would not object to any temporary ap¬ 
pointment, trusting to my work and the 
changes that naturally occur to make my 
position satisfactory. 

Hoping that I may hear from you at 
an early date, I remain. 

Very respectfully, 

(Miss) Minnie Cobs. 

mmm to m. 

Springfield, Mo., Aug. 1,19—. 

To the Honorable Board of Education. 

CxtwWtrxvR.w.— I Have just learned from 
a friend in your city that the position of 
superintendent of your schools is vacant, 
and if the position has not been filled, I 


desire to make application for the same, 
am a graduate of the Indiana State Nor¬ 
mal School, and subsequently graduated 
at the Missouri State University. I Have 
had six years experience in teaching,and 
am now principal qf the High School in 
this city, but desire a more advanced po 
sition. 

Yours respectfully, 

J. ft. Montcalm. 


ION. 


Columbus, Ohio, Jan. 1,19—. 


Secretary of the Treasury, 

Washington, D.C< 

Sir: 

I beg to submit herewith my application 
foT a position as clerk in the Department of 
the Treasury of the United States, and as k 
your favorable consideration of it. 

I am proficient in the branches of an or¬ 
dinary English education,and am an ex¬ 
pert accountant. This letter will show you 
the character of my handwriting. 

I enclose a number of-references from 
qenilemen well known to you. 

Should you. be pleased to give me a po 
sion in your OepaTtment, I will strive by 
diligent and faithful application to deserve 
your approval, and to discharge to the best 
of my ability the duties of the position to 
which I may be assigned. 

Hoping to receive a favorable answer, I 
have the honoT to be, 

Yout obedient servant, 

Richard Howard. 

^o<b\T\cm. 

Ar07ff dZre ftimyofny nroefe/s, any orcZfna 
n/Vy fnieZZfyeni person s/rouZcf de enj- 
6/ecZ, diy su/fadZy mo&Zfy/ny fde pZ?rase- 
oZoyy, do wrZZe .an appZZcat/on Zor any 
posZZZon vvdaZeoe?: 



Minneapolis,Minn.,Feb.l,l9—. 
To nnYoxxvYl -wvo, coxnc.raxv. 

The bearer,'Mr. James F. Daily, is person¬ 
ally known to me as a young man of ster¬ 
ling worth. As a member of society, he,being 
of good family,is highly esteemed. He is a 
graduate of the Polytechnic Institute, and as 
a student distinguished Himself for his dil¬ 
igence, accuracy,integrity, and conscientious 
discharge of every duty. His moTal chancier 
is unimpeachable; a thorough student, an 
indefatigable worker, arid a man of exten¬ 
sive reading. Feeling confident he will spare 
no efforts to work out success in whatever 
he undertakes, I can cheerfully -recommend 
him to any position to which he aspires. 

VeTy respectfully, 

&EORGE C.SMOLLETT. 

Greeley,Col.,Sept. 9,19 —. 

Col. P.D.Ross, 

President Board of Trustees. 

^e.fcr's’w. — I take pleasure in recommending 
to your favorable consideration the application 


of Miss Magqie Hunter far the position of 
teacher at Buena Vista. 

Miss Hunter is a graduate of the State Nor¬ 
mal School, and foT the past two yeais h as 
taught a school in this place. My children 
have been among her pupils, and their prog¬ 
ress has been entirely satisfactory to me. 

Miss Hunter is a strict disciplinarian, an 
excellent teacher, and is thorougholy compe¬ 
tent to conduct the school foT which she ap¬ 
plies. Trusting that you may see fit to be¬ 
stow upon her the appointment she seeks, I 

aTT1 ’ Very respectfully yours, 

Henry C.Bishop. 

'oKYVbVNKW. 

Seattle,Wash.,May 14,19—. 
Messrs. Dodd, Meao <£ Co., 

^er\V\rc<\9xv. 

The bearer,MT.B.F.Smith, being 
desirous of obtaining employment as a clerk 
ot salesman in your house, I take great pleas¬ 
ure in cornmendinq him to your fullest con¬ 
fidence both as to ability and energy. 

He has been known to me foT many years, 
and has uniformly been a man of coned hab¬ 
its, irreproachable character, and decided business 
ability. He is a qood aeco’untant, and punct¬ 
ual and faithful in his attention to business, 

With perfect confidence in him, I shall at 
any time cheerfully respond to any application 
regarding his character and abilities. 

Very truly yours, 

J.T.Atkinsontol 

PeoTia,III.,Nov.'29,l9—. 
Messrs.Winchester <€ Co., 

Chicago, III. 

CjexvWexxxexv.—The bearer, Mt. frank C.West, 
who is now leaving out employ, ha$ been 
in out counting room foTthe past six years, 
during which time he has been faithful in 
attending to his duties, industrious in a 
High degree, and thoroughly reliable. 

He is a good penman, correct and ex 
peditious accountant, fair stenographer,and 
an excellent correspondent. 

Very truly youTs, 

The Henry Leeche Qo 

Sumitville,Pa.,Feb. 10.19—. 
The bearer, Mr. C has. Morton, has livedwith 
me the past _yeaT as a gardener. This testi¬ 
monial of his.capabilities is to certify to 
his being thoroughly competent in thecaTe 
of hot and cold graperies and greenhouses,al¬ 
so understanding floriculture and vegetable gar¬ 
dening. During his stay with me, he has ver- 
y satisfactorily performed his duties, and Is 
good-natuted and trustworthy. 

Charles G-ecw&e. 

J amestown,N.D.,Dce.l, 19 
Messrs. Howard •€. Co., 

Fargo, N.D. 

Ore.nY\c.xx\«Tv.—The beareT, MT.AIva Baker, 
has been employed by us for the past two 
years, and has faithfully performed all the 
duties devolving upon him. He understands 
the receiving and shipping of goods, is a ver 
y fair penman, and a good marker. 

We are, yours tmly, * 

Hare<£ Perkin&s. 


179 


































Bozeman, Mont..Feb.1,19—. 
Mr.&.H.Sheldon, 

,^e.w ‘bvx*. — Your kind note,containing 
a list of the dates and statistics you. promis¬ 
ed me, has just reached me, saving me many 
long hours of troublesome TeseaTch.Thank 
you most earnestly foT the trouble you- 
have taken, and the immense assistance you 
have been to me. i 

Truly your friend, 

MinnicDankirk. 

k^\!\ < bOVv\. 

Oakland, Cal.,May I0,i9—. 
lW\w.- Judging by the tone 
of your letter of the 4th inst., you aTe 
becoming veng intimate with Ed.Nesbitt, 
and it grieves me to note it. 

My dear boy, I am an old man,and in 
a long life of observation, I have never seen 
a young person made happieT ot better by 
association with men whose character would 
not beaT investigation. Such a man is Ed.Nes- 
bitt. 

He has no profession ot trade, refuses fo give 
any account of his previous life, and came to 
youT city from nobody knows where. H i s 
money is spent with profusion; he rides fast 
hoTses, and weais flashy jeweby, with showy 
clothing; and his language betrays low origin 
and an .imperfect education. 

There is sound warning in the old proverb,' rf A 
man is known by the company he keepsj’and 
I would not have you judged foT being the 
companion of Ed. Nesbitt. 

I believe this to be a matter of vital impor¬ 
tance fo you, and beg that you give it consid¬ 
eration, believinq it to be kindly meant. 

EveT your sincere friend, 

John Coden. 

Bush Grove,Ind., Sep.3,19—. 

It is my painful task to make 
the announcement to you of the death of 
youT sisteT Henrietta fchis morning at eight 
o’clock. The news, deeply as if will grieve you, 
cannot come as a surprise, as youT sister has 
been failing so steadily and rapidly since she 
came heTe, and it should comfort you to know 
that she was fully conscious of the fatal char¬ 
acter of her illness, and pTepaTed with Chris¬ 
tian fortitude to pass the poTtals that must 
open foT us all. Aunt MaTy will mile full partic¬ 
ulars in a day oTtwo. , 

~ . I am, with deepest sympathy. 

Your sincere friend, 

. _ Mattie Bolton. 


KV 0 \_ 0 QrY. 

Chautauqua,N.Y.,Oct. 2.9.19—. 
YAv; VKrs. O’&owtvwV. 

I write to apologize for 
my failure to keep my appointment with you 
yesterday. I was dTessed and just tying my 
bonnet strings, when Emma scalded heTSelr 
90 badly that I was obliged to attend to her 
needs, and by the time I had heT comforta¬ 
bly in bed with the bums properly dressed, 
it was faT too late to hope to meet ..you. 

I Tegiet extremely having broken my engage¬ 
ment, but trust you will undeT the circum¬ 
stances paTdon me. - r 
Most truly yours, 

Ella McComben. 

Peach Orchard, Mich.,Feb. 1,19-. 

Mrs.C.D.Abbey, 

\Sur YAsAxw. 

I trust you will not consider 
me intrusive if I make complaint to you a- 
bout youT semnt, but I have spoken quietly 
to her and received such an insolent reply 
that I am compelled fo apply to you. 

The girl is in the habit of throwing ovei the 
connecting fence,into my yaTd, evenj kind of 
dirt, fruit skins and stones, Tags, papers, and 
the sweepings, which she deliberately brushes 
from the dust pan from ijout back windows. 
I am very Teluctarit to make any complaint, but 
my own giri veiy naturally is Indignant that 
all her efforis to keep the yard tidy are wasted., 
and my effort to settle the matter without any 
trouble to you was met only by impertinence. 

Will you kindly exert your authority to pre¬ 
vent a\.y further trouble, and paTdon me for 
any annoyance I may cause you? 

Veng tmly yours, 

Nelly Sumner. 

Trenton, N.J.,Nov. 10,19-. 

YAv^ Vr\ex\A - . 

It is with deepest sorrow I 
have just heard of your sudden beTeave- 
ment, and I write at once that you may 
know my heartfelt sympathy is yours. I 
know how great your loss is, and in your 
bereavement it will at first be haTd to see a- 
ny comfort in such a dispensation, but you 
may later be thankful that the lost one was 
spared all suffering, all the trying illness 
that makes the parting still moTe painful. 

I will not now intrude upon your privacy, 
but trust that if I can be of any service, you 
will accoTd me the privilege of an old friend, 
and command me freely. ,, . . 

7 Yours most sincerely, 

_____ AlbertCue. 


Stockvale,May 3,19—-. 

Mr.R.H.Hilton, 1 > 

My Dear Friend? 

It was with most sin¬ 
cere pleasure that I heard of the large sale and 
great popularity of youT last book, and that youT 
success as an authoT seems assured. I have ex¬ 
pected this would be so eveT since I sat up all 
night to read the copy you so kindly sent 
me, for I thought it contained all the elements 
necessary to make a useful and successful.book, 
but it is veiy pleasant to find an appreciative 
public of the same opinion. 

Wishing you still further advancement 
upon the road you have chosen, believe me, 
Most sincerely youTS, 

fiAOiEWyly. 

Read i ng, Pa., J an. 3,19 —. 
Messrs. Dodd, Meade ^ Co., 

New York. 

-. — Please allow Mt.C.H.G ibson 
a dedit foT such selections as he may make, 
to an amount not exceeding one thousand 
dollaTs(#l,000), foT ninety days. We will be¬ 
come responsible to you foT the payment of 
the same should Mt.G ibson neglect to do so 
at the pjopeT time. 

Be kina enough to inform us of the a- 
mount foT which you give him credit, with 
date it becomes due; also,in default of pay¬ 
ment, forward notice immediately. 

We remain, youTS veTy tmly, 
MnOibson’s signature. ChuRCHIll<?Co. 

C. H.&IBS0N. 

Chicago,III., April 30,19—. 

Having visited all out rel¬ 
atives here, t seat myself to convey to you 
some idea of this wonderful city,in many 
Tespects one of the most remarkable or the 
face of the earth, having a population of 
upward of 2,000,000. You have heard so 
much of the city that / must give you a 
briet sketch of its history. 

The fiTst white man eveT known to have 
set foot on the spot where Chicago now lies, 
was.a French missionary from Canada,nam¬ 
ed Pierre Jacques MaTquefte, who, with two 
others, having been on a missionary tour in 
the southern pari of Illinois, when homeward 
bound was detained at this p/ace in the fall 
of 1673, in consequence of the severe cold,etc. 

\eX\exs axe. \cx\oJYwij, 

Yout affectionate dau^hter^ 


ami 


ES. 


180 





















































oWcWXrv^. 

Springfield,Ill.,Nov.l5,IS—. 
IVIr. Alexander Keyes, 

9\v. 

I Have, been pointed 
one of a committee to solicit Gonationj to¬ 
ward paying the debt upon Guce Chwch. Know¬ 
ing the interest you. have always felt in the 
church, and yom liberality in so many of its 
emergencies, I wTite to ask you. to contribute 
to the present fund; hoping to meet a favora¬ 
ble response. 

I enclose the printed form, which can be re- 
enclosed to my address, and the treasurer 
will be at the church at an appointed time 
to receive the contributions. 

Hoping to heaT from you, I am, 

Very tmly 4 ours, 

A.H. Lawshee. 

SpTingfiel d, 111., Nov.H, 19 —. 
Mft. A.H.Liwshee, 

ear S>\t 

In answer to your note 
of the 15th inst. it gives me much pleasure 
to enclose my check for one hundred dollars 
($ 100 ) toward the payment of the church debt 
Wishing you every success, 

Youts venj truly, 

Alexander Keyes. 

Arcadia, lnd.,Nov.l,l9—. 

Miss Patterson: 

You will please excuseG-er- 
tTude foT non-attendance at school yesterday af 
temoon, she being detained in consequence of 
a seveTe headache. 

Veiy respectfully, 

RebekkaWilson. 

F KM 0 oW^Wvxvd^. 

Big Eye, Minn.,Sept. 1,19— 
Mr.M. A.Shei l, 

te Sat 

It is with much reluctance 
WTite to ask a favoT of you. My last quarter¬ 
ly payments of rent have been delayed, on one 
pretense ot another, and I find myself needing 
the immediate use of fifty dollars($50) and 
unable to collect it. Can you lend it to me 
foT a few days? On the first of October I have 
a large payment promised me, and win then 
Tetum the money. 

Trusting my request will be refused if it 
inconveniences you,I venture to take the liberty 
of an old friend in asking it. 

Very truly yours, 

Edward Hughes. 

’r KM OV\V^*cc\Vvc\c£\. 

Shelbyville, 0.,Nov. 17,19— 
My Dear Mrs. Jenkins: 

„ Your note asking foT the 

loan of Uncle Tom’s Cabin" has just reached 
me, and it gives me pleasure to send the book 
by your messenger. 

Hoping you may enjoy it as much as I 
did, I am, 

Ever yours, 

C.F.Mor&ann. 


V KM 0 e,cY\r\\x\c£\. 

174 Pine St.,Nov. 10,19- 
Mr.Wiluam &OOD, 

Dear Sir: 

Yout letter requesting an 
introduction to Mrs. Phi lips has just reached 
me. I regret to be obliged to refuse you, but 
my own acquaintance with Mts. Philips is 
too slight to warrant me in introducing a 
stranqeT to her. 

Very truly yours, 

Anne Bowling. 


Mr. • 


Indianapolis, lnd.,Oct. 10,19—. 


\bear 9>vr. 

The undersigned, • 


deeply TeqreUing your departure from among 
us, desire youT acceptance of the accompanying 
memorial, in testimony of out Tespect and af 
fection tot you as a gentleman and 


and as a faint expression of out appreciation 
of your kindly efforts to render out connec¬ 
tion with ---,not only pleasant 

and agreeable to ourselves, but profitable to — 


Deeply TegTetting that our connection must 
be severed, we shall gratefully remember our 
association in the past, and hope always to be 
held in pleasurable remembrance by you. 

(Signatures). 

Bellevue, Mo.,May 1,19—. 

Mr.PhiliP Brooks, 

Detroit, Mich. 

Ysevc Sat.— dt gives me great pleasure to 
introduce to you the beaieT, Mt.O.H.R oads, 
who visits'your city for the pur pose of seek¬ 
ing employment as a book-keeper He is a young 
man of good character, strict integrity, and' 
superior ability, and is entirely worthy of 
youT confidence. Believe me, I shall esteem it 
a personal favor if you will use your influ¬ 
ence in his be half. I remain, 

Yours very truly, 

Cedar Allen. 

\UM \T 

19 W. Olive St.,Jan. 10,19 —. 

MR.E.C.Walton, 

\i«.aoc9>YT—The pleasure of your compa¬ 
ny is requested to join a theater party of 
eight to see Salvini next Thursday evening 
in King Lear. The party will meet at my 
house at 7130, and Tetum after the perfor¬ 
mance to supper. 

Hoping that your engagements will per¬ 
mit you to join us, I am. 

Sincerely your friend, 

Anna Austin. 


My Dear Miss Austin: 

Your 

kind note enclosing tick¬ 
ets for Thursday evening 
has just reached me. It 
gives me great pleasure 
to accept youT invitation, 
which adds the pleasure 
of your society to that 
of the performance. 
With many thanks, 
Tmly youT friend, 
E.C. Walton. 


My Dear Miss Austin: 

Yout 

kind invitation foT me to 
make one of your theater 
paTty has just reached, 
me. I regret extremely 
that a previous engage¬ 
ment I cannot break com¬ 
pels me to decline. 

With many thanks tor 
youT kind remembrance. 

Truly your friend, 

E.C. Walton. 


W\\\A^ KVvM. 

Headquarters, Military Division of the Mississippi. 

In the Field,Manchester, Va.,May9,1865. 

OrvwE.'KKv.— I have joined my army at Man¬ 
chester, opposite Richmond, and await your orders. 
G-eneTal Wilson telegraphs, through General Scho¬ 
field, for hay and forage for 20,000 animals, 
to be sent up the Savannah River to Augusta. 
Under Secretary Stanton’s'newspaper 0 TdeTS,tak- 
inq Wilson substantially from my command, 

I wish you would give the oTdeTS necessary 
tor the case. 

W.T. Sherman, 

Lieut-General U.S.&rant, 

Y>QTT^T4«x-\rvC,V\\«\, 

Washington, D.C. 

’f’K’LVb VXNtWto, V or\ . 

Editors and printers would TegaTditas 
a qTeat favoT if you would observe the fol¬ 
lowing rules: 

I. Use black ink, white paper, wide Tuled. 

2.. Make the pages small-i size of foolscap sheet. 

3. Write on one side of the sheet only. 

4. Leave ample margin aSk o\xwk. 

5. Number the sheets in successive oTden 

6 . WTite in plain, bold hand,disregarding beauty. 

7. Use no abbreviations not to appear in print. 

8 . Punctuate as it should appear in print. 

9. Underscore once foT/&//i«ytwice,small capitals, 
three times, large CAPITALS. 

10 . Always use caret when interlining. 

I I.Use special care in writing proper names. 

l2.Review every word to see if legible. 

I3.0ive directions to printer at top of fiist page. 

14. Use separate sheet.foT pnvate letter to editon 

VmVKAWX. 

HaTTisbuTg, Pa.,Feb. 1,19— 
Friend Howard: 

I regret to hear of your sud¬ 
den and unexpected Heavy loss, ana hasten 
to offer you, not only my earnest sympa 
thy, but aid in whatever way I can assist 
you. I know your energy and hopeful spir¬ 
it too well to believe you. will allow this to 
depress ot discourage you fTom furfheT ef¬ 
fort:. 

The child learns to walk after many falls, 
and many of our richest and most prosper¬ 
ous men have attained theiT eminence and 
wealth only by the experience resulting from 
failure. 

I predict that you will build on your ru¬ 
ins a brilliant future. Let me know how 
I may se-rve you, for by so doing, I shall 
understand that you have not ceased to 
value my friendship. 

Sincerely your friend, 

SylvesteTjones. 

Chicago, III., Sepi. 1,19—. 

Mrs. Clara Wi uiams, 

1163 Market St.,San Francisco,Cal. 

Arrived safe. Like city. School full; many from 
coast. Letter to-morrow. 

|M Lester Kr 1 n&. 

T W KU Vs'b. 

Mr.C.B.Arnold, 33 &TaTlt A v«-.W4®7 

Sat- | return Herewith the copy _ of 
Tennyson you so kindly loaned me, thanking 
you heartily for the pleasure it has given me. 

Sincerely your friend, Ada c qJ( . 


r»» 


181 













































C^X*vCM-\ , 1; 




le chief Tequisites of a business 
letteT ue clearness, conciseness 
and explicitness. There should 
be nothing defective,supeiflu. 
ous, or ambiguous. In reply¬ 
ing to a letter take up the 
different items and answer 
them in the same order as they 
are contained therein. The corre¬ 
spondent should be familiar with the- 
wants of his customer and the details of 
the business he represents. It is a point of ver- 
y qneat importance that all orders given be 
cleaT and explicit. Every letter should speak, 
as it were, for itself, and qive all the necessa¬ 
ry particulars of the transaction to which it 
Tetters. 


\. 


i Pem,lnd., Nov. 1,19-. 


Messrs. Conway, Logan 4 Co., 

671 Market St., Chicago. 

Please forward to my addTess, 
by express, the following: 

‘ copy Spurgeon's Sermons.*2.00 

” WebsteTs Academic Dictionary . . 2.50 

” Pi I qTim’s Progress. 1.25 

” The Golden Dawn. 3.50 

” Soul’s Synomjmes. 2.00 


*11.7.5 

Fot which I enclose money otdeT. 

l/eiy respectfully, 

W.H.Knause. 

a. 

Jacksonville, Afa., May 1,19—. 
Messrs.Browns Howard, 

New York. 

ftvfWvTcvw.—Please send me, by express,the 
following: 

2 Lancaster Spreads t*3.50).*7.00 

3 doz. Napkins. 9.00 

12 y d s. Cal i co, w h i t e wi th pin k dot (25 c) 3.00 
12 ” ” blue >> 3.00 

I fine Lady’s hem-stitched Handkerchief. 1.00 

4 pahs Lady’s Cotton Hose(5Qc). . . . 2.00 


*25.0 0 

Collect on delivery. 

Yours truly, 

J.K. Armstrong-. 
3. fcftVATWt’ft. 

Gettysburg,Pa., Sept.9,19— 
Messrs. Walters <£ Co. 

Detroit, Mich. 

CjrrXVmw.- Please send me by express,C.O.D., 


one all wool suit, for boy ten yeaTs of age, to cost 
about Ten otT welve Dollars,also an overcoat the- 
cost of which is about Nine Dollars. Please en¬ 
close rules for self-measurement with parcel and 
oblige. 

Yo uts, etc., 

Jay M.MontichOTtis. 

A- QRKE&TQ 

Kokomo, lnd.,May 10,19— 
G-eo.H.TayloT, Esq. 

Indianapolis,In d. 

XYm S>vr.- Please deliver to the bearer, with 
bill of cost, the following: 

30 lbs. Granulated Sugar, 

10 lbs. English Breakfast Tea, 

3 I bs. Java Coffee, Toasted, not ground, 

2 boxes Ivory Soap, 

6 gals. Maple SiTup, 

I bbl. FIout, "Drifted Snow.” 

Charqe in acct.,and oblige. 

Youts, etc. 

S.T.Winfielder. 

5. OTOS&TQ 

Chico,Cal.,Nov.l,!9—. 

Mt. jas. McKee, 

San Francisco, Cal. 

S>‘w.-By Teturn mail, please send 
the following pieces of music;money Order, 
covering cost, is herewith enclosed. 

Falling Leaves,by E.C.Bliss. ... .*0.40 
Early Violets, ten shoTt pieces, by 
Goodrich, published by John. D. 

Smith, each 25c., 2.50 

Buqle Sonq, by Hymen Lloyd . . . .50 

*1T40 

Yout earliest attention will greatly oblige. 
Yours truly, 

Stephen Burnley. 

Abinqdon,lll.,0ct.l0,19—. 

A.R.Benton,Esgl. 

Chicago, III. 

^tanSiw.- I have a large quantity of fine 
apples that I would like to place in the hands 
of a good Commission Merchant in your city. 
Would you be kind enough to give my ad¬ 
dress to some good party, directing them 
to -report present state of the market, and 
advise what expense attends the hauling of 
the fruit afteT arrival? 

I am, etc., 

Martin C.Chesneal. 


~ v * FTuitville,0.,Oct.l3,19—. 

Messrs. Sumner 4 Co. 

Cincinnati,O. 

^emWvYwcrv.-Youi favor of the 8th inst. 
received. I have today shipped to your con¬ 
signment Three Hundred Barrels of Ap pies, 
(Rhode Island &Teens), by 'the C.C.C.4I. R.R.,due 
in your city, at their depot, on the 15th inst. 

Please take them in charge and sell to the 
best advantage, holdinq proceeds subject to 
my order. 

Advise me upon Teeeipt of fruit. 

I am yours, etc. 

Charles Teele. 

ft. VKSNESX 

Fome,Ga.,Jan.lO,l9—. 
Messrs.W alton<€ WhisleT, 

Atlanta,Ga. 

1 have recently leased a store 
in this place, which I am at present fitting 
up and stocking with a fine selection of 
Fancy Giocenes. Please oblige me with gout 
price list and best terms. 

I am respectfully yours, 

Joseph Arnold. 

TO 

Atlanta,Ga., Jan. 12,19—. 
Joseph Arnolo, Esa., 

Rome,Ga. 

TbmS'vx-.- Youts of the 10th inst. received. 
We enclose price list with terms marked agarnst 
the several lines. We believe you can make 
a satisfactory selection from our stock, and 
would like foT you to examine it if you can 
find it convenient to do so. It not, we shall 
endeavor to fill any oTdeT with which you 
may favoT us, agreeable with instructions. 
We shall Tequhe Bank Draft on N.Y.,for the a- 
mount of the oTdeT, or good TefeTence. 

We aTe respectfully, 

Walton <5. WhisleT. 

\mm\ NaTft 

Des Moines, I a., Jan. 1,19- 
Mr.Geo.R. Houser, 

Cl infcon, la. 

^wcftVv.- You will oblige me by stating 
that if Mt. Henry Roads, of-the firm of.W. 
C. Krtn g £ Co., of youT city, is known to 
you, and deserving of credit. 

Youts very truly, 

Seym out Bros. 


182 








































































EBUSINESS LEnERS^ 





ktwww. 


XX • Grand F 0 Tks,N.O.,Fd>. 1,19- 

Messrs.Merrill, Smith a Co., 

St. Paul, Minn. 

Gem\\veM.-xY.-Having established a business 
Hm which is Tapidly increasing, we jTe desiT- 
ous of opening an account with your house. 
We should be happy to Teceive From you a 
list of your goods, with your terms to the 
trade, and enclose out own terms foT set¬ 
tlement. 

Should you feel willing to make an arrange¬ 
ment with us,.Mr.Chas. Munger, of your 
city, will qive gou ang information desired 
withjegard to the condition of our affairs. 
Hoping to heaT from you soon, we an?, 
Respectfully, 

Jones £ CaTleton. 

\T. ^ 

St.Paul,Minn.,Feb.4-,l9—. 
Messrs. Jones £ CaTleton, 

G-Tand Forks, N.D. 

^xv\\*rt\rc\\— Your favoT of the 1st inst. Te 
ceived. We should be pleased to open an ac¬ 
count with gou upon gOUT usual terms of 
settlement, and enclose gou the desired list 
with terms foT the trade. 

Any order with which gou may favor us 
will be promptly filled, and, we feel quite con¬ 
fident, bo your satisfaction. 

We aTe, gentlemen, 

VeTy truly yours, 

Merrill,Smith &. Co. 

\%. Unmimw_ 

To our patrons ano friends: 

We cordially and specially invite the atten¬ 
tion of out patrons and friends to out new dis¬ 
play of(Y,m sYa\a.YY>a,xaN-i s^«Va\\\vi).We have 
met with such liberal encouragement during the 
past season, and our efforts to meet the public 
demand have received such generous support, 
we feel doubly assured out present stock will 
prove equally inviting, and fully as desirable 
an exhibit as any we. have heretofore made. 

(fb\ojv\»X.\vti). 

(K&fcm'b'b). 

Augusta,Me.,Dec.15,19—. 

Benjamin Smith,E sa. 

Concord, N.H. 

^evc'Sw.—We have, for several days past, been 
looking for a remittance from you, covering 
your May account, and as the necessity of meet¬ 
ing out own engagements punctually is eveT 
before us, we are obliged to Temind you that 
prompt payments are requisite and indispen- 
sible to the credit system. 

We are yours,etc., 

Aloen & Morton. 

V5 

Concord, N.H.,0ec.2l, 19—. 
Messrs. Aloen £ Morton, 

Augusta,Me. 

fcertoiTMW.-We regret extremely out delay in 
meeting promptly the payment of May bills, and 
can only excuse ouTselves on the ground of bu¬ 
siness depression and subsequent difficulty in 
making.col lections. I herewith enclose, in part 
payment of account named, bank dnft on N.Y. 


foT Two Hundred Dollars @fc200), which please 
place to our credit. The balance'^shilt tTy to remit 
by the 31st inst. 

We Temairt youTs,etc., 

HERALO £ LaNOTRY. 

Vo. QiOO^c,. 

San Francisco,Cal^ApTil 6,19—. 
Messrs. Perkins, Jones <f Co., 

Tacoma, Wash. 

^jex\X\tY(\trv.- According to youT orJeT of the 
3rd inst.wthave shipped you this day, peTSteiro- 
eT State of OTeqon, 

200 bbls. FI our (Drifted Snow), 

15 bbls. Sweet Potatoes, 

12 bbls. Apples,(All marked P.J.<?C.) 

Trusting that these will pTove as satisfactory 
as those heretofore sent, and bring as good a 
price, we are, 

Youts respectfully, 

Greene, Tobin £ Co. 

u. 

St. Louis, Mo., June 19,19—. 
Messrs. Miller <e VanBuskirk, 

Spn'ngfield, III. 
uert,\mix\'.- We take pleasure in enclosing 
you today’s market quotations. You will notice 
the sharp advance in provisions and other 
lines. The-prospects are. that poTk will touch 
*22 before 26 th inst.j other pork products aTe 
advancinq in same proportion, dried fruits and 
canned goods aTe also rapidly advancing, and 
we look for very material advances before long; 
sugars, symps,coffees, and teas aTe a shade lower 
We would advise you to oTdeT provisions, 
dried fruits, and canned goods now, if you want 
any, as we think it a very favorable time to 
purchase. Our Mr. NewkiTk will call on you 
the latter part of'this week, and we will be 
pleased to have you favor him with an OTdeT. 
We remain, 

Youts truly, 

LiTTLE-4Webb. 

Galveston, Tex., July 7,19— 
Messrs. Finney,Coburn £ Co., 

New Orleans, La. 

Fbe-Vt S'vrv.— Upon examining the bill accom¬ 
panying youT last lot of goods, I find I am charg¬ 
ed with six dozen pahs of cotton hose which 
I neither ordered noT received. I enclose the 
bill and a copy of the invoice of goods,that 
the erroT may be corrected. I am, gentlemen, 
Touts very respectfully, 

Ira Dunn. 

\2>. XWoVVda W HW. 

Montgomery, A la., Aug.4-,19—. 
Mr.S.T.Ferg-uson, 

9>w. 

I have waited patiently 
foT youT convenience in the payment of rent 
foT the house you are at present occupying. 
As, however, you have been my tenant for 
time months without meeting any of the 
payments, which were to be made monthly, I 
feel obliged to remind you of the fact that, 
there aTe *75 due me. 

Trusting that you will give the matter im¬ 
mediate attention, I am, 

Youts tmfy, 

Ambrose Cooke. 

9&. \kW 

A.B.Cude, Esq., &Teele y> CoL » N ov ’ l0 > l9 ~ 
Agent American BookCo.,N.Y. 
t a\v.- At the last meeting of the Board of Ed¬ 
ucation of this city/'HaTvey’s English Grammar,’ 


was adopted for use in out Public Schools. 
"Eclectic History of the U.S.’j adopted a yeaT 
ago, is giving the best of satisfaction, i 
Youts respectfully, 

Byron Sinclair, 

<X\. l&fcOWKl 

NewYoTk,0ct.i5,l9—. 
S>o'AVo> Marsh,Welsh£Co.,\oy fKocoxxrtv. 
Chas.Fox, JeffeTsonville,lnd. 


100 bbls Apples,@*2.75.... 

PAID 

Freight N.Y.C.R.R. 

Briyage and laboT. 

Commission,5 per cent..... 


Net proceeds to youT credit *168.25 


*275.00 


75.00 

18.00 

13.75 


106.75 


TT. V&VM'g.VTO *RA>TC.. 

Jeffersonvi Ile,bid., 0ct.25,f9~. 
M essrs. MarsH, Welsh £ Co., 

New York. 

^reftWenNcxs*.- Youts of the 15th inst. with ac¬ 
count sales 100 bbls. apples Teceievcd.The sales 
were satisfactory, and I am glad were so prompt¬ 
ly Tendered, as it enables me to prepare another 
shipment, and, I trust, secure the favorable mar¬ 
ket you TepoTt. I shall try to have them in read¬ 
iness foT shipment next Wednesday, 30th inst. 

I will make drafts against proceeds,but will 
notify you hereafter. 

I am, gentlemen, yours,.etc., 

Chas.Fox. 

^ * Atlanta, bid., May I4-, 19 —. 

R.S.Webster, 

Boise City, Idaho. 

t ow.— Entertaining an idea of immi¬ 
grating to Idaho City, and there conducting a 
business similar to your own, I ta"ke the lib¬ 
erty of an old friend in asking your .opinion 
on that location for the trade, and shall grate¬ 
fully acknowledge any information you can 
give me as to the business being done In that 
section at the present time. . 

Will you also-oblige me with yourviews 
as to the expediency ot a further considera¬ 
tion of this subject. 

I am sincerely yours, 

Clinton Porter. 

Phoenix, ATiz.,Nov.29,l9—. 
Mr. Shelly TichEnor, 

> 4-96 Broadway, N.Y. 

^nccSjw.— Please find enclosed money order 
foT One DollaT(*l.00) foT which send to my ad¬ 
dress The New ETa f ot 19—. 

Youts, etc., 

Conrad Schofield. 

T5 Vs.m\w 

Jacksonville,Fla.,May 10,19—; 
Messrs. Fai rchilo,Gooo £ Co., 

Cincinnati, 0. 

11 is with some feeling of regret 
that we announce to our friends the- relin¬ 
quishment of out interest .in this business with 
the expiration of next month: Our stock and prem¬ 
ises will at that time (June 27th) be transferred toMessss 
Pope £ Co., whom we cheerfully present to yournotice, 
and feel it out duty to recommend them for a con¬ 
tinuance of youT confidence. The members ofthis^tc. 
Youts tmly, 

Rowen,0ean <€Co. 


183 















































♦ 






BIjsiKess Letters .]^* 3 

<sk*v~:.H -.-. ‘ 


■^SS^igsr 


~SS!*® 
':■» 


7\\e ioWovMVYvq WsX- tonV-SAns ov\\) \W 
Nso&xes oV \e.vve'xs,VV\e ovWk ^axVsWvxu) 
xeahW\> swq^Weh \>\> We. vmVex . 
OFFERING GOODS. -We take the lib¬ 
erty of enclosing a few samples o/ 
White Ta/Zetas, which we have ju-st 
received per Steamer Hamburg. They 
are in patterns of about 16 yards, Zu.ll 
^width 24 inches, at ^ 1.75 per yard. 
Should you need any o/them, now 
or at a Zuture time, we shall be hap¬ 
py to receive your order. , 

Goods shipped oN JoiNt Acco\iKt 

In accord with our a^reetnerit, we 
have forwarded to you this day, per 
Merchants’ Dispatch, Three Hundred 
Barrels Drifted Snow Flour, l-nvoice 
and B. of L. inclosed, to be sold for 
rour Joint account. One-halZthe in¬ 
voice has been chafed to your account. 

Hoping that this adventure will 
prove so profitable as to lead to others, 

W£ 1 T 6 

EKCtOSlK© REMITTANCE. -Your 
favor oZ IOth inst.,covering state¬ 
ment of account, is at hand, and up¬ 
on examination we find it correct. 
En closed find our check on Th ird 
^National Bank of this city for Fif- 
nteen Hundred and Seventy Dollars, 
in payment of Bills oZ 

May 10.#550.00 

17. 400.00 

»>. 25. 620.00 

#1570.00 

Please acknowledge receipt,andoblige 

Acknowledging- remittaNce.- 

We have the pleasure to acknowl¬ 
edge the receipt of your esteemed fa¬ 
vor 15th inst., containing your 
check on Third National Bank of 
your city for Fifteen Hundred and 
^Seventy Dollars (#1570.00), which 
«we have placed to your credit in set¬ 
tlement of your account. 

Please accept our thanks, and, re¬ 
questing the favor of your future 
orders, we remain, 

Another Form*- 

Received from Messrs. L. D.Morse 
2*. Co., Seven Hundred and Ten f§o 
Dollars on account. 

#7IO$£._M.A.Rude LCo. 

© Above please find receipt for your 
remittance of the 17th inst., for 
which we are obliged. Requesting 
uour future patronage, we remain, 
Offering a special lot. -Having 
a large quantity of machinery,cut¬ 
lery, hardware, and other material 
left after our tire on the 29th ult., 
we desire to close them out to areli- 
abjefirm, and therefore give youthe 
privilege of a first bid on them. As 
we cannot engage to hold them for 
you after the 20 inst., if it could 
jjbe arranged, it would be advisable for 
you to either come in person, or to 
send some one to examine and make 
an offer Zor the goods beZore the a- 
bove date, as we desire to commence 
rebuilding at an early date. 


Complaining of Goods.- it has 

been my invariable course to act 
with integrity and honor, since 
I Zirst entered into businesstrans- 
actions with you. May I not ex¬ 
pect the same conduct in return? 
Until lately,indeed, I had no reas¬ 
on Zor complaining; but the goods 
I received on the 17th inst., also 
those just delivered, are so interi¬ 
or in quality that I hesitate to of- 
reZer them to any oZ my customers. 
Since I can have much better val¬ 
ue elsewhere, and I do not sell job 
goods on any account, I am reluct¬ 
antly obliged to advise you that, 
unless you can send me others 
in their stead, I must withdraw 
my correspondence altogether.In 
the meantime,both lots are laid 
aside awaiting your orders. An 
immediate answer will oblige 

ADVISING of SHIPMENT.- Em 

closed please find B.ofL. and In 
voice of Glassware, amounting 
to # 175;^ , forwarded per B.R. 0. 
R.Y., as per your order of the 2d 
inst. The goods are shipped i n 
• good condition, and we havetak- 
”eti care to select the most attract 
ive styles of the class you mention. 
Sh ould anything prove unsatis¬ 
factory, we will be obliged if you 
will notify us promptly. 

Enclosing drapt for Ac cep 

tance . — We enclose ourdraZt 
/on you for your acceptance, af- 
nter which, please let us have byre 
turn mail, and oblige ^ 
COMPLAINING OF DEL/ft.-On 
the 10th of November I sent 
you an urgent letter, ordering in 
haste the inclosed list of articles, 
which have not as yet been receiv¬ 
ed; nor have I been advised as to 
the cause of the delay. I have been 
greatly annoyed because ofthene 
cessity of purchasing in the mar¬ 
ket from time to time of such ar¬ 
ticles in the list as I needed, at ad¬ 
vanced figures, which were sold 
at cost rather than disappoint my 
customers. This treatment being 
unusual from you, I desire an ex¬ 
planation. If the goods are not re¬ 
ceived by the 30th inst.,you will 
please consider the order cancelled. 
HepLY to AboVe.- We are in.re- 
ceipt of your favor of the 20th inst. 
and beg to reply that this is the 
first intimation we have received 
touching your order of Nov. 10th. 
Your letter of that date has nev¬ 
er, reached us, and has doubtless 
miscarried. We are indeed sorry 
that you have been put to so much 
trouble and expense. Our custom 
gistofill all orders immediately 
upon receipt thereof, as you know 
from experience. We have therefore 
to-day shipped the order in full at 
the very lowest prices, as per in¬ 
closed Invoice, and hope that the 
goods will reach you before the 
30th inst., and prove satisfactory. 
With much respect,we are, 

Recommending a success¬ 
or . — The Zirm oZ Henry,Scott 


&.Co. having retired from busi¬ 
ness, and transferred their stock 
and premises to A.S.. Blocke u Co., 
these gentlemen will hereafter re¬ 
ceive your correspondence. Haying 
entire confidence in the stri.ct 
business capacity and integrity 
oZ the new f irm, we are induced 
pjto believe that all transactions 
t*>with them will contribute great¬ 
ly to your advantage. Asking for 
them the same generous treat¬ 
ment accorded to ourselves from 
your house, we.remain. 

Goods CoNsigNeo to be SoLd 
on Commission.-Y our favor 
of the 5th inst. is at hand. As per 
agreement, we enclose you 8.of L. 
and Invoice of 10 bbls. Mess.Pork, 
2 bbls. Lard, and 40 Zirkins of 
Butter, shipped this day per L. E. 
fc. W. R.Y.,to be sold for our ac¬ 
count. Our request is that y ou- 
do not sell for less than Invoice 
caprice, and if you dispose of this 
n lot satisfactorily^ yo u may rest 
assured of receiving Zurther con¬ 
signments Zrom us. We have 
drawn on you at 15 days’sight, 
through Marion National Bank, 
Zor Eight Hundred Dollars. Await¬ 
ing your advices, and hoping soon 
to hear from you, we are 
ACKNOWLEDGING RECEIPT OF 
CoNsiGNMENT.-We have your 
favorofthe I Oth inst. giving 
notice of the shipment of 150 
bbls. Apples per N. P. R.R. We are 
pleased to state that the fruit 
^ arrived in good order, and is now 
coin store. Several barrels which have 
been opened prove the quality and 
packing satisfactory. We will for¬ 
ward account of sales as soon as 
closed out. We remain, 

A F»RM to tReir SaLesmvvn.- 

We are in receipt of yours of 
the 24th inst. It is not our de¬ 
sire to be harsh with Thompson, 
but you can press him,and Hint 
at legal proceedings, as no depen¬ 
dence can be placed upon his prom¬ 
ises. Your success so far is very 
^gratifying to'us. Clemmons &. 
■^■Walker have intimated that they 
desire to reopen accounts with 
us, but we have not yet replied; 
Zind out their standing and re¬ 
sponsibility and report. Inform 
u-s by telegram oZ your arrival 
in St. Louis. 

Reminding of INo^bt^on^ss. 

We herewith take liberty to re¬ 
mind you oZ yaur indebtedness 
to us.. As the account has been 
standing since Sept. 12,19...,we 
_.think that we have been'exceed- 
^.ingly lenient, and would be pleas¬ 
ed if a check could be sent for the 
amount (#77.25), and thus en¬ 
able us to close our books. Please 
let us hear from you. 

DecLiNiN&to SRip oN Credit. 

We would like very much to ship 
you goods, but under the circum- 
r<stanc«s must decline to do so, as 
* we cannot afford to advance mon 
ey to purchase cash goods. The tnon- 


184 




































•-r^ -BUSlN^SS L^tt^rs. 

1 la-rs, and a memorandum of what 

1 want. Mig urgent duties,combin¬ 
ed with leaving an invalid mother 
in the care of s rrvants, which re¬ 
quire my personal attention, is 
my excuse for troubling you. 

Market PRicR of Poultry. - 

Yours of recent date, inquiring 
for market prices of poultry,isat 
hand. We give you the following 
fIgures, which we trust will be 
satisfactory : Live chickens,12 to 
13c. for choice hens; roosters, 8 
to 9; spring chickens & 1.15 to&2.00 
per doz., for small to good size; 
•large chickens, to Live 

^tur keys, J9 to 2.0c. per lb.-out¬ 
side for fine hen turkeys. Li ve 
ducks, dt3 to $£3.50 per doz.,with 
choice large at ^4; by the lb. 10 
to 13c. Live geese very dull at#6 
per dox., for full feathered, and 
»4 for plucked. The market is 
likely to advance,and these pri¬ 
ces are subject to change. 

Error ip/ Invoice.- we can 

your attention to an error in 
the extension of items in your 
•last invoice, by wh ich we are chang¬ 
ed ^79.15 more than the cor¬ 
rect amount. Please correct the 
same, and oblige, 

REPLY TO ABOVE. -Upon exam 
ination we f ind the amount charg¬ 
ed in your •accovWNV correct,and be¬ 
lieve the error must have occur- 
^red in copying items from the In- 
wvoice Book. We enclose a correct 
invoice, and beg your indulgence 
for any seeming negligence. 

^DVisi(fc Receipt of invoice. 

We have your favor of I3*h in¬ 
stant, inclosing Invoice and Bill 
of Lading. The goods areallthat 
we desired; and for your prompt¬ 
ness and care in filling our order, 
.accept our thanks. Enclosed find 
J^in payment Draft on New York, 
at sight, for & I57559oo- Please ac¬ 
knowledge receipt per.return mail, 
and oblige. _ . 

SoLiciti p/& Cop/SIGff NlEffTS. - 

We have your favor of 29th alt. 
in which you ask the mkt.rep’t 
on potatoes, also expenses attend¬ 
ing them, to which we reply — 
Burbanks and Early Rose are 
offered at from 45 to 60cts. per 
bushel. Our commission is five 
per cent, on sales; the usual charg-. 
.es for Carting from boat to store, 
^and Labor Hire in storCjamount- 
ing to two cents per bushel, are 
additional. We should be pleasedto 
hear from you further, and will 
try to make satisfactory sales 
should you entrust us with your 

lpft{ljTRY Xs to Standing.- Up¬ 
on application of Mr.T.A. Rush, 
of Worden, Hicks LCo., of Fort 
Wayne, to enter into business 
relations with us, he suggests 
that we apply to you for infor- 
^mation concerning the standing 
rnand responsibility of his firm.Anu 
knowledge you may possess regard¬ 
ing them commercially, w ill be 
thankfully received; at the same 

time we beg to assure you. (Hat what 
ever communication you may be 
pleasedto transmit will be used 
in confidence. We are,gentlemen, 

ForVvrrdiKg Sra^pLes. -As per 

your request of June 2.4 th,we for¬ 
ward you to-day by sample post, a 
full line of samples of Torchon and 
Valenciennes lace at various pri¬ 
ces. Should you conclude to order 
any of these goods, please return 
.us thd samples of the styles you 
rwish, and, if possible,select at least 
‘'’two samples of each style, so that 
we may send one should the other 
be out of stock. Our styles of par¬ 
ticular patterns of laces are some¬ 
times exhausted, in which case wc 
are careful to substitute other pat¬ 
terns for the ones selected. 

DEjCLl N1 r*G AN OfFS-R TO BUY- 
We are in receipt of your favor 
of the 29th ult. We are under 
the necessity of declining to fill 
• your order upon the terms pro¬ 
posed by you. Upon receipt of 
^500, we will ship the goods,with 
the understanding that the bal¬ 
ance will be paid within 60days 
from the date of shipment. Hoping 
that these terms will be satisfac¬ 
tory , we are 

CHANGE!, OF FlRI*.- Having de¬ 
cided upon and formulated terms 
of agreement, permit us to com¬ 
municate to you an alteration 
which we propose making in our 
copartnership on the 1st of June 
ensuing. At that date # our Mr. 
F.M.Wolford will retire, and 
the business of the establishment 
thenceforward will be carried on 
to by the remaining partners, under 
mthefirm of Wilson, Hinkle LCo.Re- 
ouesting the continuance of your 
favor and support, and assuring you 
(hat there will neither be a dimi¬ 
nution of our means, nor a re¬ 
relaxation of our endeavors to con¬ 
duct the extensive affairs of the 
firm on the usual scale, we subscribe 

REALRS^ATE; lK4UlKY.-At vari¬ 
ous times 1 have heard much said 
in praise of your beautiful city,es¬ 
pecially concerning railroad facili- 
tiesjand church and school advan¬ 
tages, and have concluded to make 
your town my permanent place 
of abode; provided 1 can locate my¬ 
self suitably, inasmuch as 1 have 
i-'a family to educate, and the vari¬ 
ous lines ofrallway radiating from 
your city will afford me the desir¬ 
ed accommodations in my travel¬ 
ing agency. 1 write at presentto 
learn your best terms for a resi¬ 
dence containing not less than 
eight rooms, with about one acre 
of land attached, and situated not 
more than one mile from the post 
office. An early answer will oblige. 

Soliciting eniploYnieKt.- Hav¬ 
ing learned through the kindness 
of a friend that you were in want 
.of an assistant in yourstore, 1 re¬ 
spectfully offer my servicesjbeliev- 
ing myself fully competent to per¬ 
form the duties required. My expe- 

ey -market here is very tight, and we 
are unable to get the accommodation 
from our banks sufficient tor our re¬ 
quirements. In future all cash goods 
must be paid for as soon as shipped, as 
we cannot give time on them, t he 
^margin being so small. 
SUSPE^SIO^ OF P/^IVVEKTS.— Ow¬ 
ing to causes beyond our contro!,we 
are compelled to inform you- that 
we are obliged to suspend payments. 
A thorough examination convin¬ 
ces us of the impossibility of surmount 
ing our difficulties. We are now bal- 
pjancing our books, and will send you 
A-a statement of our affairs when they 
Have been completed. Until this is 
done we ask a suspension of judgment, 
again assuring you that our embar¬ 
rassments arise solely in consequence 
of occurrences over which we Had no 
control. 

Enclosing /\cco\j^t SaLes- we 

nave the pleasure of sending you en¬ 
closed Account Sales of Butterand 
Pork shipped us on the 3d inst. The 
Net Proceeds,#1316.75, due per av- 
• erage September 17th, we have 
^placed to the credit of uour account; 
the result, we hope, will be satisfactory. 
We shall be pleased to receive further 
consignments from you, and will en¬ 
deavor to dispose of them on the most 
advantageous terms. 

Irde^UlKY FOR BRGGRGE.- On the 
10th inst. 1 left Indianapol is on the 
9 A. M. train, vva L.E. L W. R.R.,and 
arrived in this city at 9.30 P.M. yes¬ 
terday. As customary, 1 gave -my bag¬ 
gage check, No. 196, to the Express 
Agent on the train,taking His re¬ 
ceipt therefor. He has just returned 
^the check to messaging that my bay 
?gage had not arrived. The trunk is 
a large sole-leather one, canvas cov¬ 
ered, and having the initials“M.S^ 
Chicago,” on both ends. Please dis¬ 
patch a “tracer” without delay, 
and when heard from, notify me 
at the above address. 

REqb^STipfc E\TEl*SIOKOFTllVlE. 

It is with undisguised vexation that 
1 am compelled to acknowledge the de¬ 
lay in payment of your account,but 
1 assure you it is unavoidable,as well 
as quite impossible for me to settle 
at present, by any means at my com¬ 
mand, nor can 1 do so before the ex¬ 
piration of 60 days, at least, from 
^date. As your letter is pressing,may 
ix| suggest a negotiable promissory note 
from/me for that time. Humiliating 
as this proposition is to me, rest as¬ 
sured that it has been forced upon 
me through circumstances beyond 
my foresight or control, ahd is now 
made with a due sense of my respon¬ 
sibility. „ . 

ReqIiEsti K& Another to fnAKF 

PURCHASES* - Allow pme to trespass 
upon your kindness by requesting 
r^you to make a few purchases for 
•'f-me. Please find enclosed Forty Ool 



185 


















B\jsi^Tess L^tt^rs. jp 




& 


11 ,’ T , . - • <! ■ 

[-■*} 
:-o 


r iertce in your line of work has been cow 
siderable, and can give satisfactory and 
unquestionable references. Should you 
be favorably impressed with my appli¬ 
cation, I shall be happy to call upon you 
at any time you may please to appoint. 
An early answer will much oblige. 
/iDVlSIflG OF SECURITY —We are in 
receipt of your draft, accepted by the 
J. Dewing Co., for ^ 1550.00, made 
payable on July 10th, next, to be held 
by U3 as collateral security for the 
payment of bill of exchange drawn 
by Henry Vineyard, dated May 21st, 
last, on Merrill, Ford &. Co., of West- 
field, which now lies under protest 
•for non-acceptance, in the hands of 
^Kendrick Bros., of Westfield,and we 
Hereby engage to return said draft 
or its value in cash, upon receiving 
advice of the payment of the above bill 
of exchange for #1520.00, or if not 
paid, such part of the said sum of the 
& 1550.00 as may exceed the amount 
of the said bill with re-exchange and 
charges thereon. 

AfSKIHG- l^fFOUWl^TIOtf_will you 

have the kindness to give me some in¬ 
formation in regard to ladies’suitings, 
flannels and sackings. I wish to add 
an assortment of these goods to my 
stock, and want to learn more about 
.them. I .Have.but recently opened 
oa store in this place, and must confess 
“’that I have had out little experience 
in the dry goods business,and there¬ 
fore, any information you can give 
me will be considered a favor, and 
■may result in an order. 

ErviB/VIWVSSMlEtfT OF A FlRM*- 

We are under the painful neces¬ 
sity of informing you, that, after 
balancing our books, we find so con¬ 
siderable a deficiency, owing to a se¬ 
ries of misfortunes during the past 
four months,that we are induced 
to submit our affairs to the inspec¬ 
tion of our principal creditors. After 
a full investigation, these gentlemen 
Have consented to appoint assignees 
for the liquidation of our outstanding 
debts, the sale of our property,and the 
-due distribution of the proceeds a- 
®mongst our creditors, in proportion 
to their respective claims on our es 
tate. We indulge a Hope that you will 
not object to this arrangement, but 
will immediately furnish the assign¬ 
ees^ Messrs. A.B.Lambert and George 
Krmg, with an abstract of your ac¬ 
count current, for the purpose of hav 
ing it compared with our books in 
order that the correct balance may 
be ascertained. ■ 

L^TT^I\ OF Cl\E(DlT. — We beg per¬ 
mission. to introduce to you Mr. A. 
C. King in whose favor we have o- 
pened a credit for two thousand dol¬ 
lars (dt 2000). We h ave to request you 
htHat you will furnish him with what 
“’ever funds he may require to the a- 
vailable extent of this credit against 


his drafts at five days sight on our¬ 
selves. All drafts so negotiated should 
be indorsed on this credit,which will 
continue in force until May 1,10... 
Requesting for Mr. King your best 
attention, we Have the honor to 
be. Gentlemen, 

ANOTHER FORM.— Be kind enough 
to credit Mr. C.N.Wilson for such 
selections as he may make, to an a- 
mount not exceed ing Five Hundred 
Dollars (3£500), for three months. 
Should Mr. Wilson neglect to set¬ 
tle at the proper time, I will become 
.^responsible for the payment of the 
tosame. Please inform me of t he 
amount for which you give Hrt*i 
credit, with the date when it. be 
comes due; also forward me im¬ 
mediate notice, in default of pay¬ 
ment. 

RERlj^STlNG TEI\IVIS.—Believ- 0 
ing I can sell your goods to ad¬ 
vantage, and having but recent¬ 
ly started business in thi.9 place, 

I will be obliged if you wilt send 
me your price I is t and best terms. 

It is my purpose to buy chiefly 
Sfor cash, but may want t<? buy 
on time occasionally. b have had 
considerable dealings with Messrs. 
Maxwell &. Co., of your city, and 
you may call upon them for ref- 

L^tt^r of Gb/w\rnY- Th 's 

will be handed you by Marion B. 
Reynolds, who visits your city 
to purchase his fall and winter 
Instock of dry goods.We Hereby 
coguarantee payment ofanycred 
it that he may ask. Notify us 
promptly, in the event of any 
default. _ - 

Reply t 9 Demand for 

It is with undisguised vexation 
that I find circumstances such as 
to prevent my complying with 
your request for a remittance 
Tightness in the money market 
and stagnation in business have 
alone prevented me from being 
■ as prompt as usual. However, as 
®trade has improved lately, and 
as there is even prospect of a busy 
season, I must ask your indulgence 
for a short time, when I will sure 
ly close my account.Convinced 
of your reliance upon my probity 
and honor, I am, ... 
TRANSMITTING RCCOltftCbtftEtft 
We are in receipt of your val¬ 
ued favor of the XI th ult., ac¬ 
companied by my account current, 
and interest account to the 31 
Ult., which having been examib 
ed and found to be correct, the 
balance in your favor,^1775.50 
fjhas been passed to a new account 
coin conformity. Inclosed please 
find your account current,with 
interest account to same date, bal¬ 
ance in my favor,$£2515.10,which 
upon examination, if found cor¬ 
rect, you will please pass to my 
.credit under date of 1st inst. 

Loss of Goods b\ e\prrss.- 

I beg to inform you that two 
packages of value, delivered to 


your company, on the 21st inst. 
for transmission to Mr. A.S.Cole, 
of Wheeling, W.Va., have failed 
to arrive at their destination.In 
case the same does not reach him 
by the 30th inst., we shall for¬ 
ward duplicate contents of each 
package, and hold your company 
2 responsible for cost of articles 
and all damage resulting from 
delay. Hoping that your inqui¬ 
ries may lead to a discovery of 
their whereabouts before the 
above mentioned date, I am. 

Ordering Goods.-P lease for¬ 
ward to me, on receipt of this, 
per American Express, C.O. D., or 
draw on me, as you may prefer, 

2 Lancaster Spreads. ^8.00 

3 doa. Napkins. 

4 pairs Lady’s Silk Hose./. 


r A?o*sr r 


0/>r &y r*,* 


10.00 
«27.00 

I hope you will send those of 
best quality, and should the goods 
be satisfactory, I expect to give 

you additional orders soon. _ 

REGbSSTltfO REflEWA). OF NoT^. 

Mu promissory note will be due 
on the 14th inst., but I regret to 
say that, owing to circumstances 
beyond my control, I fear that 
I shall not ba able to meet it. Mag 
I therefore request that you will 
^grant me the indulgence ofashort 
r renewal of (three months),when 
I doubt not of my means.to take 
it up. Ypur compliance with this 
wish will confer an obligation 

Oe&IjKiKg to LeKo MoK^Y- 

There is no one whom I would 
be more willing to oblige in any 
way than yourself; but, unhappi¬ 
ly, 1 am at present so driven for 
fund s that I am compelled to bor- 
jrow in order to meet my own ob¬ 
ligations. Under the circumstan¬ 
ces I know you will take the will 
for the deed, and, hoping you may 
meet with help elsewhere, I am, 
Soliciting ^lo*n : - owing 
to.a disappointment in the re¬ 
ceipt of some money due me, I 
am exposed to a tenfporary emtrar 
rassment. The sum which.would 
extricate me from this painful 

difficulty Is not large, as $£- 

would be amply sufficient. Hav¬ 
ing an aversion to professional 
.lenders, I prefer soliciting the aid 
£?of a friend. Can you grant me, 
r then, the accommodation of the 
above sum, without in any way 
intrenching on your own cotiveti 
ience? If you can, you may de¬ 
pend upon it being reimbursed 
with strict punctuality by the 
1st of June,next. A speedy reply 
to this request will greatly oblige, 
l(*CLOSljfc AN INSTALLMENT. 

I herewith enclose the first half 
of a twenty dollar note, as an in¬ 
stallment towards your bill. I 
much regret that I am unable 
nto send the remainder, but hope 
r ~that I shall be able to do so at an 
early date, as I am expecting to 
receive some money iti a few days. 


186 
































•*- 




r+— 


Business L^tt^rs.!^** 

»■■ 1 1»«Trr. i r. .... f ... n ftfi1 1 n ■ ■ ■ ■■ i ■ ,, , . , ffij *^:*X> 


business is rapidly on the increase, we 
are desirous of opening an account with 
your House, and would be obliged by your 
transmitting us a trade list of your pub¬ 
lications, as well as some of your gev- 
r eral catalogues. Our usual terms 0 / 
settlement with other houses are as 
follows:\sxaAc WjwV If these terms 
are agreeable to your house,thefavor 
of an immediate atten tion to our •re¬ 
quest will oblige, 

PRESSING RerU^ST F*R P/^HEtfT.- 

Bemg greatly disappointed in the re¬ 
ceipt of sums due on account, we 
herewith enclose statement of ac¬ 
count to date, showing a balance of 
Five Hundred and Fifteen Dollars 
(^515.00) in our favor, which you 
will see averages between 30 ana SO 
indays. As we have large payments to 
f'meet by the 30th inst., we are under 
the necessity of urging greater prompt¬ 
ness on your part in making remittance, 
and we trusty you can favor us with a 
settlement i-ti full, or the greater part 
, of the acct. by the above date. 
UNFAVORABLE REPLY ASTORESPON 
SIBILITY.—We are in receipt of your 
favor of the 30 ult. It is with regret 
•that we cannot give you any satisfac¬ 
tory information relative to the par¬ 
ties about whom .you inquire. Our 
opinion of them is unfavorable. 
FAVORABLE REPLY.-Replying to 
y our favor of the 3rd inst., we have 
to say that the firm of Walton L 
Whisler, is in first rate standing, 
• and in our opinion will assume no 
'"indebtedness for which they are not 


ly to have. If, therefore, you should 
hear of any situation or employment 
which you consider likely to suit me, 
either in my own business,that 

of a .-, or in an y other in which 

lean make myself useful,your rec¬ 
ommendation would greatly oblige, 
and be of material service to, 

SEEKING a CLERKSHIP.-Perceiv¬ 
ing by. your advertisement, a copy 
of which is shown above,that you 
are in want of.a clerk. I beg to en¬ 
close testimonials,and venture to 
hope that from, my previous expe¬ 
rience in the line of business which 
-you pursue, I should be of some use 
®m your establishment. My habits 
of life are such as to assure regular¬ 
ity In the discharge of my duties, 
and I can only assure you that, 
should you honor me with your 
confidence, | shall spare no pains 
to acquit myself to your satisfac¬ 
tion. I remain, gentlemen, 

INrImrY A? to character.- 

Will you pardon our requestfor 
information concerning the char¬ 
acter and commercial standing of 
-JLewis J. 8-ozell, of your place ? Is 
»hc personally known to you as 
worthy of credit ? As he propos¬ 
es to make large purchases, an 
immediate reply will greatly oblige, 
v REPLI ES T O ABOVE. 

We have yours ofY In reply to yours 


the 19th inst. In re¬ 
ply we can say that 
from several years’ 
acquaintance and 
business deal ing 
£?with Mr.Bozell,that 
00 he is one whom we 
highly esteem, and 
is worthy of any 
credit hemay at 
any time ask of 
you. 


of the 19m inst., I 
can only say that, 
from the slight ac¬ 
quaintance with 
the party to whom 
you refer,receiv¬ 
ed from general 
reports, I should 
hesitate to extend 
him credit with¬ 
out some other 
name as security . 


amply responsible. We have full con¬ 
fidence in both their solvency and 
integrity. „ .. 

Enclosing ^otRs fo.«i CoU^ctioK- 

Enclosed find for collection. 

Note of F.Meek,due Feb. 6/9, &7I0.00 
»> S.Lodi, *» »» 7/10, 550.00 

If paid, please remit draft for proceeds. 

REPLY ENCLOSING TERARS.- In 

rep I y to yours of the 11 th inst., we 
enclose price lists and our customary 
discounts.. The market at present is 
quite active, and prices have an up¬ 
ward tendency. Any order with which 
• you may favor us we will take pains 
Pto fill at the lowest market prices. 
We have called upon your references, 
and will send you anything which 
you may wish to order on credit on 
our regular terms. 

Soliciting aSitUatcoN— when 
leaving here on the 7th of May,you 
were kind enough to promise t hat, 
should it be in your power to forward 
my interests in any manner, you 
o would feel a pleasure in doing so. My 
“former employer having sold his 
business, I am left without a situa¬ 
tion; as his successor has sufficient 
assistance for all the work he is like- 


SOL(ClTlNG- AN AGENCY.-Having 

established myself here as a deal¬ 
er in goods similar to yours, and 
having superior facilities for hand¬ 
ling your goods, I am induced to 
apply .for an agency in this city, 
.believing that my abilities can be 
■f exerted to the advantage of your 
“company. I am prepared to furnish 
satisfactory references and security 
of undoubted character. Requesting 
the favor of an early reply, I am, 
death of a Partner.- it is 
with deep sorrow and regret that 
we are called upon to announce the 
sudden death of our respected prin¬ 
cipal, Mr. Charles Reed. The event 
occasions a change in the firm, 
but will cause no decrease of cap¬ 
ital. The business will be conduct- 
Sed on the same general principles 
as heretofore, and we trust to the 
usual satisfaction of our correspon¬ 
dents. We beg to solicit a continu¬ 
ance of your esteemed correspondence, 
assuring you,our undivided attention. 

INDEX TO BUSINESS LftT&S. 

A ccount Current, transmitting .. 67 
Account, proposing *0 open.II 


Account, reply to last..12 

Account, requesting settlement of. 14 

Account, reply to last.15 

Account Sales.21 

Account Sales,reply to last.22 

Account Sales,enclosing.,...44 

Advising of Shipment..33 

Agency, sol iciting..84 

Baggage, lost ..45 

Business Location. ....22 

Change of Firm....56 

Character, inquiry as to.......82 

Character,replies to last.......83 

Clerkship, seeking.81 

Complaint of Error in Bill.18 

Complaining of G-oods.32 

Consignment of Goods.38 

Consignment, receipt of.......39 

Consignments, soliciting.52 

Credit, letters of....62,63 

Beat A of Partner.,.85 

Declining to Ship on Credit....42 

Delay,complaining of..35 

Delay,reply to last...36 

Demand for Paywent,reply.66 

Draft, for acceptance..34 

Embarrassment of Firm.61 

Employment, soliciting.58 

Extension of Time.46 

Forwarding Goods......16 

G-u-aranty, letter of..65 

Information, asking for.60 

Installment, enclosing.73 

Inquiry concerning Shipment.. 6 

Invoice, error in ..49 

Invoice,reply to last.50 

Invoice,receipt of...,.51 

Lending Money....71,72 

Loss of G-oods by Express ...68 

Notes for Collection...78 

Offer to Buy,declining.55 

Offering Goods.26 

Official Letter..20 

Opening Announcement..... 13 

Order for Books.... I 

Orders for Dry Goods.. 2,69 

Orderto a Clothier... 3 

Order to a Grocer.. 4 

Ofder to a Music Dealer..5 

Payment of Rent.19 

Payment,pressing request ....75 
Payment,reminding of....41 
Poultry,market price of ......48 

Price L/st, requesting..8 

Price List, reply to last.9 

Provisions and Groceries.11 

Publishing House..74 

Real Estate Inquiry...57 

Recommending Successor..25,31 

Remittance, enclosing .28 

Remittance, receipt of....29,30 

Renewal of Note .. 10 

Requesting to make Purchase. ..41 

Responsibility, inquiry as to.10 

Responsibility, favorable reply.. .11 
Responsibility, unfavorable reply .76 

Salesman, firm to.40 

Samples, forwarding.54 

Security, advising of..59 

Shipment of Apples .. 

Shipment, joint account'... ...27 

Situation, soliciting...80 

Special Lot, offer of.31 

Standing, inquiry, as to.53 

Subscription to Periodical....24 

Suspension of Payment.43 

Terms, requesting. 64- 

Terms, enclosing ..-...19 


187 
































































































coPy#/G*vr. /QS-+. <y v c-ooovA'oo'* r *■ 



ABACUS.-Arithmetical frame with 
Sliding balls. First used J>y ancient 
Greeks,Rowans,and Chinese. Ab¬ 
bey.—Monastery for men or women. 
First founded in France in 360; in 
England,560. Aberration of Light.- 
Discovered by James Bradley in 1727. 
Abraham, Era of.-Commenced 
0ct.l,30j6 B.C.Used by Eusebius. 
Abyssinian Era.-Commenced 
Aug.29, 5493 B.C.fO.S.).Acade¬ 
mies.-From dcadeim'a.) a shaded 
grove without the walls of Ath¬ 
ens, where Plato firsttaught phi¬ 
losophy, 378 B.C.Accents.-First 
introduced in the Greek language, 
264 B.C., by Aristophanes.Accor- 
dion.-Invented at Vienna by Da¬ 
mian, about J 829. Acids.-Nitric 
and sulphuric acids were known 
by Geber in the 8 th century. 

ACOUSTICS. -Science of sound. This 
science was explained by Pythago¬ 
ras about 500, B.CiAcrostic.-A 
kind of poem, invented by Optal- 
ianus in the 4th century. Acti- 
■nometer.-A heat-measurer of 
the solar rays, invented by Her- 
schel about 1825.Actresses.-Un¬ 
known to the ancients. First per¬ 
formed in England about I 6 5 6. 
Acts, in dramatic poetry .-First 
employed by the Romans. Adam 
ana Eve, Era of.-Same as Mun- 
dane (Usher) Era.,commencing 
4004 B.C.Admiral.-Atitlefirst 
adopted in England about 1300. 
Adulteration of Food. —First 
prohibited in England in 1267. 
Adultery .-Punished with death by 
the law of Moses, 1490 8.0. 


ADVERTISEMENTS in Newspapers, 
—These first appeared aboutl647, 
and became general in England 
in the 18th century.E-ni 9 tMa.-Saw- 
son’s riddle, about 1141 B.C.,isthe 
firston record./Eoli an Harp.-lts 
invention is ascribed to Kircher,in 
1650./Eolina.-Reed wind-instru¬ 
ment, invented by Wheatstone in 
1829. /Esop’s Fables.-Written 
about 600 B.C. Agriculture.- 
Cain,whowas born4003 B.C., 
was the first “tiller of the ground.” 
Agricultural S ocieties.-Institut¬ 
ed in 1723. Air or Atmosphere. - 
Pisodonius calculated its height 
to be 800 stadia (4854 feet)79 B.C. 
G-alileo discovered its pressureto 
be about 15 pounds per sqare inch 
in 1564. Priestly ascertained its 
composition to be about77parts 
nitrogen, 21 oxygen, and 2 parts 
other matter,in 1774. 

AIR-BALLOONS.—Invented by a 
Jesuit,named Gusmac,in 1729. 
Air-Brakes, for railway cars.-ln- 
vented by Westinghouse,l87I.Air- 
6 -uns.-Invented by G-uhr, of Nu- 
remburg, 1656. Air-Pipe.-Invent¬ 
ed, by Mr.Sutton,of London, 1756. 
Air-Pump. -Invented by Guericke, 
of Magdeburg, 1650. Air-Telegraph. 
A speaking tube, invented by Gu- 
attari,l870. Alcohol.-Pure spir¬ 
it of wine or hydrated alcohol, is 
said to have been obtained by dis¬ 
tillation, by Abucasis,inthe 12th 
century.Ale.-First known as 
a beverage,404 B.C. Alexander, 
Era of.-Dated fromthedeathof Al¬ 
exander t he Great, Nov. 12,323 B.C. 


ALEXANDRIAN ERA .-Commenced 
Aug.29,5502. B.C. Algebra.-Dio- 
phantus, said to be the inventor, 
wrote upon it probably between the 
3d and the 5th centuries. It was in 
general use in 1590. Alkaline Met¬ 
als.-Discovered by Davy,1807. Al¬ 
manacs.-The Egyptians comput¬ 
ed time by instruments, and the 
Alexandrians had Jog caJendars.The 
first calendar written in England 
was John Somer’s in 1380. Alms¬ 
houses.-First one founded in Eng¬ 
land, by Van Dun, 1577. Al phabet.- 
AtH ofes, son of Menes, is said to 
have been the author of hieroglyph 
ics,2122 B.C. Cadmus is said to 
have brought the Phoenician let- 
ters(l5 in number) into Greece,a- 
bouf 1493 B.C. Alum .-A salt, first 
discovered at Roccha.in Syria.about 
1300. 

Aluminium. -A metal discovered 
by Marggraff, l754. ln 1827,Wohler 
proved it to be a distinct metal. Am¬ 
ber.— A carbonaceous mineral, of 
great repute many centuries be¬ 
fore the Christian era.Aitmiotiia.- 
Volatile alkali, discovered by Priest¬ 
ley, 1774. Amphitheatres. -First 
constructed by Curio.76 B.C., and 
by Julius Caesar,46 B.C.Amylcne.- 
Cororless,mobile liquid, first pro¬ 
cured by Balard,of Paris, I844 .Am 
aesthesia.-Loss of feeling by in¬ 
haling a vapor, discovered iti 1844. 
Anatomy. -Erasistratus and He- 
rophilus first dissected the human 
body, about 300 B.C. Anchors.- In¬ 
vented by the Tuscans. Second fluke 
added by Anacharsis, 592 B.C. 


188 



















































































































ANEMOMETER. -Measure? of the 
velocity of the wind, Invented by 
Wolfius,i709. Aniline. -Oily alka¬ 
line body. Discovered by Unverdorben, 
1826.Animal Magnetism,- Intro¬ 
duced by fatherHehl,a Jesuit,atVi- 
enna.about 1774 .Annuities or 
Pens Ions.- Introduced in England 
about 1512. Anthetns. -Introduc¬ 
ed into church service, 386. Anti¬ 
mony .-White, brittle metal, used 
to blacken tjxe eyes and face, 8 84 
B.C. Antioch .Era ©/.-Commenc¬ 
ed Sept. I, 5492 B.C. Used by ear¬ 
ly Christian writers. Antipodes.- 
Plato was the first to think of 
the existence of such, 388 B.C. 
Anvil .-First saw-maker’s was 
brought to America, 1819. ^ 

APPLES. -Culti vated by the Romans, 
and, probably, introduced by them 
into England. From England into 
America by the early colonists.The 
crab is indigenous,to America. Apri¬ 
cot. -Native of Asia. First planted 
in England about 1540. Aqueduct.- 
First Roman constructed byAppi- 
us Claudius,3l2 B.C. Arch.-— Ap¬ 
peared in early Egyptian and As¬ 
syrian architecture. Archery.- 
Practiced by ancient Thracians, 
Cretans, Parthians, and Numid- 
ians. Archimedes Screw .-Spiral 
pump. Invented by Archimedes, 
267 B.C. Areometer. -Instrument 
to measure density and specific grav¬ 
ity of fluids. Described by Baume,l768. 

ARGAND LAMPS. -Wick or gas 
burners giving circular flame. In 
vented by A-rgand,of Geneva, 1782. 
Arithmetic.-Said to have been 
introduced from Egypt into Greece 
by Thales,about 600 B.C. Oldest 
treatise, by Euclid,300 B.C.Arme¬ 
nian Era.-Used by Armenians. 
Commenced July 9,552. Arms.- 
Clubs were the first weapons; then 
followed the mace, battle-axe, pike, 
spear, javelin,sword and dagger, 
bows and arrows. See any partic¬ 
ular iveapon in its prope r order. 
Army.-Ninus and Semiram is 
had armies amounting to near¬ 
ly two millions of fighting men, 
2017 B.C. 

ARQUEBUS. -Introduced about 
1520; supplanted by matchlock in 
1567. Flint lock and musket in¬ 
vented, 1630. Arsenic. -Steel-gray 
brittle mineral, known to ancients. 
Chemical nature investigated by 
Brandt, 1733. Arson. -Punished by 
death by Saxons. Artesian Wells.- 
Known to ancients,and to Chi¬ 
nese at very early date.Artillery.- 
Heavy missiles, as cannon. First 
contrived by Schwartz,l330.Atun 
deli art Marbles. -At Oxford, con 
tainino chronology from 1582 
to 355 B.C. Sculptured,264 B.C. 
Asbestos. -Fossil stone,unconsum 
able by fire, -made into cloth,74 8.C., 
by the Egyptians. 


CEN. 

1900 
1800 
1700 
1600 
1500 
1400 
1300 
1200 
1100 
1000 
900 
800 
700 
600 
500 
400 
1 300 
200 
<100 
0 
PIOO 
.200 
1300 
400 
500 
600 
700 
800 
900 
1000 
1100 
1200 
1300 
1400 
1500 
1600 
1700 
1800 
1900 
2000 
2100 
2200 
2300 
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2500 
2600 
2700 
2800 
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3300 
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3500 
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3700 
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3900 
4000 


yr CHRONOLOGY. 

''\\NfcV\V\eAV\ CQ,X\kWX\}\>eC)\xVb. 
?A 2eo&ss\ox\Ytax\x\\5.2.\>w;\x\s. 
7S TtecYaxatum ok Nvm.\wto.^*viTc.e.. 
22 \3<b'bX\\ ok OWsiex 2xoxxvn<A\. 

Yb ok 

t yX\tko&<2,xwW\<=>lo\\} \>e,q\ws. 
■\§ Yvekwxwok kVseVcrtjft-skoYNOxne. 
Vo 2xeaW\kaxVex qxax\keA'o\) ^oYvw. 
22 WeAXX^N^YAW) ok 7Lx\q\axxA. 
22 V\xsk C>x ko7a\e.skVv\e. 

\ \ 2ex.kx\x\cesassexk\V«Ax\x\^erVce. 

02 -Y ok kVeVNc-sk. 

2 2 2/w,\xak ok CoxLova. tskaV &Wo'ja\x\. 
2V bexv,<ba\e.xx\ kaVtwV^ kWbaxacewi. 
“3>\ Sxe-ak r}\aqwe vxkYexsAa. 

70 YlkeLVbfc'jaY 

22 2^22 yuv,w> V b V) e.wkk\^ Ye \x\k\e* 
22 2ok\vb xa^a^e txeece. \awbY\a. 
\2 7xa}ax$s06kaxftx\execX5A ak7\oxv\e.. 

I A.D. CHRISTIAN ERA BEGINS. 
22 "Wax L V wya c. \N ax. 

\0 2V\xva cow<\w«,xeb\)v> kY\eVv\xY\s. 
22. YbeakV. ok KVexawLexkVeGxeaV. 
VV 2.^k\iaoox<\o%\x^bo^ox\be.wr. 
kwYVexvVvcVYvbXoxv; Y>ec;'\ws. 

2)2 Sec,ox\2 Ytkesse\\vax\ \Nax. 

A-2 Vxxok VKeese\\\ax\ NNax. 

72 YNxcexacva cox\<\\vexebV\)kss^x’\ax\s. 
72Yieak\\ ok 2o\o\x\o\\,ac;eASO. 
L4- KkVewe aYioWeVes xov^aVc^. 

'b'i 7 x c^aw 7N ax coxxvn\ev\c,es. 
N2 \sxaeV\kes xeekoxeLYx) G\boox\. 
2\ 2ex\wk\\ xe’W\\k,ax'A so x\axx\eA. 
ST Yex\Vakewc\\ \NX\kkexx\>\)kt\ose.e 
KkVows. kovoxLei) NoV) CiO.cxo^'i. 
22 7eak\\ ok bacoN), aqeL W7. 

72 Saoxkk\ces\xvkxoLaco V\xxoOxeece. 
27 < DobowaxxbCroxx\oxxa\\ Leekxo\yi2. 
22^>\xkY\ ok WoxaV\aw\. 

W ^x\ask\)ok'W\e,Wx\\C\ac)s\)Ooi\x\o. 
Tk VC\e,xo^\\)^\\‘\c.s\xvMex)Xob\)\) kkYokes 
A7 7 ovjQ/X ok 2>a\)A \>vJ\\X. 

4% TV«, ’QcNwcje. ok WoaVv. 

22 >,ukVex\)C\c,\c)V)^k\aaV\skox\)\)e(i\x\s. 
02 Q.\xmse2.xx^\xesi\bkoVa\e\)e^\vxx. 

22 2Ymw skake kYe\x k\xek cv^keW^Ka. 

4% %\xV\v okWoaV. 

22) Vax^«^V\)OXxv,soxxokVtikVv.sa\aV, 

W ^>'\xW\ ok^e,X\v\kse\aV. 

22 4xk ok oxx^o\xo\x\ 0 |\«> \xaok\ceA. 
72 2\xkV ok 2a\x\ax\,c,oY\ ok TLxxos. 

72 tCoe\ \v\wv^oxebV\)> C>a\x\, 

4 THE CREATION. 


ASCENSION , Era o/.-Commenced 
Nov. 12,295. Asphalt. -Bitumin¬ 
ous substance. Used for building 
purposes in ancient Babylon. As¬ 
say of Gold and Silver.-Originat- 
ed with the bishop of Salisbury, 
about 1125. Astronomy. -Earl¬ 
iest observations made at Babylon, 
2234 B.C. Asylums. -Cadmus is 
said to have built one at Thebes, 
1490 B.C. Jews built them,145 I 
B.C. Atlantic Cable. -First plan 
made in June, 1845. First attempt 
to lay it, Aug. 5,1857. Successfully 
laid in 1858, with message Aug.5. 
Ceased to tvork,Sepf.4. Again suc¬ 
cessfully laid, 1866. Atmosphere.- 
See 4/V. Atoms.- Oemocritus < was 
the first to write on their e v i s t - 
ence, about 400 B.C. Atwood’s 
Machine. -For proving the laws 
of accelerated motion by falling 
weights. Invented byGeo.Atwood, 
1784. 

AUCTION .-This kind of sale was 
known to the Romans,400 B.C. 
Augustan Era. -Began Feb.14,27 
B.C. Automatic Circuit Break- 
er.-Used in telegraphy. Invented 
by Gray, 1876. Automatic Valve 
Gear.-For steam engine. Invent¬ 
ed by Patten, 1713. Axe, Wedge, 
Lever, and various tools in com¬ 
mon use.-Said to have been in¬ 
vented by Daedalus, of Athens, 
about 1240 B.C. 

BABEL,Tower of.-Built by No¬ 
ah’s posterity, 2247 B.C.Baccha¬ 
nalian Games.-Arose in Egypt. 
8 rought intoGreece, 1415 B.C.Bach¬ 
elors.-Taxed by Romans, and 
obliged to marry.Taxed in Eng¬ 
land, 1695 to 17 06.Backgawtnon.- 
Invented by Palawede$,l224B.C. 
Bagpipe.-Known to ancientRo- 
mati! and Greeks.Bail.-Allo^wed 
in England priorto l066.Baize.- 
Coarse woolen cloth. Introduced 
into England from Hoi land,,1660. 
Ballads.- Said to have been intro¬ 
duced into England by Adhelme, 
about 700. Balloons.-Principle 
of construction formed by Albert 
of Saxony in the 14th century.The 
first ascent in a fire(heated air) 
balloon was made by J. andS.Mont¬ 
golfier, June 5,1783. First ascent 
in hydrogen balloon,Aug.27,17 8 3. 
Ballot. - Secret voting, by ballot 
was practiced by the ancient Ro¬ 
mans and Greeks. Banish went.- 
A punishment common in ancient 
times. Banks.-Firstestablished 
in Italy by the Lombards,808B.C. 
Bank of Venice, 1171; B an k of 
England, 1694; Bank of North 
America, 1781. Bantiers.-Com- 
mon to all nations. Jews had 
them, 1491 B.C. Barbers.-Lived 
in ancientG-recce and Rome. 
Barium.-First recognized as an 
earth distinct from lime byScheele, 
1774; as a metal, by Davy, 1808. 


189 

























1 [(SHUT—1 

BAROMETERS.-Torricelli wade 
the first barometer, a bout 1643. 
Wheel barometers invented, 1668; 
phosphoric, 1675; pendan t, 1 695; 
marine, 1700. Barracks. -Became 
numerous in England.about 17 89. 
Barristers (lawyers).-Said to have 
been first appointed by Edward I. 
about 1291. Bassoon. -Wooden doab¬ 
le-reed wind instrument, said to 
have been invented by Afranio, 
about 1520. Bastile. -French cas¬ 
tle,built by Charles V., 1369.Pulled 
down by mob, 1789. Bathometer.- 
For measuring depth of water. 1 ri - 
vented by Siemens, 1861. Batten’*? 
Raw.-Invented by Artemon.a lac- 
edaemonian, about 450 B.C. 
BATTLE-AXE.-Weapon used by the 
Celts. Used at the battle of Bannock¬ 
burn, 1314. Bayonet. -Invented at 
Bayonne,in Prance,about 1670. Ba¬ 
zaars. -Were known in the East 
as early as the 8th century.Beads.- 
St. Au 9 ustine mentions them,366. 
Bearn and Scales.-Used in Finland, 
1309. Beans, Black and White.-Us- 
ed by ancient Greeks and Romans 
for voting Beards. -Egyptians did 
not wear them; the Assyrians did. 
Jews forbidden to mar their beards, 
1490 B.C. Bed. -Ancients first slept 
on skins, afterwards on loose rush¬ 
es, heather, or straw. Romans were 
first to use feathers. Air-cush ion 
used, 218, and air-beds, 1550. 
BEES. - The economy of bees was ad¬ 
mired in the earliest ages.Eumelus, 
of Corinth, wrote a poem on bees, 
741 B.C. Beheading -Introduced 
into England, 1066, by William the 
Conqueror. Bellows. -Said to have 
been invented by Anacharsis, about 
569 B.C. Bells.-Used by the ancient 
Jews, Creeks, and Romans. First 
known in France, 550. Used in 
churches by order of pope John IX., 
about 900, as a defence against thun¬ 
der and lightning. Benefice. -Cler¬ 
ical benefices originated in the 
12 th century. Benevoletices.-Forc- 
ed loans. Claimed by the Anglo-Sax'- 
on sovereigns in the 6th century. 
BESSEMER STEEL. -Invented, 1856, 
by H. Bessemer, by passing cold air 
through liquid iron. Bi ble.-The Old 
Testament, written by various in • 
spired writers, is said to have been 
collected and arranged by Ezra be¬ 
tween 458 and 450 B.C.Bible Dic¬ 
tionaries.- Calmet’s, published in 
1722, is one of the most remarkable 
Bible ’Societies.- The Society for pro 
mo ting Christian Xnowledge.organ- 
ized, 1698 ; Society for Propagating 
theG-ospel in Foreign Parts, 1 7.0 1; 
American Bible Society, 1817.Bicy¬ 
cle.-See l/elocipedes. B i gamy .-The 
Romans branded the infamous pan 
ty with a mark; punished by death 
in England, a bout l250.Billiards.- 
Said to have been invented by Hen- 
rique Devigne, about 1571. 

cenyr .CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 "Vo WiVft Kwamsass-Xv} Kwh XwLe^ew’ce. 

1800 

1700 < y?b\V\s\\ Ve\>e\\\aw\>roVe ouX. 

1600 T% \\y%X ^Avsso-TuvVxsVN'Nar WqVns. 

1500 EV \maVs ou.X vAT-vavNce/. 

1400 Vk CkA\vwxW» &\seo\me&Awex\c.a. 
1300 VI ArxecVT\\q&orft,Wx.,kc>XYY^eA. 

1200 8\ Savons N Na\’\v\^.v\q\a\\X\)eqIv\s. 
1100 AS 'oec.owX 

1000 VaXX\e ok Vva<bX\wc>s>. 

900 TT VokawX'oec.awe a Y\v\qXo-wv. 
800 \A T>eaXY\ ok IT.. 

700 2V S)Or\sxa\vv\w^s.\i«.'i\eqi!.!i'ov) < oaracer\s. 
600 'll \tvoV\axwvweLawX.s(a>oe^\‘ws. 

1500 A^ IwmTT,Toxa\ e,cW^se ok xV\t s\w. 
[400 E>V 7ax\s> xW^ravCVA. 

|300 3% 7ers\a'<\^a'<,W\t\\7vovv\e,'oeq’\w=>. 

^200 'ol ^esVi\\ewoo\3tt.q\ , os\r\^or<\awXr(\^ne. 

4100 2>\ Tecowii 'oeqVvvj. 

O 4 B.C. BIRTH OF CHRIST. 

® 100 Ufo IuV)\lV'\'<X\\ ok IuW\k,sC.«.<ba.-Y.. 

’ 200 \kb S>ecow\^ ww\cANav 'oeqwx'b. 

\300 Acoess\or\ok xVeVreaX. 

400 \\ VxeaXkawIrvevw^oTvve.. 

\ 1 500 IS ?\^Vaqo\as q\stes\a'NS Xo Qrveece. 

' 600 TV TX\we\is\\ c.a^Xv^e^'o^xVoHs.^es.. 
700 Vi Aowo ko\VA^eA\>\^ VvoyawXws. 
800 \A V\vv\q^ow\ ok XAac.e^ox\kowwAeX« 
900 "V\ c b^V\a\'A\ia^eX\)^ xVoVq^xIaws. 

1000 'oS AvjxoXVoNoalkwOjOxX^ ok Woiv\\c\a, 
1100 %T \sxae\\xes restored \>\>| i«,vVX\\a.. 
1200 TA < b\6\\vi| oo\o\\\reA'ov)VX‘yusca'v\S(. 

1300 'i'o VXeusivvvYa.rx w\yvXeV\esvwiX\X\vX6A 
1400 V\ okxVeAvx'tsXxXGte. 

1500 VI Vwsx Aa\o oa Axx^taVaavVAaxVWs. 
1600 \T XXk\\o\j\avis soxxXe. woax Vq^X. 

1700 \S Kxca^vaws ewivqvaxeXo \Xa\v^. 
1300 38 V‘\rXV\ ok iaodk) ani Xsau -X\u\Wi. 
1900 OA ta\\ ok K\>'Va\\'a.wv» 

2000 ST < bew\'<anv\svisw(^sx\\eqoxQA'amv\X. 
2100 IS "Loxoasxov koun^e^ xV\oVkaq\. 
2200 SS Viva. AvywasX'} Wn&sA’wx CVxwva. 
2300 AT T>Y<m,Var<\,av\A 5a^Ye.xY,yn\s ok WY 
2400 A3 k\ans kor xVvo a\V are <}\\ic,y\. 
2500 SS VrxXr^wawMi ^vsxtTaxAkox Van. 
2600 

2700 SS Vg\^X\aY\ V\\sXox\\ sa\i Xo Y>eq\r\. 
2800 

2900 A% VvtxVv ok HoaV\,w<\ okVanvecV 
3000 TA TieaxVv ok kiaw, aqeA WS. 
3100 

3200 SA VAanxVxems a*a oexe-we'xvwivwi 
3300 ST X-xxocNv-sorv ok baae&AsVoxrv. 
3400 

3500 VS ^rx\)xAro\r\qsa\AXoVbj»VwVoo\M' , (v 
3600 SS \-NaVva\a\ee\ \<s \>oxw. 

3700 

3800 TV Vu,w\sV\w\er\X ok Oa'\v\. 

3900 

4000 A, ^VieVvvsUXvaivtm ok Vvaw’vaqe. 

SILLS OF EXCHANG-E. -Invented 
by the Jews, 1160; used in England, 

1307.Binary Arithmetic. -Count¬ 
ing by twos, for evpeditiously ascer¬ 
taining the property of numbers, 
and constructing tables. Invent¬ 
ed by Leibnitz,about 1703. Bino¬ 
mial Root.-In Algebra, a term 
first used by Recorda, about 1550. 
8irths.-The births of chi Id ren 
were taxed in England,l695, 
and again, 1783. Bismuth.- Rec¬ 
ognized by Agricola as admtmct 
metal, 1529. Black Death. -Raged 
in Italy, 1340. Black Friday.-ln 
Eng!and,May 11.1866. Black Let¬ 
ters (Gothic).-Employed in the 
first printed books, about 1450. 
BLACK MON DAY.- Easter Mon¬ 
day, April 13 , 1360. Blank Verse.- 
See Verse. Blankets. -Said to have 
been first made in Egland byThos. 
Blanket, 1340. Blasphemy. -Pun¬ 
ished with death, I49J 8.C. Bleach¬ 
ing.-Known in ancient Egy pt, 
Syria, and India. Blind Asylum.- 
First established by Valentine 
Hauy,at Paris, 1784. Blister s.- 
Madefrom cantharides, used 
by Hippocrates,460 B.C. Block¬ 
ade. -First introduced by the 
Dutch, about 1584. Blocks. -In 
ship rigging, much improved 
by Walter Taylor,, about 17 8 1. 
BLOOD. -Circulation through the 
lungs, known to Servetus, a Span¬ 
ish physieian, 1553. Positive d is- 
covery made by Harvey, 16 19. 
Blowing Machines. -In iron 
works, erected by Mr. Smeaton, 
in Eng land, 1760. Blow : pipe. - 
Supposed to have been invented 
by the Egy ptians, about 1200 B.C. 
Oxyh ydrogen blow-pipe invent¬ 
ed by Mr. Hare, 1802., Blu-e,Prus¬ 
sian .-First niade in Berlin, 1704. 
Boats, Flat-bottomed .-First us¬ 
ed in Eng land, about 1070. Boil¬ 
ers, Tubular.-First made in 
Blackley, 1764. Boiling. — D r. 

Hoo ke, about 1683, ascertained 
•that liquids were not increased 
in heat after beginning to boi 1. 
BOMBS. -Said to have been invent- 
■ ed at V/enlo, 1495. Bones. -Art of 
softening, discovered,about 1688, 
and U9ed in cutlery manufacto¬ 
ries just afterward. Bone-set- 
ting.-First scientifically prac¬ 
ticed, 1620. Books. -Original 1 y 
made of boards, or the inner 
bark of trees; then of skins or 
parchment. Papyrus adopted in 
. Egypt.Books with leaves of ve 1- 
1 um were invented by A tt a 1 US, 
king of Pergamus, about 198 8.C., 

. at which time books were in vol¬ 
umes or rolls .The first pri nted 
boo ks (see f'r/nt/ng) were print¬ 
ed om one side on ly, the leaves 
being pasted back to back.The 
first bound book is said to have 
been made about 650. 


190 




























BOOK-BINDING.-Oaken boards were. 
used /row 650 to about IJ00; vel- CEN 
vet, about 1350} vellum introduc¬ 
ed about 1510; leather introduced 
about 1520; cloth bindinq cawe 
into use about 1830- Book-Keep¬ 
ing. -John Gowqhe’s. published, 
1543, is the earliest. Book-sellers.- 
At First migratory like hawkers; 
a/terwards had booths or stalls 
at the corners of streets or i n 
markets. First book-seller’s cata¬ 
logue, 1595. Boots. -Invented in 
907 B.C. Boot-Blacks.- Came into 
vogue, 17 50. Boot-sole Sewing Ma¬ 
chine. -Invented, 1858, by Blake. 
Borax. -Known to ancients. Its 
chemical nature discovered,l732, 
by GeoFFrey. 

BOTANY.- Aristotle is considered 
the/oumder oFthe science,about 
347 B.C. Bottles .-Anciently they 
were made of leather. Made o F 
glass by Romans,79 A.D. Boxing 
or Prize-Fighting. First practiced 
by the ancient Romans. Brace¬ 
lets. -Worn by ancients; those 
of pearls and gold, by Roman ladies 
Brandy .-First -manufactured in 
France, about 13 50. Brass .-Known 
to ancients,and frequently men¬ 
tioned in Bible. Bread. -Said to 
have been First made from wheat, 

1998 B.C., by the Chinese; First wade 
with yea«t by the English, a bo ut 
1650. 

BREAST;PLATE.-Worn by Jewish 
high priests, 1491 B.C. Gol iath was 
armed with acoat oFmail, 1063 B.C. 
Breeches.-Among ancient Greeks, 
worn only by slaves; worn by Da¬ 
cians and Parthians; worn in It¬ 
aly, 50 B.C. Breech-loaders.-Many 
tried and abandoned since about 
l590.SuccessFu!ly manufactured 
since 1850. Brewers.-Traced to E- 
qypt; known to Anglo-Sa*ons,650. 
Bribery.-Samuel’s sons guilty of 
it, 1112 B.C. Bricks.-Known and 
used in Babylon, Egypt,Greece,and 
Rome. Made in England by Romans, 

44 A. D. Brick machine invented 
by Cooke and Cunningham, 18 3 9. 
Bridges.-At First wade oF wood. I n 
China, ancient stone bridges exist. 
Xerxes’ bridge oF boats across the 
Hellespont, 480 B.C. First largeiron 
bridge in England, 1777.Chain sus¬ 
pension bridge, 1825.Tubular sus¬ 
pension bridge, 1846. 

1ROCAOE. -Variegated silken Fab- 
ricj-originally made by the Chinese; 
made in France, l757.Bromine.- 
Poisonous volatile liquid element,dis¬ 
covered by M. Ballard, l826.Brotue.- 
Known to ancients. Bucklers.- 
Used in single com bat, said to have 
been invented by Proetus and Acri- 
cius oF Argos,about 1370 B.C. Buck¬ 
les.-Worn instead oF shoe-Strings, 
I630;became Fashionable and ex¬ 
pensive soon aFterward. 


1900 

1800 

1700 

1600 

1500 

1400 

1300 

1200 

1100 

1000 

900 

800 

700 

600 

‘500 

400 

300 

<100 

o 

PI 00 
"aoo 
1300 
400 
500 
600 
700 
800 
900 
1000 
1100 
1200 
1300 
1400 
1500 
1600 
1700 
1800 
1900 
2000 
2100 
2200 
2300 
2400 
2500 
2600 
2700 
2800 
2900 
3000 
3100 
3200 
3300 
3400 
3500 
3600 
3700 
3800 
3900 
4000 


Bullets. -Made of stone, 1514; of 
iron., 1550; oF lead,after 1600. Bull¬ 
ion, Assaying oF.-lntroduced,l354. 
Burials.- Abraham buried Sarah 
at Machpelah, I860 8.C.; the First 
Christian burial place said to have 
been instituted, 596; vaults first 
erected in England, 1075. Burning 
Alive. -Practiced by ancient Ro¬ 
mans, Jews, and other nations, 
and countenanced by bulls oF the 
pope. Burning the Dead.-Practic¬ 
ed by the Greeks and Romans; it 
was general, 1225 B.C.Burning 
Glasses.-Archimedes, by their 
aid, is said to have burnedaFleet 
in the harbor oF Syracuse,214 B.C. 
BURYING ALIVE.-ln 8oeot;a,Cre 
on ordered Antigone to be buried 
alive, 1225 B.C. Romans practiced 
it For certain offenses. Bushel.- 
Ordered to contain eight gal Ions 
oF wheat, 1520 ; Wifichestet bush- 
el adopted, 1697. Busts. -Lysistra- 
tus was the inventer oF moulds. 
From which he cast wax Figures, 
328 B.C. First made oF plaster of 
parts From the Face by Verrochi, 
about 1466. Butter.-Used by Ro¬ 
mans and&reeks as a medicine 
only; used,a bout 300 A. D., in the 
place oFoil For lamps.Oleomar- 
gerine was invented by Monrles, 
in Paris, 1869. Buttons. -First 
manuFactured in England,about 1500. 
CABLES. -Machine For making them, 
invented, 1792. Cable Railway, Un 
dcrground.-lnvented byHallidie, 
oFSan Francisco, 1871. Cabs.-lntro 
duced into London, 1823. Cadmi¬ 
um. -Metal, discovered by Strome- 
utr and Hermann, 1818. Caesars, 
Era oF (Spanish Era).-Reckoned 
From Jan. I, 38 8.C. Caesium.- A 
rare metal,discovered by Bunsen, 

1861. Calcium .-Metallic base, oF 
lime, discovered by Davy, 1808. Cal¬ 
culating Machines. -To avoid mak¬ 
ing errors in computations. Pas 
cal invented one about 1650. Cal¬ 
endar. -Roman calendar,divid- 
ing the year into ten wonths, 
comprising 304 days, introduced 
by Romulus,738 8.C.; Nunia Pom 
pilius added two months,713 B.C.; 
Julius Caesar Fixed the solar yea r 
at 365/4 days,every Fourth year 
being leap-year,45 B.C.*, PopeGrf>9 
ory ordained, 1582, ttjat ever y 
Fourth year, except centesimal years 
not exactly divisible by 400,shoul<! 
be a leap-year. 

CALICO. 

Calicut, India, and First brought From 
the East, 1631. Calico-printing and 
the Dutch loom engine First used 
in England, 1676. Caliper Compass. 
To measure bore oF cannon, s m a II 
arms,etc.,invented at Nuremberg, 
1540. Cali Yuga .-Hindoo era ofthe 
Deluge, which commenced with 
xVv8.VvkX wfaNmok3101 B.C. 


yr .CHRONOLOGY. 

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ftA ft-ams Vvx <s\ Ya.x\6 V<\ ft i\w. 

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ftft \va.Vo|’\x\\iab«A\>q xVc.Vo'ya'oox bs,. 

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33 A.0,CRUCIFIXION OF CHRIST. 

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ftft ^oV\;\owc.t»Aft}xs,x«.L^Lss'q-f\'v^s. 
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2ft baooftftkesse.xVxVvvb •bows. 
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ft\ V«.X\exs 

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Aft xVa, k\x sk WcJ\\m 


191 


































CALOMEL.-First prepared byBe 9 u.it!, 
l608.Calotypc Process.-By which 
neoative photographs arc produced 
on paper, invented by h.F.Talbot, a- 
bou» I84p. Cambric.-First wade 
atCambrau; worn in England as 
a luvuru, 1580. Camera Lucida.- 
Invented by Dr. Hooke, about 1674. 
Camera Obscura.-In vented by 
Baptista Porta, 1515.Cawp.-The 
First camp was that oF the Hebrews, 
1490 B.C.Canals.-First English 
navigable canal Finished,1134; bn 
perial canal in China,2000-tn i les 
long, commenced about 1250.Can¬ 
dles. -OF tallow, tooktheplace oF 
Fatted splinters about 1300. 
CANDLESTICKS.-Bezaleel made otie 
oF 90 Id For the tabernacle, 1491 B.C. # ; 
First used irt Eng land,959. Canni¬ 
bals .-Mentioned by Homer and He¬ 
rodotus; Columbus Found them in 
the West Indies, 1493.Catinore.-ln- 
vented, 1330; First cast in England, 

1543.Camtharides.-Venomous bee¬ 
tles, employed to raise blisters as 
early as 50 B.C.Caoutchouc(lndia 
Rubber).-Observed in Hayti,l493, 
by Columbus; introduced into Eu- 
rope # From America, about 1735. 
Capillary Attraction.-Rising oF 
Fluids in very small tubes, as the sap 
in plants, said to. have been Firstly 
observed by Aggiunti oFPisa.about ' 
1820. 

Capital punishment.- ordain¬ 
ed For murder, 2348 B.C. Caps 
and Hats. -Came into general 
use, about 1450. Capstan .-To work 
ships’ anchors, said to have been 
invented,about 1690, by Samuel 
Morland. Car.- Invention ascrib 
ed to Erichthonius oF Athens,I486 
B.C.; covered cars used by Romans. 
Carbolic Acid .-Obtained by the dis¬ 
tillation oF pit-coal, by Laurent, 
1846-7. Carbon.-Shown to be dis¬ 
tinct element by Lavoisier, 17 88 . 
Carbonic Acid Gas.-LiqueFied by 
atmospheric press ure.J 8 23, by Far¬ 
aday. Carding .-English .p atent, 
1748. Cards, Playing.-Origin oF 
game uncertain; brought to Vi¬ 
terbo, Italy, 1379; illuminated For 
Charles VI. oF France, 1392. 
CARPETS. -Used in East in ancient 
times; introduced into Franceabout 
1600.Carriages.^-Erichthonius oF 
Athens is said to have produced tjhe 
First chariot about I486 B.C.; intro¬ 
duced into England, !555.Carrots.- 
BroughtFrom Holland to England, 
about 1510. Cast-iron Mill-work.- 
Introduced into England l752.Cast 
Steel.- Krupp’s patent, 1851. Cat.- 
Domestic cat supposed to be deriv¬ 
ed From the European wild cat; 
sold For hioh prices during the mid¬ 
dle ages. Catacombs. -Early depos¬ 
itories oF the dead; built in Egypt 
beFore 1200 B.C.; early Christians 
met at Rome in the catacombs For 
worship. _ 


CEN. 

1900 
1800 
1700 
1600 
1500 
1400 
1300 
1200 
MOO 
1000 
900 
800 
700 
1600 
*500 
1400 
300 
d 200 
<100 
o 


100 
200 
300 
¥400 
500 
600 
700 
800 
*800 
1000 
1100 
1200 
1300 
1400 
1500 
1600 
1700 
1800 
1900 
2000 
2100 
2200 
2300 
2400 
2500 
2600 
2700 
2800 
2900 
3000 
3100 
3200 
3300 
3400 
3500 
3600 
3700 
3800 
3900 
4000 


m CHRONOLOGY. 

1 ft Vxw\co- 8 exYAa\\'tla'< N oeo ) \w<b. 

22 xoftft 'Wax cri Vo\\<iYvftwccev=>’\oYv. 
22 taxxxXmXrvVxaxxce. 

25} 8q,mo\X x,W We%\\e'*\aY\&=.. 

Vs Xs 88 >Nav 0 $ Vvo<be* \vv^rv<!|YaYv&. 
1 ft . 95 .,Vvx<& sXomoi ftasvAe\a\&. 

1ft toll VAqV\XrV\ C>xw<y&Ae. 

1ft 2ec.ft.ft, V=sassvmVvvtv o^IVcs. 2ecVev. 
18 bax\.1A,ft\«X ^NRcmsleases 
81 \twx8cYv,V>'&.\iax\a., X owv\8e8. 

11 \.fcx\&ow 8 aYves>. 

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88 ^exs\a‘w\\ia 8 e 8 ''o\; x\\e Vw\)S. 

1 ft V>^. 1 , ft\v^\xi\ax\ 6 ota YtwvwN^aXeA. 
81Mtx\\ce,\xa\\;,Xo\vx\taA. 

1 ft 8 \xxYv o4 ft\vccoxV\\Jbv.Va.Vx\cVY 
88 8 cw l a , xv 2 nv\(\xesXva.cV« 2 o'v\'jN\ < i\ 2 ee. 
1ft VAsvaxv \iVb\vs 6 aa\ a.w& 8 x\W\w. 

27 B .C. OCTAVIUS EMPEROR OF ROME. 
Uft ftc&xxVaqe o\^eA \>\) 8 c\yvo. 

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ftA VNa\;11,8avx\e 0(1 \\\e2xax\\cw<i. 
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ft 8 ^eWcV^mvm \xv\iata% 8 \ym.. 

18 *w\v>\, 8 .xa 8 \\y*w}\afts\)eq\x\s. 
88 fteV\v,Y\x\tyoX\sxae\,b\es. 

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8 ft 8a\i\4k CnAYaWx. 

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ftA- VbxaeWVes cox\<\u.exeb\>\; ftaVvw. 

2ft . 

1 A 8 \xV\\ ofc Kax<ya,ftxotY\ex oi Xtoses. 
ftV 800 V.cii Crexxes'xs closes. 

18 ftose^Vx so\b\wYo 2 .qv^V. 

112 q\^v'\ax\ aX^WoeX \xx\ie\\Veft. 

1ft VoxaWxxx \J\%\Xs ft_q\^x . 

88 W\x\w,s,sox\o$ I'vxnxo &,xe\qxvsVtvtas\;xviL. 
M 1 Vs>!>eei 8 q^X,^ownLeb 8 \; 8 we\V\s. 
\8 W\x\e'aeVv<iow'v\fteft\>\; KsYvwx 
A -6 V\x^\vaxaA,sox\ oX < bV\en\,\s 8 oYY\' 

88 8 ro 8 x\vxeaXex\s XV\e <i\ 008 . 

8 ft 8 eI\Yv&\\ L\«,s,a.<yiA 8 \ft. 

81,8>ex\\ &\e.s,ac^e 8 ftVX. 

ftft Var(\ecV\,eeno^ \t<&V\vse\*Vv,\sW'<\. 

81 8 xvocV\,sox\ oS ba.xeft,\s\)Oxx\. 

Aft ftaxeft,sox\ oX ftkaVa\a\ee\,\e 8 on(\. 

8 ft 2 xv 0 s,sox\ o4 8 eXV\,\s 8 oxx\. 

16 6 a\x\ xwafte a.x\oUex\v^ oV VwvvtXttftoX. 

&»Vvaxv cjwiew bov*v\vv\OYvmxxlVveevg^v. 


CATAPULT/E. -Military engines For 

throwing stones, darts and arrows, 
invented by Dionysius,399 B.C. Cat¬ 
echisms. -Said to have been First 
compiled about 800. Caucus. -Pri¬ 
vate political meeting, First men¬ 
tioned by John Adams, l763.Caul- 
iFlower.-Brought From Cyprus to 
England, about 1603. Caustic, in 
Painting.-Burning colors into ivo 
ry or wood, invented byCausias 
oFSicyon,about 335 B.C. Caval¬ 
ry. -Used by Canaanites in war, 
1450 B.C.; Persians had 10,000 hoTse 
at Marathon, 490 B.C. Cavendish 
Experiment.-Described by Henry 
Cavendish, 1798, For determin ing 
the mean density oFthe earth. 

CELERY.- Introduced into England, 
1704. Celibacy. -Preached by St. An¬ 
thony in Egypt about 305 ; reject¬ 
ed in the council oF Nice,325.Cell 
Theory. -Propounded by Schwann, 
1839. Cement (R om an) .-Par ker’s 
patent, 1796. Census. -Israelites 
numbered by Moses, 1490 8 .C.; by 
David, 1017 B.C.*, Phalereus took a 
census oF Attica,317 B.C.; law en¬ 
acted by Tullius, 566 B.C.Centitry.- 
Computing time by centuries com¬ 
menced From the incarnation of 
Christ, and First adopted in chro¬ 
nology in France. 

CEREMONIES, Master oF.-OFFice 
instituted in England,l60_3.Ceres.- 
Planet, discovered by Piazzi, Jan. I, 
l80I.Cerium.-Rare metal, discover¬ 
ed by Klaproth, 1803. Chain Bridg¬ 
es. -Oldest in world in China; First 
in England built 1818-25. Chain Ca¬ 
bles. -Used by theVeneti, 57 B.C.; 
came into use in English navy, 1812. 
Chain Pumps.-First used in 1787 
on the British Frigate F/ora.. Chain 
Shot.-lnvented by the Dutch admi¬ 
ral, DeWitt, 1666. Chanting the 
Psalms.-Adopted by Ambrose From 
the pagan ceremonies oFtheRowans, 
about 350. Charcoal Air-Filters.- 
Devised by Dr. Stenhouse, F.R.S.,1853. 
Chariots.-First made by Erich¬ 
thonius, about I486 B.C.; chariot 
racing was a Favorite Greek evercise. 

CHARTERS. -Fi rst granted to cor¬ 
porate towns by Henry l. in 1132. 
Charts and Maps. -Anavimander 
of Miletus is said to have been the 
inventor oF geographical and ce¬ 
lestial charts,about 570 B.C.Chas- 
sepot Ri/le.-ModiFied needle gun, 
and breech-loader, invented by Al¬ 
phonse Chassepot, 1863. Checkers.- 
See Draughts. Cheese. -Mentioned 
by Aristotle,about 350 B.C.;English 
said to have learned-cheese-making 
From the Romans about I A. D. 
Chemistry .-As an art it is very 
ancient; as a science it originat¬ 
ed about 1600^introduced by the 
Moors intoSpain,about 1150. Cher¬ 
ry. -Brought From Pontus to Rome, 
about 70 B.C.; First planted in Brit¬ 
ain, about 100 A. D. 


192 





























' Vs/////. ; 


CHESS .-A game attributed to Pala- 
medes,680 B.C. Chilled Shot.-Capt. 
Palliser,bu experiment, 1864, show¬ 
ed -that iron shot cast in cold iron 
moulds instead oF hot sand,equals 
steel. Chimes on Bel Is. -Invented 
at Alvest, 14-87. Chimneys. -First 
introduced into England , about 
1200, previous to which chaFfng- 
dishes( portable grates) were used. 
China Ware. -Made at Dresden, Sax¬ 
ony, 1706; in England, l752.Chiv- 
alry. -Arose out oF the Feudal sys¬ 
tem, a bout 775. Chloral Hydrate.- 
Compound oF chlorine and alcohol, 
producing deep sleep. Discovered by 
Liebig, 183 ^reported to the French 
Academy o'F Sciences by Liebreich, 
Aug. 16, 1869. 

CHLORINE. -G-as First obtained by 
Scheele,l774; Davy proved it to be 
an element, 1810. Chloroform.- 
Discovered by Souberan, 1831; First 
applied as an anaesthetic by Doc¬ 
tor Simpson, 1847. Chlorozone.- 
DisinFectant, introduced,l873.Choc- 
olate.- Introduced into Europe 
From Mevico and Brazi I, about 
1520. Choir .-First introduced in¬ 
to the churches oF England,677. 
Chorus-Sinyiny.-Practiced at Ath¬ 
ens, 508 B.C. Christian Era. -Com¬ 
menced Jan. I, I A.D. Invented by 
a monk, Dionysius Exiguus or De¬ 
nys le Petit, about 532. 

CHRISTIANITY.-Thename.Christian 
was First given to the disciples oF 
Christ at AntiocH,in Syria,4-3. 
Christwas-Day.-Said to have been 
First kept,98; ordered to be held 
as a solemn Feast,by p^peTelespho- 
rus, about 137. Chromium.- Rare 
metal, discovered by Vau.qu,elin,l797. 
Chromo-Lithography.-See Print¬ 
ing in Colors. Chronicles. -Earliest 
are -chose oF the Jews, Chinese, and 
H indoos. Chronology .-Arrangement 
and exhibition oFthe events oF h Is- 
tory in the order oF their success- 
ion.(See central columns). Blair’s 
Chronolo 9 y,compiled in 1753, is 
one oF the earlfest.Chronometer.- 
See Clocks and Harrisons Time Piece. 

CHRONOSCOPE.-For measuring small 
intervals oF time. Invented by Wheat¬ 
stone, 1840. Cider.-Called wine when 
First made in England,about 1284. Ci¬ 
gar Ship. -Steam yacht,designed by 
Mr.Winan, 1866. Cinchona.-Bark 
From the cinchona tree,having the 
property oF curing Fevers.(Called al¬ 
so Jesuit’s Bark).Said to have been 
discovered by a Jesuit, about 1535. 
Cinnamon. -Species oF laurel,men¬ 
tioned among the perFumes oFthe 
sanctuary, 1491 B.C. Found in Amer¬ 
ican Forests by don L)lloa,l736 . C i- 
pher.-Secret manner of writing, 
said to have been First used # by Jul¬ 
ius Caesar, about 60 B.C. Circle, 
Ratio oF Diameter to CircumFerence. 
-Archimedes,221 B.C.,gaveit as7to 
22; Lapny, 1719,1 to 3 and 122 decimals. 


CEN . YR CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 AX 

1800 \ft NNax o^\AftexaY\oY\Vxxftexwxxw^. 
1700 Aft-ftft Aywcaxca-w Vv«.\io\wx\ o r\. 
1600 ^A i-a.xwcsVo\Mx\ V\x<iX ^exwCxXwq .toX.ftft. 
1500 Aft VxoXesXanVs V\x<bX so c.a\\cA. 

1400 Aft TVi e,%\V\e*X LoXeA ^VxwXxwq.. 
1300 Aft ' l ftxeaXftc\AsrY&VXWMksX’’Vq\x\%. 
1200 A-\ 

1100 AA \^osco'w,V^s\a,W-y\^t^X^xV'<c)\v\i\. 
i000 ftft Nnnwc^^oxw Kxac^ow <njxxYxAe A. 
900 “3?) ft‘xYXV\c\\ \. Vv(sX towrvX o<i ftoWarx A. 
800 ^Vixsxoxx o4 o<i X\xaM4«,sX. 

700 ftX xaassaoxes Vb^ ‘bmw. 

z,600 Aft \Aecea cowt\xveY^V\}VAoVaw«xe<A. 

500 ftA Wxxca'otcoYaesa.^onxawYxovXnoe. 
:|400 A^ ’twt\o,XV«.\’\s\qoXV\,coxv(\\xMs9i^a\r\. 
*300 80 ^a\\s\s wa'we&^aVxsYx. 
o200 ftft-AA AVA^Xv) a^W\xx , bXoft<mfcx\ xVxowe. 
<100 Aft ^w\i\\w\ksVt\a^ WVkxxA WxxAeA. 

O 67 A.D. PETER AND PAUL PUT TO DEATH. 
“100 Aft ftcXAft, 8 .xa cAAx^e'oeqVws. 
”200 \ft -8 V\xs>x AAac. 8 ,Ao\x’\axx Mft ox. 
|300 AA VV\\Y\^ sxXex\^sV\sson4,\xssXX«Wxaw. 
!; 400 AA ?\aV»aXaVewft\}XWft\a\Yaw<». 
500 ftft svcA-max\\)XxvA. 

600 "5ft ^\aaX\\xw\Oox\sXax\V\x\o^^W!\^. 
700 \ft %a> VxysX Axxi\AfcA\wXo\AT&oxxvy , =>. 
800 AX KxX 0 ^ scu\ywrta\nxm 8 \e&\sw>j , &. 
900 \8 V\Vo^\ax\s C\xsX xwaxxXxme ^o\n«,x . 

1000 ftft fteaX\x oiftouX-ftaxixA wvaAe Vx-vxq. 
1100 XX AVwxA X\} oi OVixxxaWojxxxs. 
1200 XX 0\x^w>x|\c ()«'.oe\«>oxj>.x«A\)^%xcM.Vs 
1300 00 A\xeVxx^exca\’xax\xsXxXxxXe^. 
1400 08 Yxo\x b\scovtVvs8\\x\bX.\^a,OxeXe. 
1500 ft\ A\\o)\xX o<iXJ\osc,s’x / vxXoANx^xa.\x. 
1600 Oft ^ose^\x^xes,ac^a.^\\0. 

1700 ftft Vmft mxxxxs xVtXvw tav^Yxw'; otVa^arx. 
1800 00 Kxq«s,OxM,ce,4o>vxvteO\jv)\a'vxc\xxxs. 
1900 X\ Vxftxavxx so^oxvvrxs x-xxOiarxaavx. 
2000 8 ft Vixms warns \xxs ca'jxXaXWxm'teVx. 
2100 %8 \Oswx\\xxs,X^xAo'Xw^\)^>K\sxix’». 

2200 \A fte\x,xW sow ok \e\eq,\s>\>owxx. 
2300 Aft WooVx e\xX< 2 xeA X\xe avV.. 

2400 Aft Woa'VxreatVxesVxsftOO'tVx x^ear. 
2500 8 X'fteaxVx o^ , s.'xeA,aqe4ft8‘X. 

2600 

2700 8 ft ftaxxv&w xeacVesV\\s ft \ftYYx xxeax. 
2800 

2900 Aft Woa\x,sow oH; \.a-vYvec.\x,'xs\)oYYx. 
3000 W 8 .-xxoc\x\% Xxsws\aV«A,a^aA ft> 8 ft. 

3100 ftft ^AeXVxxssXaVxoxVaxwsV\sNftAxVvxxoav. 
3200 

3300 ftXftxrxVoi Vxxoc\x,so\x 0 ^ 

3400 

3500 A4-\4a\xa\a\se\ fteqaX 
3600 ftft Cax'wamxs Aft wears o\ 8 . 

3700 

3800 Aft ftaxw seVX\es xrxXVxe\axx 8 o<i Woft. 
3900 

4000 A-\ws\xXxxX\oxx oX XVxsftaVooxVkftax). 


Circulating LiBRARiES.-Common 

in the middle ages. Circulation oF 
Blood.-See Blood .Circumcision 
Instituted 1897 B.C. Circumnaviga¬ 
tors. -Magellan was the First in 
1519. See list elsewhere in this book. 
Circus.-Eight or ten at Rome,a- 
bout 600 B.C. Clarendon Press.- 
At OvFord, erected by sir John Van¬ 
brugh, 1711-13. Clarion.- At First 
a trumpet, said to have been invert¬ 
ed by^the’Moors in Spain,about 800. 
Clarionetr-Reed wind instrument, 
said to have been invented bg Den¬ 
ver oF Nuremburg,aboutl690.Clav- 
ichord.-Keyed-stringed instrument, 
in use First about 1520. Clear¬ 
ing House. ^First in London,1775. 

CLEPSYDRA.-Water clock, introduc¬ 
ed at Rome, about 158 B.C.,byScfp- 
io Nasica.Climacteric.-Certain 
periods in a man’s h'-Fe (multiples 
oF 7 or 9), in which it is aFFirmed 
notable alterations in the health 
and constitution oFa person hap¬ 
pen, and expose him to imminent 
dangers.The grand climacteric is 
63, 7 and 9 ranking next. ReFer- 
red to by Hippocrates,383 B.C.CIock. 
-See Clepsydra.. Clocks sa # id to have 
been Found by Caesar on invading 
Britain,55 B.C. Earliest complete 
clock said to have been made by 
a Saracen mechanic,about 1368; 
pendulum clock invented by Huy- 
ghens,1657. 

CLOTH. -See Calico and Woolen Cloth. 
Clouds.-ClassiFied as at present by 
Mr. Luke Howard,!803. Clubs. - 
At First consisted oF a small num¬ 
ber oF persons oF kindred tastes 
and pursuits. Oneo*f the earliest 
was that established by Shakspeare, 
Raleigh,and others,about- I 60 0 . 
Coaches.-First used in England 
about 1553.Coal.-Firstdu 9 For 
Fuel in England, 1234. Cobalt.-A 
rare mineral, First distinguished 
as a metal by Brandt, 1733. Cock- 
Fighting. -Practiced by the Greeks; 
introduced into England by the 
Romans, about 60 A.D. Codes.-AI- 
frenu s Varus First collected thdRo¬ 
man laws about 66 B.C. See Laws. 

COD-LIVER 01L.^-First recommend- 
ed as a remedy For chronicrheum- 
atism by Dr. Percival, l782.CoF/ee.- 
Introduced From Mocha, Arabia, 
into Holland,about | 6 l 6 ,andtha 
tree was taken to the West Indies, 
172 6. Co/Fitis.-CedarcoFFins were 
used For the Athenian Heroes ; oF 
marble and stone,by the Romans; 
A lexander is said to have been buried 
in one oFgoJd; glass coFFins have 
been Found in England; air-tight 
metallic coFFins Firsbwade,l 86 l. 
Coin.-Homer speaks oF brassmon- 
ey, 1184 B.C. The invention oFcoin 
is ascribed to the Lydians, whose 
money was oFgold and silver. Both 
were coined by Pheidon, 862. B.C. 
Go Id First coined in England, 1087. 


193 


























1 wssn —'~iis ] 

COINING.-At first the metal was 
placed between two steel dies, and 
struck'by.a Hammer; firstcoin- 
ingmill invented, 1553,by.Antoine 
Brucher. Collar. -Very ancient or¬ 
nament; Gauls wore torques(col- 
lars) 361 B.C. Colleges. -University 
education preceded the erectiofi 
of colleges, which were munifi¬ 
cent foundations to relieve the 
students from the expense of liv¬ 
ing in lodging-houses or at inns; 
academic or collegiate degrees 
said to have been first conferred 
atthe university of Paris, 1 14-0. 
Colon The colon and period 
were adopted by Thrasymachus a.- 
bout 373 B.C.; the colon and semi¬ 
colon first used in English litera¬ 
ture in the 16th century. 

COLONIES. -Those of the Phoeni¬ 
cians 2jnd Greeks arethefirst re- 
c or d ed JC o 1 or. - H U y g h en s, a b o ut 
1678, showed tfiat,according to 
the undulatory # theory, color is 
to light what pitch is to sound. 
Combs. -Found in Pompeii sev¬ 
eral centuries B.C. Comedy. -Tha- 
lia isthemuse of lyric poetry and 
comedy .Susarion and Dolon per¬ 
formed the first comedy at Athens, 
562 B.C. Comets. -The first dis¬ 
covered and accurately described 
was by Nieephorus,l337; two large 
comets were seen atthe birth of 
Mfthridates, 135 B.C.,visible for 
seventy-two days. 

COM MERGE. -Flourished among the 
ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians,and 
Arabians; Tyre a center of com¬ 
merce,588 B.C. Common Schools.- 
Ancient Sparta and Athens were 
the first to establish and maintain 
public free schools; established in 
Massachusetts and Connecticut 
from 1642 to 1643. Communion.- 
Ordinance of the Lord’s supper, es¬ 
tablished by the Savior,33 A.D.; in¬ 
troduced in the west,under pope 
Urban II., 1096. Compass, Mariner’s. 
-Known to Chinese, 1115 B.C.; in¬ 
troduced into Europe .by Marco 
Polo, 1260. Competitive Exani- 

nations.-lnt^oduced first, 1870. 

Composing machines. -For set¬ 
ting type. First invented by James 
Young, and used on the London'Tatn 
ily Herald^’ Dec. 17,1842. Concerti¬ 
na. -Musical instrument, invent¬ 
ed by Wheatstone, about 1825. Con¬ 
certs. -First held in London,l672. 
Concholopy .-Science of shells. Men¬ 
tioned by Aristotle and Pliny; re¬ 
duced to a system by Major, 1 675. 
Concordance of Bible.-First one 
published by St.Caro, 124-7;Cruden’s 
first published in London, l737.Coti- 
duits. -First built in London, 1285. 
Con ferences. Ecclesiastical.- One 
held at instance of king James I., 
Jan. 14-16,1604. Congelation, Arti- 
ficial.-Produced by use of chemic¬ 
als by Walker, 1783. 

CEN yr.CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 99 299X\x 

1800 69* A Vas\xm«,cX\ ow Vvv . 

1700 99 oiTerror‘vw^'vawoe.'oegvwi. 

1600 99-9\ 9e,\io\xxX\on VvxCrraaV9V \K a\r\. 

1500 9V\9 Vk<m\X o<i XAooxsYw‘b^awv . 
1400 9A-\9\6 ^aYvco-Nva-Wa-wNNar. 

1300 *5i2> C\mW war VwVorXwqaX. 

1200 2?) XAon\sYVxnqAowoi9xex\atatax.-\xb«4 
1100 99 vNax 9eXxN<m\Ervc,V\-v\A axxkX'f'&.wce. 
1000 99 'KvwqAo-m cA Cit&XWe Xq\vyx 9«,A. 
900 Yk AoXaX ot x-Vxe swyx. 

800 A9 AreaX.^ oX AwV\r\9rexxYva.'Y\\). 
700 29 S>ax4i\rv\ac.ow^\vere^\>\)S>ar'acer\ , s. 
1600 99 Wor\Na\^ coXovisxe^V^'o'NtL'vsVexWes. 
500 29 Wov .\9 XVv oX XAoVavtvywi6.. 

• 400 96 7rar\V\sV\ wx^weWxx&eA X\) CAoxj'xs. 
a300 59 

o200 62 CrcXY&X\vn<\ Unx\\e ol 9VmVifyYwus. 
< 10 0 65 Casswxs -wasKacws 906,&09 5«\e.xx-cxans. 

O 44 B.C. CAESAR KILLEO IN THE SENATE. 
Pi00 66 Viw.2,9\w\x ak 9\cexokx^'wwwrx. 

• 200 \9 passes XWXxyxewesA. 

|300 32 X oxwfo V\«, xA-Y\AVva. 

f400 2>A 'Nov taVunen 9 owe an&Txx.sca'vvb.. 

1 500 \9 9-a.\>\}\ow AesXYoxjeA \>x; 9uV\w%. 
1600 V\'xsXoa.^X\'*\XvjoVxV«/^v«»4s. 

700 A9 ^a'wasc.wsXa.VenX^ Asexynarxe. 

800 69 VV\6o'v\\ / v\\ie.v.Xssca\«AaTvL'ww.swres. 
900 26 9\rX\\oXV\)curg\x*,9^«Xaxx\an-g\>Nr. 
1000 A9 ^WsxxsWxxbe&\ty V\\e\on\a.rvs. 
1100 96 6awbon VixWs 9990 TVxWxeXxrxee. 
1200 63 Vx.ro^ow'axvVvc, «/*.\«A\X\ow. 

1300 A3 VymXxWs c<yw\xumA\>\) 5_q\oYx. 
1400 9A 6aA\xxx)ts\'x\XxoLxvwA\i.\V«.x , 5.'xrX«6<(ew». 
1500 5\ \Aoses Nxs.'xX'b xV\e Yb-vaeYx.ve'b. 
1600 69 5aw>9^reii\cXsaA\ierX<5\x\ftUt.ss\a5<\. 
1700 Vo v\x& Vvxxq’s icvems. 

1800 22YteeXXis oX W9. 

1900 29 "XV»,\.av A sevxAs ^Xaqxves a^oaTXxaxaoV. 
2000 99 9\cx;6x\,9rM*«.,(io\wxAeA\^S.gxa\ews. 
2100 69 Oxx\x; cme\arxgxvm,\\x vVe \n or\A. 
2200 \9 XXxm'jeV'wanxe.AxrxVtmor oi AsVxxvr• 
2300 29 9Y*vV\ ol\V\wxoA,tWnx^Vto*WrA«,x. 
2400 69 41 oxsVx^xjtr<i\wumarr^' n\\\x w\goA\x;. 
2500 69 QjoAc^mw.ar.A'bXAoiwXijWAAgyx'i.aVik. 
2600 

2700 99 9xyw&sXx; oi(\tam\Vo^c^X,Vq\x\s. 
2800 

2900 62 Xarxw«\ oi 9eXV\,aaeA 9\2. 

3000 

3100 30 \tx«xVxx>A«\^\>efteXs VavrxecV. 
3200 

3300 W- < 99XV^.\\ocV>n'j\Vav*\X\x^o^. 

3400 

3500 AA 5areA\)«/goV\«,rx9\) XAaVxa\a\eo\. 

3700 69 Yvar^s. V\rsXx\.so,Aa\»oaxVv\xsV’xY(\e. 
3800 26 OawxWxXAsacwxxxxa'wxnAE'vxoc.Vx. 
3900 

4000 

CONGRESS. -First European con¬ 
gress was that of Munster,l643-8; 
first American congress assembled 
Sept. 5,1774. Conic Sections. -Prob¬ 
ably known to # Greeks,about400 B.C.; 
earliest treatise written by Aristae- 
us,about330 B.C. Conquest, Era 
of.-In England,commenced Oct. 

14,1066. Constantinople, Era of.- 
Commenced Sept. 1, 5508 B.C.Con- 
stellations.- First mentioned,a- 
bout 1520 B.C. Convents.-Said to 
have been first founded,270.pook- 
ery .-Connected only with civilned 
life. Animals first granted as food 
to Noah,2348 B.C.; Abraham cook¬ 
ed a calf, 1898 B.C. Cooperage.- An 
art practiced by Romans 100 B.C. 

COPPER. -One of the six primitive 
metals, said to have been first dis¬ 
covered in Cyprus. Mentioned by 
Ezra, 457 B.C. Copper Cent.-First 
coined in New Haven, 1687. Copper¬ 
as.-Mineral,said to have been 
first produced in England bu deVos, 
1587. Copying Machines.-For Ict- 
ters,etc., invented by James Watt, 
1778; Wedgwood’s ,l ma-nifoJd wri¬ 
ter,” patented, 1806. Copyright. - 
Firs* mentioned in England, 1556; 
f irst law passed by U.S. Congress,1791. 
Cork Tree.-Known to ancientEgyp- 
tians; introduced into Eng land, 1630. 
Corn.-Said to have been cultivated 
by Ceres, 2409 B.C.; Indian corn 
found in America by Columbus, 1492. 

CORRELLATION of Forces,Theo- 
ry of.-Announced by W.R. Grove, 
1642. Cotton .-Cotton cloth is 
mentioned by Herodotus,450 B.C.; 
used in Arabia, 627. Cotton Gi-n.- 
1 nvented by Eli Whitney, 1793. Cou¬ 
riers. -Xenophon attributes the 
f irst to Cyrus,about 550 B.C.', com¬ 
mon among the Persians, 5 10 B.C. 
Courts of Justice .-Instituted at 
Athens, 1507 B.C.; by Moses,l49l B.C. 
Cranes. -The enginesof Archime¬ 
des were the first, invented about 
220 B.C.CraneologyrSee/’Anew/- 
ogy. Crank.-Pickard’s patent, 1780 
Crape. -Said to have been made by 

Ste. Badour, G(ueen of France,680. 
Crayons.- Colored pencils,known 
in France about 1422. 

CREASOTE.-Discovered by Reichen- 
bach, about 1833. Creatine.-Chem- 
ical principle of flesh, discovered by 
Chevreul, 1835. Creation of the 

W or Id.-Date given by the English 
Bible, and by Usher, Blair,and sev¬ 
eral others, is 4004 B.C. Cremation. 

— See Burning the Z>ea</. Creosote. 

- Bethel I’s patent, l838.Cricket.- 
Ancient English game of the 14th 
century.Cri-noline.-Hoop-skirt 
for a lady’s dress . invented about 
1560. Croquet. -A game common 
since about l850.Cross.-Signing 
with the cross was first practiced 
about 110. Crosses introduced in¬ 
to churches, about 431; set up on 
Steeples, about 568. 


194 

























jjpg—' “Tail 

CROWN.-Worn by Saul, 10 56 B.C.; 
Tarquin the Elder was the first Ro- 
wan to wear a crown, 616 B.C.Gtu-- 
cifixum.-Modeof execution among 
Assyrians, Egyptians, Persians,Car- 
t hag in i ans, G-ree ks, an d Rom ans. Ari- 
arathes was crucified, 322 B.C., and 
Jesus Christ, April 3,33 A.D.Cryo¬ 
lite.-Green land mineral,employed 
in procuring aluminium, l855.Cryp- 
tograph.-For writing in cipher, in¬ 
vented by Wheatstone, l 868 .Cu.bit. 
-Measure used by Noah in measur¬ 
ing the ark, 2448 B.C.Cucimbers.- 
Mentioned by Virgi 1,40 B.C.; in¬ 
troduced into England,. 1538. 

ClILVERIN.-A kind of cannon,in¬ 
troduced into England, 1534.Cune¬ 
iform Inscriptions.-Wedge-shaped 
characters.in use for writing ,2000 
B.C.Cupping.-Mode of blood-letting, 
described by Hippocrates,413 B.C. 
Citr/ew Bell.-Revived or introduc¬ 
ed into England.by William I., 1068. 
Cymbal.-Musical instrument,said 
by Xenophon to have been invented 
by Cybele,and used in her feasts, 1580 
B.C. Cynics.-Sect of philosophers,found¬ 
ed by Antisthenes,about 396 B.C. 
Da 9 u.ferre 0 types.-lm/ented by Da¬ 
guerre, 1838. Daltonistn.-Color- 
blindness. About 60 persorfs out 
of 1000 are color-blind. Spectacles 
to remedy the defect, invented by 
J.C. Maxwell, 1859. 

DAMASK Linens and.Silks.— First 
madeat Damascus; introduced 
into England, > l 57 I.Da-nciw 9 .-Ea- 
sebius ascribes its inventionto the 
Curetes, 1534 B.C. Daric.—Persian 
gold coin,issued by Darius about 
538 B.C. Darwin ism.-Theory re¬ 
lating to the development of spe¬ 
cies, published byC^Darwim, 1859. 
Davy Lamp. -Mining safety lamp, 
invented by Davy, 1815. Davyum.- 
Metal discovered by SergiusKern, 
1877. Deacons.-Began with the 
Apostles,about 53.Deaf and Dumb. 
- Pedro de Ponce made the first at¬ 
tempt to systematically instruetthe 
deaf and dumb, about l570.Death.- 
Ordained as the punishment f or 
murder, 2348 B.C. 

DEDICATION .-Of the Jewish taber 
nacle, 1490 B.C.; of the temple,l004 
B.C.; of the second temple, 515 B.C. 

Deeds.-In land conveyances, used 

in Eng land, 933. Degrees.-Eratos- 
thenes attempted to determ ine 
the length of a geographical degree 
about250 B.C.For collegiate de¬ 
grees see Colleges. Delft.-Earthen¬ 
ware, invented in Holland about 
1310. DeSitoe.-Said to t have occur¬ 
red 2348 B.C.Denariws.-A silver 
coin among the Romans, f i rst 
coined about 269 B.C. Derricks.- 
Structures for lifting heavy loads, 
invented by A.D.Bishop,about 1855. 
Dew.-Theory respecting its for¬ 
mation was published in a book 
by Dr. Wells, 1814. 

CEN . yr .CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 73 233 okYvVqxxwb. 

1800 82 \3 

1700 A3-A2 NNacv ok \s.wi\.Vvax\2\vc.cs.sswn.. 
1600 A7-23 CrwW'NavXn^rxeaV^rtvVawx. 

1500 A-\ Vk\ss\ss\^\2Cm-v 

1400 22 2\e,q«, 0 $ 2or\s>Xar\xVv\o*}\e. 

1300 AVSN 7\acV2«aXY, yma\\s\x\2>x\o^e. 
1200 22 QXXonvaw^.'YWYwe kowvxAeA. 

1100 27 <icX.0,,^\vsa\en\VaVftn\i^2i\a^\\. 
1000 72 Xomx ok Vor\ 2 ow k<*\vrAeL\>\)%\K\am7. 
900 22 2\(^\e\=>kovi-y\2e2\)\;V\\e2an-C.ews. 
800 2A 

700 37 2cX A3,2a.xx\e cATours,'rr-a.nce. 

160 0 22-32 XetSNawVtar >N\XV\7&x7t\2rc^\t«.. 

500 A-2 Waives'burwv\2exs\o2sWoc>ci’tV\s. 

,,400 27 2ar2\w\a cow\\vexeA\>\)'4aY\2a.Vs. 
|300 22 ok vVe V\or<\w 2 -rc\^\r e. 

q 200 27 7V,e2xar\V&seWW\n2rau\. 

<tl 00 33 2 ao\aannexed Xo 2 ov(MjLV\ 2 n\^\xe. 

O 36 A.D. CONVERSION OF ST.PAUL 

F| 00 22 VA\'vaa\c&.ok7\0"«\ea\\ 2 TtaoeKow. 
•200 \2 

|300 \7 V\\r\c^ 2 ort\ ok XVw.2«\eAWAL«. k<wv\7eA. 
|400 2\-227V\\\2\^essew\a'nNNax. 

1500 77 7\yts. 

1600 722eVkVaX^woVko\vx\2V)V)\X\\V\a\v. 

700 73 kssxynaxvs. 

800 33 3 ^\ansooa\xo\tVs\Lel![\Xe'x'< 0 .nea\\. 
900 37 N^oroer k\ow\s2«/sa3owXVA\sV\we. 
1000 AA \f\^aX\or\okxV\e\ow\an3c\o'Vv\es. 

1100 77 2 \\,V\cjV yi\Vi\ ,Wx\\’)\».3c;e ok \&w&\. 
1200 33 GaxvVacyetawita-LXiv} vWtyVvawb. 
1300 72 \sVV\r(v\ax\o,a i «\esk\xs\\\\\'<olk\x.oe 2 . 
1400 32 o‘\Va 2 «\ okAWV&s. 

1500 3\ VAos&sk\\es\r\Xo\'A\&\axv 

1600 Vo 2 vV\\o^‘\ar\sr(i\graV«/k\o\aXiVtVa^as. 
1700 38-3\7\\e, sevexwyms ok kaww. 
1800 37 \%aaJo,xW cVi\\2 ok ,2kww. 

1900 23 7 xea 2 k\rsVraa 2 ek’(o-w\'N\voav\iv,^.ww 
2000 32 V,\\\(;2o\aok3\o'^o\\esXaLoV\s'v\ft.3. 
2100 23 Vivw^wwx ok 2 o,\^X watax \K\sra\w\. 
2200 3A 2e\«fe'iC\^o'o , 3Vi'iaV\ows2x<;waX3a!w(\o'tt. 

2300 \N 3a\a\\,s>onok2\MVaxa2,\s3onw. 

2400 32 GoxwVvxsX o»AX\>»a\e 2 

2500 . 

2600 33 N H\c,YeAwess wcwiJAt/ayaX'kv«'>Nor<\A. 
2700 

2800 3A 2-wos xeacWs Y\%333xY\ M<tax • 
2900 

3000 7A FwweraN ok xYeAaXVve* ok vN\e xaoe. 
3100 

3200 33 c.x<raX\ow gowXvwa^s. 

3300 

3400 33 7\\e xvveXaVsVass aw.2 \xqx\ \v\ wso. 
3500 

3600 33 2oV)qaxw; V)Yme,G<\. 

3700 

3800 78 3avasexx\«Ao>\XV\eeasXok 2.2ew. 
3900 

4000 A, WawX'vw} ok x\veGox^«.wok^.2tw. 

)IADEM.-Barid or fillet worn in¬ 
stead of a crown. Aurelian was the 
first Roman emperor to wear a 
diadem,272. Dials.-The sun-dial 
of Ahai is mentioned713 B.C. Anax- 
amander i nvented one 550 8 .C. Di- 
alysis.-Method of chemical anal¬ 
ysis, discovered by Thos.0raham,l86l. 
Dia^Magnetisw.-Magnetic prop¬ 
erties of various bodies behaving 
differently f rom iron. Law discov¬ 
ered by Faraday, 1845. Diamonds. 
-Known and used,I49l_ B.C.; first 

Cut and polished by ancient C h f- 
nese;and practiced in Europe,1489. 
Diamond Drills.-1 nvented by Les- 
chot, 1864. 

DICE.-Invention ascribed toPala- 
medes, 1244 B.C. Dichrooscope.- 
Opt ical apparatus, i nvciited by Do 
ve' of Berlin,I860* Dictionary. - i 

A Chinese dictionary containing ! 
about 40,000 characters was pub-j 
lished 1100 B.C.; oldest Latin die- j 
tionary published about 50 B.C.; 
Samuel Johnson’s great English 
dictionary,l755. Didymium.- A 
rare metal,discovered by Mosandcr, 
1841. Digest.-Collection of laws, 
first prepared by Alftenus Varus, 

66 B.C.Digits.-The figures 1,2,3, 
etc., known to the Arabians about j 
900. Diocletian Era.-Commcnc- i 
ed Aug.29,284. 

DIOPTRIC SYSTEM.-Arrangementj 
of lenses for condensing light i n ] 
light houses, devised by Frcsnel,l8l9.i 
Diphtheria.-So named bu 8 re ton¬ 
neau of Tours,l820.Dipping Nee-] 
die.-Invented by Norman, 1 580. j 
Dispensaries.-To supply the poor j 
with medical advice and medicine,] 
first established in London, 177 O.j 
Dissolving Views.-J nvented by 

H. L.Childc, who died i n I874 s aged 

92. Distaff. Spinning wheel, was j 
used 1015 B.C.Distillatioti.-First 1 
introduced into Europe by the Moors ; 
about [150. Diving Bell. —Fi rst 
mentioned by Aristotle, a bout ] 

325 B.C.; used iti Europe about 
1509. 

DIVINING ROD .-Believed to have 
the pr ope*ty_ of indicating the po 1 
sitiori of minerals andspringsof j 
water, prominently brought to 
notice by Dt. H. Mayo, I85l.0ivorce. 
-Permitted by the law of Moses, 

1451 B.C.; torhidden by Christ,ex¬ 
cept for unchastity.Dogs.-Mefi- 
tioned by Moses, 1491 B.C. Dollar.- 
Spanish dollars we re first co 1 ti¬ 
ed, 1797; American silver dollars 
were f irst coi ned at Phi lade! ph ta, J 
1794. Dominoes.-Game invent- ] 
ed in France,about 1790.Doom’s- 
Day Book.-Containing surveys of 
English lands, 1086.Dower.-Gifts 
of a husband to a w/ife, mentioned 
in time o< Jacob, 1732 B.C. Drafts 
or Checks.-Came into general 
use in England and the United 
States, about 1855. 


195 



























1 feBST— «Bj8itf 1 

DRAINAGE. r 0f lands, practiced in 
England prior to 1621; drain pipes, 
or tiles, were first introduced,1843. 
Drama. ^Both tragedy and comedy 
began with the Greeks, about 562 
B.C. Draughts, orCheckers.-Pfay- 
ed in Egypt prior to 2100 B.C.; in¬ 
troduced into Europe a bout 1550. 
Dreams. -Mentinned in the8ible, 
1715 B.C. Dredging. -Practicedex¬ 
tensively since 1868, in ascertain¬ 
ing the depth of the ocean. Drill¬ 
ing Machines. -In agriculture,for 
sowing grain, known since about 
1700. Drinking Fountains. -Erect¬ 
ed in various cities since about 
1850. 

DROWNING, as a Punishment.-Was 
practiced by the 8ritons prior to 
4-50 B.C. Drum. -Used by the an¬ 
cient Romans and Egyptians; in¬ 
troduced into Spain bytheMoors, 
1713. Drummond, or Lime Light. 
-Invented by Thos. Drummond in 
1826. Produced by the combustion 
o( oxygen and hydrogen,or car* 
buretted hydrogen on a lime sur¬ 
face. Dual in. -A powerful explo¬ 
sive, invented by Carl Ditmar,a 
Pruss ian, abo ut 1870.DuckingStool, 
orCucking Stool.-First used about 
1745. Duelling. -Originated among 
the ancient Celts; f irst formal du¬ 
el in England occurred in 1096. 
DUPLEX TELEGRAPHY.-Transmis- 
sion of two messages at the same 
time in opposite directions over 
a single, wire, first accomplished 
by Dr.Gintl, an Austrian, I853.0ye- 
ing.-Said to have originated with 
theTurians,about 1500 B.C. Dy¬ 
namite. -An explosive invented by 
A.Nobel, about 1868. Ear-rings. - 
Worn by Jacob’s family, 1732 B.C. 
Earth-closet System. -Invented by 
Moule, 1867. Earthenware. -See Pot¬ 
tery. Earthquakes.-Anaxagoras, 

; 435 B.C., supposed they were prodiu> 
j ed by subterranean clouds burst¬ 
ing mto lightning, which shook 
the waults that confined them; 

; first one recorded,l606 B.C. Easter, 
i -Instituted about 68 A. D. 
EBONITE. -Vulcanized indiarubber, 
patented by G.Goodyear, 1839.Eclips¬ 
es. -The first one recorded happen¬ 
ed March 19,721 B.C.; it was lunar, 
and was accurately observed at 
Babylon. Egyptian Era. -Commenc¬ 
ed Feb.2.6,747 B.C, Same as era of 
Nebonassar.Eidograph.-Same as 
Pant agraph. Electric Balloon.- Ex¬ 
perimental trips made, 1883. Elec¬ 
tric Candle. -Invented by Jabloch- 
koff, 1876. Electric Car.- Electric 
railway opened near Berlin,l88l. 
Electric Light.- First practical ap¬ 
plication of electricity to the pro¬ 
duction of good artificial 1 ig h t 
was made by Faraday, IS3l,thoixgh 
Davy produced electric light with 
carbon points,l807; great improve¬ 
ments made since 1876. 

CEN ^CHRONOLOGY, 

1900 A^1V<xkmxNftXSW) MwxV. 

1800 5)1 ^o'taYXrvexxrrecvxo'YX aX'Nwb'a.w. 

1700 11-11Y oxwxVx Y\xeso-1\xrY\ < bVx M4 ax. 
1600 11-11 lewvxl wxVwV) 'Mar. 

1500 11 axxXWxxV^ &qSxsViiVxyx\\\0)Y&xx1. 

1400 81 caw^xeXee Viw IxVxe . 

1300 11 leoYix 4. 

1200 2V21 1\xxV1xNvvjjbe'oMVre^ex\cV'\\. 

1100 12 1<m<\xve<iX o<i \re\ar\k. 

1000 11 WeVx<^vks\xa11x)\ee\aYx4er , i. 
900 11 k cyvoaX vexx^ixorx cA\kv Me<ixx.\ixxv=>. 
800 1)1 oX OxSox&XowwkeA. 

700 11 IVv&Aewx&qwe rMnxaxcV cA Vxsrce. 

1600 11 Yvxe'Xlioqe cNxosexx xrx''4«.\x\c.e. 

500 11-11 1exx\\>\e o\wX 

. 400 11 Ycmxe, xj\xw\4e\e4 \>q Crewberxc, . 
|300 11 1\1\e vxaxv'AaXe^l'xvXoloxVivcXoxv^vve. 
^200 21 ^exs\aresXoxe^\)\^krvaxerxe < =>. 
<100 \1lowrtVx \e\<b«,c\Vwm oi iWvsVxaxvs.. 

O 70 A. D. TITUS DESTROYS JERUSALEM. 
“100 \\ 2N\e IwqwrXVixm'Mar \>e.q\r\<s. 

* 200 11 larxars, ex^eWeA 
*300 21 ^enxosvVxexxesxe.caWel'ixowexWe. 
T400 \1 kwq.21,IxM^se, oX Vv\e woqy\ . 
1500 11 lecorA qX 

T 600 11 xYxeVyuc. poetess.. 

700 11 Yxr <hXl xeeV coXovx'q Vxx'VxoWx). 
800 2.1 \\\« J \\\6\ax\ , b c, owXx o\ \ke&\Xww(\«i*J!x. 
900 11-\k\r\qLor<x kvixyxva «,\x4<=>. 

1000 21 Msa\o\w Y\\\eL iv) boa\>. 

1100 12 1\1a.-Yow(y&. ioxxxxbe4\j\>, k'bc.axxxws. 
1200 \1 \\e\exx 4xsYonore41q1'aese\v<=>. 
1300 21 EXxxvl secoxxV^u&l®' o4 NwasXxVes. 
1400 Yi \vmX\Vy,^xvrxYsrx vvx vkoVfcVxx). 
1500 11 'bsXw^eo^ewtaWoYx’xrCIYess^. 

1600 \1 1>e,aX\\ o5 Ye,\ix,aqe,4 Ml qear <b. 
1700 11 bow^cx nxa^eVxxoNNxx V) Vx\%1xeW\x«/\\. 

1800 11 ^.saxvav\1baeo\),Wxx\so-vxsQ<i\saae. 
1900 \1 'Max a^axxxsV xVxeYxwq oi loloxxx. 
2000 11 5 >xvwa5ox\<x xxx'bt'xx^XfXQxxa’xw xvse.. 
2100 11 VKIrraxw ^oxw\4^1Mexxx^\xv5. 

2200 UV. 1\\4 coxxMsxorv o<i Xtmqxxe«h. 

2300 11 IVlrxes&rxoXeba^asXrorxortxere. 
2400 A1 1\xe cxvVxX xx=>e4 \ox$ WoaYx . 

2500 

2600 11 Crc/KxeaXocw) ok xaVmxc\x<h corxxVxxwe-s. 
2700 

2800 \1 IMe.xYxvveXaYxeacYeAVxxsIll^xxim. 
2900 

3000 W Ixaxx’bYaVxow oV^rxccYx, 

3100 

3200 Ik kV&Yxx aWaxxxs Yx<i 111 xVx max. 
3300 n 

3400 11 1e,xV\\<a Mil ue/ws ot aqo,. 

3500 

3600 11 IxrXY) laxxxaxx ,s>ox\ oi ^.rxo%. 
3700 

3800 11 N^MvvcVxoxxqxxieYx'vvxrxxeVaXXxvrqq. 
4000 A-'^a.'rar.q oV Vxxe, ^ 

ELECTRIC LOOIVI.-Invented by.M. 
Bonelli, of Turin, 1854. Electric 
Clock, -Invented bu Wheatstone, 
1840. Electric Machines.-Many 
different ones have been invent¬ 
ed by Guericke, Newton, Boyle, 
and others, since 1647. Electric 
Peti. -Invented by Edison in 1877. 
Electric Safety Lamp. -Invented 
b^Oumas and Benoit, l862.Elec- 
tricTelegraph.-Transmission of 
electricity by an insulated wire 
shown by Watson and others, 
1747,since when numerous tel¬ 
egraphic arrangements have been 
made; first telegraphic line in 
the United States, 1844. 

ELECTROCUTION. -Infliction of 
death as a punishment, legalized 
and practiced in the^State of New 
York, 1890. Electroline.-Diecov- 
ered < by Marx, 1889. Electro-Mag* 
nefism.-Discovered by Oersted, 
1820. Electrometer and Electro¬ 
scope. -The former invented by 
Lane, 1767, and the latter by Boh* 
nenberger, 1820. Electro-Tint.- 
An engraving process,invent¬ 
ed by Palmer, 1841. Electrotype. 
-First successful experiments in 
this art were made by Spenser 
of England, and Jacobi of Russia, 
1837. Embalming. -Practiced 
by the Egyptians in the mostan- 
cient times; Israel was embalm¬ 
ed, 1689 B.C. 

EMISSION OF LIGHT, The or y of.- 
Supposes that individual particles 
pass from the luminous body to 
the ewe, advocated by Newton,about 
I672 ; Empaletnent.-Mode of exe¬ 
cuting criminals,first practiced 
by the ancient Romans. Emperor. 
-Augustus Caesar was the first.Ro- 
man emperor, 27 B.C. Enameling. 
-Practiced by the ancient Egyp- 
tians,Chinese,and some orherna- 
tions; practiced in England in the 
time of the Saxons.Encaustic.-A 
kind of painting, or enameling 
by fire, known to Praxi-teles, 
about 360 B.C. 

ENCYCLOPAEDIA. -A name first 
given to a work by Abulpharagi- 
us in the 13th century. Endosmo 
sis.- Passage of gases or vapors 
through animal membranes,dis¬ 
covered by Dutrochet,about 1826. 
Engine. -First Cornish,1812. En¬ 
gineering^ ivil.-Became im¬ 
portant, about I750 ; Engraving. 
-On signets, is mentioned 1491 

B.C.; on metal, invented 1423; on 
copper, 1511; on wood,about 1400; 
on glass, 1799; on steel,about 1815. 
Entomology .-Science of in- 
sects^Ray’s was the f irst work 
on this subject, 1705. Envelopes.- 
For letters are mentioned in 1726 
by Swift; came into general use, 
about 1840. Epic Poems.- The 
“Iliad”and‘ £ Odyssey,”by Homer, 

| about 900 8.C.,are the first. 


196 





























Epicurean PmLosopHY.-Teaches 

that the greatest good consists in peace 
0 / -mind springing from virtue, f its* 
taught by Epicurus,near Athens,a- 
bout 300 B.C. Epigrams.-Derive their 
origin from inscriptions placed on an 
cient tombs. Epiphany.-Instituted 
about 813. Epistles,or Letters.-The 
earliest known letter is that sent 
to Joab by David bu the hands 0 /Uri¬ 
ah, about 1035 B.C. Epitaphs.-Were 
inscribed on tombs by the ancient 
Egyptians, Jews, Greeks,and Romans. 

ERAS.-See the following in their al¬ 
phabetic order 


Abraham, Era of Jewish Era 
Alexandrian Era Julian Period 
Antioch, Era of Julian Year 
Armenian Era Maccabees,Era of 
Ascension, Era of Metonic Cycle 
Augustan Era Mohammedan Era 
Caesars, Era of Mundane Era 
Christian Era Nabonassar, Eraof 
Conquest, Era of- Olympiads,Era of 
Constantinople,Era of Persian Era 
Diocletian,Era of Roman Era 
Grecian Mundane Era Seleucidae.Era of 
Grecian,orSpto-Maced’n Sidonian Era 
Independence,Decla’n Spanish Era 
Jerusalem, Era of Tyre, Era of 
Erbium.-Metal discovered byMosan- 
der, 1843. Ericsson’s Caloric En¬ 
gine.-Of which heat is the motive 
power, invented, 1853. 

ETCH INC.-On copper with aquafor¬ 
tis was introduced in 1512.. Ether. - 

, Known to earliest chemists; nitric 
ether was^iscovered by Kunkel,l68l; 
first used in surgical operations,1844. 
Ethnology .-Relations of the differ¬ 
ent divisions of mankind to each oth- 
er.The study of this subjectin a sci¬ 
entific manner began about 1825. 
Etj4.yl.-A colorless gas,first obtain¬ 
ed i-h a free state by Frankland,!849. 
E ltd i qw eter , - To ascertainthe puri¬ 
ty of atmospheric afr, invented b y 
Priestly, 1772. Eunuchs. -First men¬ 
tioned by the Egyptians and Assyr¬ 
ians, about 3007 B.C. E veti i ti 9 
Schools. -For adults,first intro¬ 
duced about 1811, in England.Ev- 
olution Theory. -Has been much 
discussed since 1877. 

EXAMINATIONS.- In civil Serviced 
required since about 1855; in teach¬ 
ing,since about 1838. Exchange.- 
Formerly called Bourse, existed at 
Rome, 4-93 B.C. Excise. -System of 
duties,established in England, 1643. 
Exhibitions. -Thefirst industri¬ 
al exhibition.was held in France, 
at the suggestion of Marquis d’Av>.ze, 
1798; First international exhibi¬ 
tion, or world’s fair, was held at Lon¬ 
don, 1851, at the suggestion ofPrince 
Albert.Exodus.-Departure of the Is¬ 
raelites from Egypt, 149) B.C. Explo¬ 
sives.- See Dynamite, Du a.line, G/y- 
oxiline, Gun Cotton, Gunpowder, 

L ithof racteur, and /Vitro-G/ycetine. 
Exprcss.-First American wasoper- 
ated between New York ffnd Boston,1831. 


cen.yP h ronolo&y. 

1900 $5 mx\\ kw\C\Ncxsax\) al Yw?s yxnvt&ax. 

1800 57 5or<\vY\\cm ol loxxwi.5. 

1700 52 0 A\uje5\xv5\\q\av\&. 

1600 ftft ftaXWeo «xowx\mA va jfymYVi oqwixws . 
1500 ftft 

1400 55 ftvetoe to v\\e7wxY<s . 

1300 77 Ya^a\5aexevfto\feAvoftvoxx\e>. 

1200 Aft Yw\a\s\V\oxv esVaWv&vaV 
1100 57 Y«mY»a«A\R,aq\vi, aqawvsV vYe ewqm. 
1000 

300 \x\t\\\x\a *iowrAeA. 

800 57 1 0 wwA* A\ y\ Wss>Va.. 

700 55 ftax\«ax\kYVoYwaWwvabe\xeY»\ft. 

1 600 

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400 ftft Ax\q\(5-3axowsbV\MeV\XoWw!» N HAw. 
300 6A 

^200 5ft ftevenVV ^ev4ec\UP\o\\ oi 
<100 55 k ^Naqvce ©vex v\\e Yx\o\hm v>m\i 
O 40 A. 0. CHRISTIANS FIRST SO CALLED. 

'100 ^8twVv\aqeW 1 omsaVxmqxo'i\x«.e 
200 2ft V\ terms oi Ycme. - 03,ftp,\2. 
300 25 5ew\osV\\em* Wi\\sWA Wow toWtvs. 
400 \\ 5e-womcqxe-es)a\)\\sY.e^a!Ckx\«x\s. 
500 ftft 5reYva\lnsVaq^ws?.sa^\oq\\ev 
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800 \A TYveVNYvq^omo^XAaceLoxNWqxwo. 
900 58 5o\o-n\<m'si\eWY<6qmVYY\5.e^5ea. 
1000 Aft ftqmbwori\es gxovVnce. 

1100 75 TYveYqtfvaxvs gowVyoY Vke&\XexYar\ea\\ . 
1200 57”W\e c\W| ©<iT\)>xe\^o\0(\A<2.A. 
1300 ft7 ft\\)'W^\cqaxttfi*'vx\S'V\!vuXeL\)\)5e\o^s. 
1400 55 YAoses 6\ee'v'c\YAoa.Y),aqe&\\ft. 

1500 7\ YVmoVseto^^oww^NsxasX'sYcNivNV. 
1600 V2> Ya-w\eses7\Y .xe'\qwb\w5jqv)^v. 
1700 53 

1800 5ft Heimqtr ol \*aa& 'a.xvA^vtfoeVaNiv. 
1900 55 Yl'\Yttmk VwmVwe'oN) ft\\\r\ese. 
2000 5ft 7Y\e Y\)Ysos cox\<\vtetVuvNex 5q\ftY. 
2100 28 7exa\\,s>on olY\aV\ox ,\<b'oorx\. 
2200 AT 5w>cerbar,Vs YoiV\ eevv\©\n5V\vYY&*. 

2300 A5 ftoavYcxbavmbasqmsVYmv^mvbcx. 
2400 5ft 5w\&vx\q of5\i)xrYYv\Ls coxAmrce4. 
2500 2ft 

2600 ftft fto\ieYY\n\et\VYi\|VArqsw\sVs'\Y\5q^V. 
2700 

2800 Aft YboaVjVW. wtttfotUxjvaYftft \jeaxs o\A. 
2900 

3000 ftft 'c'm'ca.WwaVrovirlax wm&vimim. 
3100 

3200 AAfta.xeAxeYvcVviVvsftftftV'Vv wear 

3300 

3400 ftft YaW\axoW\,vYear\ulamaii wumMM. 
3500 

3600 ftft YAaYaXaWX. 

3700 

3800 75 ftawcoTa^xYftolMcesswcqwftY^ftwerV. 
3900 

4000 A 7Vxc sVvmiiiA h\\ el wir« 


FABLES.-JotHam’s noted table of the 
trees, about 1209 B.C., is the oldest ex¬ 
tant. Fairs and Wakes.-Of Anglo- 
Saxon origin; instituted in Italy,a- 
bout 500, and in England,about886. 
Falconry, or Hawking .-In England, 
is traced to the reign of king Ethel- 
bert,the Saxon monarch^SS.Fall- 
ing Stars.-See Meteors. False Hair.- 
First introduced into England frofn 
France, 1572.Famines.-The first 
recorded is that of seven years in 
Egypt, beginning 1708B.C. Fans.- 
Were first devised by the harlots in 
ltaly,prior to 166 B.C. 

FARCE.-Short comic drama,first 
written about 1667. Farthing.-An 
English coin,first made by king 
John, about .1200. Fasts.-Observed 
by most nations from the remot¬ 
est antiquity; Moses fasted40days 
and nights, 1491 B.C. Feasts ana 
Festivals.-Those of the Passover, 
Penteccsf, Trumpets, and Taberna¬ 
cles, were instituted 1490 B.C.Fetic- 
ing.-Was introduced into England 
from France priorto l285.Female 
Suffrage.-First began to be agitated 
about 1867. Fermentation .-Stud¬ 
ied analytically in 1810 by Gay-Lus¬ 
sac, who termed it one of the most 
mysterious processes in nature. 
Fictions.-See Romances. Fictions 
in law were invented by the law- 
yers, about 1005. 

FKrURE3.-See Digits. Files.-Were in 
use about 1093 B.C.; manufactured 
from machinery since about 1855. 
Filters.-First recorded patent for 
a filter is. dated l675.Fire-Anmhi- 
lator.-First chemical engine made 
about 1849. Fire-Arms.-First man 
ufactured in Italy,1364. See Artille¬ 
ry, Cannon, Chassepot, Howitzerjxn- 
caster, Needle Gun, and Pistols. Fire- 
Damp tndicator.-lnvented by G.F. 
Ansell, 1865.Fire-Detector and.A- 
larm.-Invented by Prof.Grechi in 
1873. Fire-Engines.-Said to h ave 
been first invented byCtesibius, 
250 B.C.Fire-Escapes.-First pat¬ 
ents were granted to David Marie, 
1766, and Joachim Smith, 1773. 

FIREMAN’S RESPIRATOR.-One 
invented by Or. Tyndall, l870.Fire- 
Shsps.-Used by-the Rhodians, 190 
B.C. Fire-Works.-Said to have been 
made by the Chinese in remote ages, 
manufactured in Italy, about i860. 
Flag.-Was first-made in its present 
form in Spain,about 550; firstAwer- 
ican flag was unfurled over the camp 
at Cambridge, Jan. 1,1776. Flageolet.” 
Patented by Wm.Bainbridge.lSW.FIa-n- 
nel.-See Wooten. FI ax. -Man ufactur¬ 
ed in Egypt in remote ages, and car¬ 
ried thence to Tyre about 588 B.C. 
Flics.-Plague of flies in Egypt, 1491 
B.C. Floating Dooks.-First mtro- 

duced,1716. Flogging. -Practiced as 
a punishment.limited to 40 stripes 
1451 8.C. Flood, Noah ’*.-2348 B.C 
lasted for forty days._ 


197 • 




















FLORIN.-A 90 M coin first made at 
Florence,about 12 50. Fluorescence. 
-The absorption 0 /the chemical solar 
rays by certain substances,and emit¬ 
ting them after dark, d iscovered by 
Prof. Stokes, 1852. Fluorine-Gas¬ 
eous element, first obtained by Priest 
ley,about 1777. Flute.-Known be¬ 
fore 580 8 C.Fluxions.-Branch of 
higher mathematics, invented by 
Newton, 1665. Flying Machines.- 
Archytas is said to have made a fly¬ 
ing dove,about 400 B.C.; in 1843 
Mr. Henson invented a flying ma¬ 
chine, but it did not serve a practi¬ 
cal purpose. 

FOCIIVJETER.-Invented byClaudet, 
1849. F 09 Si 9 nals.-MM.ch attention 
was given to them in 1862..Forgery 
of Deeds.-Was severely pun ished, 
1562.Forks.-Used in Europe first, 
about 1250; introduced into Eng¬ 
land, 1608. Formic Acid.-Ac id of 
ants, produced artificially by Pe- 
louze, 1831. Fortif icatiotis.-First 
used in the protect/on of cities by 
the ancient Phoenicians; the pres¬ 
ent mode introduced a bout 1500. 
Fortune Tel ling.-Is traced to the 
early astrologers, prior to 1000 B.C. 
Foundling Hospitals.-Established 
at Mi Ian, Italy,787; in Lon don, 1739; 
in New,York, 1868. Fountains.-The 
fountain of Hero of Alexandria is 
the first recorded,and was invent¬ 
ed about 150 B.C. 

FOLLTIERISM.-A social system de¬ 
vised by Charles Fourier, whod ied 
in i832. Franc.-A French coin,first 
coined, 1795. Freettiasonry.-Traced 
by some to the building of Solomon’s 
temple, about 1000 B.C.; introduced 
at Boston, I733.Free Trade.-Advocat- 
ed by Adam Smith in his "Wealth of 
Nations,” 1776; adopted in England, 
1846. French Horn.-Invented a- 
bout 1800. Fresco Painting.—Art 
art known to ancient Eggptians; 
first practiced in Italy at Pisa,1390. 
Frozen Carcasses.-By Harrison’s 
method, first sent to England from 
Australia, 1873. Fuchsia.-An Amer¬ 
ican plant named after the G-erman 
botanist Leonard Fuchs,about 1542. 
FUMIGATION.-Acron,a physician 
of Agrigentum, is said to have first 
caused aromatics to be thrown in¬ 
to great fires to purify the air,and 
stop a plague at Athens,about473 
B.C.Funerals.-David lamented 0 - 
ver Saul and Jonathan, 1056 B.C.; 
Solon is said to have been the first 
to pronounce a funeral oration in 
Greece,580 B.C.Furs.-Worn by 
Henry I. of England, about 1125. 
Galleys,-With three rows of oars, 
triremes., were invented by the Co- 
rinthians,786 B.C.Gallium.-Very 
rare metal, discovered by Boisbau- 
dran,by means of the spectroscope, 
about 1 875, and reported to the 
French academy of sciences.Galva-nic 
Motor.-Invented by Sturgeon, 1833. 

CEN . YR . CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 ftXft v\\ Axvxwuxsw) oi V\xvY oX . 

1800 Aft-Aft''Hax\>eV\NW,wft.ft .ax\4VKtx\c>o. 
1700 ftVftft ^>\xVV\^wbso-TwxV\‘=>\\ N N'a.x. 

1500 ftft ft«^V.'T-ft,ftx£aV V\xe.\w\_ox\4ox\. 

1 500 ftft fte\}V.ft,ftoxV\vga\ax\mxe&Voft^avx\. 
1400 ft\ T&ftft ^xso\\sWxx\V\x\ft^i\x\taVex£S\;. 
1300 ftft ftwV; 8 ,ft\xV\\ oV 

1200 ftVYiftft Vl-ax 

1100 ft\ -'33 \Nax Y>o,V\NQ£x\ft.x\C|\ax\ft wAftxaxvc*. 
1000 ftft ftcc.ftft^asVxvttXwVtx AftVty ft«£\c,aVfc&. 
900 ftft 

800 ftft 'taxis N o«, < b\<e,c l c.^i ft vj V\\e ''tawe.'b. 

700 Aft C\va.x\mac)m^WxsXV\e,E)axox\s. 
600 ftft S\)V\r wwi\wm4V\) v\wSM«ins. 
500. ftft taxvcyftwx 0 ^\_oxx\Vatav) Sowxxfteft. 

- 400 ft! ^.X\x\\)W( 0 )V\ wWxft\} AwojXo -tax oxvs. 
1300 ft\ AV\e YaavVexvs V\xsX ca\\«A ^acpxvi. 
□200 “IS NNlms V\xsV mk vv\ ftxlvalw • 
<100 \ft XNNeso^oXawivaVc.owe.s^omxv^Yomcft. 

© 63 B.C. CATILINE’S CONSPIRACY AT ROME. 
® 100 ftftftjiftft ^xymstafti^V 

*200 ftl ta\\\o fttWVs^axmftataVTa-Yvva. 
1:300 21 taxx\o£Vtamso.cow«\\V‘istaclta. 
400 ft\ ^vxeaXoHWNW^QrxeeVsw^ym^ 
w500 5ft TvxsVVxciU) ftcvvmx\tamaxAtarttac^. 
|600 ftft Vt&v)M,X_ cX\y& oil svox,\xctaU4Y^Tta\e.s. 
700 ft\ WaftWVwY. c.a\V«A as. . 

800 Aft fta.'xWvacys. i ou.x\4e4 \>v) . 

900 ftft ftc\oxxvox\sex\4s\\\s<i\ee.V Voft^VCw. 
1000 Aft i£r\vsa\mVaVKV\how4eW*«.s\)\)ftaN\A. 
1100 Ya VKAxxmx’s Yx\tmx\\x\ft\\\x\^. 

1200 2 ft AWraw wax 0 $ >&\e,seven Wxoes. 
1300 ftft Axltas oi ftew)axT\‘\x\ aYmosV tesVxo\)ei. 
1400 ftft Ata, tasV s\v\^ Vwftx4ec«,. 

1500 Aft ftcamx\4ex o^Axo^. 

1600 ftft ftooV Qrev\es\s Vex-vx\'\'vx , axzs. 

17 00 2ft <bo\^ Vo ft.^V\ax\ XMXcYawVs. 

1800 22 \tmx\ox\,VVoft^^U^,\wex\Vs>VMexs. 
1900 \ft AftxaVaxxxieWvsViw^soi( taxvaa.x\. 
2000 ftft A\\e Ass^xlan W\x\<}<\cm\ Voww&aft. 
2100 ftft tax\\.t),a<y!Aftft,W'}e,Vs»Xft?>YvoY. 
2200 ftA taVxowcmC) tasv s>Vw&\«ft aVft&ft^\ox\. 
2300 Aft Woa\\ a\\&tasYcwbfccx\Vev vVeaxV. 
2400 Aft Ata e,axv\\ V\We,ft \n\V\v xixoleaxce.. 
2500 

2600 AA Ataw taceafteft Xox Aftft ue'a.xs,. 
2700 

2800 ftA AW vWumcxs oi A/nos. -axe ftftft. 
2900 

3000 ftft V.axxvtcWAavWex o4 XoWv ,a<;e^\ftft. 

3100 ftft \AeV\wx,se\a.W \ft\ aV \.to«\tcYCsV\xW. 
3200 

3300 ftft ftaVx\a.xcV\sVV\e\\cais oX <ea\w\\\es. 
3400 

3500 '?ov'v\aV\ox\c,cix\V\wwesVo\x\c,xease. 
3600 

3700 Aft Agx\ew\Vwye^wxsMe^a t ba\\Me\\\\ooA. 
3800 2ft ftWw xx\axx\e4 vx\qx Vo vW\% Vwyvc. 
3900 

4000 £v ftxt-aXXow oi v\\^ snxxx,-w\s>o\\,%xA sAoxs. 

GALVANIC BATTERY.-First manu¬ 
factured by Volta, 1800. Galvanisw.- 
Investigations first made,and results 
announced by Galvani, 1791. Gam¬ 
boge. -Medicine and pigment,first 
brought from India by the Dutch, 
about 1600. Gamut.-Scale of mu¬ 
sical intervals, mentioned by^ruido 
Aretino, Tuscan monk,about 1025. 
G-ardening.-The first garden was 
that of Eden, 4004 8.C., from which 
time gardening has been carried 
on. Garrotte.-Spanish instrument 
for strangling criminals, used prior 
to472.GaSi First evolved from 
coal by Clayton, 1739; See Natu¬ 
ral Gas. 

GAS LIGHTS. -First used bg Mr.Mur¬ 
dock in Cornwall, Eng., 1792; first 
introduced into the United States 
at Boston, 1822. Gas Meter.-lm/etit- 
ed by Mr. Clegg,1815. Gates.- First 
mentioned by Abraham, 1 892 B.C. 
Gatling Gun. -Revolving battery 
gun, invented,by Richard J. Gatling, 
1861. Gauges, in rail ways.-Much 
discussion relative to the broad and 
the narrow gauge,about l832.Gaug- 
ing.-The measurement of casks,ves¬ 
sels, etc., regulated by English law, 
1352. Gauntlet. -Irofi glove, intro¬ 
duced about 1225. Gauze.-A kind 
of fabric, introduced from Italy, 
about 169 8 . Gems. -Rubies ^apphires, 
etc., were worn by the ancietits pri¬ 
or to 1520 B.C. 

GENERALS. -Montmorency was 
the first general of the French ar¬ 
mies, 1203; U.S. Grant was the 
f irst general of the armies of the 
United States, [866. (Previouslycall¬ 
ed Comma-nder-m-ChieS).G'ZyyS D’- 
Armes. -The king’s horse-guards, 
and subsequently^lso his gardes- 
du-corps , known in 1226. Gentle- 
-man.-A term firstgiven to the 
we II- descended, about 1430. Geog¬ 
raphy. -The first geographical 
records are in the Pentateuch; the 
earth was represented.as surroun¬ 
ded by the sea, about 1000 B.C. H i p- 
parchus attempted to reduce geog¬ 
raphy to a mathematical basis,l35 

B.C. See Maps and Charts. 

GEOLOGY.-Said to have been stud¬ 
ied systematically by the Chinese pri¬ 
or to the Christian era, and also 
occupied the attention of some of 
the ancient Roman and Arabic writ¬ 
ers. Geometry. invention ascrib¬ 
ed to the Egyptians; Thales intro¬ 
duced it into Greece,about 600 B.C.; 
conic sections introauced,390 B.C., 
by Plato.; Euclid’s elements corn- 
pi led, about 300 B.C. Germ Theory 
of Diseases.-Was held in the middle 
ages, but contagious organisms were 
not discovered tilt 1875-8, by Profs. 
Lister, Tyndall, and others. Giants.- 
First mentioned about 2468 B.C. 

See Giants under Weights and Meas¬ 
ures. The battle of Marignano, 15J 5, i$ 
termed the" battle of the Giants.** 


198 























ter 

li —mm 

GILDING-,-On wood formed part of 
the decoration of the Jewish taberna¬ 
cle, 14-90 B.C.; practiced at Rome,145 
B.C.; with 90 U leaf,first introduced 
by Margaritone, 1273.Gin.-Ardent 
spirit, duty laid upon it,l735.Giti- 
9 er.-Cultivated in East Indies arid 
China from time immemorial; in¬ 
troduced into the West Indies since 
the discovery of America. Gladiators.- 
First exhibited at the funerals of 
the Romans,2.63 B.C.GIass.-Noth- 
ing is known with certainty asto 
the invention of glass; the oldest 
Egyptian specimens are traced to 
about I500 B.C.; plate-glass f irst 
made, 1673; window glass f irst 
made in England, 1557. 

GLOBE.- The globular form of the 
earth, and the five zones as now 
known, were taught by Thales of 
Miletus,abou-t 640 B.C. Globes,Ar¬ 
tificial.^Representing the natural 
and political divisions of the earth’s 
. surface, are said to have been invent¬ 
ed by Anaximander,about 580 B.C.; 
celestial globes were made by the 
Arabs, 122 5. Glovcs.-Leathergloves 
are of ancient celebrity; in thetnid- 
dle ages the giving of a glove.was us¬ 
ed in land conveyances.Glucinum.- 
The oxide of this metal was discov¬ 
ered by Vanquelin, 179 8 . Gluten.- 
An ingredientof grain,discovered 
by Beccaria,about 1775. 

GLYCERINE.-Discovered by Scheele, 
about 1779. Glyoxyline.-Explosive, 
invented by F. A. Abel, l867.Godfa*h- 
ers and Godmothers,or Sponsors .-Jhe 
Jews are said to have had them at cir¬ 
cumcision, which was instituted 
1898 B.C.Gold.-First mentioned, 
4004 B.C.; first coined in Europe, 
1320; discovered in California, 1 847; 
in Australia,l85I.Golden Number. 
Cycle of 19 years, said to have been in 
vented by Meton of Athens,432 B.C. 
Good Templars.-First supreme lodoe 
organized at Syracuse, N.Y., l852.Go- 
rilla.-Powerful ape,saidto have been 
first described by the navigator Hanno, 
about 400 B.C. 

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE.-Pointed 

arch and style, began about 800,and 
spread over Europe.Grace at Meat.- 
Before partaking of meat, the ancient 
Greeks offered a choice part of it to 
their gods. The short prayer before 
a weal is in conformity to Christ’s 
example. Grammarians.-A society of 
grammarians was formed at Rome, 
276 B.C.; a Greek grammar was 
printed at Milan, 1476; Lily’s Lat¬ 
in grammar, 1513; Murray’sEtiglish 
grammar, 1795. Grammar Schools.- 
One was established at Glasgow prior 
to 1500; first in the United States, 
about 1642*3.Granaries.-Found by 
Joseph in Egypt, 1715 B.C. Grand Ju¬ 
ries.-Outgrowth of common trials 
by jury, which are claimed to have 
been first established by Alfred, 8 86 . 
Grapes.-Introduced into England, 1276. 

CEN . vr. CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 

1800 88 to^fetat&Vxovv ^ xVx^tvm v&tNA&veL 
1700 81 

1600 8 A- 88 'N'&x o4x\\d, < i\nftA\ < b\\ < oVt^w>'i\or\. 

1500 98 8 \\\W $\s>cftximVw)\faqa AiAVrtx&qxo. 
1400 19 ‘ove.cyo, oi 8 xW<vs> x-axseW) Aoaxv of kfc.. 
1300 2>V\A99 Yvw<\irt«, Wtwi'Hax-l.x^ .LYx’ce . 
1200 AV 88 9e\enxYv8xwsaAe.caxx\e,A on. 
1100 89 ^.xw^Xaoxx of VlfowxxX 1.xxva,9>\cW\). 
1000 99 Ae,xwja\«xx\ XaYex\ 9 \}XVe 8 x\vsaLexs. 
900 811W* 9oV)9>oxx\ax\9.xw}\x c -’’ 1 % o caWeA. 
800 88 

700 99 9>axoxv=> 

|600 918 \twM.^Vvrck coxxxeAV^XVWx^xaws. 
500 A9 

.400 18^a\\of xy^WsXexn’Exxx^Vce.. 
§300 18 YvU'bsxa.VvwiaAeA \>v) We Yxwyvs. . 
^200 9\ Vxx\sli\Oi\«nol(^\ooW\an\nxVe' 8 asA. 

1 00 A 8 >Ha\\ q<( Ax\Xox\\xw=> xftaW\x\9x\Xav\\. 

O 50 A.D. LONDON FOUNDED BY ROMANS. 

“100 \8 

•200 \8 IVe <beco\\A^wx\\c xNax 'oeqVxvs. 
i :300 91 A\<txax\Aex qa\v&s\en . 

'400 98 KxVveri\axv.<i\ee,XbesV\o\yj.L 8 v>\.\)SJ«\^x. 

,, 500 11 Ixyxe XaYen\j\} WeVoucVa^nezoax . 
600 98 bos\aV,V\no| of AuAea,s>YaVx\. ^ 

700 81 Axxxos Vs ca\\e 8 as. a \xo^V\«,X . 

800 88 8JC\^,We^x o\V\&X,Xxans>\aX«A . 
900 18 lVe5e^\e\\s>XaXeasalivi\^W^-wv. 
1000 88 l\\xac\n\s cox\Xxo\xVe\ta&\X&xxaioeaxv . 
1100 \8 8an\w\\Ve\Wy\nv9\-teV^\x^e.^\sxa«\. 
1200 88 \sxa«Wxesai;a\x\exvs\aMeL8\;7V\\\s\\rv«,s. 
1300 AA IVeV.\r\ 0 |^ovi\ of ^Av^cexvae; f owxxAbA. 
1400 888 x\vx\\e\,xV\e f \x<bX‘>wA<)«,ofYsx&eX. 

1500 86 teexoyi fowwAsacofoxw^ Vv\ AvXxca. 
1600 89 8 ea.X\fv awAVvxvaX ok Vaoo\s ,x.<yiA\AV . 
1700 Yb l' 8 elv|«.nso'i^\ev\Vvy 8 «,^\x\‘\xv 8 .^X. 

1800 86 lW.V\x\qAo\xs of Kxqos f owx\AeA. 
1900 \9> 8 ar<\asc\vS)kewn^<iA^x\oxXcxW 6 me. 

2000 81 6 \tmtVsi'vxsVew^\^itL 6 \) 8 ev(\vxaw\s>. 
2100 88 \K\sxi\xx\,sox\oWawv,Y\x\^ of 

2200 81 6\ivc\ese'w\waxc\\^ wi Xo Wq\n . 
2300 A9 lV\e Ywixwq cxeaXxxxes «x\Xex XVxe. axY . 
2400 A9 CroA xe^ewXs -aXV-vwnq oxe/aXxA wwv . 
2500 818eaxYof AaxeAa.XXYeao|<t,of98'l. 
2600 

2700 W 8 \\VVe\)|ftaxs of XAaYa\u\ee\axe 888. 
2800 

2900 81 lV\e Aaxyi of 8 eV\\ axe nwm 8 exeA. 
3000 

3100 98 Vmec.V\,e,ox\ of \texY\we\a\\,Vb\>oxxv. 
3200 8A 868V<W)M« of xWXvfo ©4 VxA-anv . 
3300 91 8.noe\\,X\\ex\q\\Xeoue,\s>Voxn. 
3400 

3500 AA \haW\a\ee\,aaeA 88 , 8 ec^eXs AaxeA. 
3600 

3700 1A ( bexY.9ee&XAfcs a eenXen-aYx'&.n . 
3800 18 \\8eY , e8\oeAox\exV\4xoxx\X\\e^xoux\A 
3900 

4000 A \LWs 4\xsX fooAvAxoYv) . 

rRAPHITE,-Mineral carbon cal led 
black lead, used in making lead pen¬ 
cils, which are first mentioned by 
Gesner, 1565. GrapHophone.-Inven¬ 
ted by G. and C. Bell, and C.S.Tainter, 
J888.Graphoscope.-0ptical instru¬ 
ment, invented by C.J. Rows ell, 1871. 
Graphotype.-Process for obtaining 
blocks for surface-printing,invented 
by Hitchcock, l860.Grates.-ln use 
before the introduction of chimneys, 
about 1200 . Gravitation. -Was no¬ 
ticed by the ancient Greeks, and 
also by Seneca,who spoke of the 
moon attracting the water,a.bout 

38; the universal-law of gravita¬ 
tion discovered by Newton,l670. 

Grecian mundaneeia.-go™- 
menced Sept. 1, 5598 B.C. Grecian, 
or Syro-Macedonian Era.-Commenc¬ 
ed Sept. 1,312 B.C.Greek Fire.-An 
explosive and combustible compo¬ 
sition, known about 670.Green- 
backs.-United States government 
notes, first issued, 1862.Gregori¬ 
an Calendar.-Adopted Get. 15,1582. 
GretnaGreen.-As applied to run- 
away-marriagesjdates from 1760. 
Grist Mills.-First constructed in 
Ireland, 214. Groat.-English s li¬ 
ver coin prior to l35I.Grocers.- 
KnoWn in England before 13 63. 
Grog.-Mixture of rum and water, 
known since 1745. 

GUANO.-Excrement of sea-birds 
used for manure, mentioned by 
Herrera, 1601.Guards.-The cus¬ 
tom of having guards to protect 
one’s person is said to have beert 
introduced by Saul, 1093 B.C.Guer- 
rilla Warfare.-Originated in.the 
Peninsular war, 1808-14.Guide- 
Books.-For travelers, first appear¬ 
ed in England, 1776. Guilds.-Mutu¬ 
al benefit associations,originated 
with the Saxons,about700.Guillo- 
tine.-Instrument for executing 
the death sentence, supposed to 
have been invented by Dr.J.I.&uil- 
lotin, about 1789.Guineas.-Eng¬ 
lish gold coins,first made, 1663. 

GUITAR .-A similarly constructed 
instrument was used by the Egyp¬ 
tians about 1500 B.C.Guns.-Inven¬ 
ted about 1330; used by Moors,J344; 
in the battle of Crecy,l34S; f irst 
brass guns, 1635.Gun Cotton.-A 
highly explosive substance^nven- 
ted by Prof.Schonbein of Basel, 
1846. Gun powder.-Invention 
attributed to Schwartz, although 
there is ground for believing i t 
was known by the Chinese about 

30 A.D.Gunter’s Chain.-Invented 
by Edmund G-uvter^iSOS. Gutta 
Percha.-Introduced into England 
by Montgomery and Almeida,1843; 
d iscoveries by_ Goodyear, 1836.Gym¬ 
nasium.-Originated with ancient 
Greeks. Gypsies.-First appeared 
in Europe about l400.Gyroscope.- 
Rotating wheel,invented bu Fes- 
sel of Cologne, 1852. 


199 
































gggp- ■ ' 

v \j 'j 'j vv f /.■< i " * *1 wi 

Habeas Corpus.-D ates its truefouti- 

dation in the Great Charter ( Magna 
Charta), 1215. Hackney Coaches. - 
First used in London,1625. Hair.-lt 
was the custom of the Jews to wear 
long hair and to not shave,butthe 
Romans shaved; the_Saxons and 
Danes wore long hair, and did not 
shave. Hair Powder.-Came itito use, 
i 1590. Hal Is.-Were principal apart¬ 
ments in mediaeval mansions.Hal¬ 
lelujah and Amen .-Expressions in¬ 
troduced by Haggai.the prophet,520 
B.C. Ha-ndkerchie/s.-First used 
in England, about 1558,as pres¬ 
ents from young ladies to gentle¬ 
men, to be worn in their hats. 

HANDS, IMPOSITION OF.-Firstper- 
formed by Moses in settinq apart 
His successor Joshua, 1452 B.C.Hang- 
ing.-Said to have been first inflicted 
upon Wm.Marise, a pirate, 1241. Har- 
monium.-Keyed instruwentjsim- 
ilarto the accordion, invented, 1810, 
by M.C-renie. Hamcss.-For horses, 
probably invented bq Erichthoni- 
us of Athens, about 1487 B.C. Harp.- 
Invented by Jubal, 3875 B.C. Harp¬ 
sichord. -Bach and Handed com¬ 
posed for this instrument, about 
1700. Harrison’s Timepiece.— An 
eight-day clock, striking the hours, 
and indicating the, day ofthewonth, 
was made by Harrison at London in 
1715, and it was still running, 1871. 

HARROWS.-Among the earliest im¬ 
plements of agriculture,isrepre- 
sented on many ancient sculptures. 
Hats.- First made by a Swiss at Pa¬ 
ris, 1404; high-crowned hats were 
first worn about 1550; silk hats be¬ 
gan to supersede beaver about 1820. 
Hawkers and Pcddlers.-Were first 

1 icensed, 1698. Heat.-lts phenome¬ 
na began to be carefully studieda- 
bout 1757. Hegira, Era of.-Same as 
Mohammedan era. Heliometer. - 
For measuring the diameters ofthe 
heavenly bodies, invented by Savary, 
1743.Helioscope.-Solar telescope,in¬ 
vented by Scheiner, l625.Heliostat. 
-Instrument to make a sun beam sta¬ 
tionary, invented by s’Gravesande, 
about 1719. 

HELMETS.-Protective armorfor 
the head, used by the ancients pri¬ 
or to 810 B.C. Hemp and Flax.— 
First cultivated in England about 
1532. Heraldry.-As an art, is ascrib¬ 
ed f irst to Charlemagne, about 800; 
and next to Frederick Barbarossa,a- 
bout H52.Hertitig-Fishery.-Was 
largely engaged in by the English and 
Scotch as early as 800. Hexameter. 
~ The most ancient form of Greek verse, 
used by Homer,about 900 B.C.Hiero¬ 
glyphics.-Picture-writing, said to 
have been invented by Athotes,2l 12 
B.C. High-pressure Engine.-Invent¬ 
ed by Leupold, l727.Highways.-See 
/foa</s. Hindoo Era.-Commenced 
3101 B.C.Hippodrome.-Greek race¬ 
track, know about 1000 B.C. 

CEN . vr. CHRONOLOOY. 

1900 TL \QQxY Aw\ft\ie,xs*x\>) oNWCft oVft.ft.Qxawx. 
1800 Vb XNoxNft's QoN\vx^\T«\ftx\ vi\x\w\ aX . 

1700 "VI ftxu'm exuyiv#, \extacxe,ft Vq XNaXX. 

1600 QQ YvxsX wbnns^m Vft AwxNca- a.V ftosXoxv 
1500 ftft "N Y«,ft^ax\\s\\Kxwv&.fta. was WwHi. 
1400 XX ^xXox^Xs\x^\a\s^\xvX\x\q\xess. 
1300 QT Gxeece\x\vafteftft\) xYe"X\vx\Mi. 

1200 Oft 

1100 TO. NxeNaxft coxvajvweftX^ Wewx^'W. 

1000 Tft XYt7^eexcoxftxmY\caXesYex\x\)Y4. 
900 AN C>owsVax\Vvn.o^\e\)4,'i\e,cj8,^\)^^v,si\a.'x\ < a. 
800 Tl ftqWX,V\xsx Y\v\c* aNNY'v\qYvx\ft. 

700 bft. VvxXkv oV ftYsx\exftaqx«, ■aXS'j\iX>wiq. 
600 ft\ Yx\ft oi xYve ftex<s\aYv . 

^ 1 500 ftft QsXxoqoxYVvv\qftoxv\Yv\NXaN\) e/vxfts. 
400 NQ TVi V\o-mav\ < i -a.fta.xxftoxxe.ftftxNxawv 
j;300 ftft QaftsXaxvVxm coxmxXeft xoQY\\ sX'm\\X\). 
*200 ft\ A\s^ .1ft ,ft_xa oX . 

9100 TN AftrYaw \eW\Nfts ftexws.'aftewx. 

2 © 26 A .D. JOHN THE BAPTIST BEGINS HIS MINISTRY. 
ol00 IT 
,,200 ftft 

; ;300 ftft ftftaXo's secowft x&vpi^eNwXo ft’\c\\q. 

' 400 Oft 'kexxes ieWvsGxeaVsaXTVxwo^\))\?e. 
w500 ftft ft.*^wNwjx\ oft xYe'fta.x(\\C\x\s Xxcmftoxwi,. 
600 NT ^wcvis^axVwxs^wXV^mxxVwvcy. 
700 ftl Xvavaftx oaXNeft «.% a. ^xo\VveX. 

800 IQ XoAssvyna. 

900 ftft TYe CjXawkux oX ftoftoxwm's YVxvqftonu 
1000 ftft ftavX ccywvwNXs svucftftfc. on ftftx .GnNftoa.. 
1100 Oft NkasX \xos\ex ow; ^xftoft oX ftYaxaaYs ex\fts. 
1200 TO. AxVv swixxwfte oXY.xwK\Xxs wA«M\\K\an‘\Xos. 
1300 ftft ^\e\vs\mnT^sxox\os\xXxoi\vtxLaxWftens. 
1400 ftft \ko^V\nkV\cXs>Xenxj\a^x^stin\Wxo.oV. 
1500 "\\ U.oses\>oxn-\\\^\nanaxV.\nxVoOViLC)S. 
1600 2ft \sxt&\\Xwm\Xi\^,anL\Na^'wi\qVX\). 
1700 \ft ftost^Y Xftxvftsqxamxftes'vvvft.c^qX. 

1800 ftft ftxe^nV\nc)^owo\kA(qos\)eq\w\ftv>\v\aAv\xs. 
1900 NT \xN)xa\\an\^wsX\C\tL\)v^ Xaftxftx. 

2000 AT ftxawwb ax'xftves\w Qrxeece. 

2100 XT, ft\v£Yvcva.\\wXs coNonvosvxvftjvix va. 
2200 AT Yftex,aqeftftA,fteqe,Xsfte\fcq. 

2300 Aft ftftooft Xoxfts\ftftex\Xoft>e,\weft Xox Xooft. 
2400 Aft G&xVex >*mft wstftXox xoaftftxvqxVeaxY. 
2500 

2600 ftft ft-oft's vnaxVvxcwoV&ftW \N\cYeftxve,ss. 
2700 

2800 XT Vv«xVvwo\tXvxe , aoV\es\v\sft'ftftVVvkW.'X. 
2900 1 

3000 QQ TVeYwxttSjpxaoe, xaxjxftNv) x^\x\X\Xj\X|\x\C). 

3200 Qft TYexv\eXtN,go\ft,Vno\Nx\V(ioxcx\C\sx\xwe. 
3300 

3400 QQ Nftexft\x\(),ox\ooNvYeoto\)^ax\ox\soNx<vix\. 

3600 Tft ft.x\os,^QcAftQ,\>eoeXsfta\'V\aw. ^ 
3700 

3800 "\ft XYe oxgawanftYaxo axexs vxse. 

3900 

4000 N VvuxftMkwft oxaX owX oi X'a.xa.ft’we. 

HOLY WATER. -Said to have been 
used in churches as early as I20A.D. 
Home Missionary Socjety.— F i r s,t 
founded, 1813. Homicide. -Was tried 
at Athens by the Areopagites,l507 
B.C. Homoeopathy. -A hypothesis 
promulgated by Of. Hahnemann, 
1796; introduced into the United 
States, 182.5. Honey-Moon. -A rose 
from drinking diluted honey for 
30 days (a moon’s age)-after mar- 
riage,a.mon 9 the Teutons, who 
are mentioned as early as 320 B.C. 
Hoops.- See Crinoline. Hops.-Used 
in England, 1425; were cultivated 
by ancient Romans. Horn .-Musi¬ 
cal instrument, the date of whose 
invention is lost in antiguity,but 
is thought to be, next to the reed, 
the earliest wind instrument. 

HORSE. -Probably first domesticat¬ 
ed by ancient Egyptians; Solomon 
had 40,000 stalls of horses for his 
chariots, and 12,000 Horsemen, 1014 
B.C. Horse-Raci« 9 .-Firft practic¬ 
ed by ancient Greeks, priorto 1000 
B.C. Horseshoes. -Of the kind now 
known,were not in general use 
till about 800. Horticulture.-See 
Qurdenirip. Hospitals.- One built 
at Jerusalem, II 12,capable of re¬ 
ceiving 2000 < guests. Hot Blast.- 
Neilson obtained a patent for,1828. 
Hour.-The day is said to have been 
firstdivided into hours,293 8.C., 
when Papirius Cursor erected a 
sun-dial in the temple of Guirlnus 
at Rome. 

HOUR GLASSES.-Invented in Alex¬ 
andria, 240. Howitzer.-German 
piece of ordnance, came into use 
about 1725. Humane Society.^One 
formed in London,1774.Hunting. 
-Nimrod was a mighty hunter, 
2218 B.C. Hydraulic Press .-Inden¬ 
ted by Pascal, 1649.Hydraulic Ram.- 
Invented by Montgolfier,about 
1800. Hydrochjoric Acid.-Com- 
pound of chlorine and hydrogen, 
discovered by Dr. Priestly, 1772.Hy¬ 
drogen.-First obtained asa gas 
by Paracelsus,about l500;Caven- 
dish proved itto be an elementary 
body, 1766. 

HYDROGRAPHY. -Description ofthe 
surface waters of the earth. First 
sea chart said to have been made by 
Henry the Navigator, about 1550. 
Hydrometer.- For measuring the 
specific gravity of liquids,first men¬ 
tioned about 400. Hydropathy. -Cold- 
water treatment of diseases, prac¬ 
ticed by Hippocrates, about430 B.C. 
Hydrostatics. -Pressure of liquids, 
probably first studied in the Alex¬ 
andrian school,about300 B.C.Hy- 
groweter.-Formeasuring the 
moisture in the atmosphere, in¬ 
vented by Saussure,about 179 0. 
Hymns. -The song of Moses, 1491 

B. C., is the most ancient; the 
Psalms date from about 1066 
B.C. to about 444 B.C. 


200 


























! 


HYPNOTISM. -Term given byNIr.Braid, 
1843,to a sleep-like condition,produc- 
ed in a person by steadily fixing h is 
mind on one gbject.Hypsoweter.- 
Thermometrical barometer for meas¬ 
uring altitudes, invented by Wol las- 
ton, 1817. Iambic Verse. -First writ¬ 
ten about 700 B.C., by Archilochus. 
Ice. -Discovered to be lighter than 
water, 1597, byGalileo; first pro¬ 
duced artificially, 1783, by Mr.Walker; 
first ice machine patented byMr.Har- 
rison, 1857. Iconoclasts. -Image- 
breakers, controversy introduced 
into the churches,about 300;much 
loss of life,about 726. Idols. -Idola¬ 
trous worship introduced by Nirms, 
king of Assyria, 2059 B.C. 
ILLUMINATED BOOKS .-The use 
of ornaments, drawings, portraits, 
etc., to enrich books and manuscripts, 
is of great antiquity . Varro wrote the 
lives of 700 Romans, using 70 por¬ 
traits, about 70 B.C.IImenium.- 
An alleged metal, discovered by Herr¬ 
mann, about 1847. Impeachment. - 
First one recorded in England, 1386. 
Impressment of Seamen .-A practice 
known in ancient times. Incendi- 
aries. -Punished with death by the 
Saxons andG-oths. Incest. -Cohab¬ 
itation and marriage between near 
relatives, forbidden by the Jewish law, 
. 1490 B.C. , 

INCH.- 39,13929 of the length of the 
seconds pendulum itt the latitude of 
London,vibrating in vacuo at the 
sea level, at the temperature of 62° 
Fahr., was defined by act of parlia¬ 
ment, 1824. Income Tax.-First lev¬ 
ied in England, 1512. Independence, 
Era of Declaration.-Commenced Ju¬ 
ly 4,1776. India Rubber.-See Caou¬ 
tchouc. Indiction, Era of.-Com¬ 
menced Jan. 1, 313. Indi 90 .-Sup¬ 
posed to have been known about 
50 A. D.; first mentioned in English 
statutes, 1581. Indium. -Metal dis¬ 
covered by Reich and Ritcher,in Sax¬ 
ony, 1863. Induction of Electric Cur¬ 
rents.-Discovered by Faraday,about 
1831. Indulgences. -Moderation of 
ecclesiastical punishment,commenc- 
ed by Leo III..about 800. 

Industrial ExmBiTioNs.-See 

Exhibitions. Infallibility.-The dog¬ 
ma of papal infallibility was promul¬ 
gated, 1870. Infanticide. -In ancient 
times, was very prevalent in barbarous 
countries. Infirmaries.-For the 
sick and indigent, first founded by 
the emperor Julian,about362.ln- 
fluenxa( la grippe).-Appears to 
have been known about 1550. In¬ 
fusoria (Animalcules).-Leeuweri- 
hoek’s remarkable microscopical dis¬ 
coveries were made at Leyden, 1696. 
Ink.- The ancients had inks of va- 
riouscolors besides black, as red, 
gold, silver, and purple; invisible , 
or sympathetic ink, was known 
before 1653. Inns.-Known in an¬ 
cient Rome,and regulated by law. 

CEN YR . CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 76 W tV V7W. 

1800 66 < bo,NNVAO) wvfcOYwvyt . 

1700 6 \ 6 cm\\Na 6 \ss\\wr\bwsaxXo\Vxo'rm. 

1600 26 6 v\q^\\tts 6 qxyeVta\jVWN&Y\aYv 6 e&. 

1500 68 kccessvon oV ^Wl'zlWxVv. 

1400 67. ^\'o\«.*«aCv<*X v<\wX^ 'aX^u'wVL. 

1300 TV 6 xv\ow oV Tu'v\\AaxV,\Vov\Na\)|,M\L < bNN!i^e<t\. 
1200 66 ^\xsX^.rvqV\s\\\V\w«.oV'U^\es'ooxYv. 
1100 6 A -6 'Nm \>eX\Nee.wT / «a.Yvce, 

1000 67 NMaXesYvwiaAeii \>\^ W\sV a.w^ 6 c,oXs. 

900 66 6 cm\e,xaV«.x\\>v> 0 x\\o x\\e OrveaX . 

800 67 6 amsVa.w 6 taYeHoxV. 
700 66 7\eA&\wi>s\iivwiwVi Cvxsv ’wvsVnXwX^A. 

600 66 Ccmsxa^XvmqXeyesxeqeAy^Sans&xfi. 
^500 62 \xa\v) \\n\e 8 asa 6 \ymv‘mq\o\i\wc,e. . 
400 62 6 sXtoqov 6 Y\\\q&owVow\ 8 tY\rAXa\v}. 

: :300 62 6 e\>«\\\&w oVV 6 ax\mvs>\rft 8 V\Xavv\. 
*200 67 6 \uxa.Yv 6 V\aXaVeY\ 6 ^ 6 'oc\ex\a'v\. 
“100 67 7esx\\ewc,fc\w6owe, Xox x\vm qaa-xs. 
2 O 55 B.C. JULIUS C£SAR CONQUERS BRITAIN. 
ol 00 6-6"77x6 ,x\\Vk 76wvxvc. war 
v 200 66 KWxVe ve,co\6s,wc.iw7\\\wa 
;;300 2 \ tmqx7\w<wsxaqafybwtarxVqiu 

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*600 76 6 am\ 6 aX'N«,'aVi\\?.ar\ 66 Q,^ 6 e,a\ieqvi--a. 
700 66 6 vw*aws XVs 6 aVm \N<yw\ew. 

800 62Tw^varvsoa\viHo\\^s^\Xtr'«a'>\«,'a'w. 

900 62 TVs oV 66 e.Va \\s7xs6a\ov(\ow. 

1000 72 6 o\swor\ 6 wj\wsXa 6 \C\\ 6 x\\e.xe.va^\«,. 
1100 77 6 arasa'A\w.V<av^ 6 xsXV«.^Y;\\\sX\'v\es. 
1200 62 6 o\owq oV kxcaYvaws s«.XX\e.s \w\Xa\\). 
1300 66 T\i\r^s«r\i\X\vie,oV\Srtaa\\X 6 S'j»Vw^jm 
1400 66 \ro\v\sS\scowcA\n 6 kX’.\La‘va 6 rs.xe. 
1500 7\ \6osesVowv\66vi7\\a'vaoVs i^auqVXer. 

1600 66 \\ 6 ,aw 2 \s(mVsXwiA. 

1700 \6 Xose^Yvxs^roYroXe^Yvi^WraoVx. 
1800 27 \\x\x ^r\asXv; cA VivK\qs 6 wj\wi. 

1900 27 V^a^arv\^mrv 6 v|Var(C\m\rXs 6 q^x. 

2000 66 \Xo\aX\ous'nws\\\^'wXxoi'XTO^ 6 ^W\ms. 
2100 72 Vi\t\oq%\v\ss\''(\MewXe,^ 6 \) kxWaxes. 
2200 \6 TWwco&xV&Cw'bX w\orva.xt7\. 

2300 67 'WuarV.rc.sxs sv\Yt\aw*\x Krarax. 

2400 66 

2500 62 6 ta\V oV 5>a\eA,ao,e^ 662 . 

2600 

2700 26 6 a\m^ 'lea.Ows V\s 666 x\\ uear. 
2800 

2900 66 2 arva 0 ^ 6 equxsasQA-ww!ft'am' 6 ^. 
3000 

3100 6\ TWVCyxxAoo Vxa cavarwuwcus . 

3200 

3300 72 \aacV 6 M)«,xsa sw-\kaxWsa\aV. 
34-00 66 6 \X\ssviuve 6 a\\x 6 «,Voxe x\C\sX‘vwe. 
3500 

3600 66 6^2^\t\y\\ci' sa\\ \o VmWwVwsvm . 
3700 

3800 76 Qmw tes>wvi VxwxvXVo.x'i&wtvCie. oV 606 . 
3900 

4000 AVwacjwwv bamrixen osux XiWt uax^. 

Inoculation. -For small pox, in¬ 
troduced from Turkey into England 
by Lady,Montagu,l7l8;Kacc/»e in- 
•occulation discovered by DrJenner, 
1796. Inquests.- Held/m England 
as early as 925. Inquisition. -For 
punishing heresy and spiritual of- 
fensesjestablished by Theodosius, 
382. Insolvency. -First insolvency 
act passed by Parliament, 1649. In¬ 
surance.- On ships and merchan¬ 
dise, said to have been first con¬ 
trived by Claudius,43 A.D.;ingen¬ 
eral use in Italy, 1194; first fire- 
insurance office in America was 
at Boston, 1724; first life insur¬ 
ance at London, 1772; firstinAmer- 
ica at Philadelphia, 1812 *, first ma¬ 
rine insurance in England, 1598; 
first in America, 1721. 

INTEREST.-For use of money, was 
first leoaliled in England,1623. lo- 1 
dine.-Discovered # by DeCourtois of 
Paris, 1812. Ir idium.-Rare metal, 
discovered by Tennant, 1804. Iron. - 
Found on Mt. Ida by the Dactyles, 
1432 B.C.; wrought by Tubal-Cain, 
3875 B.C.; Bessemer’s first patent, 
1856; f irst patentfor iron smelting, 
1620. Ironclads.-War-ships whose 
sides are protected by armor-plates, 
were first made by the French, 1854. 
Irrigation .-Was practiced i n Asia 
and in Egypt from the most remote 
ages of the world. 

ISTHMIAN GAMES. -Institutedat 
the isthmus of Corinth by Sisyphus, 
about 1406 B.C. ivory.-Broughtto 
Solomon from Tarshish, about9^2 

B.C. dacobus.-Cold coin made in 
England, 1603-25. Jacquard Loom. 
-For figured fabrics, invented by,J. 

M. Jacquard of Lyons, 1801. Janis¬ 
saries. -Infant^ in the T urkish. 
army,first organized by Orcan,a- 
bout 1330. Jerusalem, Era of.De¬ 
struction .-Commences Sept. 1,69 

A. D. Jewelry. -Received bu Rebek- 
ah as a marriage gift, 1857 B.C. Jew¬ 
ish Era. -Commenced Oct. 1,3761 

B. C. Jockey Clubs. -Instituted in 
England, about 1740. John Doe and 
Richard Roe.-Namesas standing 
pledges forthe prosecution of suits, 
first used about 1285. 

JOINT STOCK COM PANI ES.-Have 
been organized extensively since 
1825. Jubilees. -The Jews were 
commanded, 1491 B.C., to celebrate 
a jubilee every fifty years.Judges. 
-Ruled over Israelites from 1402 

B.C. to 1095 B.C. Julian Period. - 
Invented by Joseph Scaliger,about 
1583, to avoid ambiguities inchro- 
nological dates,^commences Jan. 
1,4713 B.C. Julian Year, Era of.- 
Commenced Jan. 1,45 B.C. Juno - 
Planet discovered by M. Harding, 
ofBremen, Sept. 1,1804. Jupiter.- 
Said to have been known as a plan¬ 
et to the Chaldeans,3,000 B.C. Junes, 
Trial by. 7 Most authorities ascr i be 
their institution to A!fred,about 886 > 

- ----- - - . 



201 



























^ttt~ ni nmmi--in- m-in imiim-m m .-iinn iiHiniuinii-riiir-.^--^ 


t: 


Justices oF the Peace.-First nomi¬ 
nated by William I., 1076. Ju-te.-Ex¬ 
tensively cultivated since 1830, For 
making guniiycloth,etc. Kaleido¬ 
scope.-Optical instrument,invent 
ed by David Brewster, 1816. Kamp- 
tulicon.-Substance used For Floor¬ 
ing, patented by Galloway,l843.Ker- 
osene.-First used For illuminating 
purposes, 1826. Keys.-The invention 
is ascribed to Theodore oF Samos,a- 
bout 730 B.C. Kinder-Crartcti.-Sys- 
tew oF education devised by Froe- 
bel, 1837. King.-Nimrod is said to 
have been the FirstFounderofaking- 
dom,2245 B.C. King’s Evil.-Scrofu- 
la, supposed, a bout 1058,to be cur¬ 
ed by the king’s touch. 

Kissing . -Was a mode oF salutation, 

1760 B.C.; was common among the 
ancient Greeks. Kneeling.-Order¬ 
ed by Paul, at the name oFJesus,64 
A.D. Knights.-The institution oF 
Roman knights is ascribed to Rom¬ 
ulus,about 750 B.C.; knighthood was 9l00 
First conFerred in England about800. 
Knights oF Pythias.-First organiz- ?i n n 
ed in Washington, D.C., Feb. 19,1864-. ° 100 
Knitting.-Said to have beenjnvent- 
et inSpain,about 1550.Knitting 
Machine, or Frame.-Invented by 
Ww.Lee,oF England, 1589.Knives.- 
First made ana used in England, 
about 1560. Koch’s Tuberculosis 
Cure.-First announced, 1890. 

KORAN.-The Mohammedan Bible, 
written about 610, by Mohammed. 
Krupp’s Cast Steel Factory.-At Es¬ 
sen, Rhenish Prussia, established 
1810. Labyritiths.-The First said 
to have been constructed in t he 
island oF Crete, by Daedalus, about 
1210 B.C. Lace.-Very delicate texture, 
wade in France, 1320; produced by 
machinery, 1768} a lace Frame pat¬ 
ented by Heathcote, 1809. Lacteal s.- 
Absorbent vessels connected with 
digestion,discovered by Asellius oF 
Cremona, 1622. Lamps.-Theearth¬ 
en Lamp oF Epictetus,about50 A.D., 
is the First -mentioned; lamps with 
horn sides invented by AIFred,about 
875; London streets First lighted 
with oil-lampi^l 68 !,and with gas- 
lamps, 1814. 

LAM PS,SAFETY.-For use in mines, 
invented by Davy, 1815.Language. 
-Many areoF opinion that,origf- 
nally, language was revealed From 
heaven, while others claim it was 
the invention oF man.(f?uery.-IF a 
number oF children are kept entire¬ 
ly isolated From all others From birth, 
so Far as hearing any spoken language 
is concerned, bu-t are allowed to asso¬ 
ciate with one another, and use the 
common utensils oF ordinary liFe, 
will they develop an articulate lan¬ 
guage ?):There was but one language 
in the world until aFter 2241 B.C. 
Lanterns.-Said to have been invent¬ 
ed by AIFred the Great, about 890. 


CEN. 

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v 200 
§300 
400 
500 
600 
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800 
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1600 
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1900 
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14000 


^CHRONOLOGY. 

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LANTHANIUM.-Rare metal,discov¬ 
ered by Mosander, 1839. Laryngo¬ 
scope.-Instrument For viewing 
the larynx,First said to have been 
constructed by Dr. Avery oF Lon¬ 
don, 1846. Lathe.-Said to have 
been invented by Talus,about 1240 
B.C. Latitude.-First determined by 
Hipparchus oF Nice,about 162 B.C. 
Laudanum.-Preparation of opi¬ 
um, First employed about 16 3 0. 
Law.-The Jewish law was given 
by God, and promulgated by Moses, 
1491 B.C.;the laws oF Phoroneus, 
1807 8 .C., were the First Attic laws; 
Spartan laws by Lycurgus,844 
B.C.; Solon’s Athenian laws,594 
B.C.; Roman laws oFServiusTul- 
lius, 566 B.C. 

LEAD.-A metal known priorto 
1491 B.C.; discovered in England 
at the Clydesdale mine,1513; lead - 
en pipes For conveying water were 
First used about 1236.S w,&ra.phite. 
Leagues. -The First mentioned i s 
that oF the Four kings against the 
Five, 1913 B.C.(£ew.T/K).Leap-Year.- 
Originated with the astronomers 
oF Julius Caesar, 45 B.C.Learning 
and the Arts.-Flourished among the 
Greeks, under Pisistratus, 537 B.C., 
and under Pericles,444 B.C.Lease.- 
A Form oF conveyance, invented by 
Serjeant Moore,about l535;Leath- 
er.-Was used by the ancients be- 
Fore 1487 B.C.; a leather cloth was 
invented by the Crocketts oF New¬ 
ark, N.J., 1849. 

LEGION .-Corps oF soldiers in the Ro¬ 
man armies. First Formed by Romu¬ 
lus, about 72.0 B.C. Lens.-Used to 
modiFy vision, invented by Jansen, 
in Holland,For his microscope,159t). 
Lent.- Forty days Fast before Eas¬ 
ter, said to have been instituted by 
pope Telesphorus, 130. Leprosy .-A 
skin disease, First described,1490 
B.O. Letters. Said to have been in¬ 
vented by Memnon oF Egypt,about 
1822 B.C. See. Alphabet and Epistles. 
Sealed letters issued by the kings 
of France since about 1670. Let¬ 
tuce.-Introduced into England 
From Flanders aboy4l520. 

LEXICON .-See Dictionary. Leyden 
Jar.-For accumulating electrici¬ 
ty, invented by Kleist oF Leyden, 
1745. Libel .-Was a capital oFFense 
by the Roman laws,^4-49 B.C.Libra¬ 
ries.-First public library known to 
have existed was Founded at Athens 
by Pisistratus, about 540 B.C.; the 
First private library was Aristotle’s, 
334 B.C.‘.Alexandrian library oF 
400 / 000 V ~4T8.C.; oldest American 
librarians that oF Harvard Col lege. 
1638. Licences.-For levying mon¬ 
ey, First introduced by Richard I., 
about 1190. LiFe Boat:.-First pat¬ 
ented by Lukin, 1785; life-preser¬ 
vers made by Capt.Manby, and 
broughtinto use, 1808. 


202 































Light .-The law o+ refraction discov¬ 
ered by Snellius, about 1624; its ve¬ 
locity discovered to be about 200,000 
miles per second, by Reaumur, about 
1667. Li 9 hth 0 u.se. -First one erect¬ 
ed at Pharos,near Alexandria, 5 50 
feet high, about 2.85 B.C. Lightning 
Rods.-First set up for the protection 
of buildinos, by Benjamin Franklin, 
about 1752. Lily.-Native of Persia, 
Syria, and Italy, introduced into Eng¬ 
land before 1460. Lime-Light. -See 
Drummond Light. Linen. -Pharaoh 
arrayed Joseph in vestures of fine lin¬ 
en, 1716 B.C.; company of linen weav¬ 
ers established in London,1368. Lin- 
■naean System of Botany .-Arrang- 
ed by Linnaeus,aSwede, 1725-30. 

LITANIES. -Said to have been first 
used in processions,about 400. Lith¬ 
ium. -Lightest of the metals, d is- 
covered by Arfwedsoy, a Swede, 1817. 
Lithofracteur. -An explosive mate¬ 
rial, invented, by Engels,of Cologne, 
about 1869. Lithographic Printing. 
-Said to have been invented by Sen- 
nefejder, about l796.Lith9towy.- 
Surgical operation of cutting ,for 
the stone, said to have been first 
performed by Ammonius, about 
240 B.C. Liturgies.- The Greek and 
Roman liturgies are the oldest, hav 
ing been committed to writing dur¬ 
ing the 4th and 5th centuries.Load- 
stone. -See Magnetism. Locks.- Us¬ 
ed by the ancient Egyptians, Ro 
mans, and Greeks., 

LOCOMOTIVES.- First suggested by 
Oliver Evans,an American, 1781; 
Cartwright’s patent, 17 85; first 
built in America, 1830. Locusts.- 
One of the plagues of Egypt,1491 B.C. 
Logarithms.-lnvented by Napier 
of Merchiston,about l6l4.Logic.- 
First eminent work on this sub¬ 
ject is # by Aristotle, about 330 B.C. 
Log-Line. -First used in navigation, 
about 1570. Logograph. -Instrument 
to represent the vibratory motions 
of the air-waves of speech, invented 
by W. H. Barlow, about 1874. Longev¬ 
ity. -Methuselah who attained 
the greatest age, died at the age 
of 969, 2349 B.C. Long itude.-First 
determined by Hipparchus,atNice, 
who fixed the first degree in the Ca¬ 
naries, 162 B.C. 

LOOM. -The art of weaving is coe¬ 
val with civiliiatiqn, yet the great¬ 
est improvement in the loom was 
made by Cartwright, 1787. Lord’s 
Day. -Sunday, or the first day of 
the week, in contradistinction to 
the Jewish Sabbath,or the seventh 
day of the week, was first observed 
about 60 A. D.Lots.;The casting 
of lots was employed in the di v is- 
ion of the land of Canaan, aboiut- 
1444 B.C. Lotteries.-Said to have 
originated in Florence, about 1539. 
Love Feasts, or Agapae.-lnstitu- 
ted in memory of the last time that 
Christ ate with his disci pies. Lucifer 
Matches. -First used about 1834; fric- 
tionmatches invented by Walker, 1829. 


CEN. 

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1800 
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400 
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200 
“100 
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L200 

;;300 

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*500 

J600 

700 

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1000 

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1200 

1300 

1400 

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1600 

1700 

1800 

1900 

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2100 

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3900 

4000 


vr CHRONOLOOY. 

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LYCEUM.-The first was in Attica, 
where Aristotle taught, 342 B.C. 
Lymphatics.-Absorben t vessels con¬ 
nected with diqestion,,discovered a* 
bout 1650, by Rudbek in Sweden. 
Lynch Law.-Inf liction of punish¬ 
ment without the sanction of law, 
so called from a farmer in Virginia, 
about J700. Lyre.-In Its primitive 
form,is said to have been invented 
by thefirst Egyptian Hermes, and 
four strings were added,makinqsev 
en, by Terpander, 673 B.C. Macadam¬ 
ized Roads.-Invented by John Macad¬ 
am, 1819.Maccabees,Era of.-Com- 
menced Nov. 24,166. Mace.-Weap¬ 
on used by cavalry of most ancient 
nations. Machines. -S e.& Mechanics. 

MAGAZ.INES.7At first a miscel¬ 
laneous periodical, were first pub¬ 
lished about 1731.Magi.-At first 
fire worshippers, afterwards all 
learned men.Zoroaster, king of 
Bactria, reformed the sect about 
550 B.C. Magic Lante-rn.-lts inven¬ 
tion is ascribed to Roger Bacon, a- 
bout 1260, also to Kircher, about 
1665.Magna Charta. -Signed by 
King John, June 15,^IS.Magnesi- 
uni.-Metal first obtained by Davy, 
1808.Magnetism.-The attractive 
power of loadstone or magnet was 
known by the Greeks before 1000 B.C. 
Dip of the needle discovered,J576, 
by Norman of London. AHificia.1 
magnets made by Knight, 1746. 
Variation of the compass observed 
by Bond, 1668. 

MAGNI FYING GLASSES.- F i rst 

made in England,by Roger Bacon, 
1260. Magnolia.-Introduced in¬ 
to England from N. America, 1688. 
Mail-Coaches.-Jntrod ucedjnto 
England, 1784; introduced into 
the United States,about 1770, by 
B. Franklin. Malt.-Barley prepar¬ 
ed for brewing, a duty laid upon 
it, 1667. Manganese.-lts distinct¬ 
ive character was proved by P ott, 

1740. Manometer.-For measuring 
the rarity ofgases, said to have been 
made by Guericke, about l660.Maps. 
-Invented.by Anaximander,about 
600 B.C.; introduced into England, 
about 1489. 

MARBLE. -First sculptured and pol¬ 
ished by Dinoepus and Scull is of Crete, 
about 568 B.C. Marble Paper was 
invented by a^German of the 17th 
century. Mariner’s Compass. -See 
Compass. Mark. -Silver coin of va¬ 
rious northern nations; was used 
as arnoney of account before 11 84. 
Marriage Gifts.- First conferred 
at the marriage of Rebekah, i n 
tHeform of jewelry, 18 57 B.C. 
Mars. -A planet known to the an¬ 
cients; spots on its surface first 
observed by Fontana,l636. Mar¬ 
tyrs. -Stephen was the first Chris¬ 
tian martyr,37 A.D. Masks. -Said 
to have been invented by Poppaea 
wife of Nero, about 60 A.D. Mas¬ 
querades.- First became fashion 
able, about 1340. 


203 





































JUfT" ^Jll 1 - 

MASS.-In the Romaii Catholic church, 
first celebrated in Latin, about .3 94. 
Matches.-See Lucifer. Materialism. 
-Doctrine that the soul is.the result 
of a.particular organization of mat¬ 
ter in the body, and.is loosely applied 
to the system of Epicurus, about 310 
B.C. Mathematics.-See Arithmetic 
and Algebra.. Matins.-Morning ser¬ 
vice or prayers in the Roman Catho¬ 
lic church, were held Aug.2.4,1572. 
Mausoleum.-At Halicarnassus,one 
of the seven wonders of the ancient 
world, erected 350 B.C. Maitve.- 
A dye produced by Dr.Stenhouse 
from.lichens, l848.Meat.-Flesh 
of animals ordained as food,2,348 
B. C.; extract of meat was made by 
Liebig, 1847. 

Mechanics. -The invention of 

the simple mechanical powers has 
been-ascribed to Heathen deities; 
Aristotle writes on mechanics,ma¬ 
hout 320 8 .C.; Archimedes,whodied 
212 B.C., laid.the foundation of ma¬ 
ny of those inventions which have 
been the boast of subsequent ages. 
See any particular invention in its 
proper order. Medals.-Were issued 
from the mint of ancient Rome, 
also by the Lydians, about800 B.C.; 
modern medals began about 1453 
in Germany.Medicinal Simples.- 
First introduced into Europefrom 
the East, 1200. Medicine.-Pythag¬ 
oras endeavored to explain the ph i- 
losophy of disease and the action of 
medicine,about 529 B.C,; Hippo- 
crates, the father of medicine, was 
born about 460 B.C. See Physic. 

M ED 1UM. -See Spiritualism. Mclo- 
deon.-Musicial instrument^nven- 
ted by Carhart, of Duchess county, 
N.Y., 1836. Melodrama.-Originat¬ 
ed with Thos.Holcroft, 1793.Mem¬ 
ory.-See Mnemonics.MensuratioTi. 
-The chief advancement in men¬ 
suration, as the properties of con¬ 
ic sections, the ratio of spheres,sphe 
roids,etc., was made and discover¬ 
ed by Archimedes,who was born 
287 B.C. Mercator’sCharts.-Said 
to have been constructed by Gerard 
Mercator, about 1556. Mercury. - 
The planet nearest the sun, was 
known to the ancients.See Quicksilver. 

: MESMERISM.-Induction of an ab¬ 
normal state of the nervous sys¬ 
tem, the doctrine of which was pub¬ 
lished by F. A. Mesmer, a German 
physician, 1766. Metals.-Tubal-Cain 
is mentioned as an instructor of ev¬ 
ery artificer in brass and iron, 
3875 B.C.; Moses speaks of the sev¬ 
en metals, aboutj 500 B.C.;Virgil 
speaks of the melting of Steel a- 
bout 30 B.C. Metaphysics.—The 
science of abstract reasoning, orig¬ 
inated with Aristotle,about 300 
B.C.; modern metaphysics arose in 
the 15th century.Metempsychosis. 
-Transmigration of souls, the doc¬ 
trine of which originated with Py¬ 
thagoras,about 528 B.C. It is also 
ascribed to the Egyptians. 

CEN . ^.CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 bsAXX\w)im oXV'A'Y. 

1800 8V2 'fiax oX xVs. Vwtx\cax\Y^V\\\ox\. 
1700 "V 8 22 ^axoXxYeVmx\s^ 2 sMoVO(Ao\\. 
1600 W A2 "W\vx’\n 2ex wmq. 

1500 82-22 CW\\Miasc* \xvYxaxxce. 

1400 22-82 ''Max o<c xYeYoses\x\Yx\o>\ax\&. 
1300 Yk\vx\VeL\ms'Wax-2x\q. < ii.7x. 

1200 2\-22 V4ax oX XYt Yaxcms \nEx\qYa.x\ 8 . 

1100 28-22 2\\i\\M4a.-Y Vx\ EnqNawJi. 

1000 28-8'L NNax VXnn wx\\x\c^a.xv& awYkoW^. 
300 *\2 Vtax Yocweew 2 xV\a ax\&\-ox\mxe. 
800 \2 2Y>)\,\ N Hax axxxsxxc* x\\e 'baxac.exxs. 
700 TL 2Yax\ewacptoYe,q\x\s 'Max vi\XV\2mw%. 
600 22 YHax \>«.X\Ne.<i.w. 2 «.xsva. . 

1 500 2 V 2 \ ^exs\ax\NUax \N\XY 2 teXW\ 2 wq\xe.. 

; 400 2 \ YxxWz? Sj NMux nn\x\\ xYaErawYs. 
i [300 28-8A 7o,x%\ax\XMax \n\xV\ 7\oxwe. 
.200 2Y2 7txsva.x\''Nax oX QraWxws. 

° 100 2 \- 2 S "We-Ye-coxA ^WvsVx^a.x. 

* O 66 A.D.WAR OFTHE JEWS BEGINS. 

glOO ’o 2 *A 2 '\Ve'W\\ 2 , ?NvvCxeAHax. 

*200 W 2 \ '\Ve, c betox \2 2 wwxc'iNax. 
i-300 22 -W 2 a\\xCX\i\axC'^ax-'b^axXa?i. 1 ^\e < ». 
' : 400 2V2A T\\a 7e\o^o\\x\e%v&.x\ V'lax. 
w500 22 'Wax ''oeX'Meew'b^axXaavvA 'paxxxas. 

I GOO >Max'B«.X>Me.«.x\'V>xx\ax\s axvL^tiSdwis 

700 A2-22 TV\s, TVe-A VKt<bsc.x\\ax\^MaY. 

800 22 'tiax YsX\Nwx\YbxasWxts ax\L\taaXi\x«,s 
900 *\\ Se<bafcYciXYq'qqX’sYte a^'sXiwasa\axvx. 
1000 22 

1100 2A TY^Vfo^axx^ax-XtoXs Xsx\ vjc-axs. 
1200 22N4ax oXxYtsmxvYmxsoX^Wim. 
1300 22 4\ax YeX.Yex^awkw axAxV&W oxYmXvYm. 
1400 2 \ Vvts. Vi\x\ty% NNaqt\uax aqavMtt 2 \\>eox\. 
1500 05 'tiaxaqa\xvsXxVt 2 V«,qVi 2 ,xLNii\xv^^ 2 ^x. 

1600 22 2 a\xLa£)Ho^\s\ai£x\Xe,s , \x\ , Eqv)^xXeq\x\s. 

1700 2T VaxoVvi>YxesseA\>\^ XaxxvYxxe,. 

1800 2 \ \>^sXxu,'iX\ox\.csi 2 aVxAax\L 2 awt!XX'!Nv. 
1900 \2 K\)Xa\vaxxCs^ax ac^a\xvsX2axvaa.xv\xes, 
2000 22 TVeV'^VsascQxxajw-xVa'MexV^x. 
2100 22 2 sv)X^ax\L^as cAYcfo^sYaxa^iwA\aCvx‘\a. 
220 0 \2 Y'mxcA amc^VX^ om an x\\e eaxxVv. 
2300 A% N ko\\&V aXxo^cLY\> X\xe X\oo V 

2400 && 2wXx\w,x\an oXa!\axaaXwas 

2500 20. Vas a.X xYeaj} 6 . oX 222.. 

2600 22 'N\cYebnt£>s\nsxeasas\nXYewox\&. 
2700 62 2aaxY oX 2a\nan,ao,aii 2\2. 

2800 2A 2e/ax\\ o X 2.x\os> aX XYa ao,e o ^ 222. 
2900 22 2 aaxY oX 2eXV\,a^e^ 2 W. 

3000 W 2 <m\voX W 2 a.xn,XYa Xvxsx xnaxx. 
3100 

3200 2A TVs. 222XY vieax o X xVeYXe oX A^axa. 
3300 

3400 AA TYe\22X\xneax oX xVaWXe oX ^axe^. 
3500 

3600 22 2\xXY oX 2a\nan, oX 2.x\o«s. 

3700 

3800 28 2 a\x\xnax&exsYC\s 2 xox\\e,x i\ 2 e\. 
3900 

4000 &»• 2aaX\\ ox XaWoX xYaYaxaawxaee. 

METEOROGRAPH.-Apparatus for 

registering the various atmospheric 
changes, invented by Seccbi of Rome, 
about 1867. Meteorology.-Science 
treating of atmospheric phenom¬ 
ena, has been written on exten¬ 
sively since about.1600; s-ko. -rn- 
ivarnirtps were first issued" in 
Holland, I860; dai/y weather charts 
were first issued, 1872.Meteors. 
-Shooting stars, fire-.balls, aero¬ 
lites, etc., were described by Hal¬ 
ley, Wallis, and othe.rs,about 1630; 
the periodicity of star showers.a- 
bouf the 10th of August, was dis¬ 
covered by ^.uetelet, l836.Meto«- 
ic Cycle.-Period of 19 years,atthe 
end of which the changes of the 
moon fall on thesame days, cor¬ 
rected buCalippus,about 330 B.C. 

METRIC SYSTEM.-Of weights and 
measures in France, was.compfet¬ 
ed in 1799, and legalized inJ80l; le¬ 
galized in the United States in 18.66. 
Metronome.-To regulate time in 
the performance of music, invented 
by Maelzel, 1812.Mez.Totinto.-Kind 
of engraving on copper, discovered 
by Von Siegen, l643.Michaelmas.- 
Feastof St. Michael,said.to have 
been instituted, in 487.Micrometer. 
-Astronomical instrument used to 
measure any small distances, was 
invented by Win. Gascoigne, a bout 
1640. Microphone.-For rendering 
weak sounds audible, invented by 
Wheatstone, 1827. 

MICROSCOPES.-Said to have been 
invented by Jansen,in Holland, a- 
bout 1590. Mic.ro-Tasiweter.—To 
measure infinitesimal pressurejn- 
vented by T. A. Edison, 1878.Midwife¬ 
ry.-A 1110119 the ancient Egyptians 
and Jews, women were the only 
practitioners; Hippocrates .is styl¬ 
ed the father of midwifery.inGreece, 
460 B.C. M ilk, Condensed.-A pro- 
cess"for producing, invented by 

Mr. Borden,near New York, 1849. 
Milky Way .-In the heavens, was 
taught by Democritus to consist of 
stars, about 428 B.C.Mills.-Moses 
forbade millstones to be taken in 
pledge, 145'l B.C.; hand-mills were 
used by the Britons before 55 B.C. 

MlNING-.-Has been practiced from 
the.remotest times; gold,silver,and 
iron are mentioned as being mined 
as early as 1520 B.C.; tin is said to 
have been mined in Britain before 
1100 B.C. Minie Rifle.-Invented in 
France by M. Minie, about 1833,and 
surpassed all.preceding it. Mint.- 
Mints for coining money existed 
among the ancient Lydians, before 
862 B.C..; mints were established in 
England in Anglo-Saxon times; first 
in the United States at Philadelphia, 
1792. Minus.-See P/us.Mirrors.- 
Of silver, were introduced by Praxi- 
teles,328 B.C.; mirrors or looking- 
glasses first made at Venice about 
1300; in England, 1673.Mitre.-The 
cleft cap or mitre was worn by the 1 
Jewish high-priest, 1491 B.C. 


204 
























MNEMONICS .-Artificial memory, 
was introduced by Simonides the 
younger,477 B.C.; various systems 
have been published since 1600.Mod¬ 
els.-The first were figures of I i v- 
ing.persons, and Dibutades., the 
Corinthian,is the reputedinvent¬ 
or of those in clay. Mohammedan 
Era.-Commenced July 16, 6X2. 
Molybdenum.-Whitish, brittle, 
almost infusible metal, discovered 
by Scheele, 1778. Monastery .-See 
Abbey. Money.-Mentioned as a 
medium of commerce, I860 B.C. 
See Coin. Money-order Off ice.- 
Established in England, 1792.Mon¬ 
itorial System.-In education, in 
which pupils are employed as teach¬ 
ers, used by Dr. Bell at Madras in 
1795, and about the same time it 
was adopted in London. 

MONOPOLIES. -Were so numer¬ 
ous in England about 1601-2, that 
many were abolished by law. Mont 
Blanc.-ln Switzerland, the summit 
was first reached by Saussure,Aug. 
2,1787. Moon.-Its opacity,and 
the true causes of eclipses were 
taught by Thales, 640 B.C.; maps 
of it were^made by HeveIius, 1647. 
Moral Philosophy.-The science of 
ethics. Socrates,about 430 B.C., 
is regarded as the father of ancient, 
and Grotius, about 1623, the fath¬ 
er of modern moral philosophy. 
Morttionism.-Founded by Joseph 
Smith,about 1823. 

MORPHIA .-Alkaloid,discovered 
in opium by Sertiirner, 1803. Mor¬ 
tality Tables.-The Northampton 
tables were compiled by Dr. Price, 
for 1735-80; and theCarlisle ta¬ 
bles, by Dr. Hailsham,for 1180-87. 
Mortars.-Short guns for throw¬ 
ing bombs, used at Naples, 143S, 
and in England, 1543..Mosaic 
Work.-Of Asiatic origin, and 
is probably referred to in.Fytkr, 
ch. i. 6 , about 519 B.C.; attained 
great excellence in Greece, 3 00 
B.C.Mowers and Reapers.-First 
made in the United States^ 1845-50. 
Mule.-Spinning machine, in¬ 
vented by Samuel Crompton, 1779 
Murder. -Capital punishment or¬ 
dained for, 2348 B.C. 

Muriatic acid. -consisting of 

chlorine and hydrogen, obtained 
from cotmuon salt, aprocess for 
condensing it patented by.Wm.Gos- 
sage, 1836.Museum.-Originally a 
quarter of the palace of Alexandria, 
its Foundation being attributed to 
Ptolemy Philadelphus,who placed 
his library, here about 280 B.C. Mu¬ 
sic.-Jubal is mentioned as thefath 
er of all such as handle the harp 
and the organ,3875 B.C.; poca/ 
choruses of men first mentioned, 
556 B.C.; musical votes as at pres¬ 
ent used were perfected in 1338.(See 
Gamut) . The musical pitch was set¬ 
tled in France, 1859. The Tonic so/- 
fa. system, using the letters d,r, m,f, 
etc., for do, ra, mi,etc., were invented 
by Miss Glover of Norwich, about 1847. | 


CEN. 

1900 

1800 

1700 

1600 

1500 

1400 

1300 

1200 

1100 

1000 

900 

800 

700 

600 

^500 

400 

|300 

200 

3100 

> 

ol00 

iA00 

;300 

400 

V500 

600 

700 

800 

900 

1000 

1100 

1200 

1300 

14-00 

1500 

1600 

1700 

1800 

1900 

2000 

2100 

MOO 

2300 

2400 

2500 

2600 

2700 

2800 

2900 

3000 

3100 

3200 

3300 

3400 

3500 

3600 

3700 

3800 

3900 

4600 


YR . CHRONOLOGY. 

"\ft AftftxX\AwN'Wsa^X»xxX«, oXX.«,x\wqxcn\- 
fcft ftw\v| X-A. 

Aft o<i Wvo W\\e, \Xwq\xsV \ • 

Aft ftaXXXe oli XNviAo^we, ftw\v} \. 

Aft AaXVXe on fte,X«.x.x oX Aqrfcv&LwMfta ,Vv> 
9ft oX Or\eaws, Aft. 

Aft ftaxx\e oi 

\A- A>aXX\e oX %ovw\ms, ftw\^ W. 

28 ftaXXNeoXxVeftXavsbaxL^vi-Oy.An,. 

82 ftaXXNe 0 X WasxX w 0 |S, A c,X. X A . 

Aft ftaXXXe. oli < o\w\\wc.as., Vwq .ft. 

76 AaXXXeoX Kw^e\'v\aoV,ft&X.ft. 
ft 1 ). ftaUXe, oX ,Qo\o\>ev Vft. 

AT. ftaxx\«, oX A<b'nesX\q, AvvqvtsX ft. 
ftA. ftaXXVi oX Ta«(vna,\xa\^, . 

ft\ AaxxXe oX ftVaXowb ,Aiowkw» ftsX Axvfta 
2ft AaXX\e,oX Aft\\a\\aqXe, Wq.ft. 

Aft ftaxvXe oX ^vow^wMjWXXftXvq fts-X’eft. 
ftA ftaXXVeoX \ < bswa,W.'\o l e'<\<s <b\a\w. 

09 A.D. BATTLE OF TEUTOBURG. 
ft\ AaXvXe oXANwrwo^X^ftmVsfteX’eA. 
A7 ftaXXXe oX\tieXaw\ws,fta‘jLwv\iaXs\a\'v\. 
ft\ ftaXXVooX A\AtXa,AX<m«C\ ftuX.ftwws. 
\ft ftaxXXo oXA\ym,use,AxYwvxa«w> fte-X’ ft. 
Aft ftaXWooX'XVqw'oxa^x'vsLeX.ftxoe.sus. 
7A ftaXX\o oX xVo'Xxex\c\\«/S,\Lwex\\aos ft«X'ft. 
ftft oX We < o\x Wwxvftteft. 

7ft ftaXX\eftoX'N«ex\^Vaixi\6x\s LVssvyi’vfc. 
A\ ftaXXVftoX.AsaaYiftxVeftX\\\o^\a.viS. 

Aft ftaXXfte. fteX .7>a\i\ft awft X\\e, ftg)o\vJ\X«>s. 
Aft ftaxx\e fteX. ftt\V,xVaN\ awft AwcMmXes . 
Aft ftaXXXo VeX.GXfte.ow awftXLXftXimXxes. 

Aft AaXX\oftox.fttn^aww axift \\ XxWses. 
ft\ ftiXX\e oX ftosVwa>M>x\\xVe ftneYwqs. 
ft\ TWojVxX oX ftNoses\\\xoftk\ft\a-v\. 
\A ftoaxVi oX Ye\i\aXX\\eao,e oX YV7. 
ft7 ft o'beWW'i'hVAv) X \caVbV\s ftr eA\vxc/w. 
79. Wnaftaw. towwaxvfteftxosax\\X\oe\saao. 
Xft ftaxxXefteX .VftjvaXvaw LXXrqs oX ftawarA. 
ftA UXxwVoXyiXxo ft\ues\ftoXaxxo\w>vmsYi\^ . 
ftft VCvwqftonv oXftc)\)|^v\)e(yi - wsvi. / v\ftex\K\s\aviii, 
&A 7 Via, CionXwvvim oX '\o-wqwes. 

Aft A^aceoX Y\\\0)S\evy*\\r\X'v\ft\'a. 

Aft 7X\eXovw, oX x\\e fttXe^wXweft. 
ftft AeaxXv oX fta.v 2 .ft ax v\\e a<\e oX Aftft.. 

XT Aiyaasxq oX XLvoos fte-pXws Yv\ ftp^X. 

^2 SeAVnWesiOW oX KAarw ^\e*>. 

A\ Aecjvwvwfvq oX XVeVXX’c.ftoo era.. 

XT 'ewocXvVaAftNioar* oXaqe. 

AA ^LaXvaXaXeeWs ftft gear’s oX ape. 

Aft Xiewpearvoe oX A»a\r\ awft VavoecVv. 
Tft Aa\x\ a XupwXve awft Mapaftor .4. 

AQro\cwx<wW X\\e siw^eaX. 


MUSKET.-A fire-arm succeeding the 
arquebus, about. 1521. Muslin.-Cot- 
ton cloth, of oriental origin ,f irst 
made in England, about 1670.Myo- 
graphioti.-Apparatus for determin¬ 
ing the velocity of the nervous cur¬ 
rent, invented by Helmholtz,!850 
Mythology.-Traditions respecting 
the gods of any people,supposed 
to have been introduced among the 
Egyptians, about 1521 B.C.Naboms- 
sar. Era of.-Commenced Feb.26, 
747 B.C.Naphtha.-A clear, com¬ 
bustible rock oil, known to the 
ancient Greeks.Napier’s ETones.- 
Method of computing by means of 
marked pieces of ivory, discovered 
about 1616. 

NATURAL GAS .-Has been^ known and 
used to some ertent in China for 
centuries; known in the United 
States for many years previous to 
1884, sjnee which time it has been 
evtensively explored.Natural His¬ 
tory.-Was studied by Solomon,1014 
B.C ; ; by Aristotle,384 B.C. Natural 
Philosophy.-Studied byThales,a- 
bout 600 B.C.; by .Pythagoras, 590 
B.C. Naturalization.-Making a 
foreigner a citizen of any country, 
first law passed in England, 14 37. 
Nature Printing.-Impressing ob¬ 
jects, such as plants,mosses,feath- 
ers,etc., into plates of metal, an d 
afterwards taking casts or copies 
for printing from, introduced by 
Kniphoff of Erfurt,about 1740. 
NAVIGATION .-Began with t he 
Egyptians and Phoenicians; first, 
navigation laws enacted by the Rho¬ 
dians, 916 B.C.; first in England,a- 
bout 1194.Nebular Hypothesis.- 
Supposing the universe to have 
been formed out of shapeless mass¬ 
es of nebulae, was put forth by Sir 
W-m. Herschel, 1811. Needles.-Mod¬ 
ern needles were first made, 1545. 
Needle-Gun.-Invented by J.N. Drey- 
Se of Soemmerda,about 1827.Neme- 
an Games.-Celebrated at IMemea in 
Aehafa, befo.re 1226 B.C.Nephoscope- 
For measuring the velocity of clouds, 
invented by Karl Braun,about 1868. 
Neptune.-A primary planet,first 
discovered by Dr.G-alle at Berlin,Sep 
23,1846. 

NEPTUNIUM. -New metal, d is- 
covered in tannalite,by R.Hemttatin, 
l877._Newspapers.-The Roman Ac¬ 
ta Diurna were issued,jt is said, 
691 B.C.; the Gazetta was publish¬ 
ed in Venice,about 1536; first 
real newspaper in England was 
the Public / 77 de///^e 77 cer,establish¬ 
ed by. Roger L 1 Estrange, 1663; first 
Continuously published in Amer¬ 
ica was the dostotj News Letter , 
1702. New Style,-Reckoning time 
according to the present calendar, 
the old style calendar having' beef) 
rectified by PopeGregory XIII, 1582, 
by calling the 5th of Oct. the 15th; 
it was adopted in England, 1752, by 
calling the 3rd of Sept, the 14th. 
Newtonian Philosophy.-Respecting 
gmvitation,etc.,byS?r Isaac Newton,1687. 


205 



























HT" -sSSp®?D i C TlO NARY OF . D AT E S. Jffi?IS*- .JaSt 

NEW YEAR’S DAY.-Jan. 1, 713 B.C., 
was niade the (Wit day 0 / the year, 
but subsequently various other dates 
were used. Late in the 16th century 
Jan. 1 was universally adopted as 

N. Y. D. Nickel.-White metal, d is- 
covered by Constadt,l75I.Nihilists.- 
Ultra-reformers, became known 
in Russia, 1872.Niobium.-A rare 
metal, discovered by Hatchett, 1801. 
Nitre.-See Saltpeter. Nitric Acid, 
(Aqu.a Fortis).-Compound ot nitro¬ 
gen and oxygen,First obtained by 
Raymond Lully,about 1287. Nitro- 
ge-n.-EIementary gas,discovered by 
Rutherford, about 1772. 

NlTRO-GLYCERINE.-Intensely ex¬ 
plosive amber-like fluid, discovered by 
Sobrero, 1847. Nobility,Titles of.- 
Originated with the ancient Goths, 
who f Wet began to attract attention 
about 360 8.C. Normal Schools.- 
For the instruction of teachers,first 
established at Paris, Oct. 3 0,17 94. 
Notaries, Public.-Said to have been 
first appointed by the primitive fath¬ 
ers of the Christian church in t He 
1st century. Novels.-First writ¬ 
ten about 400 A. D. Numismatics. 
-Science of coins and medals,first 
work in England published on this 
subject, by Evelyn,l697.Nunnery.- 
Thefirst founded is said to have 
been that to which the sister of 
St. Anthony retired at the close 
of the 3rd century. 

OATHS.-Were taken by Abraham, 
I892.B.C.; authorised, 149 1 8 .C.; 
administered in judicial proceed¬ 
ings by Saxons in England, about 
600; administered to judges,!344. 
Obelisk.-The first mentioned In 
history is that of Rameses,king of 
Egypt, about 1485 B.C. Observato¬ 
ries.- The f irst is said to have been 
erepted on the top of the temple of 
Belus at Babylon, about 2234 B.C.; 
one was erectet by Ptolemy Soter 
at Alexandria, about 300 B.C.; Im¬ 
perial at Paris, }667 ; Royal atGreen- 
wich,l675; National, at Washington, 
1845. Odd Fellows.-First lodge in 
the United States established at 
Baltimore, April 26,1819. Odes.-Are 
very ancient. Anachreon’s were 
composed about 532 B.C.,and Pin¬ 
dar’s from 498 to446 B.C. 

ODONTOLOGY.-Science of the teeth, 
may be said to have really begun with 
the researches of Richard 0wen,a- 
bou-t 1839. Ojyges, Deluge of.-Said 
to have occurred 1764 B.C. Ohm’s 
Law.-For determining the quan¬ 
tity of the electro-motive force of 
the,Voltaic battery,was publish¬ 
ed in 1827. Oi 1.-Used for burning 
in lamps, about 1921 B.C. Old Tes¬ 
tament.-Finished about430 B.C.', 
translated into Greek by Aqui la, 
128. Olef iant Gas.-Combination of 
hydrogen and carbon,formed arti¬ 
ficially by Berthelot, I862.0leo- 
mar^erine.-Invented 1869. Olives. 
- Their cultivation w«s taught by 
Cecrops at Athens, 1556.B.C. 

CEN. YB. CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 \ft WwwswvMftaVv'fc cAWwAm). 

1800 1ft \ 3 e 0 j\ns. 

1700 9ft VwsV s>eW\e'n\enVvv\ kusVraWa. 
1600 1ft 

1500 M Y\\e, £ bV.fta.\W\c)\on\5.NuU^Sic,\e. 
1400 9ft YevAs oiHoxYaAbYww&Ytx enbei. 

1300 9\ GVeW'Nax V*\^.xv<*Ya.wfc. 

1200 \ft \C\rEqboVviq\wVeb^^\\aQ>\vixV9.. 
1100 ftft TV\e V\9XY\ftxwvaftefteo|’\Wb. 
1000 ft\ 

900 9>\ 

800 lA V'wom'xc.V^ 

700 1\ 

600 29) tVnsX\'4tv\V^‘\v\*(obv.ve.V\rXo9)V\r\^. 

1 '500 Aft ftimefteMa\^bVoYo\A\a,^eo.YV. 

/ 400 Tft Wv9)^amwwbe\WeM\s\qoWs». 
^300 88 \W \a wtvexeL X o9e*sva. 

.200 98 ft w-Aw'wv) \ec.i\rs>oiV\Xa\Y. 
®I0Q 98 ^TW\V\w«\besVYoqeL8q2e\jeras,. 
* O 49 B.C. C/ESAR PROCLAIMED DICTATOR. 
£,100 1\ A o<< YM . ft-Xwa. 

’ 200 \ft 2aqwv\tw«\iesit , »oqe\\)Vi'8aYY\83\. 

: ;300 8k 9w\V\oc\\9owv\beL'o^ ( 8e\ev,<iu%. 
400 8k Y\\c9c\o^o\\ms\a / A'Wa\ eA\&<=. 

1 '500 98 9>v\'*\vs,VvY\q q\YK sAYa an89exs\a. 
600 8k <ja\\ axovxA W\*\ca. 

700 SI 

800 22 beNA'iViVes 

900 Y\ 2Q.sacY\)\\vYv8exsxV\eX-en\^\e.. 
1000 Aft rco&wi bwwjaVwVvsca.'jvX-aN. 

1100 8k Yknqbowv oit VacabrawanVwyotvb. 
1200 2k YVie.stws.'njms k5,rM)cxac,v)\nk'*V\ca. 
1300 Aft \sxa&\\iw.s ewsVmb iox \9> v^axs. 
1400 9ft 9»\axVaW’\SfY\)YaceA'8etwo'x\. 
1500 ft\ YAosw. beVvv<<Jvfta\vcjV\X«/<. 

1600 28 ftoH’vwb use8 9w\w(vj\x\q We Leab. 
1700 Vb bos^\\,\v\wo9?5kvVii\aaLG99.qqW- 

1800 21 YeXWxska'JtaiW/LVviYLewroa o9 

1900 Y1 YoV\e>vaYcnca\VmV\'*.\’M 1 s6<:aasv. 
2000 Aft 9axY\\o\aa\sa\Lxo\aak\w\xe\av\i). 
2100 YX YC\exoq\^\\\w\wienVtbY)\)V^^s. 
2200 A1 9e\£,q,s>ow o^EYm, vsftoxw. 

2300 Aft YVt boMe, <btnV ow\ Vwm VY\e avY, 
2400 Aft WoaVs. eXkcsX bowk's Yjox-vs 

2500 

2600 ftk ftYkwesL dmmw^wwijmVwi 
2700 1ft 8a\aaamO<vwV\c,ft8ftvV\ v^eav. 
2800 

2900 ftft Yav«vw.\\\^\9ft Nya-ats oi a<^a. 

3000 

3100 ftft YmtcVYiwoXVeaftvYkexVuseXaYs. 
3200 

3300 81 Y.'WocVwfteqoVXew Y)V> baxeft. 
3400 

3500 kk fte^oVX«,nY)V)\KaYa\a\ee\. 

3600 

3700 8ft 9.x\os\sWqoWen\>q ^VVy, 
3800 1ft 8a\n VaWs'N'xWvVivsftrovVev A8e\i 
3900 

4000 A 8rok axxa\qao.X'VvKkaw. anLYva. 

OLYMPIADS.-Era of the Greeks, 
commenced July 1,776 B.C.OI y tri¬ 
ple Games.-Said to have been in¬ 
stituted in honor of Jupiter by 
the Idaei Dactyli, 1453 B.C.Omens. 
,-Amphictyon was the first who 
is recorded as having drawn prog¬ 
nostications from o-mens,l497B.C. 
Omni buses.-The original idea 
of such conveyances is,ascribed 
to Pascal, about 1662. f irst made 
in Paris, 1828; in London, 1829; 
in New, York, 1830.Ottitutneter.- 
Surveying apparatus, invented 
by Eckhold of Germany,about’ 
1869. Operas.-Said to have been 
first composed by Adam de la Hale, 
airouvere, who was born, 1240. 

O PHTH A LMOSC 9 PE .7 Apparatus 
for inspecting the interior of t he 
eye, invented by Helmholtz,about 
1851. Opium.-Known, to the an¬ 
cients, it being mentioned'by Ho¬ 
mer, about 900 B.C.Optics.-A sci¬ 
ence studied by the Greeks before 
400 B.C. Optic Nerves.-Said to have 
been discovered byVaroleof Bolog¬ 
na,about l538.Optimism.-Doc- 
trine.that everything which hap¬ 
pens is for the best, its germ be¬ 
ing found in,Plato,428 B.C. O-ra* 
cles.-Revelations made by God to 
man,mentioned, Exod. XXV. 18- 
22,1491 B.C. Oran 9 es .-The sweet, 
or China, orange, was first In tro¬ 
duced into Europe from China by 
the Portuguese, 1547. Oratorio.- 
Kind, of sacred musical drama, its 
origin being ascribed to St. Philip 
Neri,about 1550. 

Ordination.-O fministers in¬ 
to the Christian church,began with 
Christ and his apostles. Organs. - 
Their invention is attributed to Ar¬ 
chimedes, about 220 B.C.; used 
in thechurclies of the Greek Em¬ 
pire, 65 A.D.; in England ,about 
951 ; played ata distance by e lec- 
tric connection, 18,68. Ornithol¬ 
ogy. -Science treating of birds. Lin¬ 
naeus divided birds into six orders, 
1735. Orphan Houses,.-Firsterect- 
ed by the emperor Trajan, about 
75 A.D.Orrery.-Planetary appara¬ 
tus to illustrate the motions of 
the heavenly bodies, sup posed to have 
been invented abou^58B.C. 

Oscillating engine.- invented 
by Witty, 1813. Osmiu-m. -Metal, 
discovered by Tennant, 1803. Os- 
trich.-Native of Africa , men¬ 
tioned in Job XXXIX. 14, 1520 B.C. 
Ounce. -Sixteenth part of t he 
pound avoirdupois,and twelfth 
part of the pound troy, its precise 
weight having been fixed by Hen¬ 
ry III., 1233. Overseers.- For the 
poor, were appointed in England, 
I60l.,0xalic Acid.-Process for ob¬ 
taining it was patented byDr.Dale, 

1862 . Oxy 9 eti . - D iscovered in 1774 
by Priestly. Oysters.- In Britain, 
are mentioned by Juvenal, 100 A.D. 
Ozone.-Was discovered by Schon- 
bein of Basel, 1840. 























. 


mm 


PACIFIC CABLE.-From San Fran- 
c 'j c .o«.° « a '^ a " arl Islands, propos¬ 
ed 1891. Padlocks.-Said to have been 
‘^vented by Beecher at Nuremberg, 
.Si?4^ aTe mentioned as early 
as 139l.Pa9atts.-The heathen,first 
so called, about 331. Painting.- Os- 
ymandyas of Egypt caused his 
exploits to be represented in paint- 
■* 19,2100 B.C. Palaeontology.— A 
branch of oeolopy, a science found¬ 
ed in the 19th century,by Cuvier, 
Mantel I, Agassiz, Owen, Forbes, and 
Blamville. Palladium.-Rare met- 
a!, discovered by Or. Wallaston,l803. 
Pallas.-Planet, discovered by 01- 
bers at Bremen, 1802. Paint Sun¬ 
day .-Observed since 33 A. D. 

PAM PH LETS.-First made their 
appearance about J525. Panora¬ 
mas.—Birds’eye views painted round 
the wall of a circular bui Iding, in¬ 
vented by Robert Barker, about 
17 88. Pantagraph .-Ins tr umen t 
for copying, reducing, or enlarg¬ 
ing plans,etc., invented by Chris¬ 
topher Scheiner, about l603.Panta- 
leon.-Musical instrument,invent¬ 
ed by Pantaleon Hebenstreit,about 
1735. Pantheism.-Doctrineof “ev¬ 
erything * s God, and God is one,’’was 
especially taught by Xenophanes,who 
died 500 B.C. Pantomimes.-Rep¬ 
resentations by yestures and atti¬ 
tudes, were introduced on the Ro¬ 
man stage by Pylades and Bathyl- 
lus, 22 B.C. 

PAPAL INFALLIBILITY. - A dogma 
promulgated at the general council 
at Rome, July 18,1870. Paper.- In¬ 
vented in China,170 B.C.; made 
of cotton, IQ00; of linen rags,1319; 
introduced into England,l588; the 
first white paper, 1630. Paper Hang- 
ings.-Stamped paper for this pur¬ 
pose was first made in Spain and 
Holland about 1555.Paper Mi 1!.- 
Invented by Whatman, 1770. Pa¬ 
per Money.-First used in Amer¬ 
ica, 1740. Parachutes.-Firstcon- 
structed a-nd used by Blanchard,1785. 
Para/ft n. - A s u b s tan ce resent b I i ng 
spermaceti, first produced by distil¬ 
lation of coal, by Reichenbach, 1830. 
Parasols.-Were used by the ancient 
Egyptians; came into general use 
about 1820. 

PARCHMENT.-Invented for writ¬ 
ing books by Attalus of Pergamus, 
about 887 B.C.Pardons.-Werefirst 
proclaimed at coronations.by Ed¬ 
ward III., 1327. Parishes.-Their boun¬ 
daries first fixed in England by Ho- 
norius, 636. Parkesine.-Substance 
composed of gun-cotton, obtained 
from various vegetable bodies,and 
oil,invented by Alev. Parks of Bir¬ 
mingham, about 1862. Parks .-Were 
attached to villas by ancient Romans. 
Parricide.-Such acrime not being 
thought possible, there was no law 
against it at either ancient Athens 
or Rome. The first mentioned is 
that of L.Ostius,who killed His 
father.about 172 B.C. 






cen. yr chronology. 

1900 Yb 

1800 YY Yeis ax A^o\x\a.xxox,A^x\\ Y. 

1700 YY Ye-& tasXxoxyiA'x'vxYosXoxx'AAVoax. 

1600 A-Y 

1500 Y5 Y<m\x ax xVs, \W.XVex\A-ft&s \) e q\ ws. 
1400 52 Yon^VaYvV\\\^\e.XaV«.\\V^ vV<tYwvVft. 
1300 YY 7o\\ U*vwx^oscYAx\‘\A-xmx\X. 
1200 OA-YA'tiAxV>< iXy*<uwVy\$Y AxxL^XAxvce. 

1100 YY Yo^ewY\Aqe\x,Yex\r<xAxY,^oxv\\tab. • 
1000 AY Yoxx'bXAxxXxxxox^Yesxe^eLV^vis'xxAxxs. 
900 55 YaXX\c V.xvc^Yxx\c),Vxvqxx«>\\Y. 
800 YY YacxvsX < =>\a\}xna<=>X«Aaxcic.^a-xV oY\>,wi)e. 
700 YY Yaxoxx* sxxWCxX XoYWx\e\vvA<yv\e. 
600 BY OxcaX 4axayy\«axxY\;x'va. . 

*500 Y\ Ye\\sav\ws ^ekaXeb\>\)X\\eYexs\anq>. 
400 Y\ OYoa.cex coxx^uexsYAYmAXx-a.. 
f 300 Y6 Yxeece, xsYxvxiAYeL \>x) KYwxc. 

200 A\-A ^exsYaxx'Nax ole GtoxYxaxx Yx\. 

R100 Y\ VvYsv^acvanYlaY cowmww. 

* O 42A.D.PETER IMPRISONED BYACRIPPA. 
olOO YY \xo\«,w\>) YexNxxoxxe&Vx} Y\eo^AXx , a.. 
( 200 YY Y\\e V\Y^>x\7\aoe,YoY\sawAJ4-a.\. 

:300 YY YaWxs keteaxs XYe Y A.Yr\rxxXe<b. 
400 \Y Yx^e&xXxonoXAxYexxxAxvsaqMxxsXYxcxV^ 
^500 \Y YV&YtvwjXe o<t v>exxvoa\e\<x Vvxv’xsWA. 
600 *XY "LexjWxx’xAV caWcA as a \xo^YveX. 
700 YY YVxxxxa&vxMe&YxxXo^xxxxtx^aVxX’xe'i. 
800 YA 

YY Yawxos anb\Jx\ca ^owvxYeY. 

YY ^ e\ascj\a.xv= coxxXxoX xVe^e&xXWAxxeA-xx, 
YA YWoesYxvWxVx; X\xe YoeoXmvs. 

AY f xAeoxv xqxjxXs WveVKY^Va-AX >es. 

YY Y'vxx'A ’(tsewos NsxasXvw* VxsmVsxx^Aqe,. 
YY Yxox) oa\b Xo\>eWx\x \>\) Yax&axxxvs. 
YY Yocro^ssaxbXo towe’wxo X\XX\ca. 
\Y YxVxxo^xaxxs se.XX\e wear Yqx^X. 

YY Xoso^VXia^saWxYeXa'Yxb 0 $ Yqx^X. 

YY YesXxxxcXxaxx oi YaWcxx A\xLYaxMmr\v. 
Y\ YWas^XXox Yavawx^'xwXawx^a. 

YT YumoVo VxxsXexK\\ax^LYv,YsxAxxAxx\xs. 
YY Y^WAxxilx) as 1 cxx)\d\X<i Oaqinxx \x\ yxxxxXxyxc^. 
AY WxmxifeYx v=>XoawtaAY\) V=Vxvxx. 

A-Y ^0A\\,aXx«,\xV\e,XcN\u)ft,\cAvesXV\A axV. 

YY ^XOX-bA'WX C^VNiAaWX . 


900 

1000 

1100 

1200 

1300 

1400 

1500 

1600 

1700 

1800 

1900 

2000 

2100 

2200 

2300 

2400 

2500 

2600 

2700 

2800 

2900 

3000 

3100 

3200 

3300 

3400 

3500 

3600 

3700 

3800 

3900 

4000 


YY Y\\e vno'x'Y x^ cyvoxNxwoj nnox^c. 
YA k\\ xW Xax^s Y-vxoa axe x\axx\Yexe^. 

YY YVxe \\ax\eY XaVvVex \s V.xvo\nw . 

YY Ya\o<s <sa\b xoYe'NaW\x\^'N\xYYob. 
YY Y\\e nnoxY oX KXaws exeaX\aw o,^ ow. 
YY YVw^-xa\s\ne \s XoWoxnt^asWveVxYooi. 

T6 VeWx AUex\x\q\sxes^eoXeX\)\)XVAYA'xi, 

IV Vlxaxxx axxA’LxjeYxvbe xVxexxxse\x»es. 


PARTHEON.-Temple at Athens,dcd- 
icated to Minerva, erected about 
442 B.C. Passion Week.-The week 
preceding Easter, so called since 
the Reformation.Passover.-Mast 
solemn festival of the Jews, insti¬ 
tuted 1491 B.C. Patents.—First 
9 ranted in England, 1344; first 
in America, 1790. Pavements.- 
The Carthaginians(Carthage 
founded 1233 B.C.) are said to have 
been the first to pave their streets 
with stones; London was first 
paved about 1533; P a-ri s, 1186. 
Paw-nbroki-ng.-Practiced by Ro¬ 
man emperors in lending money 
upon land; borrowing money on 
deposited pledges is traced to Peru¬ 
gia, Italy, about 1462. 

PEACHES.-Said to have been intro¬ 
duced into England from Persia,a- 
bout 1562. Pearls.-Mentioned in 
Job xxviii. 18, 1520 B.C.Pedlars. 
First licensed in England,1698. Pe¬ 
dometer and Odometer.-F or 
measuringthe distancetravers- 
ed by a walker or carriage, the lat¬ 
ter was used in the 15th century, 
and the former first patented,1799. 
Pendu-lM-ms.-Origin traced to 
Galileo’s observation of thevibra 
tions of a hanging lamp in achurch 
at Pisa; the isochronous property 
applied to clocks by Galileo,about 
1639. Penny .-The f irst silver 
coin made in England,and was 
current among the Anglo-Saxons. 
Penny Postage.-First introduced 
in Enoland, 1839. 

PENC.-G\.ui!Is in use previous to 
1903; steel pens first made by Mr. 
Wise of England, 1803,and great¬ 
ly improved by Mr. Gillott of Bir¬ 
mingham, 1822. Pensions.-Grant¬ 
ed in England before 1700; first in 
America, 1776. Pentameter Verse.- 
First used about the 7th cen. B.C. 
Pentateuch.-First five books of the 
Bible, probably written about 1452 
B.C.Pentecost.-Solemn festival of 
the Jews, instituted 1491,8.0.Pep¬ 
per.-Was used as a medicine by the 
Greeks, 500 B.C. Pepsin.-Organic sub¬ 
stance,found by Schwamm in gas¬ 
tric juice, and experimented on by 
M. Blond lot, 1843.Percussion Caps. 
First used between 1820 and 1830. 

PERFUMERY.-Used 1490 B.C; it be 
came fashionable in England about 
1550. Perjury.-The ancient G-ree ks 
punished it by marks of infamy, 
and the Romans by throwing from 
a precipjce.Perpetual Motion.- De¬ 
clared impossible by Sir Isaac New¬ 
ton, and affirmed by the academy 
of sciences at Paris, 1775. Persian 
Era of Yeidegird.-Commenced 
June 16, 632. Perspective .-In draw 
ing, was known to the ancients, 
but seems to have been a lost art- 
until revived by Diiret, Del Sorgo, 
and Bramantino, about 1440. Per¬ 
uke or Wig.-The ancientsused 
false hair, but the present wig was j! 
first: worn in Italy about 1620, 1 : 


20 ? 




































OlCTtQNAffY OF PATES 


Bife-gv- 


PERUVIAN BARK.-Also called Jes¬ 
uits’ Bark,from the cinchona tree, 
used in the -manufacture of cincho¬ 
na and quinine, discoveredjn Peru 
about 1535 by a Jesuit.Pessitnisn*.- 
The doctrine that everything which 
happens is for the worst, has been 
brought out as a philosophical sys¬ 
tem since (819, but was taught in 
many ancient writings.Pestalox- 
zian System of Education.-Devis 
ed by John Henr^Pestalozzi, who 
was born in Switzerland, 114$, 
and died, 182.7. Petard.-Instru¬ 
ment used for blowing up 9 ates, 
barriers,etc., invented by the Hu¬ 
guenots, about 1579. 

PETITIONS. -Of the time of Edward 
I., 1239, are ertant. Petroleum.- 
Oiscovered in the bituminous coal 
re 9 ions of N.W. Pennsylvania, 1859. 
Pews.-Were used in churches in 
London, 1453. Phalanx.-Consist- 
ed of 8000 men in a square battal¬ 
ion, that of Philip of Macedon be¬ 
ing formed about 360 B.C.Pharma¬ 
cy.-Know ledye of the chemical and 
medicinal properties of drugs; aso- 
ciety was formed in England in 
1841. Pharos .-Of Ptolemy Philadel- 
phus of Alexandria, one of the sev¬ 
en wonders of the world,complet 
ed about 283 B.C.Phenophthalmo- 
scope.-For investigating the move 
ments of the eye-ball, invented by 
Donders of Utrecht, about 1870. 
PHILIPPICS .-Orations of Demosthe¬ 
nes against Philip II. of Macedon, 
352-341 B.C.Philology.-Science of 
language, muchstudied during the 
19th century.Philosophical Lamp. 
-Constructed by Johann Wolfgang 
Dobereinerabout 1823. Philoso¬ 
phy .-Pythagoras first adopted 
the name of philosopher about 
528 B.C. Phoneidoscope.-For ob¬ 
serving the color-figures of liquid 
films under the action of sonorous 
vibrations,invented by SedleyTay- 
Ior, 1877. Phonograph.-For imi¬ 
tating vocal sounds of speech, pro 
jected by Mr. Creed, 1747; patent¬ 
ed by Mr. Fenby, 1863} new one 
by Mr. Ed Ison, 1877. Phonography. 
Suggested by Franklin, 1768 ; in¬ 
vented by Isaac Pitman, 1837. 
PHONOSCOPE.-For testing the 
quality of musical strings, invent¬ 
ed by M. Koenig,about 1862. Phos¬ 
phorus.-Discovered by Brandt of 
Hamburg, 1667, who procured if 
from urine. Phosphor-Bronze.- 
Alloy of copper, tin, and phospho¬ 
rus, invented by Montefiore-Levi 
and Kunxel,of Belgium,l861.Pho- 
to-Engraving.-The principle dis¬ 
covered by Niepce in theearlypart 
of the 19th century; some methods 
for half-tone engravings were pat¬ 
ented by Fov Talbot, 1852 and 1858. 
Photograph y. : The action of light 
on chloride of silver was known as 
early as the 16th century; studied 
by Scheele, 1771: by WedgeWood, 1802: 
Daguerre, 1824; Talbot, 1833. 


CEN. 

1900 
1800 
1700 
1600 
1500 
1400 
1300 
1200 
1100 
1000 
900 
800 
700 
600 
500 
400 
300 
,200 
SI 00 

So 

«I00 

*200 

1.300 

400 

^500 

600 

700 

800 

900 

1000 

1100 

1200 

1300 

1400 

1500 

1600 

1700 

1800 

1900 

2000 

2100 

2200 

2300 

2400 

2500 

2600 

2700 

2800 

2900 

3000 

3100 

3200 

3300 

3400 

3500 

3600 

3700 

3800 

3900 

4000 


YR CHRONOLOGY. 

4ft O&^vVx VWxxuxsarityftxxVftok WAexsoxx. 
02 \fxoxvxoe ftocXx'xxxc tacVaxe^ftec/X. 
W ftxvxgoxyvxste <»x\xxex\&e,x,ftc.X.Y\. 
ftl. l&nwqViarCva s«xx\eA ^ 'RxWVaxYX 1 exxxx. 
\ft ZMXvCwyoM cow^tAV okVtaVxco. 

\ft ftaXXV ok 4oJ\x\c<)wxx,lxax\ce, c: =W). t l r ).. 
ftft XToaooxn ftxxxxxX \>x^ X\xeTaxXa\‘S. 

NNax \>e.X\N«^w ftexxoa axx^M exxxce. 
ft\ ToXa\ec\\ybeokxVe < bxvx\,Wxe92. 
ftft 4wx\oc,V xaV&xx'ov) Wxeftxxvs-aLexs. 
02 ftaXX\e okfto\<oSoxxs.ft'Y.,l>xxxxe. \ft. 
ftft 

14 C\\axVv(\aqne cxoxNxxeAVxxxq ok \va\x;. 
Aft V\exax\ftuix£q^x,XaVex\\>x}Ww\xoxv. 
1ft \va.\v^\wMabeb'o^ V\\e^ / va.YvV.<b. 

Vb ftaxoxxWeYt&xcVx)koxxxxek'xxxftxxXaxxx. 
ftft TfteYxsx^oXkxs^Xxvxx&exTVxessoXx). 

A4 A\\wX\uxxs\x.x^,xVxoxxeokftx'xXaxxx. 
ftl-lft 'Nax \yx ftoxvXVxexxxfte/xxwax\v>. 
62 A.D.ST.PAUL IMPRISONED AT ROME, 
ftft VxxXVx ok bxOx'xxxA Cixsar, bxx\x^ YX. 
Y\ YvOxw'&xxa 4ekeaxeA aX'kXxxasxxvxexxe,. 
ftft ^.xvoVxL ok kNexa\\^\\a,xV«,mxVtm'C\dxa'(\. 
ftft ‘bocxaxo.s ^xxX Xo taaxVox^kxyoYlxAYxs,. 
ftft W*VcVfxss xeuo\X kx<mlexsxa. 

ftft ftoVsxx excels Ykeqaxvaxxs kxoxttftaVaxxv’xs. 
2A VxYSX YOOOY^O^ ecVx^sc ok X\\0 YVXOOYX. 

1ft T \s . 

ftl ftokOXWQXX \\as &WMxYxXXx4x«A W'.xies. 
2ft 1\\e,V\Xxq&OXYX ok £ b\tV)OYY eXX&S. 

4\ Yxwn.ox\sWxx\ xYt Vtxxx^V ok 
ftft IXxqonaxxVxo E.x^ebxX\ox\ Xofto\c\xVb. 

■ 44 YVxeVxxxqLoxxx ok kxgosls &\\i‘xftcA. 

\2 \sxae\\xes exxs\we4\>x) ftxvs'vxa'vx. 

1\ V>xasXxx\s\x xna\t cVxWAxexx 4x oxn xxc &. 

2ft ^oso^VxcoxwkoxxVVvvsViYexVvven. 
ftft TVxe, Ye’\C)Yx ok Oqv^e^yegvYVb. 
ft! TVxe VvxsXxXxvXxoxxok cxxoxvyxxcxs’xoyx. 
1ft ftVxxmst. cNaxyxx Xo 4'xaoomu xV lo\e, sXax . 
4ft lax vVxdkaxvx vi\h Xo \axxb \xx \y e\axx& . 
\ft "LoYoasXtY sa\4 Xo kowYxb xVxeVKagx. 
\ft \fxoxxaYo\xxob\qovoY\XYv\OY\x’xYxXxobwc.e.4. 
44 \koa\\fte.cJxx\s Ye^W\sNx'\YxO| x\xe e^YXVx. 
Aft ft o4 maVes ac.oxioYvawXxNxxVvWooy. 
ftl TV\e Lax^s ok baxei axe xxxvxvvOOYe^. 

Xft ft^x\as>X^ ok\Lax\c.x\xo'ooqxx\s’xx\ftq^^x. 

5)2 TVxe. 4a\)o ok fteXVx axe wxxxxxfttxeb. 

2ft \h9.Vyxxxso\aV\S\ft'\ vyoaxs o\ix. 

2 o^xxXaX-’xoxx ooxxXxxxwes Xo \xxcxease,. 

44 T\xoaqo ok V4aVxa\a\te\ 'xs, . 

5ft ft.\ie,X\xeWxke ok 44axxx,\sa<x«A 0.15. 
I'o Caxxx wW\ovoL&ontaxweb,awVoaxx\sWL 

ft ftxXXXx ok ftaxxx ,k\xsX\>xx xVxxxxVs, viox\4. 


PHOTOMETER.-Light measurer, 
invented by Dr. Ritchie, 1825.Phre¬ 
nology.-Study of the external form 
of the human scull, as indicative of 
mental powers and moral qualities, 
first propounded by Dr. Dali, a G-er- 
man physician,born in 1158.Phys¬ 
ic.-Theory or practice of med i- 
cine, appears to have been first 
practiced by the Egyptian priests 
See Medicine. Physics.-N atur a I 
philosophy, among the first who 
gave especial attention to the sub¬ 
ject, are Thales, about 600 B.C., Py¬ 
thagoras, 590, and Aristotle and 
Plato, 350 B.C. Physiognomy.- 
Study of the dispositions from 
the features of the face, the ori¬ 
gin of the science is attributed to 
Aristotle,about350 B.C. 

PHYSIOLOGY. -Science which treats 
of the organs of living bodies and 
their f unctions. The work of Miil- 
ler(borm 1801) is one of the earliest 
on the subject. Pianoforte.—The 
invention is attributed to Cristo- 
fall!, an Italian, J. C. Sc hro ter, a Ger¬ 
man, and Marius, a Frenchman,ear- 
lyinthe 18th century.Pigeons.- 
Employed as carriers by the ancients. 
Hirtius and Brutus corresponded 
by means of pigeons at the siege of 
Modena, about 40 B.C. Pilarima- 
ges.-Began with that of the empress 
Helena to Jerusalem,326. Pi I lo¬ 
ry.-Frame used for the ijif fic¬ 
tion of punishment,used as ear¬ 
ly as 125$. 

PINS .-Mentioned first in an Eng¬ 
lish statute, 1483, and first made, 
1543; first made by machinery in 
America,1832.Pipes.-Of lead,for 
conveying water, first made^ i n 
1544. See Tobacco Pipes. Piracy.- 
Was severely suppressed # by, the. 
Romans before 61 B.C.Piscicul¬ 
ture.-First laws enacted for the 
protection of fisheries were enact¬ 
ed in England, 1284. Pistols.-Tbe 
smallest fire-arms, said to have 
been invented at Pistoia in Italy; 
first used by English cavalry, 1544. 
Pitch and Tar.-First made from 
pit coal at Bristol, 1779.Plagues.- 
Those of Egypt were 1491 B.C.;the 
first recorded general plague in 
all parts of the world occurred 
767 B.C. 

PLANETS.-Ju piter, Mars,etc.,see 
eachjn its alphabetic order. Plan¬ 
etarium.-See Orrery. Platonic 
Philosophy .-That founded by Pla 
to, and noted for comprehensive 
ness, 409 to 347 B.C.PIanirneter.- 
For measuring the area of any 
figure by the passage of a tracer 
round about its perimeter, i in¬ 
vented by Amslerim England 
about l872.PlanirigMachine.- 
Onefor wood was invented by 
Bramah, about 1802, and one for 
iron, by Clement, 1825. Plaster of 
Paris.-First found near Paris.Cast¬ 
ing with it from theface was first 
discovered by Verrochio,about 1466. 


208 




























ggifegf " illll 

PLATjNG.- Art of covering bascrttie^- 

als with a thin coatof silver,nickel, 
etc., said to have been invented by 
a Birmingham spun-maker,' elec¬ 
tro-depositing was first success¬ 
fully done by Mr.Spencer in Eng¬ 
land, and Prof. Jacobi in Russia, 
1831-8. Platinum.-Heaviest of all 
the metals. (See Specific Gravity 
underweights and Measures). It 
was found in South America by 
the Spaniards,and was unknown 
in Europe before 1741. Plays.— 
First acted at Rome, 240 B.C. Plead¬ 
ings. -Originated with Clothaire,a- 
bout 616. Plows. -Mentioned ir» 
Deut. vxii. 10 , 1451 B.C. 

PLUMS. -The finer varieties intro¬ 
duced into England from Italy and 
Flanders about 1522. Plumbago. - 
See Graphite. Plus (+) .and M i- 
nus(— ).-Their invention is at¬ 
tributed to either Christopher Ru¬ 
dolph, about 1522, or to Michael 
Stifelius, about 1544. Pneumatic 
Despatch. -For conveying letters 
and parcels through tubes by/means 
of atmospheric pressure and a vac¬ 
uum, first used in London, 1861. 
Pneumatic Loom.-ln.which com¬ 
pressed air is the motive power, in¬ 
vented by Mr. Harrison about 
1864. Pneumatics. -Science treat¬ 
ing of the mechanical properties 
of air and gases. See Air. Poet- 
Laureate .-Chaucer assumed this 
title about 1389. 

POETRY. -The song of Moses on the 
delivery of the Israelites, 149 1 B.C., 
is the most ancient poetry extant. 
Poisoning.- A conspiracy was form¬ 
ed by a number of Roman ladies 
who poisoned their husbands,331 
B.C., and 170 of them were executed. 
Polar Clock. -By which .time is meas¬ 
ured by polarized light, invented, 
by Wheatstone, about 1849. Polari¬ 
zation of Light.-Discovered by 
Huyghens, abqu.t*l692.Pole Star.- 
In the constellation.^rsa Minors 
its discovery is ascribed bytheChi- 
nese to their emperor, Hong-ti,who 
flourished about 1970 B.C. Police.- 
The London police grew out of the 
London watch, instituted about 
1253. 

POLITICAL ECONOMY. -A science, 
dating in England from the publi- 
cation.of Adam Smith’s “Wealth 
of Nations, 1176. Politician:-The 
term was f irst used in France about 
1569.Poll-Tax. -Existed among the 
ancient Romans; first levied in 
England, 1380.Polo.-Game of ball 
termed hockey played on horseback, 
became popular afcout 1872.Polyg¬ 
amy. -Practiced by Lamech,3874 
B.C.; was permitted among most 
of the early nations. Polytechnic 
Institutions.-First was opened 
at Paris, 1794. Pompey’sPillar.- 
Famous column standmg.in the 
neighborhood of Alexandria, said 
to have been erected by Publius.pre- 
fect of'Egypt, about 296 A. D. 

cen. yr. CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 1\ \66x\\Vx\xv\Me,x<bax\} ck cpsaX,k\xe. 
1800 61 ^orvCvxxxorx eh 6-amtaesXa\>\v»yeA. 

1700 26 ^X'jicV-YvcsV, swkkocaxTaxurvGaXcAvXXa. 
1600 22 6\vux GxoxA'NeXVxsVox \ GxovecXor. 
1500 28 "Wo, k\x<bX yxxojkwV 8\\>\c ^rwxxeb. 
1400 2\ lrw.X\* ok^e\cc,6cX.\K\\&.x\ 

1300 AXvz<bas.rc6 v^-ax \w^ r w'bsx-a. 

1200 88 8.8\Nax8\a'ia^saxvbs\v\>)ec.Xs2c.oV\a'!(\b. 
1100 88-81 iyexy\x66\w<->a6e.occwr<a. 

1000 88 '8t\\rvy\M.exco'wvw\w\\\oaVe&. 

900 AT 

800 88 W-awfoux 

700 \AtVax\9A^ai'w\^mY\xs , s\WYaYvoe. 
1600 A8 ^ov<\awW\\ca\Y\Yabe8\>^2a'xaoew<b. 
^500 88 \M\\aw,\xa\^,swmwbe/XsXoWoo\w. 
400 16 ^\ow\e,\sXaVex\\)^ O6oa.ce/r. 

: 1300 81 'iswx^aXxow ok y.wcjcrxwv'). 

"200 26 8exs\aws‘w\MabeVkeso^oXaYx\\a. 

00 61-2 Yiar 8eX.^ort\e,a-x\b^a\vVi\a,^s\a. 
„ O 19 B.C. ROME AT ITS GREATEST GLORY. 
J,l00 A6 Oox\yvX\\ ^esXxo^eb8^X\\t^YCvw\s. 

v200 A6 74 ar''oeX'*ieex\T.cy^x a\x68v)\‘va. 

j ;300 90. ^w.osWewesXaVes ^o‘v5or\,6c\.\2. 

100 3V6AAye^e\o^ox\rves\a.r\7)a.r occurs. 
w500 \2 6ecor\6xew^\eokbe.rusaVr\k\\\xsV\eb. 
600 9.2 8a8\)\o\\\x\^sx\bex\XwiAsxUa8o^o\as5ar. 
700 Y1 tx\\arv^ALssXro^s2«.xv\vaoVwvVsaxY(\v). 
800 8A 6\vpw\^\c.Gaxx\es resXoxeA ax 8.Ws. 
900 \0 8.V\‘)aNf\ korexeXXsa^reabkuXkarwrve. 
1000 82 2au\arvwo\'v\XcbV\r\yok\sxaeWXes. 

1100 6A VvQraoWbacreVuWvrvXoXeXo^owrN&sus. 
1200 21 \sxasK\Xesuv\Xer X\\e VK\\\aw\xes. 
1300 82 Geres comes VrvXo KxVens. 

1400 81 ^ra\|V\cX\nox\\c cowwcl esXaVCvs\\e6. 
1500 2\ Mvoses a.xxa.rx\^xsXo 

1600 88 XacoV\e\5\vr\e& Vv\ Gav\W<\. 
1700 \6 \saac 6\es axxVeac^e ok \%6. 
1800 \1 ^.'oer,xV\ek‘\kxVv1ro'vx\UoaV\, b\es. 

1900 IT Wwwyas \\\X xo bea.X\\,Kr\us xe\(^r\s. 
2000 66 6urxe\korru\r\scr\^x\onsare\r\use. 
2100 88 \K\smwass\mss^sakY\rxVw8,^x. 
2200 22 W\x\e\ie\\W\\X oVa\5\^8\)oX. 
2300 A-8 TtveXV\use\a\\ X\cs, ac^eb 868. 

2400 68 6arwsa\bvo8ecu\v\\iaX«A\>\$Geres. 
2500 66 Uxa<\r\erscow^assVr\o'Nu8e(ioxeXVvvs. 
2600 66 \N\cV.e6r\ess corxx\rvuesXs\x\cxeass. 
2700 

2800 6A 'Lwas reac\\es Vv\s 862xV\ vyear. 
2900 

3000 6A 6,^aruxes.sV\es\\\s866xV\^ear. 
3100 

3200 66 6ro\6 useX Vekoxe vVTw Xvme. 
3300 

3400 66 7eos\e YweVwv t\X\es8ekoxt xVvsX'w.e. 
3500 

3600 66 8.m\jaXr<v\xxq sa\L Xo \>e Vwowrx. 
3700 

3800 TA VamecVx cxacXXces coXxxgavaM. 

3900 

4000 A 6Aa.ruojwftsxxwassXoxVecxeaXures. 

PONTIFFS. -Highest Roman sacer¬ 
dotal order,established by Numa 
Pompilius,about 690 B.C. Pope.- 
The title was first adopted by Hy- 
9 inus, 139. Popliti. -Elegant silk 
and worsted fabric, made in France 
before 1693. Porcelain.-Formed 
of earth kaolin , was made in Chi¬ 
na in the 2nd century after Christ. 
Porter.-A beverage first so called 
in London about 1730. Positive- 
Philosophy. -Set forth by Auguste. 
Comte,an eminent -mathemati- 
cianjborr, about 1795. Posts.- 
Said to have originated with Cyrus, 
who erected post-houses through¬ 
out Persia, about 550 B.C. 

POST-OFF ICES.-First establish¬ 
ed between Vienna and Brussels, 
1516; existed in England, 1635; 
firs^ in America, 1710; postage 
stamps introduced in England, 
1840; in America, 1847.Potas¬ 
sium.-A metal discovered by 
Davy, 1807. Potatoes..-Native of 
Chili and Peru, first introduced 
into England, 1565. Pottery . - 
The manufacture of earthenware 
existed among # the Jews asan hon¬ 
orable occupation before 1300 B.C. 
Pou-nd.-A weight,/»o?7p'us,which 
existed among the ancient Romans. 
Praetorian Guards.-i instituted by 
the emperor Augustus, 13 B.C. 

PR/E.TORS. -Roman, magistrates. 
One was appointed in 365 8.C.; a 
second, 252 B.C. Prayers .-“Then 
began men to call upon the name 
of the Lord ” (Gen. iv. 26), 3875 

B.C.Precedence.-Established in 
very early ages,.and was amongst 
the laws of Justinian, 527-9 A.D. 
Priest.-ln Gen. xiv. 18, Melchiz- 
adek,king of Salerp, is called “priest 
of the most high G-od, ” 1913 B.C. 
Primer.-A book so called,from 
the Romish book of devotions,for¬ 
merly set forth as the first book 
children should read in schools; 
pr(mers were printed in 1535. 
Primogeniture, Right of.-A su¬ 
periority that the first-b’orn has 
over his brethren, a usage brought 
down from the earliest patriarch¬ 
al ages. 

PRINTING-.-Block printing invent¬ 
ed by the Chinese, about 593 A.D.; 
movable type said to have been in¬ 
vented in the 10th century,also 
by Faust at Mentz, 1440 ; first 
book printed in America at Mex¬ 
ico, 1535; first press in the United 
States at Cambridge, 1639 ; acylin- 
der press patented by Nicholson, 
1790 ; Adam’s press, 1830 ; Hoe 
press, 1847; printing in colors 
was begun in 1455. Prisoners- 
of War.- Enslaved by ancient na¬ 
tions; f irst.exchangea i n the 13th 
century. Privateers.-Licensed pri¬ 
vate ships in time of war, rhe prac¬ 
tice being said to have originated 
with Edward I., about 1295. Pri¬ 
vy Council. -The first is said to 
have been instituted by Alfred, 895. 


209 . 

























PROBABILITY, THEORY OF.-Orig- 
inated by Pascal, and taken up by 
Fermat, in their correspondence, 
1654. ProbateCourT.- Establish¬ 
ed in England, 1857. Profiles. - 
The first recorded profiletaken 
was that of Antigonus,who,hav- 
ing but one eye, his likeness was 
so taken, 330 B.C. Promissory 
Notes. - Reyulated and allowed to 
be assignable, 1705. Propelling 
Wheels. -Invented byVolturfus, 
1472. ProphetS.-An order insti¬ 
tuted, or at least reformed, by Sam¬ 
uel, who was born about 1137 
6.C., though Abraham is spoken 
of as a prophet, 1396 B.C. 
PROTEIN. -The basis of albumen, 
fibrin,and casein, the term being 
first used by Mulder, about 1844. 
Protestants.-First so called at 
the diet of Spires in G-erwany, 
April 19,1529. Proverbs. -Those 
of Solomon are dated about 1000 
B.C. Proxies, Voting by.-Anancient 
practice in the English parlia¬ 
ment, was reyu|ated by law, a 
bout 1630. Prussic Acid. -Discov- 
iered by Diesbach,l709. Psalms.- 
’ Those of David were collected by 
Solomon, about 1000 B.C.Pseudo- 
scope. -A reversed stereoscope, in¬ 
vented by Wheatstone, j852.Psy- 
chrometer.-Formeasuring the 
amount of elastic vapors in the 
atmosphere, invented by Guy 
Lussac,who died, 1850. 
PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM.-By Clau¬ 
dius Ptolemy of Egypt,about 140 
A. 0., supposes the earth to be fir¬ 
ed in the centre of the universe, 
and that the sun,moon, and 
stars move nound once in twen¬ 
ty-four hours. The Pythagorian 
System (500 B.C.), fixing the sun 
as the centre, was revived I n 
1530 by Copernicus, and subse¬ 
quently demonstrated by Kepler 
(1619),and Newton (1687). Public 
Schools. -See Common Schools.ful- 
ley. -Said to have been invented 
by Archytas of Tarentum, about 
400 B.C. 

PULMAN CARS. -The palace cars 
were patented in 1864, and the 
vestibuled, 1887. Pumps. -The in¬ 
vention is ascribed to Danaus,at 
Lindus, 1485 B.C.,and subsequent¬ 
ly toCtesibius of Alexandria,about 
224 B.C. Punctuation. -The peri¬ 
od (.) is the most ancient; the 
colon (:) was introduced about 
I485 t ; the comma (,), 152.1; the 
semicolon (;), 1570; the interro¬ 
gation^) , asterisk (*), and paren¬ 
theses!), 1587. Puppets. -Of which 
the eyes, arms,etc., were moved 
by strings, were used by the an¬ 
cients before 444 B.C. Purga- 
tives.- For evacuating the intes¬ 
tines, are ascribed to Actuarius, 
a Greek physician, 1245. 

cen.vr. CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 8T \^\\\VwtfveXavtv. 
1800 'i'b 

1700 \A ^xccM>s\ot\ oi vVa-Viowse o^awo'iev. 
1600 Vi ^VatNcsY .NjeWaAe^ 'IQ. 

1500 2*5 \^owa%\ex\eso\o<bei/\t\^\\qYaYv&. 
1400 88 Yi.<sCo 

1300 58 ,t Oyo\^ea^vi\Y , 'o^O)\\as.\Nl.o^e\\Yva.'v\’q. 
1200 ^A VnelbtKtMMX esXaYYvbYwAwrt «t\*. 
1100^ oWwvJa, ttecNeA \t\Vo aVNwq&ow. 
1000 99 N\‘\wq&OYr\ cA iexusaNem iMWii. 

900 80. 9atacevvs NNtocas. 

800 98 V\We^Vrav\‘s\aV«A\.ax<\'<v\aX.^kvs|\'4Swor\. 
700 TO. 8\vat\et*vaqwYeqttti'Nat 'N\xN\5axo-w=. 
600 9A 8\oY\sYY.\>ecowcsY\tv($ 

' 500 0&-9\'Nat 'oeX.Yeasva a\\&8asXY8tt\V\tc.. 
400 A9 Saxo\vs,K\vqVs,axv^\Owft\wvV\\\V\Va\\\. 
:300 YT CiowsXawV\we^\oiessestW\sX\avi\V\). 
200 9V8 NetSY&w'Rat W\XYv&a\e,V\\x«. 

° 100 %A 8AetaY\wAmaYxV<d \na\\ aikrvXowNws. 
< O 94 A.D.ST. JOHN BANISHED TO PATM0S. 
” 100 80. "WsAexOwvft boAeaxek Y>\^ Ytvax’xsvs. 

• 200 14 W V\ts\ \vw\e.. 

J:300 88 ^\exaa^«,xYsaaw,ssoYsa%a'«vc.X\\,\e.a(iY\\\q. 
v 400 A9 "WeikeoaxrwixxsYaw'xsYei WowYawvc. 
w500 VI 8aY\}Noxvte\io\XsWoYr\^ax\vvs. 

1600 28 T-atVats beWxLNvvtvs.'jc-CjUa.xsWxet. 
700 2.8 8cc.ot\&at\X eoXx^se. «Ati«8WWcoV’A 

800 AS TVeMtoaVxXestevoNvVxowYbtaeN. 
900 YT ie,VQ%Va^VaX^ev<\o'i\s\«!,sV\C|Y^\aae i =>. 
1000 83 3au\ tt)<xX«A,8aM\X atwdwXeX Y\wq. 
1100 OLA XA\c)xax\ow YYe^.a'Xaw ooNotues. 
1200 2>5 ^eYotaVv tataats xYcfcatva.-atvOus. 
1300 5A T.q\ot\ ,Y\wC) oX Xfoa\),o\\xess<is NstaeN. 
1400 33 Y\xsX2\\)xa^\tqaxc l asoe\0(i*<aX«AaVXX\s. 
1500 5\ *\\ NlXoses c.owX\wwcs va W\&\a.w. 
1600 33 YN\eY\\\qoXYq\^Xo^tey=^\stae\\ves. 

1700 80. VxmtvexaN^avucYeqNtxswtYc^N. 
1800 28 Y'xtXVx cA \saac, .VYs.c\v\X ol\\ari\se. 
1900 88 'WxeXeXas.cfx^NNeW'wv'oxee.oe. 
2000 NT 8e?«i\xaYa\s,N'vxsNwma'H\\\\ < iaxwa\q>\Vq 
2100 55. X\aYot,soxv oX^exxu^tsNiovvx. 
2200 A5 You\\&\t\q oiXX\\\exeYYv| V^Ywt. 
2300 AS 8\oo& av\& mvx&er ate NoxVvS&ew. 
2400 AS Twe, eatXYvVtas Naccowc cottw^x. 
2500 SO. SeaxNv ©X Nateb ax Wvt ace o( 980^. 
2600 

2700 88 ^8'WV\a\\N\vi'Wx\» va\& XoYeqvvx. 
2800 

2900 AS S\tvN\ oi WoaN\,vN\e VvqNWeows. 
3000 

3100 8\ LowvweacetaewV ot Yiwv&oo Sta. 

3200 

3300 S0.~O.3ST Nate^ Ys-qeXXtXV, wn> arN bav?Uts 
3400 

3500 AA 8\tX\\oX Xateb,sowo(\AaYva\a\e«\. 
3600 

3700 S3 YataecNv atiewqe^ sexeaV^-smaioNA. 
3800 \5 8a\wW\Ybfc aclxXq waxaeS et\oc\\. 
3900 

4000 A TW set^evOt ceaMttses \mX\\ Sxa. 

PURGATORY. -Doctrine of the Ro¬ 
man Catholics that there is a 
middle place between heaven and 
hell, know/n since about 250 A.D. 
Pur if i c at i on. - A f t er c h i 1 d b ir t h, 
ordained by the Jewish law i n 

1490 B.C. Purple. -Mix-ed tinge 
of blue and scarlet, discovered 
at Tyre before 1480 B.C. Pyra¬ 
mids of Egypt.-They are sup¬ 
posed to have been commenced 
about 1500 B.C. The greatest is 
said to have been erected by Che¬ 
ops, 1082. B.C.Pyroleter.-Fire- 
extinguisher for use in ships , 
invented by Dr. Paton, about 
1875. Pyrometer. -Thermometer 
for measuring the heat of furna¬ 
ces, described by Muschenbroek, 
1731. 

PYROPHONE.-A singing-flamed 
musical instrument, invented bg 
Frederic Kastner of Paris, about 
1873. Pythagorean Philosophy. 

-By Pythagoras,about 555 B.C. 

He taught the doctrine of the 
transmigration of souls, forbid 
the eating of fleshy and beans,in¬ 
vented the multiplication table, 
improved geometry, and taught 
the present system of astronomy. 
Pythian Games.-Instituted in 
honor of Apol lo, near the tem¬ 
ple of Delphi,about 1263 B.C. — 
Quackery .-(\uack medicines 
were taxed in 1783. Quadrant. 
-Mathematical instrument, in¬ 
troduced about 290 B.C. 

QUADRILLE.- A dance,made pop¬ 
ular about 1810. Quadruplex 
Telegraphy.-Four messages a- 
long one wire, perfected in 1876 
bg Prescott, Smith, and Edison. 
Quakers.-A sect foundedabout 
1646, in England, by George Fov. 
Quarantine.-First observed at 
Venice about 1127.Quaternion. 
-Important mathematical meth¬ 
od or calculus, invented by Sir 
Wm. Hamilton, a bout 1843. His 
"Lectures on Quaternions”was 
published in 1853. Queen.-The . 
first woman invested with sov¬ 
ereign authority was Semiramis, 
queen of Assyria, 2017 B.C. 

Quicksilver.- in its liquid 

state,mercury. Theophrastus, 
about300 B.C., mentions it as 
a derivative of cinnabar. Its use 
in rcfhiirig sjlver was discovered 
in 1540. Quills. -Said to have 
been first used for pcns,about 
553. Quince. -Introducedfrom 
Austria before 1573. Quinine. 
-An alkaloid much used in med¬ 
icine, discovered in I820,by Pel¬ 
letier and Caventou.Quinqua- 
gesima Sunday.-Said to have 
been first appointed by Gregory 
the Great, about 600. Quo its. - 
A game said to have originated with 
the Greeks, about 1453 B.C. 


210 


























RACES .-Horse-races were among 
the -favorire parties of ancient Greece. 
Known in England before 1130. 
Rack.-Engine of torture,for ex¬ 
tracting a confession from crim- 
inalsjused In south Europe in 
the 1 st and 2 nd centuries.Radi- 
atimi of Hca)?.- First began to re¬ 
ceive attention by Sir John Leslie 
and Count Ptumford, about 1802. 
Radiometer.- Instrument which 
rapidly revolves in a vacuum, un¬ 
der the influence of light, invent¬ 
ed by Win.Crookes, IG73. Ragged 
Schools. -Free schools for outcast 
destitute ragged children. One was 
opened by John Pounds o f Ports¬ 
mouth, Eng., about 1238. 

RAILWAYS. -Shoyt roads were 
constructed in Newcastle, Eng., 
by.Mr. Beaumont, IG02; an iron 
railway nearSheffield,Eng.,I77S; 
first in America was the Baltimore 
and Ohio, 1828. Railway Break.- 
Invented by Achard,I 860 . Rain¬ 
bow. -Mentioned as the token 
of the covenant with Noah,2348 
B.C.; its theory developed by Kep¬ 
ler,! 611. Ransqme’s Artificial 
Stone.-Invented by Fred. Ransome, 
184-8. Rape.-Punished with death 
by the ancient Jews,froths, an d 
Romans. Rationalism . - Doctrine 
that there is no divine revelation, 
and that there is no othertneans 
of acquiring knowledge but by ex¬ 
perience. and reason.One of its 
leading advocates was.Reimarus 
of Hamburg,who died in 1768. 

REAPING MACHINES. —One was 
invented by Rev. Patrick Sell in 
England, 182 6. See Mowers. Rec¬ 
iprocity T-reaties.-Onewasttiade 
between Great Britain and the 
United States, 1854. Recitative.- 
Species of singing used in operas, 
said to have been first employed 
at Rome, about 1600. Reforma¬ 
tion, The.-Began in France about 
1177; in England, 1360; in Bohe¬ 
mia, 1405; Hi Italy, I498;in Ger¬ 
many, 1517 ; in Switzer!and, 1519; 
in Denmark, 1521;,in Pmssia,l527j 
in Sweden, 1530; in Ireland, 1535. 

REFORMATORY SCHOOLS.- For 
juvenile offenders,first establish¬ 
ed at Mettray,France, 1839. Re¬ 
fraction of Light.-lts law dis¬ 
covered by Snellius, about 1624. 
Regan’s Motor. -Automatic car 
motor, invented by Daniel S. Re¬ 
gan of San Francisco, 1893.Renais¬ 
sance. -Term applied to the revi¬ 
val of the classic style of art i n 
the 15th and 16th centuries, un¬ 
der the patronage of the Medici 
and others. Rents. -Said to have 
been first made payable in mon 
ey, instead of in kind,about 1135. 
Repeating Firearms.-invented 
by Barlow, 1670. 


CEN. 

1900 
1800 
1700 
1600 
1500 
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1300 
1200 
1100 
1000 
800 
000 
7C0 
1600 
-7500 
1400 
§300 
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ol00 
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400 
500 
600 
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1100 
1200 
1300 
1400 
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1600 
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Yn CHRONOLOGY. 

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Republics. - T h os e o f ancient Greece, 
the first being established about 1044 
B.C., were the first. Resonator. - 
For facilitating the # analysis o f 
compound words, invented by 
A. B. Bach, 1879. Respirator.-See 
Firetnav. Reverend.-Title giv¬ 
en to the clergy since about 1650. 
Reviews.- The Journal desScavsns, 
by Denis deSalo, first published Jan. 
5,1665, is considered the parent of 
critical journals. Revivals, Rel ig- 
fous.—Arose in the United States 
in l857. Rcvolvers.-Firearms 
with revolving cylinders,first 
appeared in England about 1600. 
Rhetoric.-First taught in Latin 
at Rome, by Phocius G-al I u.s, a- 
bout 87 B.C. 

RHODIUM. -Rare metal, d iscov- 
ered in platinum ore, by Dr.Wal- 
laston, 1804. Rhu-barb.-A plant 
first cultivated for its stalks to be 
used as food, by Mr. Myall in Eng¬ 
land,, about 1820. Ribbon Looms.- 
Their invention is claimed by both 
the Swiss and the Germans, in 
the 16th ce-ntury.Rice. —First 
introduced into the United States, 
in South Carolina, about 1690. Ri- 
fle.-First used in European ar¬ 
mies during the 17th cen turu- 
Rings.-Used by Egyptians before 
1715 B.C. Rinks for Roller Skates. 
-First opened in England,about 
1885. 

ROAD STEAMERS.-The question 
of steam traction on common roads 
is considered to have been solved in 
1868, by R.W.Tho/mpson.of Edin¬ 
burg, adding india-rubber to the 
tires of the wheels of locomotives. 
Roasting Alive. -An early c ase 
Is that of Bocchoris, king of Egypt, 
by order of Sabacon of Ethiopia, 
737 B.C. Rockets.-lmplementsof 
war, invented by Wm.Congreve, 
about 1-803. Rogation Vtfeek.-The 
week in which HolyThursday or 
Ascension Day occurs, observed 
since the 3rd century. Rolling- 
Mills. -In metal manufactories, 
were in use in England in the 
17th century. 

ROLLER SKATES. -Patented by 
Mr. Plimpton,an American,l865. 
Roman E-ralA.U.Cf).-Commenc¬ 
ed April 24,753 B.C. # Romances.- 
The first work of this species of 
writing was written by Heliodorus, 
a bishop of Trlcca.in Thessaly, a-, 
bout 398 A.D. Rope-making Ma¬ 
chine.-One was patented by Rich¬ 
ard March, 1784. Rosary.-Aseries 
of 15 large and 150 small beads, 
invented by Dominic defruxmars, 
about 1202. Rosetta Stene.-Con- 
taining inscriptions of three an¬ 
cient languages,serving as a key 
to the translation of hieroglyphics, 
discovered at Rosetta, Egypt, 1799. 


2U 





























Rubidium. -Alkaline metal, discov¬ 
ered by Bunsen, about1861. Rudder.- 
Patented byLumley, l862.Ruffles.- 
Became fashionable about l520.Ru.l- 
ing Machines.-For ruling paper, 
invented, by an ingenious Dutchman, 
-resident in London, 1782.Rutheni¬ 
um.-Rare metal, discovered by M. 
Claus, 1845. Sabbath.-Ordained 
by God, 4004 B.C.See Lord’s Pay* 
Sabbath $cHoc!s.-The first "Sab¬ 
bath School” was founded by Lud¬ 
wig Hacker between 1740 and 1747, 
at Ephrata, Lancaster county, Pa.; 
the schools were broken up bo the 
battle of the Brandywine jn 1777. 
Sunday Schools were instituted 
in England by Robert Raikes in 
or about 1782. 

Sabbatical year.- instituted 
by the Jews, 1491 B.C.Sacchariw- 
eter.-For determining the amount 
of sugar in solutions, used by Soldi, 
1847, in Paris. Sacrmce.-Offer¬ 
ed to Ood by Abel, 3875 B.C. Sacri¬ 
fices to the gods were introduced 
into Greece by Phoroneus, king 
of Argos, 1773 B.C.Sadd!es.-Not 
used by the ancients; appear to 
Have been first used about 385 

A. D.J side-saddles first used by 
wo-jnen, about 1380, previous to 
which they rode astride. Saddu- 
ces.-Jewish sect, said to have been 
founded by Sadoc, about 200 B.C. 

SAFETY LAMP. - For use in mines, 
invented by Sir Humphry Davy, 
1815. Sailcloth.-First made in En¬ 
gland, 1590. Salt.-One of theearl- 
iest salt mines worked is that 
of Wielitzka, Poland, opened about 
1200 ; made from sea-water in the 
U.S. during the colonial period.Salt- 
petre.-Compound of nitric acid 
and potash, its analysis demonstra¬ 
ted by Boyle about 1625. Sandals.- 
See Shoes. Sand-Blast.-For cutting 
stone, or hard metal by a jetofquartx 
sand impelled by compressed air or 
steam, invented by B.C.Ti Ighman 
of Philadelphia, about 1871.Sanhe¬ 
drim,.-Ancient Jewish counci I of 
the highest jurisdiction, said' to 
Have been established by Moses, 
1490 B.C. 

SANSKRIT .-Language of the Brah¬ 
mins of lndia,spoken about 1000 

B. C.Sapphire.-Precious stone of 
an azure color,and transparent, 
known to the ancients before 1491 
B.C. Satire.-Made its appearance 
at Rome about 116 B.C. Sat urn.- 
One of the planets, was known 
to the ancients; belts discovered 
by Huyghetis, 1659. Savings* 
Banks.-First instituted at Ham¬ 
burg, 1778; first in the U.S.atPhil- 
adelphia, 1816, Saw.-Said to have 
been invented by Daedalus during 
the mythological period of Greece. 
Saw Mills.-First erected in Madei- 
ra> 1420; in England, 1663. 


CE n vn. CHRONOLOGY. 

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SCALES.-Invented by Phidon, 869 
B.C, Scarlet.-A dye or color known 
in the East in the earliest ages. 
Sceptics.-Sect of philosophers foun¬ 
ded by Pyrrho, about 334 B.C.Scep¬ 
tre.-An emblem of royalty,first 
assumed by Tarquin the elder at 
Rome,about 468 B.C .Schoolmen, 
or Scholastic Phi 1 osoph y. - Began 
in the schools founded by Charle¬ 
magne, 800-14, Screw.-Known 
to the ancient Greeks. See Archi¬ 
medes Screw. Screw-Propel ler. - 
For moving a vessel through the 
water; the principle was shown 
by Hooke, 1681. 

SCULPTURE.-Said to have begun 
with the Greeks,and more proba¬ 
bly with the Egyptians. The tab¬ 
ernacle built in the wilderness, 
1491 B.C., is an early instance. 
Scythe.-Used for mowing; used 
by ancient Romans. Seals orSig- 
nets.-Engraved gems were used 
as such by the ancient,Egyptians, 
Jews, Greeks,and Assyrians,before 
900 B.C. Sedan Chairs.-Were first 
used in England, l58I.Seismotn- 
eter.-For measuring the violence 
of earthquake shocks; one is de¬ 
scribed by Robert Mallet, 1858. 
Selenium.-Grayish-white elemen¬ 
tary substance, discovered by Ber¬ 
zelius, 1817. Seleucides, Era of the. 
-Said to begin Sept. I, 312 B.C. 

SEPTUAOINT. -A translationof the I 
Old Testament from. Hebrew into 
Greek,made 277 B.C.Sewage.-A 
test made for, by.Heisch, 1810. Sew¬ 
ers.-The chief of the celebrated sew¬ 
ers at Rome, Cloaca Maxima, is said 
to have been constructed about 
588 B.C.Sewing Machines.-It 
is said that Thos.Saint patented 
one for boots and shoes, in Eng¬ 
land, 1790. The first really practi* 
cal sewing machine was the in¬ 
vention of Elias Howe of Cam¬ 
bridge, Mass.,about 1841. Sex¬ 
tant.-An instrument used like 
a quadrant, invented by Tycho 
Brahe, at Augsburg, 1550. 

SHAWLS. -Of oriental origin, in¬ 
troduced into Paris, 1801; first 
manufactured at Norwich, 17 84. 
Sheep.-Abel,the brother of Cain 
who was born 4003 B.C., was a 
keeper of sheep; exported from 
England into Spain, l467.Shil- 
ling.-A coin, when made in An¬ 
glo-Saxon times was valued at a- 
bout fivepence; reduced to four- 
pence about 960. Ship-building.* 
The first ship was brought from 
Egypt to Greece, by Oanaus, 14 85 
6 .C.; first double-decked ship 
was built by the Tyrians,786 B.C. 
Skirts.-Said to have been first 
generally worn in the west of 
Europe,about 725; woolenshirts 
were commonly worn in England 
until about 1253. 


212 



































SHOES .-Coverings for the feet, 

whether sandals or shoes, were 
used by the most ancient nations; 
shoemaking was a distinct trade 
at Thebes, 1495 8 .C.Shorthand.* 
This art is said to have been prac¬ 
ticed by the Romans, 100 B.C.The 
introduction of Isaac Pit-man’s 
system, 1837, marks a new eu 
in the art.Shot.-Vanous missiles, 
as stone,bolts,etc.,were used, 
1483; chain, grape, and canis¬ 
ter shot were invented soon af¬ 
terward. Sickles.-For cutting 
grain, used by ancient Chinese, 
dews, Egyptians.etc. 
SlOONIAN ERA.—Commenced 
Oct. 1, 110 B.C.Signboards. —Us¬ 
ed by ancient Greeks and Romans. 
Silicon .-Non-metallic element, 
the mode of procuring it being 
discovered by Berzelius in 1823. 
Silk.-Said to have been known 
to the Chinese, 2600 B.C.Silver. 
-A metal known be/ore 2000 B.C. 
Skates, Roller. r Said to have 
been first used in Paris, 1849. 
Slavery .-First introduced into 
the United States, 1620; abolish¬ 
ed, 1863. Sleeping Cars.-First in¬ 
troduced into England, 1873; into 
the U.S., 1858. Sling.-A weapon 
used before 1406 B.C. 
SMELTING-.-A process patented 
by Botfield, 1828. Soap.-Said to 
have been invented by theGauls 
before 100 B.C.Sodium.-Metal, 
first obtained by Davy, l807.So!ar 
System.-As now accepted,taught 
by Pythagoras,about 529 8 .C.Span- 
ish Era .-Commenced Jan. 1,38. 
Speaking Trumpets.-One is said 
to have been used by Alexander, 
335 B.C. Spectacles.-Supposed to 
have been invented by Alexander 
de Spina of Florence,about 1285. 
Spectrum, Solar,-First explain- 
ed by Newton, 1704. Spelling - 
Bees.-To test the proficiency in 
correct spelling, originated, in 
theU.S. during the colonia 1 
times subsequent to 1650. 
SPHERES.-Thecelestial and ter¬ 
restrial spheres are said to have 
been invented by Anaximander, 
552 B.C.; armillary sphere by 
Eratosthenes, about 225 B.C!.; 
planitariu/m by Archimedes be¬ 
fore 212 B.C.Spinet.-A keyed 
instrument, used in the 17 th 
century. Spinning^ Areas, king 
of Arcadia, taught his subjects 
the art, about 1500 B.C.Spinning 
Wheel.-Invented at Brunswick, 
1530; spinning jenny invented 
by Hargreaves, 1767.Spiritual¬ 
ism.-Manifestation s, rap pings, 
etc.,said to have begun in Amer¬ 
ica about 1848, and introduced 
into England, 1851.Stage Coach¬ 
es.-Were used in Europe before 
1285. 

cem v R CHRONOLOGY. 

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•100 % V\xev 6 w;\Y^a\>o\xX YasWx. 

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2400 Vfc l\\t cwV\X aremswre oX XexvqxYv. 
2500 66 Xbaxmx’swvaxasssaxXvsYeVxvsNNw. 
2600 

2700 66 'E.g^XxawNxxsXox^ <ba\& Yo X>eo|Vv\. 
2600 

2900 4% \Wj\\ , %ow oi \.ax\x«x\x\s\m\\. 
3000 

3100 6 \ towmawmwvoi YCwx^oo era. 
3200 

3300 62 5aYe&,aq&k\62,VqeX < a^L'Y\oc,V\. 
3400 

3500 44 \tvaYa\a\«*\,aw>A65,\)eckety=> Xaxe&. 
3600 

3700 6 \ XjOTt\xx\awc.ewve,YvX o<; XcWvbVx ex a. 
3800 15 6 a\x\ MieXXsXwx\\cYawX oX Hoi. 
3900 

4000 A TW w\sxa\ ^o\^\s YvtsX 'mtwXxowe^. 

STARS.-Supposed to Have been 
classed into constellations about 
1200 B.C.Stationers.-Dealers 
in books and papers; a company 
was formed in London I 0119 be¬ 
fore the invention of printing. 
Statues.-Phidias, whose statue ot 
Jupiter passed for one ofthe won¬ 
ders of the world, was the great¬ 
est statue among the an c ients, 
440 B.C. Steam-Carriage.-For 
ordinary roads, invented by the 
earlof Caithness, about l860 ; Steam- 
Engi-ne.-Hero of Alexandria is 
said to have invented the /Eolo- 
pile,which possesses the proper¬ 
ties of the steam-engine, about 
250 B.C.; the steam-engine boil¬ 
er was invented by the Marquis 
of Worcester, 1663; the inven¬ 
tion perfected by Jas.Watt, 1773. 

STEAM-BOAT.-DeJouitroy made 
atrial with his steam-boat in 1776; 
Fulton’s steam-boat on the Seine, 
1803; on the Hudson, l807.Steam- 
Hammer.-Patented by Nasmyth, 
1842.Steam-Mill.-First built, 
1785.Steam-Plow.-Patented by 
G.Callaway and R.A.Purkes, 1849. 
Steam-Ram.-For naval warfare, 
invented by Nasmyth, l836.Steatn- 
Ship.-First iron one, 1830.Steam- 
Tug.-First built by Hull.in 1736. 
Steamer.-First to cross the At¬ 
lantic, 1819. 

STEARINE .-That part of fats 
and oils which is solid at common 
temperature, its nature first 
made known by Chevreul, 1823. 
Steel.-Compound of iron and 
carbon, has been fabricated from 
the earliest times; first Bessemer 
steel, 1856. Steel Pens.-"Iron pens” 
arc mentioned by Chamber laynejn 
1685; steel pens began to come in¬ 
to general use about 1820, b ut 
were made long before. Steel¬ 
yard.-Weighing instrument, us¬ 
ed by the Romans before315 8 .C. 
Stenography.-See Short-hand. 
Stereochromy.-Mode of painting, 
invented by Von Fuchs,about 1850. 

STEREOMETER.-For gauging 
vessels, invented about 1350. Ste- 
reoscope.-Optical instrument, in¬ 
vented by Wheatstone,about 1833. 
Stereotype.-For printing, said to 
have been invented by Wm.&ed of 

E d i n burg h, about 1730. Stethoscope. 
-For ascertaining the action of 
the heart, invented by Laennec of 
Pari s,aboutl 8 l 6 .St itru-ps.- Fi rs t 
used in the 5th century. Stock¬ 
ings.-Silk stockings were first 
made about 1547, and cotton, 
about 1589, when the stocking 
frame was invented; cotton stock¬ 
ings were first made by hand in 
1730.Stocks.-For punishing offend- 
ersjused in England before 1350; in 
commerce, originated at Venice, 
about 1173. 


213 
























4 ^g| DICTIONARY OF 

STOICS.-Disciples of the philosopher 
Zeno, about 290 B.C.Storm Warn- 
ings.-First issued in Holland, I860. 
Stoves.-Those of the ancients con¬ 
cealed the tire; tubes were also 
used in the middle of the room, 
with a hole in the root for the 
smoke to escape. Street Railways. 
-First opened in New York and 
London, about I860. Strikes.- 
First one among thetailors of 
London, 1834. Strontium.-Met- 
al,tirst obtained by Davy in 1808. 
Strychnia.-Poisonous ve 9 etable 
alkaloid, discovered by Pelletier and 
Caventou, 1818. Stucco Work. - 
Was known to the ancients, par¬ 
ticularly by the Romans,who ex¬ 
celled in it. 

SUEZ CANAL.-The caliph Omar, 
about 640, opposed cutting the 
isthmus. The canal was commen¬ 
ced in 1858, and completed 1869. 
Sugar.-Made in East Indies,325 
B.C. Sugar Cane .-First cultivat¬ 
ed in the U.S.,1151; first sugar 
mill, 1158. SuScides.-The first in¬ 
stances recorded are those of Sam¬ 
son, about 1120 B.C., and Saul, a- 
bout 1055 B.C. Sulphur.-Known 
from the earliest times.Sunday. 
-Appointed to be observed in 321. 
Sunday Schools.-S ciSubbith Schools. 
Sun Dials.-See #/a/s. Surgery. — 
First made a separate study in 
the age of Hippocrates,about4IOB.C. 

SURNAMES. - Introduced into En¬ 
gland by the Norwans,and adopt¬ 
ed. by the nobility, aboutII00.Sur¬ 
plices.-First worn by the Jewish 
priests,and said to have been first 
used in churches in the 4th century. 
Suspension Bridges.-Very ancient 
in China; first one opened in En¬ 
gland, 1845; one at Niagara Falls, 
J852-5.Swords.-Were formed of 
iron taken from a mountain by 
the Chinese, 1819 B.C.Tabernacle. 
“Constructed by Divine direction, 
1491 8.C.Talking Machines. — 
One was exhi bited at London,a- 
bout 1825, that pronounced sever¬ 
al sentences with tolerable distinct¬ 
ness; one invented by Prof. Faber 
of Vienna, 1810. 

TALMUD.-The ancient Jewish un¬ 
written or oral law, its origin be¬ 
ing coeval with the return from 
the Babylonish captivity,536B.C. 
Tatirtitig.^-Of leather from bark. 
Its invention reaches beyond the 
dawn of history.Tantalum.-A 
rare metal, discovered by Hatchett, 
l80l.Tapestry.-An art of weaving, 
having originated among the Sar¬ 
acens about 800.Tar.-Firstmade 
from pit-coal, about 17 81.Tar iff.- 
A protective tariff was adopted in 
the U.S., 1828.Tartaric Acid.-Said 
to have been discovered by Scheele, 
about niO; a new discovery was 
made by Liebig, 1859. 

cen yr CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 21 W\x\)ok\\c.Vovia. 

1800 62 Vowvb'v&xva ^wxoWsebkxoxftYxaxxctf,. 

1700 22 2owa^aYVe^ec\axfc^l\\sV2(5Yvsu\. 
1600 2\ I^nnHoVVn coxv\\xexe2kxo yy\ 2wVc\\. 
1500 A2 \\c.\Vs \x\svwxevV\®A\xx2.xvq\ax\&. 
1400 22 *Y\vi yAxvveY \>ooV, 

1300 26 T\\e laxva.x Mlax VwYwvssla. 
1200 26 2 V o cWao'w,2\nc tax\,kown2e &. 

1 ICO 22 Ykassatxeo^ V\\c2c.\N‘b\x\ Vox\&oa. 
1000 12 2xeqoY\)\\\.c\amsw\Mexs?\sowd\^ 

900 18 2ax&aswsw\^s2toVexA2.x*\^\xe. 
800 16 \K\ss\OY\aY\esseYvV Vo ( b\N< 2 . 2 tx\. 

TOO IS CVaxXiYsva^'YYexe^vvces^Sawxvs. 
600 22 6w.xV ok c\vaxveexv^ 

'500 22 TyeTvAVsk\xsXmv\\omL\-fty\sVst^. 
/; 400 24 IW'laxvtaVb ex^cWet kxoxA 2\tW\). 
:;300 9.2 TlxsV qex\exa\2o\vY\c\\ okW\c.e. 
.200 22 6\xV\\ \exsec\n,v\oY\ ok 
® 100 22 Yvowe. sex\2s awtoassaVixs Vo 2\vvxva. 
1 0 Gl B.C.CICERO BEGINS TO PLEAD. 
^100 11*221\\w^lkaoe-2o'Y\\aw' N U'a-Y. 
1200 22 ItxwjVokiawwsclosedakx«.x426\>|xs. 
|300 42* A\ 'Wax \>e,V .2owax\s aw^2a , Yox\\Ves. 
J400 22 V\xsV2<ym\ox\Va.\Nm.W\x\2ome. 
y500 \1 WML^axV okNA&acaA^mV^Yzms 
1600 1\ Yxaco’s cota ok \m Vo kVWmaxvi. 
TOO ISIViSxaosokVAw^SttwLsaV^oYxxAV. 
800 22 2 cjxeaV kawCvm \w2axxvaV\a.. 

900 22 2u&kV\sW\wVxo\wVo \x\Ma. 

1000 64 lens^V ok iewvsaNexvx toAlcaVeb. 
1100 22 2an\w«\ kekeavs v\\«.YVxlWsvlms. 
1200 22 YL^e\wVVxo\NsV\xw»\k\x0tv^.i;saY\2oa. 

1300 12 \sxas\vves xe,sVoxe2\jv> YL\xw2. 
1400 2\ \Loses caWeYwvXo vVe XK®vcxvVa\\\. 
1500 2\ TMojxxV okHko<bes\'Y\Vo'2K , \b>\aw. 
1600 22 \f\sws\\\s s\cV kaVYix. 

1700 22 2.saw YY\axx\esv\\xee\N\MQ.s>. 

1800 *112eaV\\ ax\2 Wx va\ ok IVoxaYvaw. 
1900 M k\)xanxa\\2 V.oV se^axaVe. 

2000 22 Texa\x,aqe416,2e^eVs Kk>xaxY\. 
2100 12 YkaVox ,aq«A 1.2 ,'Wqe,Vs1eYe\\. 
2200 M l\\e xwvxvwkacVwxe ok 2 x\c,V\x\2\{wm 
2300 42 l\\e rawx'oo'NklxsV xaenvloxxe^. 
2400 22 Vkax\’s&a\M>kvxe4aVM2 v^eaxs. 
2500 

2600 26 2\Wc,a\&Vo2e. w\k'\w 2Yv\x\a. 
2700 

2800 14166 vieaxe, s\x\ce k2axx\’% ^eav\x. 

OOArt 1 

/SUVU 

3000 66 2<me ok V\\«,o\axviVs axe.Vx\o\uw. 

3100 v 

3200 212.x\o c\\ xeaOaes \xxs \66v\\ wax. 
3300 

3400 66 2xa.ssax\&\xow axeVxxo\Nx\. 
3500 

3600 66 12? axv okexAV^YY\\wY\sV.x\Q\NX\. 
3700 

3800 12 VaxwccV VaVesvoVwwsekkvwviwes. 
3900 

4000 A-VjNiot ©xYalmb kox xaawVlxvb. 

YASIFViETER.-See Micro-trimeter. 
Taverns.-Are traced to the 13th 
century. Taxes .'-Were levied by So¬ 
lon, thefirst Athenian legislator, 

540 B.C. Teetotaler.-An abstain¬ 
er from fermented liquors, orig¬ 
inated with Richard Turner of 
Preston, about 1833. Telegraphs. 
-First operated in England i m 

1835; first in America, between 
Washington and 8altimore,l844; 
first submarine between Dover 
and Calais,.1851. Telemeteoro- 
graphs.-First exhibited at Pa¬ 
ris, 1881. Telephone.-Sounds 
have been conyeyed.overdistend- 
ed wires at various times since 
1667; a short-distancetelephone 
invented by Wheatstone,l82l;an 
articulating telephone by Bell) 
1876. . , 

TELESCOPES.-Their principle 
was described by Roger Bacon, a- 
bout 1250; invented by Lipper- 
hey and Jansen,about 1608. 
Tellurium.-Rare metal, discov¬ 
ered by Milller of^Reichenstein, 

11 S2.Ts!odynamic Transmitter. 
-An arrangement of water-wheels, 
invented by M.Hlrn,.about 1850. 
Temperance Societies .-The first 
was organized in Saritoga coun¬ 
ty, N.Y., 1808. Temples.-First 
erected by the Egyptians to their 
gods; temple of Jerusalem built g 
6y Solomon, 1012 B.C. 

TENNIS.—A game fashionable in j 
France before 1660. Terbium .-A | 
metal sometimes found with yt- | 
rium, which see.Testament.-The 9 
revised edition of the New Testa¬ 
ment was published in !88!.Thal- 
lium.-Metal, discovered .by Wm. 
Crookes, 1861.. Thanksgivings. - 
A special national one was offer¬ 
ed in England for the defeat of 
the Spanish Armada,Sept.8,l588; 
first observed in America, 1621, 
and on special occasions until 
under Pres. Lincoln in 1863,the 
regular observance of a national 
thanksgiving began. 

THEATRES.-That of Bacchus 
at Athens,420 B.C., is said to 
be the first. Theocracy.-Govern¬ 
ment by God, existed among the 
Jews or Israelites till Saul was 
made king, about 1095 B.C.The-r- 
wometcr.-lnvented by&alileo, 
before 1591; Fahrenheit’s inven¬ 
ted about 1126. Tkermophone.-An 
instrument for the product! on 
of sonorous vibrations, invent¬ 
ed by Wiesendanger, about 1878. 
Thimbles.-Said to have been 
used by several ancient nations, 
and to be found in the ruins of 
Herculaneum.Thoracic Duct.- 
First discovered by. Eustachiu-S* 
about 1563.Thorium.-A very 
rare metal, discovered by Berze¬ 
lius, 1828. v 


214 


















































THREAD. -First rnadc at Paisley, 
»m. Threshiti 9 Machines.-The 
flail is the only instrument for¬ 
merly used,except the tribulum 
used by the Romans; the first 
machine attempted in modern 
times was invented by Menaies 
of Edinburgh,about 1732.Thumb- 
Screw .-Instrument used in the 
first stages of torture in the Span¬ 
ish Inquisition, which wasestab- 
lished, 3 82. . Tides, -homer speaks 
ofthem, about 875 B.C.; Posido¬ 
nius accounts for them from 
the motion of the moon, about 
79 B.C. Tiles. -Said to have been 
first-wade in England, 11X4-6. 

TlN.-A metal mined in England 
before 1100 B.C. Titanium .-Rare 
metal,discovered by Gregor, 1791. 
Tithes.-Commanded to begiven 
to the tribe of Levi, 1490 B.C.; giv¬ 
en by Abraham to Melchisedek, 
1913 B.C. Tobacco.-Native of A- 
merica, introduced into Europe, 
about 1565. Tobacco pipes are 
said to have been used in Europe 
for smoking herbs long before 
the introduction of tobacco;first 
made of clay,about l575.Tolls.- 
First paid by vessels passing the 
Stade on the El be, 1109. Tonom- 
Cter.-For tuning instruments^'n- 
vented by Scheibler of CrefeId, 
about 1834. 

TORPEDOES. -Explosive she 11 s 
for placing under ships,said to 
have been invented by D. Bush- 
nel!,an American, 1777. To wers.- 
That of Babel is the first record¬ 
ed, built in the plains of Shinar, 
2247 B.C.; Tower of the Winds 
at Athens, 550 B.C. Traction En- 
pines.-See Road Steamers.lriy- 
edy. -First acted at Athens by 
Thespis, about 535 B.C.Trajan’s 
Column. -In Rome,erected by 
the Roman senate and people in 
114. Tram Cars.-Run in Glasgow, 
1877. Translation to Heaven. - 
Enoch atthe age of 365,3017 8.C.; 
the prophet Elijah, 896^ B.C.Tread- 
Mill.-For prison discipline,in¬ 
vented by Sir Wm.Cubit, who was 
born, 1785, died, 1861. 

TRIALS. -Alfred the Great is said 
to have begun trial by jury, about 
890, but there is good evidence of 
such trials before his time. Trigo¬ 
nometry. -Invented by theGreek 
astronomers of Alexandria. Trin¬ 
ity Sunday. -The Sunday follow¬ 
ing Whitsunday,or the 8th Sunday 
after Easter, observed since 8 28. 
Triremes. -Galleys with th ree 
banks of oars, said to have been 
invented by the Corinthians,784 
B.C. Troy Weight. First adopted 
at Troyes, France, about 1095. 
Trumpet.- Its invention is a- 
scribed to both the Egyptians and 
Tyrrhenians, before 1000 8.C. 

cen. vr.CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 vi \ftft Axxxv’xvj Yv<x\£<d \i\cMx\j) oa\» 

1800 7A TY\e. ojxe.aV Vvx<t w ^Yx’xtaOjO. 
,1700 ftft 2amtax^wvXxoxAXN^9xex\c.Yv. 
1600 ftft ft.asY\x\6\aft©\A^w)9xsXcJxAxXex'A 
1500 7ft a\>o\\sY\eft‘v*\ < b\Ne\ex\. 

M-00 \0 Y axwAvwyvw o\\ odxaxs vcmxXoft. 
1300 99 9ox\\ft<b\x\siex\Xeft ax^ewVoo. 
1200 87. T\\e7ax\s ^o\\ce e,sxaY>\\<j\\ek. 
1100 ft2 T\\e, c'\V\) oX Moscow Yoww&eft. 
1000 7ft Ve\v^\W\Wo^wL\\vXo'cvvqV4. 
900 87 TViwLxace 

800 *57 NNax fteX.ftxeeYsaxxk ftvXqwivaws. 
700 97 

i 600 A\ TWftaxacervscoxvxvwx AWxca. 
t500 ftft TY\eY^xaxcY\$9eq\AS\A9x\a|\ax\&. 

1400 78 "We Vwxq&owx oY \Xa\\) \)eq\rvs. 
§300 7% W^vXAxcmxaL^xow^xwtXotowsX’o^ 
,200 5% 2ft X^anXsVaxassTvowa-A ew^vw. 

^ 100 \A Txa.\aw rncXs Vivs coYmxv . 

a O 8 B.C. AUGUSTUS CORRECTS THE CALENDAR, 
o 100 A7 A cewsws oX 9oxx\c. ) ^o^.9 , )7^ftft. 
v200 \7 t bv>xac.\x.se\sXa.Ve.w\)V)VkaxcQ\\ws. 

^ -300 \ft c baw\x\\Xi.ssw\>^wa,2Ni^^\ov(\aws. 
400 TaxxVcoxx coyy\^\cX«9 \x\Aex7ex\x\es. 
W500 77) T-gx^xftecowesaTexsxaxv^xo\i‘\x\c.e. 
*600 9ft ft^xemxsWAXaJoowXXVivs 9aXe. 
700 A7 ^owxaw'saw^S-aJdwxas \xxx\Ve. 
800 97 AWo s«A\xce9Y>v( Va\se ^ro^\\e-Xs. 
900 ft\ 9v)x\axxs 2eieaXe^\)^\sxaeV\Xes. 

1000 92 TiaMxft \4> AxxxxowxXeft V.vv\q. 
1100 97 Ywwqftowx xY\e YaX\x\s Y>eq\xv=>. 

1200 29 TYve Axqox\awX\cex^t9\X\&x\ oc&wxs. 
1300 72 \sXY\'wi\ax\qaw\es9xsx‘\xvXxo^\xt,e^. 
1400 %9*\Yw. VvxsX*b\v\\ ftxauca.. 

1500 7\ 7Yvwas>Yv oxtaxs\sxasX\XviA dcMCa Vkn* A 
1600 99 ftacoft^xe&cViaWxvXaXY^essVaYx. 
1700 \9 iose^W\xvXcx^xeXs7>xaxao\\s^xeaxt\s. 
1800 97 ft’\xcv\,xwc‘\s\ox\\s \wsx\XwXeA. 
1900 99 >NYvMAMvVxea& 9xsx mWm) ftYwoese. 
2000 9ft YvvwqAm oX ft\c\*<m esxaftWs'Vxefc . 
2100 V& TsxoasXex iowwte XVve VKaq\. 
2200 \9 9\xXY\ o<t W\xx\xo& ,_xVs,xxi^VV^VvxOwx. 
2300 Aft 7\o^xe)VXQM«,sc.o\cx\AqolixY\eaxV. 
2400 Aft 9\Xc.Y\useA\x\xvva\C\x\qXYve axV,. 
2500 ftft 2V\\x\es«,c.xx\v\xe\ssax^xoY>eqw\. 
2600 

2700 ftft 9.q^X\ax\Yv\sWx\^sa'AXo\)feQ\x\. 
2800 

2900 97ftAXYv b\«,s aXXYvo.aqo. oi 9YV . 
3000 

3100 9ft ft\xXY\oXV-mtcV,s^^>^«xV\vi«XaY\ 
3200 

3300 \7 VkeVYwvseXaVx \<s \>oxx\. 

3400 

3500 ftft 9\x'\fts axe WAX Wioxe. xV\s Aaxe . 
3600 

3700 29 2eX\x reaeVesVxs NftftXYx qeax. 
3800 7ft TYxeYvaxv avA oxqaw axe Vv\ w=>e. 
3S00 

4000 A- *7Yvi VxxsX xavrv\s wxewXxoxxeft . 

TRUSS.-A transverse spring truss 
for ruptures was patented by Rob-' 
ert Brand, 1771. Tubular Bridges. - 
The Britannia Tubular Bridge was 
constructed in 1846-50.Tuileries.- 
The imperial palace of France,com¬ 
menced,1564 . Tungsten.-Brittle 
metal, first obtained by Luyart, 
1786. Turin age and Poundage. - 
Were the origin of "customs” in 
England,first levied about 1346. 
Turaticls.-For drainage arc an¬ 
cient; a railway tunnel was con¬ 
structed at Liverpool, 1829. Tur¬ 
keys and Guinea Fowls.-First in¬ 
troduced into Europe,about 1523. 
Turkeys are native of America, 
and guineas of Africa. 

TURN PIKES. -First constructed 
jn England, 1663. Type-Compos¬ 
ing Machines.-See Composing Ma¬ 
chines. Type-Founding .-Guten¬ 
berg invented cut metal type, a- 
bout 1452; f irst type cast in Eng¬ 
land, 1720. Type-Writers.- O ne 
constructed for the blind in 

1855, by M.Foucault of France; 
Several were invented by Wheat¬ 
stone, who died in 1875; the Rem¬ 
ington was Invented about 1873. 
Tyre, Era of.-Commenced Oct. 

19,125 B.C. Umbrellas. -First us¬ 
ed in England,about 1778.Undu- 
latory Theory of Light.-Suppos¬ 
es a progressive wave-like motion 
between the eye and the luminous 
body, said to have been first s ug- 
gested by F.&rimaldi,about 1665. 

UNIFORMS. -Military uniforms 
were first used in France" in a 
regular manner,’’about 1668. 
Union Jack.-Original fla^of En¬ 
gland, was incorporated with the 
banner of Scotland,J606.United 
Kingdom.-The British realm was 
so called Jan. 1, 1801.United States 
of America.-First so called by the 
colonial congress,Monday,Sep.9, 
1776. Universal Suffrage.-Was 
adopted by the French in # their 
constitution of 1791. Universi¬ 
ties.-The most ancient in Eu¬ 
rope are: Cambridge,635; Paris, 
792; Oxford, 879; Bologna, 1116. 

The oldest in America are: Har¬ 
vard, 1638 ; William and Mary, 
1693; Yale, 1701. 

UNIVERSITY BOAT RACES.-Began 
with Oxford and Cambridge, 1829. 
Uranium.- Brittle grey metal,dis¬ 
covered by Klaproth, 1789, in the 
mineral pitch-blende. U-ranus. 

-A planet with eight satellites, 
discovered by William Herschel, 
March 13,1781 . Usury .—W as 
permitted from a stranger to 
the Jews, but forbidden from their 
brethren, 1491 B.C. Utilitarian¬ 
ism. -Philosophy which proposes 
the attainment of the greatest 
happiness to the greatest number, 
ascribed to Priestley, died 1804. 


215 


















Vaccination.- Discovered bw Dr. 
Edward Jenner,about 1798. Vac- 
uum.-Patented by Bentham,l795. 
Valentine’s Day. - Feb. 14,estab¬ 
lished in Honor of Valentine,who 
is said to have been a bishop,and 
sneered martyrdom a,bout 2.71. 
Vanadium.-Metal, discovered 
by Sefstrom, 1830. Vandals.-A 
Germanic race, attacked the Ro¬ 
man empire in the,3rd certtu-ry. 
Variable Stars.-Said to Have been 
first observed in a small, star of 
Cetu-s, by Daniel Fabrictu-s, Aug. 
13, 1596. Vatican.-At Rome, be¬ 
came the residence of the pope 
in 1377. 

Vedas. -Sacred b 9 oks of the Hin¬ 
doos, probably written about 1000 
B.C. Velocipedes.-One was invent¬ 
ed by Blanchard .of France,about 
1779; under various names, as 
bicycles, tricycles , etc., these m a- 
chines have been made,and came 
into yeneral use among wheelmen 
about 1861. Velvet.-Mentioned by 
Uoinvilie,1272; previous to 168 5 
its manufacture was confined to 
Italian cities. Ventilators.-lnven- 
ted, by Dr. Hales,about 1741. Ven- 
tTiloquisw.-Speaking sothatthe 
voice appears to come from adif- 
ferent place from that of utterance, 
was first described about 712 B.C. 
Venus.-Aplanet known to the 
ancients. 

Vespers, s icilian.-A term giv¬ 
en to the massacre of the French, 
in Sicily, March 30,1282. Vesta.- 
A planet, discovered by Dr. Gibers 
of Bremen, March 29,1807. ,Ves- 
tals.-Virgin priestesses, said to 
have been first appointed by Nu¬ 
tria, 710 B.C.Vesuvius.-By its e- 
ruption,the cities of Herculane¬ 
um and Pompeii,including more 
than 200,000 inhabitants, were 
destroyed, Aug.24,79 A.D.Vice.- 
An instrument said to have been 
invented by Archyt.as of Tarentuiti, 
about 420 B.C. Vikings.-Scandi- 
navian chiefs,Swedes,Norsemen, 
and Danes, of the 4th century. 

VINE.-Was planted by Noah,2347 
B.C.; a colony of vine-dressers set¬ 
tled in the southern part of France, 
about 600 8-C. Vinegar.-Boaz,a. 
rich citizen of Bethlehem,provi¬ 
ded vinegar as a beverage for h is 
reapers, I3I2;8.C.; the, ancients 
had several kinds, which they us¬ 
ed for drink. Viol arid Violin.-The 
viol,of the middle ages became the 
violin, which is mentioned as 
early as 1200.Violet Blue.-Was 
obtained from aniline,1863.Vir¬ 
ginals.-A keyed instrument, us 
ed first in the, l6th,century.Vis- 
count.-The first viscount in Eng 
land created by patent,was John, 
lord Beaumont, created by Henry 
VI., Feb. 10, 1440. 


CEN. 

1900 

1800 

1700 

1600 

1500 

1400 

1300 

1200 

1100 

1000 

900 

800 

700 

600 

^500 

400 

:3oo 

1200 

100 

o 

£100 

«200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

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800 

900 

1000 

1100 

1200 

1300 

1400 

1500 

1600 

1700 

1800 

1900 

2000 

2100 

2200 

2300 

2400 

2500 

2600 

2700 

2800 

2900 

3000 

3100 

3200 

3300 

3400 

3500 

3600 

3700 

3800 

3900 

4000 


yr ,CHRONOLOGY. 

Vo \ftQXftVRXw»XM.xv) oXftaxxNs, 

Eft X^tsxLexNX \XwcoV<\ 'a&steWtoXeft. 
1ft 2>'\\Xal\w2»ooV 'Mas VXWcA. 

2A \kaxvy\ax\L seMNeAV) 2>aX\\oW<os. 
\\ ftwW co\\a^ve<eA\>\i)XVc ( b^a.vi\v<bs. 
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ft\ 1 \\e bs.'NS'oa'vixsW^ Xxox'VrxvAGe.. 
19. 1 \\g acabe'w.v) oX1\ox«,x\ce,Xo\vx\Laft. 
85 ft 1\\e XV\V< L Qixwsale. XjUws ^jVace. 
ftft ftxJ&ecxqeftQGOXft&s \oxxow s&ixA aXftxq, 
*12 "Weftkooxs LeXeaXeLVv\ft^aVY\. 
1 \ iWftawas \w\iabe *5 c oXYavx^. 
EsfX ^ux\aSs \Q.XY\\\XXcft vw Vo'wws . 
ftQ ft\xX\\ o^wtxaV gowx\c\\ oX QwsXaxv o^V.. 
ftft 2cAX\Vwcft,\w\Xa\^ VxawGe. 
ftl \ew\ce XowwLeb aftowX X\*fc Vme. 
ft\ b\v\\aabekaXss\x^iV(V(\aaV\Yvqs. 
ftT ew^VvaV\Xava. 

ftft ^oxxvaxvftaxfxXciX bwX\^d\>v^V\C)VXv\\\vq. 
67 A.D. PETER AND PAUL EXECUTED, 
ftft 1 e\v,xwsa\\\ 2 I\\x^x\axxaGV^vQw^.w.^. 
3A 1\\efta\Lv\\v&.'v\ \>ec|VYVa. 

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A\ 7s qxeax Xarmwe; aX \so\we. 

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1ft fta\x\ V\\\<s X\se cyxowwb\w viaxxx. 

A\Kaxv\\'sJ48ftVwX\veqaxbatv«X\be'yv. 


VOLTAIC PILE or BATTERY.-V/as 
constructed by Cal vari 1 , 1791, 
but the principle was discovered 
by Volta of Como, who was born, 
1745. Votitip.-The Australian 
system of voting was introduc¬ 
ed into the United States, 1888. 
Voyages.-By order of Pharaoh- 
Necho of Egypt, some Phoenician 
pilots sailed around theOapeof 
Good Hope, 604 B.C.; first voyage 
around the world by Magellan, 

1519. Vulcanized ,Rubber.-Form- 
ed by combining india rub ber 
with sulphur, patented by.C. 
Goodyear, 1839. 

VULGATE. -A term applied to the 
Latin version of,the Bible,author¬ 
ized by the council of Trent,l546, 
and attributed to St. Jerome,a- 
bout 384. Wagons. -Were rare 
until about 1800. Wagner* 
ism .- ec Music of the future,” a 
combination of music and poet¬ 
ry, introduced by R.Wagner in 
London, about 1873. Waits.-The 
nigVit minstrels who perform a 
shorttime before Christmas, or¬ 
ganized in England, about 1400. 
Wakes.- English equivalents of 
the ecclesiastical Vigils, known be¬ 
fore 1,2.85. Waldenses.- A sect in 
habiting Cottian Alps,founded 
about 1170. 

WALL-PAPER. -First used in Hol¬ 
land and Spain, about I 55,5. 
Walls.-The stupendous wall in 
China was completed,about298 
B.C.; one was erected in Britain 
by the Romans,79 to 85 A.D.Wal- 
tiut-Tree.-The largest walnut 
tree on record stood near Wel¬ 
wyn, England, which was fell¬ 
ed in 1627, it covering a space, 
when standing,of 2299 square 
yards.,Black walnut was intro¬ 
duced into Europefrow North 
America before 1629.Waltz.— 
Introduced into England from 
Germany, about 1813. War. — 
The first one on record is that 
of Osymandyas of Egypt, who 
passed into Asia and conquered 
Bactria, 2100 B.C. 

WAR.GAME OF.— Invented by 
a civilian in Germany,about 1815, 
War-Ships.-Important improve¬ 
ments introduced by Seppings, 
1814; first of anew class of screw, 
gun vessels used in the Russian 
war, 1854; first battle between 
jron ships was-that of-the Mon¬ 
itor and Merrimac in the Amer¬ 
ican Civil War, 1861-5.Washing 
Machines.-Several different owes 
invented in the U.S.,before 1862. 
Watches.-Said to have been 
first invented at Nuremberg, 
1477. Water-Clock.-Invented by 
Nasica at Rome, ,159 B.C.Waterr 
Mills.-For grinding com,itivi 
ed at Rome, about 555* 


216 









































Wax -Used for candles before the 
12th century. Weather Charts, Dai¬ 
ly. -First issued in 1872. Weather- 
Cocks. -First mentioned at Athens, 
50 8.C. Weaving. -Said to be.the 
most ancient of arts. Wedding - 
Rings. -Were used by the ancients. 
Week. -Space of seven days, suppos¬ 
ed to have been first used among 
the ancient Jews. Weights and Meas- 
ures.-These and the stamping of 
9 o!d and silver money, are attrib¬ 
uted to Pheidon,tyrant of ArgoS, 
835 B.C. Welding. -Of iron,is an¬ 
cient; by electricity, suggested by 
Joule or Manchester,Eng., 1856; 
of copper, discovered at Verona, 
Pa., by Janies Burns, 1886. 
WELLS.- Were duy by Abraham, 
1892 B.C. Westminster Abbey. - 
Said to have been founded by Sebert, 
king of Essex,611. Whale-Fishery. 
-Said to have been first carried 
on by the Norwegians in the 9th 
century. Wheat. -The Chinese 
claim to have cultivated it before 
2000 B.C. Whisky. -First made 
about the 12th century. Whist.- 
Game at cards, became g enera I 
about 1600. Widows.-The Jew¬ 
ish law required a man’s brother 
to marry his widow, 1490 B.C. 
Wig. -See Peru-ke. 
WILD-FIR.E.- Invented byaGreek 
in 663. Wills and Testaments. - 
Of high antiquity, Jacob having 
made a will, 1689 B.C.; Solon in¬ 
troduced them at Athens, 578 
B.C. Windmills.-S aid to have 
been invented either by the an¬ 
cient Romans,or Saracens; f irst 
known in Spain, France,and Ger¬ 
many, ^SSj'wind saw-mills were 
invented by a Dutchman in I 633. 
Windows. -There were glass win¬ 
dows in Pompeii, 79 A. D.; glazed 
windows were made fashiona¬ 
ble in some European countries,a 
bout 650; glass windows first us¬ 
ed in England, 1177. Wine.- Noah 
planted a vineyard, and made 
wine, 2347 B.C.; said to have 
been made from rice by the Ch i- 
nese, 1998 B.C. 

WIRE. -The invention of drawing 
wire is ascribed to Rodolph of Nu- 
rembergjabout 1410. Witchcraft. 
-Known among the Jews before 
1491 B.C. Witnesses. -Two ormore 
witnesses were required by the 
laws of Moses, 1451 B.C. Wood- 
cuts.-Are ancient in China; in¬ 
troduced into Europe,about 1400. 
Wood-Paper.- Invented by Des- 
grand, 1838. Woolen Cloth . - 
Made by the ancients before 1451 
B.C. Working Men’s Organixa- 
tions.-Have been numerous since 
the great Exhibition of l85I.Wor- 
ship.-The first worship mention¬ 
ed is that of Abel, 3872 8.C., re- 
corded in the fourth chap, of Gen. 


CEN . ^CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 15* 288X\vVxvxvmxsvty'oa.X.8 wpiYq,x S\\\\. 
1800 23 \*Kv&owx\ abo^Xe.\. 

1700 81 3ou ow-ejvw'wmxto . 

1600 88 1V\«/cyve/axklxeAxxVow&ow. 
1500 1 \ ^osX 

1400 58 ^.wqxx'j’vwo) awb tt,XoVi\xw* xxwfcwXab. 

1300 A8 Nix\\\i«x<b\Xx) ok^xaqwc kow\\8e8. 
1200 80 TYe, 

1100 8\ 1W.V&>n< 3 o k ’LwcjXa.wk b\ qesXe. b. 

1000 8% 3\bex ok 8x.8cncb\cX\\\sX\XwXe,b. 
900 88 T\\e Woxxvxaxvs xaNacje.8>^a\w. 
800 13 !V\e8ax\es xa'*a^e8.\v}Y&'vxb. 
700 88 ^w^MA^omi(v\o\viitx\ve.^«,\sft^as. 

i 600 \\ v tiesXn\\wsXM^\!i > oe^ko\wv^eii. 
500 15 Ci\ n\\ \Naxs> \w ^xax\c.e.. 

400 85 TYVib 8axQw\wMas\ciY\ at 8V\Xa\rv. 
300 88 

.200 14 lexwjViok XV\cswv\W\\X ax8\ovrvu. 

^ 100 38 i\w>Xw\t.axX^\'N'(\X«sa^o\'oj^W8Vx»6. 

* O 33 A.D.CHRIST IS CRUCIFIED. 

O , t . . 

0100 1ft ? ^ W \<b \W V»\\\m. 

L200 28 M4a\ \>eX\Nw,Yv ^oxwwvsaxAl^xms. 
: -300 \2 8>c\e,wc\xs ca^Vwxes 8a\>^\ow. 

' 400 48 NXe\^V\X ok Vc\\ex\vax\ \xos\«x\Xv). 
500 35 Y\xsX Xxaqc.i.V) acXcb aX VxVvews. 
600 1\ 5tcox\b\^tswxtta.x\\Nax ewbs. 
700 5A \K\caV\SM\\«A as a. yuo^VeX • 
800 88 5\\sVa causes\xox\Xo s>\nVvy\. 
900 83 ANvtWwc^Qxw ok ^ssvyx’va. ex\b%. 
1000 23 kVaXowyxsXeXs av\b\sV\WcA\)\;ioa.8. 
1100 38 Vluqboxuok^VaxaoYsaX\XsW\qV\X. 
1200 25 'WxeVawNNaxokxVxe sevewVvevoes. 
1300 44 l\\eyv*\qb(yvcvok Vxqos bWxbeb. 
1400 53 H«sm> bxesuXXW. aqe, ok WO. 
1500 58 \\\x\C|io'w ok AxYcws kowx\b'w)3em^ 
1600 35 3okk\x\s useb kox VV\e beab. 

1700 \5 bow}\\k\xvb c .> qxaaauesWLc^X. 

1800 32 ''NcWs axe bwq \>\) iVoxaYvaxxx. 
1900 88 AV\e?e\asq\ axe, Vv\ Oxeece. 
2000 \1 Sm\xaxv\\s,<\weex\ ok lVj,sv*x\a. 
2100 58 VK\s\a\nvV\u\ta dvxkes \\\5qv^x. 
2200 83 YCvabviXvasX^ ko\\\\be,b'\x\3\\\x\a. 
2300 38 Axaoe okV\\\qsxe\q\\\xv\\v^\a. 
2400 53 ^xaxv\\bs sa\3xo\va'ie5eew5eciwv\. 
2500 

2600 88 3u\X\\iaX\oxv ok s\\V5eo)ax\\xx2Yivx\a. 
2700 

2800 \1 \LeXVw,se\a\\ xearivves 

2900 

3000 lA5eaxVvofcM%m,a*eA555. 

3100 

3200 84 W\w xcaoVvesYus 838v\v uoax. 
3300 

3400 38 5ex\\ xeacVesYC\s 433x\x ueax. 
3500 

3600 88 8.wos xeaoW,s Vas \38x\\ \\eax. 
3700 

3800 15 \Vaxos\x\Mexxxeb'oY 8v0oa\. 

3900 

4000 A\txaxv kxoxwVaxqwbiia cklbwv. 


WORSTED.-Spun wool,invent¬ 
ed at Worsted,Eng.,before 1340. 
Writing. -Pictures are consider¬ 
ed to be the firstessay towards 
writing; Athotes is said to have 
thus written a history of Egypt, 
2112 B.C. ; writing is said to 
have been taught to the Latins 
by Europa, daughter of Agenor, a 
king of Phoenicia, 1494B.C.; Cad¬ 
mus, the founder of Cadmea, is 
said to have introduced the Phoe¬ 
nician letters into Greece,1493 B.C. 
XyloiecHtiographica.-A process 
for staining wood various colors, 
invented by A.F. Brophy,about 1875. 

YACHTS.-Light vessels for pleasure 
or for racing, club formed in Lon¬ 
don, 1838. Yard.-Measure of 3 
feet, declared by Henry I. of Eng¬ 
land to be the length of his arm, 
about II 15. Yeast.-A substance 
causing fermentation, discovered 
to be a vegetable cel I or fungus, by 
Schwann, 1836. Yellow Fever. — 
Art American pestilence,first wade 
its appearance at Philadelphia,1699. 
Yellow-Stone National Park.-Or¬ 
ganized by Congress, 1872. Yoke.- 
As a twpe of servitude, and mak¬ 
ing prisoners pass under it, was 
practiced by the Samnites towards 
the Romans, 321 B.C. This disgrace 
was afterwards inflicted by the 
Romans upon their vanquished. 

YTTRIUM. -A rare metal, the 
earth ytt-rla. being discovered 
by Prof.Gadolin of Sweden, 1794, 
and the metal by Wohler, 1828. 
It is of a dark grey color, and 
brittle. Za»izaleens.-A sect 
denying the efficacy of water 
baptism,and claiming theneces- 
sity of being baptized with fire, 
and the application of a red-hot 
iron. The sect rose in Syria in 535. 
Zend-Avesta. -Ancient sacred 
books of the Parsees.The age of 
the.books is much disputed,some 
claiming that they date from be¬ 
fore 1200 B.C.Zinc.-The ore of 
zinc, calamine and. spelter, was 
known to the ancient Greeks and 
Chinese. 

ZIRCONIUM. -Metal,obtained by 
Berzelius, 1824.Zodiac.-lts twelve 
signs were named and located by 
Anaximander, about 560 B.C. The 
Greeks and Arabians borrowed 
the zodiac from the Hindoos.The 
zodiacal light was so named by 
Cassini, 1683. Zollvcrcin. -The 
name.given to the German com¬ 
mercial union, projected by Prus¬ 
sia, 1818. Zoology .-A science treat¬ 
ing of animal life, founded by Ar¬ 
istotle, 322-284 B.C..Linnaeus,in 
1741, divided the animal kingdom 
into six classes: -Mammalia ,those 
suckling their young; Ayes, birds; 
Amphibia., frogs, etc.; Pisces, fishes; 
/vsecta /insects; Vermes, worms. 


217 































Gesture No. I. 


Gesture No.2. 


summary of parliamentary proc^durs 

EwbracDi^ abottfc three hundred points o( order. Follow each motion piveri in the 
alphabetic list at the le/t to its respective re/erences piven at the riq ht. 


Adjourn, motion to ...I 7 II 

Adjourn,motion to fix time to which to ...2 7 12 

Amend,motion to.3 7 12 

Amendment, motion to amend an.3 7 II 

Amend -rules, mot ion to..3 7 12 

Appeal, relating to indecorum, etc.17 11 

Appeal, from speaker’s decision generally .. 3 7 II 

Call to order.....17 11 

Close debate,-motion to.I 7 12 

Commit,motion to..*.....3 8 12 

Committee, motion that they do now rise. I 7 II 
Consideration of question,objections to... I 7 II 

Debate, motion to close.I 7 12 

Debate,motion to extend limits on.I 7 12 

Debate, motion to limit...I 7 12 

Fix time to which to adjourn,-motion to ... 2 7 72 

Indecorum, appeal -relating to.17 11 

Indecorum, leave to continue speaking after .. 17 11 

Lie on the table,-motion that.do... I 7 II 

Limit debate, motion to.I 7 12 

Motion, motion to withdraw a..17 11 

Objection to consideration of a question.,% I 7 II 

Order, call to...I 7 II 

Orders ofthe day, motion/or...17 11 

Postpone to a certain time, motion to .... 4 7 12 

Postpone indefinitely, motion to.3 8 II 

Previous question, motion for .17 11 

Priority of business, questionstouching .... I 7 12 

Privilege, questions of.. ...3 7 12 

Question, debatable,motion to reconsider... 3 8 11 

(Question, objection to consideration of .I 7 II 

Question, to take up out of its proper order. 17 11 
Question, undebatable,motion to reconsider. I 7 II 
Question whether subject shall be discussed... I 7 II 
Questions, tor-ms in which they may be put ... G 10 14 

Questions of precedence of questions.5 9 13 

Reading papers .._.I l j| 

Reconsider a debatable question,motion to. 3 8 II 
Reconsider an undebatable question, motion to. I 7 II 

Refer a question, motion to.3 8 12 

Rise,-motion that committee do-now....I 7 II 

Rules, motion to_ suspend.17 11 

Special order, motion to make subject a.3 7 12 

Substitute, m the nature of amendment... 3 7 12 

Suspend -rules,-motion to.I 7 11 

Table, motion to take from.I 7 11 

Withdraw a motion, motion to.I 7 II 


16 

20 

24 

28 

15 

20 

24 

28 

15 

20 

24 

28 

15 

20 

24 

28 

15 

21 

24 

28 

15 

20 

24 

29 

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20 

24 

29 

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20 

25 

29 

15 

21 

24 

28 

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20 

24 

28 

16 

20 

24 

28 

15 

21 

25 

29 

15 

21 

24 

28 

15 

20 

24 

28 

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21 

24 

28 

15 

20 

24 

28 

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20 

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29 

15 

20 

24 

28 

17 

20 

24 

28 

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21 

24 

28 

15 

20 

24 

28 

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21 

25 

29 

15 

20 

25 

29 

15 

20 

25 

29 

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20 

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16 

20 

24 

30 

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29 

15 

21 

24 

28 

16 

20 

24 

30 

15 

21 

25 

29 

19 

23 

27 

32 

18 

22 

26 

31 

15 

20 

24 

28 

(6 

20 

24 

30 

16 

20 

24 

30 

15 

20 

24 

28 

16 

20 

24 

28 

16 

21 

24 

28 

15 

21 

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17 

20 

24 

28 

15 

20 

24 

28 


T\\«. \w Vx\cao\&s> o 4 Va-<V\a\y\e\\Xa-'(\) VaNN,as ^xacVvce.^ \-v\ 

cownXrv^, are \v\ We Vo on g. aV a q\a-v\ce, 






I. The question is undebatable, but sometimes re¬ 
marks are tacitly allowed. 

8. The question is undebatable when anothet ques¬ 
tion is before the assembly. 

3 . The question is debatable. 

4-- Limited debate is allowed on the question on 
ly on the propriety of postponement. 

5. Fixing the time to which an adjournment may 
be made, ranks first 

C. A motion to amend, ran ks eighth. 

7. The question does not allow reference to the 
main question. 

E. The question opens the main question to debate. 

9 . To adjourn, when unqualified,ranks second. 

10. A motion to postpone indefinitely,ranks ninth. 

8 8 . The question cannot be amended. 

(A. The question -may be amended. 

13 . A motion for the orders of the day, ranks third 

I4-. 0 n motion to strike out words:"Shall the 
words stand part of the motion,” unless a 
majority sustain the words,they are struck out 

15. The question can be -reconsidered. 

16. The question cannot be reconsidered. fed 

17. An affirmative vote on this question cannot be reconsuier- 

18. A motion to lie on the table, ranks fourth. 

19. On motion for the previous question,"Shall the 
main question be now put ?” This,if carried, 
ends debate. 

20. A majority suffices to determine the question. 

21. Two-thirds vote,unless special rules are enacted, 
a*. A motion for the previous question, ranks fifth. 

Appealing from the Chair’s decision:"Shall the de¬ 
cision be sustained as the ruling of the house?” 
The chair is generally sustained. 

The -motion must be seconded. 

The motion does not requireto be seconded. 

A motion to postpone definitely, ranks sixth. 

27. A motion for Orders of the Day, if carried, 
supersedes intervening motions. 

28. The question is not in order when another hasthefloor. 

29. The question is in order at any time. 

30. The question may be moved and recorded when an¬ 
other has the floor; not, However, putting aside the 
business before the assembly. The motion must be 
made by one who voted on the prevailing side, and 
on the. same day as the original vote was taken. 

31. A motion to commit,ranks seventh. 

32. An objection to the question Shall the ques¬ 
tion be considered ?” may be made by any mem¬ 
ber before debate has commenced, but not after. 


23. 


24. 

25. 
26 


Signification of the Gestures.— l. Grief. 2. Dislike. 3. Caution. 4. Adoration. 5. Invocation. 
6. Regret. 7. Courage. 8. Disdain. 9. Patriotism. 10. Appeal, ll. Admiration. 12. Resolution. 
13. Cursing. 14. Hate. „„„ 





































































































Gesture 


/^OJOliUN. — To pul off from ptie day 

i to another. A motion to a(^journ,ex■ 
cept “to fix the time to which to ad 
jo urn,” takes prece dence of all oth- 

i ers. It is neither debatable, amend¬ 
able, -reeonsiderable, nor has it any 

3 subsidiary motion applied to it. Rual 
i/ication in any way changes its priv¬ 
ileged character to that of any other 

4 principal motion. When there has 
been/any intervening bu-sincss, a 
motion to adjoitrrj may be repeat- 

s ed.Wtien a committee is ready to 
make its report, instead of adjourn- 

e ing, a motion.is made “to rise.” If 
it does not close the session, any bus 
jness interrupted by an adjournment 
is the first in order at the next meet 

7 ing. If it close the session,there be¬ 
ing more than one regular session 
each year, any unfinished business is 
taken up first i n order at the next 
session; provided that in a body elect 
ed for a definite tjwe, the term of 
office of none of its members ex¬ 
pires during the period of adjourn- 
s went. If it close the session, there 
being not more than one regular 
Session each year; and the term of 
office of any of the officers expires 
before the next regular session,all 
s unfinished business is ended .When 
it is desired to close a meeting in 
order to prevent,an assembly from 
being kept in session an unreasona¬ 
bly long time, there should be a 
rule limiting the time that the 
floor can be occupied by any one 
member at one time, after the ex 
piration of which, any member who 
gets the floor shou Id move"to ad¬ 
journ.” After second ing,the Chair 
man instantly puts the.question, 
and if decided afffrmatively,hesays, 
“The motion is carried; this assem¬ 
bly stands adjourned s'me. k\e” or 
as the case way be.V5>®-«'^'*"V\xv\e.Y 
AMEfNfprviErrfT.- Any alterati on 
yvhic h is made or proposed to be wade 
in a motion, bill, by-laws,etc., by add¬ 
ing, changing, substituting or omitting, 
i A motion to amend takes precedence 
of nothing except the question it is 
proposed to amend. It can be amend 
ed itself, but an amendment to an 
amendment cannot be.amend ed. 

■j It yields to any subsidiary,incident 


3 al, or privileged question. For an a- 
mendment to be inconsistent with 
another, or to. conflict withthe orig- 

4 inal.motion, it must have a direct 
bearing upon it. A-h amendment 
may be: (l)“X-o sVxWe owV oexVivn 
vtox&s. avvi \x\s«.x'x aVvxexs. 11 This 
motion is indivisible, and if losf,art 
other may be made; (2) “to afcd or 
\x\se-xt” certain words or paragraphs; 
( 3 ) “to sWostvtate” another motion 
on the same subject for the one pen¬ 
ding : (+) ‘‘to stxvVe- owt” certain 
words or paragraphs. If this motion 
fail, it does not preclude an amend 
•went, or a motion “to sW\V.e. owt 
tni'wsMV. * 1 * 3 4 * * 7 ’ (5) “to kW\&«. W\e <\we%- 
t\ox\” into two or wore questions 
so as to secure a separate vote on 

s each point. When a paragraph is 
once inserted, it cannot be struck 
out or amended except by adding 
to it; also when words are insert¬ 
ed in a resolution,they cannot be 
struck out, except by a motion 
to strike out the paragraph, or 
such part as shall wake the ques 
tion an entirely different one 
from that of inserting the partic¬ 
ular words. It can be broughtup 
again only by moving a reconsid- 

e eration. The following motions 
cannot be amended: (•) to recon¬ 
sider; (2) to lie on the table; (3) 
for the previous question;(4j to 
adjourn (if unqual if ied); (5 ) for 
the orders, of the day; (6) to. post¬ 
pone indefinitely;( 7) all incidental 
questions;(8) an amendment of 

7 an amendment. A-h amendment 
to a constitution, by-laws, or 
rules of order, requires a previ¬ 
ous notice, and a two-thirds 
vote for its ad option.Vbce YwxAes 
ok Ox&eX,‘b\)-Vaws,CoYVst\Vwt’\o-x\, 
towm\Ue«.V 

ANNOUrtfCitdG the Vote.- See 

Voting. 

APP^A 1 - •— To call upon another, 
or to the house,to decide a ques¬ 
tion controverted, to vindicate 
one’s rights, or to corroborate a 

1 statement. If a member object 
to the deejsion of the presiding of¬ 
ficer relative to questions of order, 
he says,“I appeal from the decision 
of the Chair, ” when, if seconded, 
the. Chairman says,“ Shall the de¬ 
cision of the Chair stand asthejudp- 
ment of the. assembly ? ” I f there 
be a majority or a.tie vote,the 
decision of the Chair is sustained 

2 An appeal cannot be amended,and 
yields to privileged questions; when 
relating to indecorum, violation 
of .the rules of speaking, to the pri¬ 
ority of business, or if made dur¬ 
ing the pending of the previous 
question, it cannot be debated . 

3 If debatable the presiding officer 
may state the reasons for.his de¬ 
cision, not leaving the chair while 
doing so. Members are allowed to 

4 speak but once on the question. A 
vote on an appeal .may be recon- 
sidered^ut is notin order while 
another appeal is pending. \’h>e<i 
Vo‘\x\t ok Or&ex'V 

/\PPLY.— To put. or adjust one thing 
to another; as, in case a motion 
can have.no subsidiary motion av 
^\\e& to it, the fact is so stated; for 
example, a particular motion, as 


a motion to adjourn, cannot be. laid 
on the table, postponed, committed 
or amended. 

ASS!5^BU(. — A number of persons 
collected together, usually for some 
common purpose, as for delibera¬ 
tion, legislation, religious worship, 
i or social entertainment. When ws j 
ed inthefor-ms of motions,it should 
be replaced by the special term used 
to designate the particular assembly, 
as society, convention, board, etc. 
VSee. \Xe.\\\>eYaX\\ie KssemVAv^ar^ Ox- 
aaw\xaV\ox\N. 

A\es and pb^s. — Ayes are affir¬ 
mative votes, and noes, negative; 
also the same as yeas and nays. 
V=>ee- MoVwvf\. 

ballot.—a printed q v written tick¬ 
et used in voting. It W^S griginal- 
ly a ball used for secret voting. 
BLANK'S. — Empty spaces to.be fiII- 
i ed in with some special writing.I -m 
filling blanks the longest time or 
the largest sum proposed must be 
a first put to the question. Resolu¬ 
tions are sometimes conveniently 
amended by creating blanks by 
moving to strike out certain num¬ 
bers or times. Any number of mem¬ 
bers may propose numbers to fill 
a blank without the formality of 
3 a motion. I-h ballotting blankvotes 
are not to be counted. 

Boaho- — A number of persons elect¬ 
ed or appointed, to sit in council for 
the management or direction of 
some public or private business or 
i trust. For the order of the reports 
of boards of trustees, managers, 
etc., see Order of Business, and 
Q. wo rum. 

BbSIffESS.— Anything that demands 
attention T or matter under corj- 

1 sideration. In introducing busi¬ 
ness, it is either brought before 
the assembly by a motion, or by 
the presentation of ^.communica¬ 
tion; except in receiving.the re¬ 
ports of committees, or inthereg- 

2 ular routine of business. When 
amotion forthe introduction 
of business has been seconded, it 
is then stated by the presiding of¬ 
ficer, after wh ich it may be debat¬ 
ed; if the motion be in writing,it 
is handed to the Chairman , and 
read before it is debated. Sugges¬ 
tions or alterations may,howev¬ 
er, be wade before the question is 
stated by the Chairman,thereby 
saving much time, but debate is 

3 not allowed. Until a motion has 
been stated by the Chair, its.orig¬ 
inator may either modify it, or 
withdraw it entirely ”, but not' 
after, without the consent of the 
assembly. The one who seconded 
the motion may withdraw his 
second after the mover modifies 

4 his motion. Having been stated 
by the presiding off icer, a question 
is in the possession of the assernbly 
for debate; the mover riot being 
allowed to either modify or with¬ 
draw it, except by consent of the 
assembly, or by moving an amend 
ment.ybe.e, OV>Va\x\\x\qvVe V\oov, 
ax\& ^W\s\ox\ ok ttAve<bV\ o-vx ,aAso Ox- 
\ex ok %ws\we-‘=.s,^x\ox\'tv) ok 'fewsA- 
r\ess,ax\& \}x\k"\xvwW&^nvsYwe&s^. 

BY-LA^AfS. — Local or restricted laws 
made for application to particular 


219 










































circumstances. In general, by-laws 

contain all standing rules 0 / a soci¬ 
ety, 0 / such Importance that they 
should -not be placed within the 
power of one meeting to modify. 

_ VSeeCor\sVvVwX\on,-»/Y\&^\Ae,s <a4ta&txY 

C/VLLOFTHe Ho\jSE.-ln parlia¬ 
mentary practice, a special order 
by the Speaker for each member to 

1 attend in his place. The object is 
to compel the attendance of absent 
members, it being allowable only in 
assemblies having the power to com- 

2 pel the attendance of absentees. In 
the absence of a quorum, a small 
-number (one-fifth of the -members 
elect in Congress) can order a call 

3 of the house. Un til a quorum is 
obtained, the members ordering 
the call should not be permitted to 
adjourn, or to dispense with fur¬ 
ther proceedings in the call. A rule 
should be adopted providing for this 

4 In the absence of a quorum, a call 
of the house takes precedence of ev¬ 
erything.except the motion to ad 
jo urn; if a quorum is present, a 
motion for a call ranks with ques¬ 
tions of privilege, a majority vote 

3 beiny required for its adoption.Af¬ 
ter a call is ordered, no -motion is 
in order, except one. relating.to the 
call itself, or a motion to ad joum. 

6 no recess being allowed. Al I proceed¬ 
ings in a cajl are ended by adjourn¬ 
ing, except in case a quorum is pres¬ 
ent, the members already arrested 
may be ordered to present their 
excuses at an adjourned meeting. 

7 The proceedings in a call are:(l).the 
clerk calls the roll of -members in 
alphabetic order, noting the absent 
ees;(2) he calls over again t he 
names of the absentees, when ex¬ 
cuses may be made; (3) the doors 
are locked, that no one may leave, 
and an order adopted “That the 
Sergeant-at-Arms take into custo 
dy, and bring to the bar of the House, 
such of its members as are absent 
without the leave of the House;” 
(4-J a warrant is signed by the pre¬ 
siding officer, attested by the clerk, 
with a list of absentees attached, 
and given to the Sergeant-at-Arms, 
who immediately proceeds to arrest 
the absentees; (S) appearing with 
the arrested members, he proceeds 


to the Chairman’s desk, followed.by 
the arrested members, then making 
his return ; ( 6 ) the presiding officer 
arraigns each arrested member sep¬ 
arately, asking what excuse he has 
to offer for being absent from the 
sittings of the assembly without its 
leave; (7) the member states his 
excuse, when amotion is made for 
his discharge from custody and read 
mitted to his seat either without 
the payment of a fine,or after the 
fine has been paid; until which the 
member can neither vote nor" be 
recognized by the Chair. 

C/VLL TO Of\O^R.- The presiding 
officer should enforce the orders 
and rules of the assembly, without 

1 delay or debate. Also each member 
noticing a violation of a.rule, is 
expected to insist upon its enforce¬ 
ment. Rising from, his seat.and 
addressing the.presiding officer,he 
says, “Mr. Chairman, I rise to a 
pointof order.” Immediately 
taking his seat, he is requested 
by the Chairman to state his point 
of order, which he does, after which 

2 he again resumes his seat. Upon de¬ 
cision of the point by the Chair,if 
no appeal be taken, the first -mem- 

3 ber resumes his speech. If His re¬ 
marks are decided to be improper, 
and any one objects, hecannotcoti 
tinue speaking without a vote of 

4 the assembly. If it is.a case of im¬ 
proper language used in debate, a 
member may say,“ I call the gen¬ 
tleman to order; ” after which 
the Chairman decides as before. 

5 If the Chair be unable to decide a 
pgint of order, he may ask the ad¬ 
vice of.members, who respond.with 
out rising, or he may submit it to 
the assembly. 

— The person.that pre¬ 
sides over a public or private assem¬ 
bly. For his duties,see Presiding 
Officer. 

CH*\NGIq OFVOTE.-For the priv¬ 
ilege of changing one^s vote before 
the result is announced,see Voting. 

ClASSlF|C/VnO(\f OF N^OTtOpIS.- 
See. Motions. See also Privileged, 
Principal, Subsidiary, and Inciden¬ 
tal Motions. 

CLEf^K,.— An officer employed to 
write orders, letters, dispatches,pub 
lie and private papers,records, and 
transact other business.\£ee, < be,c.- 

COIN^lv\IT.—To refer a subject to 

1 a committee. In order to secure 
a more deliberate consideration 
of a matter, to gain further in¬ 
formation upon it, or to improve 
theform in which it is presented, 
a -motio.n is usually made to refer 
the subject to a committee. The 
committee’s report may also be 

2 recommitted. A motion to com¬ 
mit takes precedence of the -mo¬ 
tions to amend or to indefinitely 
postpone.; jt also yields.to incident¬ 
al or privileged questions,to amo¬ 
tion to lie on the table, to post¬ 
pone, to a certain day,orforthe 

3 previous question.lt is debatable, 
and way be. amended by altering 
the co-mmi ttee, or giving it.in- 

4 structions. This committee is to 
be the regular one whose duties 
embrace the subject, if there be 


such; otherwise the motion should 

be to refer to a special commit-tee, 
whose character should be named in 
the motion; or .the number and 
kind of committee need not be 
decided till after it has been voted 
to refer the subjeg-t to a committee 

5 A part of the subject may be refer¬ 
red to a committee, or different 
parts to different.committees. If 
the committee be instructed as to 
the duties assigned, such instruc¬ 
tions must be strictly followed. In 
the absence of instructions, the 
committee has full power to report 
in any manner consistent with the 
received forms of parliamentary 

6 proceedjngs. If the motion does 
not designate the method of ap¬ 
pointing a committee, and there 
is no standing rule on the subject, 
the Chairman inquires how the 
committee shall be appointed,and 
this is usually decided, informally. 

7 Sometimes the Chair **appoints,” 
or the committee is “nominated” 
either by the Chair or by -members 
of the assembly {no member nom 
inating more than one),when they 
are voted upon togetHen.^ce-C-onv.- 
wvoc 'XeoS. 

COMMITTEE. — One or more per¬ 
sons either appointed or elected, 
to whom any matter or business 

1 is referred. For the method of 
appointing a committee,see last 
part .of preceding article, also Res- 

2 olutions. When a committee is 
properly selected, its action usual- 

3 ly decides.that of the assembly. If 
a committee be intended for aoVum 
it should .be small, and composed 
of those in favor of the. propos¬ 
ed.action; if for investigation or 
deliberatio.n, itshould be larger, 
representing.all parties in the as¬ 
sembly, that its opinion may car- 

4 ry as great weight as possible.The 
chairman ofacommitte is the 
first member named, and it is his 
duty to call, the committee togeth¬ 
er and preside, at their meetings. 
If for any reason He fails to call to¬ 
gether the committee, it is their 
duty to assemble atthe call of any 

5 two of their members. A quorum 
is necessary for the committee to 

6 act. Papers referred to a commit¬ 
tee must not be, defaced, their amend 
ments being written on a separate 
sheet. Amendments to. a paper o- 
rigjnated by the committee,must 
be incorporated therein. In making 
amendments each paragraph is 
considered separately, and wherr 
the entire, paper has been thus con¬ 
sidered., it is open to amendments, 
by striking out clauses or paragraphs, 
inserting new ones, or by substitu- 

7 ting an entirely new paper. The 
report being adopted, it is written 
out, commencing thus: “ The com¬ 
mittee to which was ref erred {sxzxt 
-waXXeV),be 9 leave to submit the fol¬ 
lowing report; ” or “Your commit¬ 
tee appointed to^svave \waxxeA,would 
respectfully report ” etc. The report 
closes thus : “ All of which is respect¬ 
fully submitted,” followed by allthe 
members signatures who concurred 
in the report, or sometimes only 
that of the chairman, who usually 

8 presents i t to the assembly. If the 


220 




































Pest ure l\l o. 5. 


minority sub-wit a-report, it should 

coniwerice thus: ** The undersigned, 
a minority of the committee appoint¬ 
ed, ” etc. It is usual to allow the mi¬ 
nority to present their report after 
that of the majority has been read, 
though it cannot be acted upon unless 
there.be a motion made to substi¬ 
tute it for the report of the commit 

9 tee. A motion to recommit, when 
adopted, revives a committee,after 
it has been discharged following the 
reading of their report. They a-redis- 

10 charged without a motion* A com¬ 
mittee (except a committee of the 
whole) may appoint a sub-com-mit 

11 tee. When ready to make their re¬ 
port, a motion is made for the corn 
•mittee to “rise ” (equivalent to the 
motion to adjourn), and that the 
chairman (or some member more 
familiar with the report) make 

a its report to the assembly.I -h case 
Of disorderly conduct, a committee 
has no power to punish its members, 
but must report the facts to t h e 
assembly. \Sce ^va.wb\wo>CiOYavi\\v- 
Vee, < i>e.\ecV ComW\VVee,C)orYvw\\VVe< 2 - 
oi VV\e vNV\o\e, Vve^orVs oi tow- 

COIVINIITT^ OP T)(E\vHol-E.-A 

committee consisting of the en¬ 
tire assembly. The object of such 
a committee is to consider a sub 
ject which is not desired to refer 
to a committee, as when a sub 
ject-matter has not been proper¬ 
ly considered and formulated for 
a definite action. When it is desir¬ 
ed to consider a question at once, 
a motion i9 made,"That the assew 
bly do now resolve itse/f into acorn 
mittee of the whole, fcb take un¬ 
der consideration, ” etc. (See Com¬ 
mit, for its order of precedence), 

3 The motion adopted, t+ie Chairman 
calls another member to the chair, 
taking his place as a member of the 

4 committee. As the committee can¬ 
not adjourn, the only motions in 
order are to amend and adopt,and 
that the committee “rise and re 
port; ” neither can it order the 

5 “yeas and nays.” To close orlim- 
it debate, the assembly must vote 
that the debate in committee shall 
cease at a certain, tirue. If there 
be no prescribed limit, any mem 


ber may speak as often and as long 

6 as.he may get the floor.The com¬ 
mittee can neither refer the ques¬ 
tion to another com mittee, nor al¬ 
ter the text of any resolution refer¬ 
red to it; but in case the resolution 
originates in the committee, all 
amendments are incorporated in 

i it. When the subject has been du¬ 
ly considered, or ati adjournment 
is desired, amotion is made that 
“the committee rise and report,” 
etc. The motion, being adopted, 
the presiding officer takes the chair, 
and the chairman of the commit 
tee, having resumed his place i n 
the assembly, rises and Informs 
the Chairman that “the commit¬ 
tee have gone through the busi¬ 
ness referred to them, and that 
he is ready to make the report.when 
the assembly is ready to recei ve 

8 it.” The clerk makes a memo¬ 
randum of the proceedir» 9 s for 
the use of the committee,, but not 
recording them on the minutes. 

9 Should the committee.become, 
too disorderly, the presiding offi¬ 
cer may take the chair, and de- 

io clare the committee dissolved. A 
quorum is the same as that for 
the assembly, and without which, 
it can only rise and report the 
fact to the assembly, which would 
then have to adjourn- 

CO^S|D^I\^TIO(4.- Continuous 
and careful thought; the result 
of deliberation,.or of attention 
and examination.V.^>e-«’0\)Set.V\oYv 
Vo Co\vs\&e*aV\or\ ok a G^u,esX/\orO\. 

CONSTITUTION-— The fundamen 
tal, organic law or principles 
of government of an organized 
body of -men, usually, but n at 
necessarily, embodied in written 
documents ; also the documents 
themselves. When forming acon- 
stitution and by-laws for an or¬ 
ganization of any kind, it would 
be well to procure copies of those 
adopted by similar organizations 
and make one of these the basis. 
VjlVe kor-m qwiw wv\&e,\ ^wsawcss 
iow; \\\ YV\\s \vtVa-v\wa\ nn\W serxe 

a as a qenexa\ n\o&e\V After the 
committee'having charge of.the 
preparation of the constitution 
and by-laws Have finished their 
work, a motion is made "that 
■the^ committee rise, and that the 
chairman report the constitution 
and by-laws to the assembly.”. I f 
this be adopted, t he.constitution 
and by-laws are written out,and 
a brief report is made, by the cow 

3 mittee. The constitution should 
be made very difficult to amend, 
a previous notice being required, 
and a two-thirds or a three-fourths 
vote for its adoption.\'><te"\)-Ya\Ns, 
?\w\es ok O-v&e*, Sia / vvilvvv)^\v\e£\. 

COflVEf(TIO|yf.-A meting on 
assembly of persons, as of repre¬ 
sentatives or delegates, to accom 
plish some specific.object. Ks- 
setw\a\\), Ox qar\\vaV\or\, an & Vavm- 
nenv < boc\eV\>V 

Credentials. — Testimonials to 
show that a person is entitled to 
credit, or Has a right to exercise 
official power; as, a certificate that 
one has been elected a delegate. In 
the organization of a convention 


where it becomes necessary to know 
who are properly members of the as¬ 
sembly and entitled to vote, before 
the permanent organization is ef¬ 
fected, a temporary organization is 
made by the election of a chairman 
and.secretary ^ro Vena.; when the 
chairman announces,“ The next 
business in order is the appoint¬ 
ment of a committee on creden¬ 
tials, which is done by some one 
mo v 1119 “ That a comm it tee ( usu¬ 
ally of three) be appointed on the 

a credentials of members. In vot¬ 
ing to accept the report of the 
committee, only those reported 
by the committee as having prop- 

3 er credentials can vote. The com¬ 
mittee should also report doubtful 
or contested cases, making rec¬ 
ommendations, which the assem 
bly may either postpone, adopt, or 
reject. O r 9 anxza. V\ o rO*. 

DEBATE .-Argument for and 
against; as, the debates in Parlia- 

1 ment or in Congress. Before a 
subject is open for debate, it must 
be brought before the house by 
amotion and statement by the 

2 Chair.Vbee'fcwsA-nes.s.V Before a 
member speaks in debate,he must 
rise and respectfully, address the 
Chair; as, ** Mr. Chairman,” (or 
President or Moderator, as the case 
may be), after which the Chair- 

3 man announces his name. By 
courtesy, the mem ber upon whose 
-motion a subj.ect.is brought before 
the assembly, is first entitled to 
the f Joor. I f it be the report of a 
committee, the member Who pre¬ 
sents the report; he is also enti- 

4 tied to close the debate. If amem 
ber report a measure from a com¬ 
mittee, he is invariably entitled 

5 to close the debate. With this ex¬ 
ception, no -mem-ber can speak 
nvore.than twice on the same 
question ( once on questions of 
order); nor longerthan ten min¬ 
utes at a time, without leave of 

6 the assembly. Until every mem¬ 
ber choosing to speak has spoken, 
-no member may speak a second 

7 time. All remarks must be con¬ 
fined to the question before, the 
assembly, and all personalities or 
ref lections, upon any one’s mo 

8 tives be avoided. If great freedom 
is wanted in debate, the question 
may be considered informally,or 
if the assembly be large, 90 i nto 

9 committee.of.the whole. If it be 
desired to limit debate more, or 
toclose.it, it mag be done by a 

10 two-thirds vote. There is a dis¬ 
tinction between de bate and wak¬ 
ing suggestions or asking questions, 
and it should always be kept in view. 

11 For the suppression of debate on 
p subject,see Previous.Question. 

12 Al I debate on a question may be 
closed by any of the following 
motions, which are undebatable, 
and, except to lie on the table,re¬ 
quires a two thirds vote for their 
adoption : (I) loWe ov\ vV\e 
which, when adopted, puts the 
question to the table,from which 
it can only be removed by a major¬ 
ity vote. ( it) ~^V\e. Vrevi’\ows> Ckwes>- 
V\orv, which, when adopted, cuts 
off debate by bringing the assem- 


221 . 


4 





























Gesture No.6. 


bly to vote on the pending question 
only. It the pending motion is an 
aweridmetit, or a motion to_ com¬ 
mit, it also applies to the question to 
be amended or committed, or to an 
amendment of an amendment. 
(3) K'A OV)«,cV\or\ Vo We. to'vw’vtoxaVvyvv 
oV-a. QuvesVxon (only when.the.ques- 
tion is first introduced), which, if 
adopted, throws the subject out of 
the assembly for that.session. (*?-) 
To abo^V an ox&ev WrmvVwg &e- 
VaVe upon a special subject, or Vo 
o\ose- fce'oaVe upon the subject at a 
stated time, when all pending ques¬ 
tions are put to vote without fur¬ 
ther debate. These two measures 
apply to a pending amendment,or 
an. amendment to an amendment. 
This being voted upon, the original 
question is left open to debate and 
amendment. _ 

D^CORUr** Iff DEBATE. -In debate 
a member must not ref lect upon 
any act of the assembly, and con- 
fine.his remarks to the question 

1 pending. He should avoid personal¬ 
ities, and when referring to anoth¬ 
er member, if possible, avoid using 
his name; instead referring to 
him as “the member who spoke 
last,” or as the case may be; nev¬ 
er in any way arraigning the-mo- 

2 tives of a member. The character 
or consequences of a measure may 
be condemned in strong terms, 
keeping in mind that it is the-meas¬ 
ure, and not the man, that is the 

3 subject of debate. Always refer to 
the.off icers of the assembly by 
their official titles, and when the 
Chair.nan rises to speak,the mem¬ 
ber speaking must resume his seat 
til/ the Chairman has been heard. 

4 In objecting to improper.words, 
either the member objecting or 
the clerk should write them out, 
that they may be read to the mem 
bet who is accused; in case of 
denial, the assembly decides by a 
vote whether or not they are 
his words. If he cannot justify 
the use of the words, or refuses 
to properly apologize, it is the duty 

5 of the assembly to act. 1/ a mem¬ 
ber be called to order, he must 


sit until the question of order is 
decided. If his remarks are decided, 
to be improper, he carniot cCntin- 
ue speaking,if any one object.with- 
out the consent of the assembly ex- 

6 pressed by a vote. Before the &«- 
sembly proceeds to deliberate up 
on a case, if the disorderly words 
be of a personal nature, both par¬ 
ties to the personality should re 
tire, it being a general rule that 
when any subject relating to one’s 
self is under debate,he should be 
absent. Unless the person object¬ 
ing to the words is involved in 
the case, he need not retire. 

delegate.- One who is sent 
and empowered to act for anoth¬ 
er. Por the organization of a 
meeting of delegates, see Conven¬ 
tion and Organization. 

0^c(S{Opf.~The act of settling 
or determining. As a rule, in 
most questions and elections, 
the majority of votes of those 
who a-re present constitutes 
the will of the body. A special pro¬ 
vision is necessary in case a-ma¬ 
jority of the whole membership 
i s .-re q u i re d .Voce \ o Vv woi \. 

□ rLiseratiVe Assembly.-A n 

assembly having the right or 
power to deliberate upon or to 
discuss questions brought before 
it. Por the rights.of such an as¬ 
sembly to punish its members, 
see Legal Rights of Assemblies. 

QlV|SlOftf.— In an assembly, the 
separation of the members into 
two parties for the purpose of vot¬ 
ing on opposite sides of a question. 
VoeeNloV'vwQ^. 

DlV(S(OK OF Qli^ST|Of(.- rhe 

separation of a question into two 
6r more questions, as the mover 
may specify, for the purpose of 
getting a separate vote on any. par 

l ticular point or points. Sometimes 
the enemies of a measure seek to 
amend it in such away as to di¬ 
vide its friends, and thus defeat 

ait. To divide a question is really 
to amend it, and subject to the 

3 same rules. After a question is 
divided, each separate question 
is a proper one for.the assembly 
to act upon, even if none of the 

4 others were adopted. A motion 
to “strike out certain.words and 
insert others,” is indivisible,it 
being strictly one proposition; 
a motion “to commit with in¬ 
structions, ” is also indivisible.be 
cause if the motion to commit 
should fail, the motion to instruct 
would be improper,.since there 
would be -no committee. V.’b&Q, V*.- 
'w\£-v\&'w\ev\V'\ • 

DliTI^S OF OFRC^RS.. — See un¬ 
der the title of each officer in its 
.proper order. % „ 

Ecclesiastical ttibUnaLs.- 

Religious. courts or forums for 
the admin.is.tration.of justice 
among religious bodies or their 

1 members. These bodies, are gov¬ 
erned in their deliberations by 
the sa.me rules of.order, that are' 
used in other deliberative bodies. 

2 The presiding officer is desianat- 

3 ed “Moderator.” In case of di¬ 
vision or other trouble among 
the members of a local church, the 


Supreme Court of the United States 

has laid down the broad principle 
that, when a local church is but a 
part of a larger and more general 
organization or denomination^ the 
court will accept the decision of the 
highest ecclesiastical tribunal to which 
the case has been carried within that 
general church organization as fi¬ 
nal,.and wilj not inquire into the 
justice or injustice of its decrees 
as between the parties before it. The 
courts will recognize the highest 
judiciary recognized by any denom¬ 
ination. 

Ej^GTfV\Ef«T. — It is a right of ev¬ 
ery deliberative assembly to deter¬ 
mine who may be present during 
its session, and after deciding,by a 
vote or by a rule, that any person 
shall not remain in the room, it 
is the duty of the Chairman to en¬ 
force the rule or order, employing 
force if necessary. Members may 
be detailed to remove the person, 
but in using harsher treatment 
than is necessary,the members 
make themselves liable to action. 

EXpULsioj*.- Summarily remov¬ 
ing from membership-For the 
expulsion of-members,see Trial 
of Members. 

ELECTION- — The act of choosing 
a person to fill an office, or to 
membership in a society. The us¬ 
ual methods are by ballot,uplift¬ 
ed hands, or v'wa. voce. For the 
election of officers, see Organiza¬ 
tion and Voting. _ „ 

fiXiKo tHe tiivie to Yv^icHto 

Adjoin.- This motion takes 
precedence of all others . 11 is.un- 
debatable when another question 
is before the assembly, and is in 
order even after, the vote has 
been taken to adjourn , provided 
the result of the vote has not yet 

1 been announced. When no other 
question is before the assembly, 
it is debatable, standing as any oth¬ 
er principal motion, and can be 
amended by altering the time. 

2 Its form is, "When this assembly 
adjourns, it adjourns to meet.at 

3 such a time. ” When it is desir¬ 
ed to have an adjourned meeting 
of the assembly, it.is besttomake 
this motion sometime before the 
close, specifying the time. 

FLoof\-- To obtain the floor in 
order to address.the assembly on 
any question, it is necessary that 
the member rise and address the 
presiding.officer by his title; as* 
“Mr. Chairman,” or as the case 
-may be, who will then announce 

i the member’s name. When two 
or more persons -fisc tg speak at 
the same time, the Chairman de¬ 
cides who is f irst. by calling the 
name or otherwise indicating the 
person. If readiness of discern¬ 
ment and promptness of decis¬ 
ion on the part of the Chairman 
do not enable him to justly decide 
between the two claimants,an ap¬ 
peal to the assembly may be had. 

a Having once obtained thefloor, a 
member cannot be interrupted 
by ca.lls for the. question, or by a 
motion to.adjourn, or for any 
purpose, with the foliowjng ex¬ 
ceptions: (I) by an objection to 














































Gesture No.7 


the consideration of the question;(2l) 

by a call to order; (3) by a call tor 
the orders of the day; (4-) to have 
entered on the minutes amotion 
to reconsider; (5) by a question of 
privilege, that requires immedi¬ 
ate action. VS to. \wVxo&\xcV\ow o( 
^wswxessy 

FOf\IV\S.— For forms of motions, 
questions, reports, etc., see the par- 
. ticular subject in its proper order. 
HoffOF\*yiY rv|ElS/lBEf\.—A mem¬ 
ber holding a title or place.without 
rendering service or receiving re¬ 
ward. Distinguished past presid¬ 
ing officers, veteran members of 
the meeting, persons who have 
won honorable distinction in the 
cause that the meeting assembles 
to consider, and other notabili¬ 
ties whose presence will lend dig¬ 
nity to the rostrum, the Chairman 
may appropriately cajl to the stand, 
to occupy a seat beside him, all of 
which tends to give respectability, 
dignify, and influence to the pro 
ceedings of the meeting. 
qOUSEv —Am audience or assembly 
of hearers, as at a lecture,theater, 
society, etcASee-CiaXV ofc Vv\e wowseY 
IMPROPER L/VN&U/V&E.- Any 
words or expressions umsuifed,ufl 
becoming, or unfitted to the cir¬ 
cumstances. Xieco'vwm\w 

INcideNtaL Olb^STioKs. —Those 
arising out of other questions. In 
consequence of their origin,they 
take precedence of those from which 
they arise, and are to be decided be¬ 
fore them. They cannot be amend 
ed, and yield to privileged questions. 
They cannot- be debated, except an 
appeal. They are: (l) Suspension of 
the rules; (3) Objection to the con¬ 
sideration of a question; (3) (Ques¬ 
tion of order, or appeal; (4) The read 
ing of papers; (5) Leave to witH- 

I^o^iViit^^ostpoKeivveKT. - 

A postponement without setting a 
day for further consideration. 1/ 
this question be decided in the af- 
firmafive, the motion cannot be 
renewed; if in the negative,it has % 
no effect, the question beingstill* 
in the possession 0 ftheas 9 embly.lt 


takes precedence of nothing except 
the principal question, and yields to 
incidental, privileged, or subsidiary 
9 motions,except to amend.When the 
previous question is ordered while 
this motion is pending, it applies on¬ 
ly to it without affecting the main 
4 question. It opens to debate the en¬ 
tire question it is proposed to post¬ 
pone; it cannot be amended,and 
entirely removes the question fro-m 
before the assembly for that sea- 
. sion. Vbee.?osV*one/\x\Q.\\V\. . 

INforiviaL Consideration.- con 

siderafion without regard, to offi¬ 
cial, conventional, prescribed, or 
customary forms or rules; as,act 
ing as if in the committee of the 
i whole. Instead of going into com¬ 
mittee of the whole, especially in 
small assemblies, the question-maw 
at first be considered “informally, 
a and afterwards,”formally.” In 
informal actions, a member is 
at liberty to speak as often and 
as long each time as permitted by 
s the assembly. Acting informally 
upon resolutions, the assem b I y 
can only amend and adopt them; 
the Chairman announcing,with¬ 
out a motion, that “the assem¬ 
bly,acting informally, has had 
the subject under consideration, 
and has made certain amendments, 

4 which he will report.” The Chair¬ 
man’s report to the assembly of 
the informal action should been 
tered on the minutes, but the 
memorandum of the proceed¬ 
ings kept by the clerk should not 

5 be entered. It not being necessa 
ry to move that the committee 
rise at the close.of an informal 
action, the Chairman retains 
his seat; but the adoption of such 
motions as to comm it, to adjourn, 
the previous question, or any mo¬ 
tion except to amend or adopt, 
puts an end to the informal cotr 

INtRDdCic'tioN of BbsiN^ss. 

When other than routine busi¬ 
ness,or orders of the day, is to be 
brought beforethe assembly,.it 
is introduced by amotion,which, 
after being seconded, is stated by 

1 the Chairman. When a member 
wishes to bring a subject before 
the assembly, unless very simple, 
he should, write it out in the form 
of a motion, introducing the res 
olu-tien with the word “Resolved..” 
Rising and addressing the Chair¬ 
man, he says,“ I move the adop¬ 
tion of the following resolution,” 
which he reads and then hands 
to the Chairman. After seconding, 
the Chairman says, “It has been 
moved and seconded that the fol¬ 
lowing resolution be adopted,” he 
then reading the resolution; af¬ 
ter which the merits of the.res¬ 
olution are open to discussion. 

2 A* the close of the discussion the 
Chairman asks,“Are you ready 
for the question?” If no one ris¬ 
es to speak, he says,“The question 
is on the adoption of the resolution 
which you have heard read; as 
many as are in favor of its adop¬ 
tion will say aye.” Aftertheayes 
have voted, He says,“As many as 


are opposed to its adoption will say 

3 nof” Af ter the vote has been tak 
en.the Chairman announces the 
result.by stating that the motion 
is carried, or lost, as the case may 
be.Vbee Xbwsvxxess a.-v\b ooxY 
journal.- The record of daily pro¬ 
ceedings, kept by the clerk. In legis 
lative bodies this record is called as 
above, but in most other assem¬ 
blies it is called the •mYxwvVes.which 
see* 

L^gaL Rights. — Those rights of 
deliberative assemblies,created by, 
permitted by, or in conformity with, 
i the laws of the country.The courts 
recognize deliberative bodies as hav¬ 
ing the inherent right to make 
and enforce their own laws,and 
punish their members for offens¬ 
es, the extreme penalty being ex¬ 
it pulsion. A permanent.society,.for 
self-protection, has a right to give 
public notice that a person has ceas¬ 
ed to be a member of that society- 
Publishing the charges against the 
expelled member gives him ground 
for.recovering, damages from the 
society in a suit for libel, notwith¬ 
standing the truth of the charges. 

„ (See Ycc\e.s\a<bV\oa.\ TrWjwnaXsQ. 

Ll^ ON TRE TABLE. -To postpone 
a subject in such away that.it can 
be taken up again at any time, 
or to suppress a question,when a 
majority vote can not be obtain¬ 
ed to take it from the table d ur- 
i ing any session. This motion is 
not debatable, cannot be amended, 
can have no subsidiary motion ap¬ 
plied to it, nor can an affirmative 
vote on it be reconsidered. It takes 
precedence of all.other subsjdlary 
questions, and yields to privileged 

1 or incidental questions. It removes 
the subject, and everything that 
adheres to it, from consideration 
till the assembly vote to take # it 
from the table, a motion being 
necessary to call it before the as¬ 
sembly. The following areexcep- 
tions: (*) An amendment to the 
minutes being laid on the table, 
the minutes are not carried with 
it; (21) If a motion to reconsider 
a question be laid on thetab!e,the 
original question is left where it 
was before the reconsideration was 
moved; (3) If an.appeal be laid on 
the table, the decision of the Chair 
is sustained, but the original sub- 

2 ject is not tabled. Whenever there 
is no possibility of obtaining a ma¬ 
jority vote for faking up a question 
during the remainder of the session, 
the quickest way to suppress it is 
to move “ that the question lie on 
the table; ” which,being undebat- 
able, the majority may instantly 
place on the table,from which if 
cannot be taken without their con 
sent. 

MAJN RVj^STipN.- A Main or 
Principal (Question or Motion,is a 
motion.to bring beforethe assem¬ 
bly,for its consideration, any par- 
i ticular subject. It yields to all in¬ 
cidental, privileged, and subsidiary 
questions, takes precedence of noth 
ing, and cannot be made when 
any other question is-before the 
assem bly.Vbefc VAtVxosaV 


223 



















































Gesture No. 8. 


MajohitY- The number by which 
one aggregate exceeds all other ag¬ 
gregates with which it,is contrasted; 
as, -the tmni ber by which the votes 
/or a successful candidate exceed 
those tor all other candidates.V.See 
?\w vaWx-v) , T \no-vV\ay As, $vw o ywyvv, 
and MoVvyvc^. 

n^E^TIf/G.—An assembling togeth¬ 
er of the members of a deliberative 
body tor any length ot time, an d 
during which there is no separa¬ 
tion ot the members by an adjourn 
went. It a recess be taken tor on¬ 
ly a tew minutes, this does no ^ter¬ 
minate the “meeting.” In ordina¬ 
ry practice a meeting is closed by 
moving simply “to adjourn. 
‘be.ss’vony For method ot conduct¬ 
ing a meeting, see Assembly, Con¬ 
vention, Business, Introduction ot 
Business, and Order ot Business. 

IVtEIV\BEF\ One ot the persons 
composing a society, association, 

i etc. Before taking his seat as a 
member ot a permanent society, 
it is usually required that the per¬ 
son be \w\X\AXeh by the payment 
ot a certain tee, and making an 
affirmation similar to the fol- 
Jowing: “I do hereby solemnly protti 
ise, that I will observe and strictly 
obey all the laws ? rules and regula¬ 
tions set downin the Constitu¬ 
tion ot this Society; and doturthcr 
declare that I entertain no ill-will 
toward any member, and will en¬ 
deavor to promote the welfare ot 

a this Society.” A member is not 
supposed to be present during a 
debate about himself, nor is he to 
vote on questions personal to hltn- 

3 self. During the meetings of an 
assembly, the members are suppos¬ 
ed to stand upon a plane ot exact 
equality. It possessed ot a high de¬ 
gree of intellectual culture,orgitt- 
ed with Tluency ot speech,and read¬ 
iness jtl,debate—the tact is clearly 
shown in the proceedingsot the 
assembly; wealth and eminence 
in position being lost sight ot tor 

4 the time being. All standing otithe 

same level, it becomes each member 

to exhibit such deportment.aswill, 


in the highest degree, promote the 
harmony and efficacy ot the meet¬ 
ing .ybee TbeGOYwm n-vn ^e>oa.Ve/,'W\- 
a\ o<i aw A V\ooyV 

The smaller number, 
as opposed to the majority,or larg¬ 
er number. For the report ot the 
minority,see Committee. 

Minutes. — An outl ine ot the pro¬ 
ceedings ota meeting or society. 

i hovwwaXy The minutes should 
contain,!!' A statement ot the 
kind ot meeting, whether “regu¬ 
lar, ” “special,” “adjourned 'regu¬ 
lar,” or “adjourned special;”^) 
Name of the assembly; (3) Date 
and place otthe meeting, unless 
the place is always the same; (4-J 
A statement ot the tact otthe pres 
ence ot the regular chairman and 
clerk, or in their absence the names 
ot their substitutes; (5) A state¬ 
ment as to whether the minutes 
otthe previous meeting were approv¬ 
ed; (6) A record ot the proceedings 

a otthe meeting. The to 11 owing torn 
illustrates the introductory part: 
“At a regular meeting ot the Hi¬ 
bernian Literary Society, held on 
the 23rd <jay ot November, 19..., 
at the Society Auditorium, the 
President in the chair, the min¬ 
utes were read by the clerk and ap- 

3 proved.” In the absence ot the 
clerk, insert after the words“ in 
the chair” the tollowing:“The 

Clerk being absent,-was 

appointed clerk ww. The min¬ 
utes were then read and approved.” 
In the absence otthe reading ot 
the minutes, say,“ The reading ot 
the minutes was dispensed with.” 

4 The minutes should be signed by 
the clerk who acts tor that meet¬ 
ing, and when they are to be pub¬ 
lished, the presiding otticer should 

5 also sign them. The clerk should 
not under any circumstances 
criticise in the minutes, either 
favorably or,otherwise,,anything 

s said or done in the meeting. I n 
ordinary society meetings,the du¬ 
ty ot the clerk is mainly to record 
what was done by the assembly; 
but it the minutes are to be pub¬ 
lished, it is often of Tar more in¬ 
terest to know what was said by 
the leading, speakers than to know 
what routine business was done. 
In such cases the secretary should 

7 have at least one assistant.Every 
principal, motion, whether adopt¬ 
ed or rejected; thenesults ot vot¬ 
ing; and when voting by yeas 
and nays, a list ot the names of 
those voting on each side, should 
all be entered in the minutes;al- 
so brief summaries of reports 
that have been agreed to, except 
where it contains resolutions,in 
which case the resolutions should 
be entered in full as adopted by 

s the assembly. The proceedings 
otthe committee of the whole,or 
while acting informally, should 
not be entered on the minutes. 

9 When the next meeting will not 
occur for a long period, the min¬ 
utes should be read and approved 

10 before adjournment. The clerk 
should have in, his possession a 
list of all standing committees,al¬ 


so such select committees as are 

ii in existence at the time. Previous 
to each meeting,the clerk should 
make out an order of business 
for the use of the Chairman,and 
when a committee has been ap¬ 
pointed, he should hand the names 
of the committee,and all papers 
referred to it,to the chairman 
of the committee.V=>® * i * 3 4 * 6 'o«' 0 * a,1 '®-'*yiV 
An officer who 

presides over an assembly, to pre¬ 
serve order, propose quest ions,reg- 
ulate the proceed ings, and declare 
the votes. The term is particular¬ 
ly applicable to the chairman of 
ecclesiastical assemblies. 
s\A’w\<x Ofr$\c.erV» 

J\ 40 D|FICf\TlOff.—Any particular 

form or manner, or any slight 
change in fgrm,. After a ques¬ 
tion or motion is in the posses¬ 
sion of the assembly, its mover 
cannot modify or withdraw i,t, 
if any one object, except by obtain¬ 
ing leave from the assembly, or 
by moving an aniendment.^ea 

fy^OTlOfd. — A proposal or sugges¬ 
tion made at a meeting or assem¬ 
bly, looking to action or progress. 

1 If a proposition be made in such 

form that the assembles ready 
to act upon it, the question may 
be put, at once, and the result de¬ 
termined ; but as it is often de- 
sira-bleto dispose of it'in some oth¬ 
er way, for this purpose various 
motions have come into use,wHich 
can be made while a questionis 
being considered, and for the time 
supersede it.V.^or VV\e or^er 
ljYeceAe.wo<?, oi yv\o>C\ow% see. *bww- 
ww\) Va \r \\ a wa e, yv V •a.r q VroceA- 

wxe aV VY\e WqwwvNyac; oi X-Y\'\s s\Oo- 

2 For the, details of each mo- 

3 tion,see it in its proper order.The 
following is a list of motions,clas- 
sified according to their object: 

I. VvwAes. arvA OrAers.—(i) Orders 
of the Day. (a) Appeal, (a) Questions 
of Order. (4) Suspension of the Rules. 
(5j Special Orders. XX.Tq 
\ie\>aVe.— (i) Order Limiting or 
Closing De bate, (a.) The Previous 
Question. IH.To vV\e 

QwesViow.— (I) To Lieon the Table, 
{a) To Postpone Indef initejy. (3) 

To Object to the Consideration of 
the Question. IV".To^e^erkcVvon.- 
(I) To Lie on the Table, (a)To Post¬ 
pone to a Certain Time. iV". T o 
AywcyvA or N\oA\*\$.— (i) To Commit, 
(a) To Amend."WX.To OAoseatAeeX- 
Ynq.— (l) To Fix theTime to which 
to Adjourn, (a) To Adjourn. VIA. 
ToCows\AeY a QwesVaow a^ec owA 
T\Y*\e.—To Reconsider. VJ!AAA\s- 
oeWamoas.- (l) Questions of Priv¬ 
ilege. (2) Reading of Papers.(3) With¬ 
drawal of a Motion., The,follow¬ 
ing is a general, classification of 
motions: X.?Y\wc\va\ oy VAa\Y\ 
QwesVxow ox \AoV\oy\. 1L. < bw\>s\A- 
\aY\) oy Sec.oY\AaY\; VAoV\oy\s.-(I) To 
Lie on the Table, (a) To A mend. (3) 
To Postpone Indef initely.(<yTo Post¬ 
pone to a Certain Day. (5) To Com¬ 
mit. (6) The Previous Question.!!!. 
\wc\AewXa\ QuesV’voYvs oy VAoVvons.- 
(!) Suspension of the Rules.(a) To 
Appeal, or Questions or Order, ( 3 ) To 


224 












































Gesture No. 9 


Object to the Consideration of any 
Question. (4) The Reading of Pa¬ 
pers. (5) Leave to Withdraw a 
Motion. IV. V V\mWcc) e . 

(i) To Call for the Orders of the 
Day. (Q) To Fix the Time to which 
to Adjourn, ( 3 ] To Adjourn. (4) 
Questions relating to the Rights 
and Privileges of the Assembly or of 
s any of its Members. When required 
by the presiding officer, all principal mo¬ 
tions, amendments, and instructions 
to committees, should be in writing. 
6 For a list of motione that cannot be 
amended, see Amendment; and for 
those which cannot be debated, see 
Undebatable (Questions,and Debate. 
i The following motions open to discus 
sion the entire merits of the main 
question: (I) To Reconsider a debat¬ 
able question. ( To Postpone Indef- 
8 initely. (3) To Commit. The Fol¬ 
lowing motions require a two-thirds 
vote for their adoption , while all oth¬ 
ers require but a majority. Every 
motion in this list has the effect to 
suspend or change some rule or cus¬ 
tom of deliberative bodies : (I) To Sus 
pend the Rules. (2) To Make a Special 
Order. (3) To Amend the Rules (re¬ 
quires also a previous notice).(4-) 
To Close or Limit Debate. (5) The 
Previous Question. (6) To Take up 
a Question out of its Proper Order. 
(7) To Object to the Consideration 
of a Question. ^\s,w^\na\V 

NeA/V BllSIpfESS.-Ary business 
usually coming in under the head 
of communications or petitions, 
i When a member makes a statement 
relating to some matter, or presents 
a communication or petition in 
writing from some person or persons, 
such communication should be 
signed by the petitioner or petition- 
a ers. The member who presents a pe 
tition should be so informed of the 
character of his petition, as to be a- 
bie to make a plain statement of the 
nature of its contents, and whether 


it is worthy of consideration or not 
3 Either the person presenting the peti¬ 
tion, or some other member, should 
move that the communication be re¬ 
ceived, and referred to the commit¬ 
tee having charge of that class of bu¬ 
siness, at the same time giving the 
a paper to the secretary. If imme¬ 
diate action on the communication 
be desirable, the person presenting 
if should offer a motion to that ef¬ 
fect. 

Nomination- — The act of pro¬ 
posing by name, ot offering the 
name of, as a candidate for an of- 
i fice or place. Any number of nom¬ 
inations may be made (unless a * 
motion is adopted to thecontrary), 
the Chairman announcing each 
name as he hears it, and the Sec¬ 
retary making a memorandum 
i of the same. It is usual to vote up¬ 
on the names in the order in which 
they Have been announced,until 
one receives a vote sufficient for 
an election-V'bee NoVvwq 0\- 
aa. / Y\’\zaV\o'v\'). 

Number.-T o give or apply a 
number or numbers to; as,to as¬ 
sign a place in a series by order of 

1 number. When the assembly is 
large and the session to contin¬ 
ue but for a short time, it is of¬ 
ten found to be more convenient 
to designate the members by num 

2 ber than by name. When insert¬ 
ing or striking out paragraphs, 
the marginal numbers prefixed 
to them, should be corrected, if 
necessary, by the clerk,without 
any motion to amend. 

Objection- — The act of present¬ 
ing something in opposition; as, 
an adverse reason or argument, 
i When any principal motion has 
been first introduced, and before 
it has been debated, an objection 
can be made to the consideration 
of it. It does not require a second, 
may be made while anothormem- 
ber has the floor, and the Chair¬ 
man may put the question, if 
he deems it necessary, upon his 
a own responsibility. The purpose 
of this rngtion/'to object to the 
consideration of a question,” is 
to enable the assembly to avoid all 
questions which are thought to 
be contentious, unprof itable, or 

3 irrelevant. The question can nei¬ 
ther be amended, debated^or have 
any other subsidiary motion ap¬ 
plied to it; and when decided in 
the negative by a two-thirds vote, 
the whole matter is dismissed 
for that session. 

Obtaining the FLoo^.-For 

the method of obtaining the floor 
before speaking, and the rig ht 
to hold it, see Floor. 
OpFICEH.-A person lawfully 
invested with an office,and au¬ 
thorized to perform some public 


or private duty. Before entering 
upon the duties of office, each of¬ 
ficer is usually installed orinaug 
u-rated by making an affirma¬ 
tion similar in form to the fol¬ 
lowing:"! do hereby solemnly 
promise that I will faithfully dis¬ 
charge the duties of my office to 
the best of my knowledge and abil- 

a ity.” For the duties of officers J 
see the following in their prop¬ 
er order: President, Vice-Presi¬ 
dent, Chairman, Moderator, Pre¬ 
siding Officer, Sergeant-at-Arms, 
Secretary, Clerk, Minutes, ana 
Treasurer. 

OHDEft- Conformity with law 
or decorum ; -the customary mode 
of procedure, or established sys¬ 
tem; as, in the conduct of debate 
or the transaction of business. 
VS>ee. 0\&e.Y,^eco- 

\ww\ \w cX Cw&ex\ 

OF BllSlNESS.- The 
method or customary modeof 
procedure in deliberative assem- 

1 blies. In order to expedite the 
proceedings, and insure due con¬ 
sideration to all measures, a def¬ 
inite order of business should be 
adopted. The following is a con¬ 
venient order for most assem¬ 
blies: ( B) Call to order. (2) Calling 
of the roll, if there be any. (3) 
Chaplain’s exercise, if there be 
any. (4-) Reading the minutes 
of the previous meeting, and 
their approval. (5) Reports of 
standing committees. (6) Re¬ 
ports of select committees.(T) 
Unfinished business, left over 
from last meeting. (8) New bu 

2 siness. If a subject has been 
made a "special order’’for the 
day, it is taken up immediately 
after the reading of the min¬ 
utes. The "orders of the day” 
come in with unfinished busi- 

3 ness. When it is desired to trans¬ 
act business out of order, it is 
necessary to suspend the rules, 
to do which a two-thirds vote is 

4. required. S K considering a re¬ 
port or proposition containing 
several paragraphs or sections, 
the proper method is to begin 
with the first and take them in 
order. This,however, may be va¬ 
ried,if the assembly be of such a 
size as to make it practicable; and 
in general, in a series of resolu¬ 
tions witha preamble,consider 
the resolutions first,and then 
recur to the preamble. The clerk 
f irst reads the entire series of 
resolutions, or other proposition 
of distinct parts; after which the 
presiding officer reads the parts 
separately, when the amendments 
should be made. Finally,the ques¬ 
tion is put on the adoption of the 
whole, amended or not, as the 

s case may be. When a report has 


225 

































!)i» 


? 


5115 

Gesture No. 10. 


cows back /row a cowniiZ/ee,whe/h 
er amended or not, the reading is 
wade by Zhe.clerk, followed by /he 
second reading by /he presiding of- 
/icer, amendments /o amendments 
o//he committee only being adwi/- 
Zed a/Zhis stage. Other amendments 
are /hen wade, if desired, followed 
s by /he final vo/e on adoption. 1/ 
is a cowwon prac/ice Zo yecewe 
/he report of the cowwi/Zee when 
presen/ed, or a/Zer it has beeti amend 
ed,and the proposi/ion becomes one 
of the assembly upon Zhe vote for 
adop/ion, and no/ a reporZ of a 
j cotrnniZ/ee. in case /he cowmi/Zee 
report back a new draft, iz way be 
accepted as a substitute for.Zheorig 
inal,and so considered; or i/ way 
be treated as an awendwen/,and 
Zhen awended when nececsary,/he 
vote on the report being as on an 
amend men/, /ollowed by a vo/e on 
s Zhe main question as amended. By 
"suspending zhe rules,” or by gen¬ 
eral comsenZ, a report can be at 
once adopted without following a- 
ny of the ordinary routine. 
ORDERS OF THE O/VY.- M a/Zers 
that have been assigned to a cer¬ 
tain day or hour for considera¬ 
tion. A mo/ion for Zhe orders of 
Zhe day,/akes precedence over all 
other questions or motions pend¬ 
ing, or which may arise, except 
those Zo adiourn, to reconsider, 
3 and of privileges. 1/ is not debata¬ 
ble, cannot be amended,requires 
o second, and is in order when 
3another has/he floor. The orders 
of the day are ei/her "special ”or 
"general, ” zhe former Zaking pre 
cedence of Zhe latter. General or¬ 
ders cannot interfere wi/h the 
established rules of Zhe assembly, 
buZ special orders suspend all Zhe 
rules of Zhe assembly ZhaZ inZer- 
fere with their consideration at 
the Zime specif ied, iz requiring a 


Zwo-Zhirds vote to wake any ques- 
* Zion a special order. One special or¬ 
der cannoZ be made Zo in/erfere 
wi/h ano/her special order, bu/way 
wi/h a general order. When one 
or more subjects have been assign¬ 
ed Zo a particular day or hour,/hey 
cannoZ be considered before ZhaZ 
time, except by a Zwo-Zhirds vo/e. 
If no/ Zaken up a/ Zhe Zime spec¬ 
ified, the order falls Zo the ground, 
unless i/ be assigned, by a major- 
i/y vote, to some o/her zime. An 
affirma/ive vo/e on a call for /He 
orders of Zhe day removes Zhe pen¬ 
ding ques/ion from before Zhe as¬ 
sembly, buZ a nega/ive vo/e dis¬ 
penses wi/h Zhe orders only so 
far as Zhey in/erfere wi/h Zhe 
ques/ion Zhen under considera- 
i Zion. The form of Zhls qu.es/jon 
is, "Will Zhe assembly now pro¬ 
ceed Zo Zhe .orders of the day? ” 
or, "Shall Zhe orders of Zhe day 


a be Zaken up? ” A formal vote,ex¬ 
cept by unanimoust:onsenZ,isnec- 
essary Zo proceed originally to Zhe 
orders of Zhe day. 

ORDER OF DELIBERATION; — 
The order in which Zhe distinct 
parts of a proposition or series 
of resolutions are Zaken up and 
consideredI. The proper order is 
Zo begin with Zhe f irsZ and take 
Zhem in regular succession.unless 
otherwise provided.VSee.oi 

ORDER OF P[\ECE£DE(NC^.- See 

Precedence. 

ORGANIZATION.—The acZ of 

arranging in a systematic 
way so as to enable Zhe different 
parts, as Zhe off icers,/o.co-op- 
i erate together. To organize an 
occasional or mass meeting, 
some member of Zhe assembly 
steps forward and says: "The 
meeting will please come Zo or¬ 
der; I move ZhaZ Mr. 


act as Chairman of/his meeting)” 
after Zhe motion is seconded,He 
says: “1/ has been moved and sec¬ 
onded ZhaZ Mr.___ act as 

Chairman of this meeting; those 
in favor of Zhe motion will say 
aye; ” " those opposed will.say 
no. ” If Zhe affirmative win.he 
says," The motion is carried;Mr. 

__ will take the chair. If 

Zhe motion be lost, ano/hertiotn- 
ina/ion is necessary, when Zhe pro 
2 cedure is as before. With Zhe Chair¬ 
man elec/ed, Zhe selection of a Sec¬ 
retary is next in order. Nomina¬ 
tions are made, and the voting 
proceeds as in the election of Zhe 
Chairman. When there are sever¬ 
al names proposed, Zhey are voted 
upon in the order of nomination 
unti[ one receives amajority.Af 
ter his election,Zhe Secretary Is 
Zo take his seat near Zhe Chair¬ 
man, and proceed Zo make a 


record as described under Minutes. 

3 if more officers are required. than| 
a chairman and secretary,or if it 
be desired Zo select Zhem with more 
deliberation, it is customary to con¬ 
sider the above-described organiza¬ 
tion temporary, and refer the mat 
ter of permanent organization Zo 
a committee, usually with power 
Zo make nominations for the of¬ 
fices, upon whose report Zhe meet¬ 
ing organizes, either in conform¬ 
ity thereto, or With modifications, 
which may amount Zo an entire 
rejection of the report. When the 
members of the assembly, are rep¬ 
resentatives of others, it is neces¬ 
sary Zo determine who.are duly 
chosen members. This is done by 
Zhe appointment of a cowwi/Zee 
on creden t ia I s. \^>ee C>\eAe/v\Vvz>\s\. 
The organization thus far com¬ 
pleted, Zhe Chairman asks,"What 
is Zhe further pleasure of zhe meet 
ing?” If Zhe meeting be called to¬ 
gether Zo consider a special object, 
it is customa-ry at this stage of 
Zhe proceedings for some one Zo 
offer a series of resolutions pre- 
viouslg prepared, or else Zo move 
Zhe appointment, of a committee 
Zo prepare resolutions upon the 

6 subject. If a committee be ap¬ 
pointed Zo draft resolutions,the 
number being decided upon,Zhe 
Chair may appoint, or Zhe as- 
sembly may nominate them, 
and Zhen vote upon their appoint- 

7 men/. After Zhe committee are 
appointed, Zhey should retire at 
once and agree upon a report, 
which should be in writing,as 

e described under Co«w\Wm. Dur 
ing Zhe committee’s absence,oth¬ 
er business may be attended to, 
or Zhe time may be occupied in 

9 hearing addresses.When the 
committee return,the chairman 
of the committee says: "The com¬ 
mittee appointed Zo draft reso¬ 
lutions are prepared Zo reporZ.” 
After reading which, he Hands 
Zhem Zo Zhe presiding officer. A 
member Zhen moves Zhe "adop¬ 
tion ” or."accep/ar»ce”of the re- 

10 port. If it is not desired imme¬ 
diately Zo adopt the resolutions, 
they mau be debated, modified,or 

m postponed. The committee isdis- 
solved without any action of Zhe 
assembly as soon as Zhe reporZ is 
handed Zo Zhe presiding officer, 
For permanent organization 
see VeYvnvaYvent ?>oc\eV\). 

PAPERS and documents.- 

A member has the right to have 
a paper or document read at least 
once when it has been laid before 
Zhe assembly for action, and a de¬ 
mand for the same should be fot 
lowed by the Clerk’s reading,un¬ 
less the paper be foreign Zo Zhe i 
question, when a vote or genera! 


226 







































Gesture No. 11. 


consent is necessAry. In a debate,if 
a reading meets objection, a ques¬ 
tion on the same must be made 
and decided as other incidental 
questions. Papers rejating to a prop¬ 
osition are usually included in a 
reference to a committee if such 
is made. All papers belonging to an 
assembly, not specially under the 
charge of some other officer, are 
in the custody of the secretary. 
PAflLlAMEtiTAf\Y UvVv. -Origi- 
nally the customs and rules of 
conducting business in the En¬ 
glish Parliament; but now,the 
rules and regulations /or conduct 
ing business in legislative bodies 
and other deliberative assemblies. 

1 Like the laws of the Nation,and 
those of the different States, the 
rules and regulations of various 
deliberative bodies differ according 
to circumstances,and what the 
separate assemblies have /ound 
best to adopt; yet there is a great 
degree o/ unity, in that they all 
have a common origin; viz.,the 
Rules of Congress, and these in 
turn originated from the English 

2 Parliament. It is the practice for 
any particular legislative body to 
have a Legislative Manual of its 
own, and the exact method of con¬ 
ducting business is to be obtained 

3 therefrom. The vast number of 
deliberative bodies, as political, lit¬ 
erary, religious, benevolent, scien- 
tific,etc., are governed by the 
common parliamentary law,ex¬ 
cept where it conflicts with their 

4 own special rules. Whenever any 
important parliamentary questipn 
arises, such as what motion can 
be made, its order of precedence, 
whether or not it can be debat¬ 
ed, its effect,etc., the common law 
of deliberative bodies in this coun 
try is settled by the practice of the 
United States House of Represent¬ 


atives, upon the general princi¬ 
ples of which the rules in this 
Dictionary of Par I i amentar y Law 

5 are based. Whether or not the 
rules ‘many particular manual 
be the most rationales not of so 
much importance as that there 
should be a rule by which to act, 
that there may be a uniformity 
of proceeding in business,not sub 
ject to the captiousness of the-mem¬ 
bers, or the caprice of the presid 

6 ing officer. Every deliberative as¬ 
sembly not having such a man¬ 
ual of its own, should adopt one 
of the many that are published. 

Society. — Any so¬ 
ciety whose meetings occur at 
regular intervals, and having a 

i Constitution and 8y-Laws.ln 
the organisation of a permanent 
society the proceedings are the 
same as given under OrqanYxa- 
V\ow until the temporary sec¬ 
retary and chairman are elect 
ed, when the chairman calls 
on some interested party to 
state the object of the meeting. 
This done, others may be call¬ 
ed on to express their opinions 

a upon the subject. The parties 
interested should have previ¬ 
ously agreed upon what isto 
be done; and,when the proper 
time comes, be prepared to of 
fer a suitable resolution,similar 
in form to the following:" Re 
solved, That it is the sense of this 
meeting that a society foryWxe 
sX-aXc. should now be or- 

3 ganized in this city.” After 
seconding,and statement by the 
Chairman,' this resolution^ open 
to debate. After the adoption of 
the resolution, a motion may be 
made for the appointment of 
a committee to draft a consti¬ 
tution and by-laws,to be report 
ed at an adjourned meeting.This 
motion is debatable and can be 

4 amended. At the adjourned meet 
ing the temporary chairman and 
secretary serve until the perma¬ 
nent officers are elected and in- 

5 stalled.\£>ee044\oe,xY After the 
reading and approval of the min¬ 
utes of the previous meeting, the 
report of the committee on the 
Constitution and By-Laws is read 
by the chairman of the commit¬ 
tee, who then hands it to the 

6 presiding officer. When amotion 
has been made and seconded that 
the report of the committee be 
adopted, the Chairman says,"The 
question is on the adoption of the 
Constitution reported by the com¬ 
mittee. ” He then reads the Con- 
stitutionjeach article separately, 
pausing and asking the question, 
"Are there any amendments pro¬ 
posed to this article ?” At the 
close of the reading of the last 


article,he says, "The whole Consti¬ 
tution having been read, it is o- 

i pen to amendment.” If amend¬ 
ments are desired , after they have 
been made, the Chairman inquires, 
"Are you ready for the question?” 
If no one wishes to speak,he puts 
the question: " As many as are 
in favor of adopting the const! 
tution as amended will say aye;” 
and then,"As many as are oppos- 

s ed will say no.” After the adop¬ 
tion of the constitution, it will 
be necessary for those wishing to 
become members to sign it and 
pay the initiation fee,for which 
purpose a recess should be taken. 

s The constitution being signed,on 
ly those having signed it,are per 
mitted to vote on the adoption of 
the By-Laws, which is next in or¬ 
der. The procedure is the same 
as in the adoption of the Con 

lostftution. The next business is 
the election of the permanent 
of f icers of the society, some one 
moving the appointment of a 
committee to nominate the 
permanent officers, which mo 
tion is treated the same as under 

ii Oxc;ar\VL-aA\ow. As each officer is 
elected,he may be inaugurated, 
or wait till all are elected, then 
install all at the same time.NJiee. 

ii OU\om ior oaX\\ o4 oUxce^. In case 
the society is to own real estate,it 
should be incorporated according 
to the laws of the State in which 
it is situated. 

P^SO^AL E\Pl-AN/VTIOtf-Any 
explanation relating to an individ¬ 
ual, his character, conduct, pri¬ 
vate affairs, motives,etc. l-t is 
not a matter of privilege,and can 
not be made without either the 
implied or expressed consent of 
the assembly. 

P^F\SOI*aI-ITY -Anything said 
which refers to the person, con 
duct, etc., of an individual,espe¬ 
cially something of a disparaging 

1 or offensive nature Everything 
of a personal nature should be 
studiously avoided, in order to 
secure as far as possible continued 
harmony among the members of 

z the assembly. Any allusion to 
the personal appearance of anoth¬ 
er member ^reference to his pecul 
iarities, ridicule of his private opin¬ 
ions on religious or political mat¬ 
ters, is all very ungentlemanly,and 
will, in the end, react to the injury 
of the person making the remarks. 

2 I/, however, any personal alius 

ions are made, they should be of 
a courteous and complimentary 
character. _ . , 

P^FVSOr*A L PR'ViL^G^A ny 
right or immunity enjoyed by 
any member of an assem bI y > 
and which concerns his security 
as a mem be r. ^6.6-? VvuWeyeV 


227 





















































G-esture No. 12. 


P^TIXiOJ^.—A formal written re- 

^uest* ad dre ssed to an organized as¬ 
sembly, having power to grant it. 

1 Itt presenting a petition to an as¬ 
sembly for ponsideration,the per¬ 
son presenting it should be so in¬ 
formed of its character, as to be a- 
ble to make a plain statement of 

2 its contents. For the method of 
presenting a petition see Y-cvnYw- 
svYse-ss and YvWxoikwO&xcmoVYnvi\x\e«s. 

PLUfwLitY. — The excess of votes 
given for one candidate over those 
given for another, or for any oth¬ 
er, candidate. If there be wore 
than two candidates, the one re¬ 
ceiving the p\\vx-a.\\Y\) of votes may 
have less than a majority; in which 
case, in most deliberative assemblies, 
there would be no election. VbeeYAa.- 
SoV\V\» and NoVvnqY 

POI^TOF ORD^R. — A question 
arising on a breach of,ordepart- 

1 ure from the rules of order. St 
supercedes the wain question 
from which it arises - , and, after 
its decision, the original question 
is regularly before the assembly , 
unless its decision has been reach- 

2 ed in the incidental question. A 
question of o rder is not stated 
for the assembly's decision, but 
for the presiding officer, either 
of his own accord, or at the sug¬ 
gestion of a member. If the de¬ 
cision of the Chair be unsatis¬ 
factory, an appeal way be made 
to the assewbly.^bee K^e,a\,ta\\ 
Vo Ox&er,\iecox\vm vw \teV>aVo and 
Y,w\es oi Ox&ex^. 

POSTPONE.—To defer or put off 
to a future or later time; as, to 
postpone the consideration of a 
question to the following meet- 

i ing, or indefinitely. A motion 
to postpone to a certain day, su¬ 
percedes arnotjon to commit,a- 
wend,or indefinitely postpone; 
and yields to any incidental or 
privi leged ,question, a wotion -to 
lie on the table, or.for the previ- 


ous question. It may be debated to 
a limited extent, may be amended 
by al tering the time, and may have 
the p-revious question applied to it. 
a When a subject has been postpon¬ 
ed to a certain time, it cannot be 
taken up before that time,except 
by a two-thirds vote; and when 
the specified time comes, it yields 
to nothing except privileged ques- 
stions, A subject cannot be post¬ 
poned to a time beyond the cur¬ 
rent session, except to the day of 
the next session, when it comes 
tip with the unfinished business, 
it taking precedence of any new 
ebusiness. If several questions be 
postponed to different times,and 
are not reached then, they must 
be considered In the order of the 
times to which they were post¬ 
poned. VSee. XxY&e.VvtuXfeYosV^o'Yve- 
\Yve/Y\VV 

PRERIV|BLE.— The introductory 
part of a constitution, resolu¬ 
tion, or other written document, 
in which the reasons are stated 
i for what follows.The preamble, 
commences with the word vAxexe 
as, and should be considered after 
the rest of the paper. 
PRECEDENCES— Act or state of 
preceding or going,before in or¬ 
der of rank or time; as, a mo¬ 
tion to adjourn takes precedence 
i of other motions. For the order 
of precedence of the different -mo¬ 
tions, see each in its proper order; 
see also Sw-m-m-axA) o$ YaxWavtxen 
Vavu Yxoce&wxe at the beginning 
of tliis subject. 

Presiding Officer. —The chief 
officer of a society or other de- 
i liberate assembly. Various ti¬ 
tles are assigned him,according, 
to some extent, to the nature o f 
the assembly; as. Chairman.Pres 
a I dent. Moderator, etc. The chief 
duties of the Presiding Officerare: 
(S)To call the meeting to order at 
the appointed time. (2) To state 
or announce the order of busi¬ 
ness at the several stages.(3) To 
receive motions when regularly 
made.(4-) To put questions to 
vote, and announce the result. 
(5) To receive messages and com¬ 
munications, and announce them 
to the assembly. (6) To sign, when 
directed, the acts, orders, or other 
proceedings of theassembly. (?) 
To give information, when re¬ 
quested, on points of order or 
usage, ( 8 ) To appoint committees, 
unless otherwise provided.(S) To 
enforce the established rules of 
order, also general order and 
decorum. ( 10 ) To represent and 
stand for the assembly, declaring 
its will impartially, and obeying 

3 its commands in all -things. The 
presiding officer is entitled to the 
privilege of voting when the vote 
is by ballot, and in all other cases, 
when there is a tie vote, he gives 

4 the casting vote, if a two-thirds 


vote is-needed for the adoption of any 
question, his vote thrown with the 
minority would prevent it; also,he 
can vote with the minority when 
it will produce a tie vote and thus 
s cause the motion to fail. When 
stating a question, the Chairman 
may remain sitting, but when 
putting it to vote, or speaking to 
a question of order. He should me. 

6 A motion referring to the Chair¬ 
man, should be put to vote by the 

7 maker of the motion. To avoid 
the appearance of being a parti¬ 
san, and thereby losing much of 
his ability to control those on the 
opposite side of the question, the 
Chairman should rarely,if ever, 
call a member to the chair., and 
himself take part in the debate. 

8 If for any cause the Chairman 
is necessitated to vacate the chair, 
in the absence of a Vice-President, 
he may appoint a Chairman ^xo 
Haw., who (unless the assembly 
object, and elect another one), can 
serve till the first adjournment, 
but not longer. In the event that 
the Chairman is absent from the 
opening of any meeting, there be¬ 
ing no Vice-President, the Clerk, 
or in his absence, any member, 
should call the meeting to order, 
and a Chairman ^xo vaw. beelect- 
ed, who would hold off ice d urine 
that sessi on, unless the regular 

ioChairman return.When refer¬ 
ring to himself, thp. Chairman 
should always use his official 
title; thus , ee The Chair decides 
n so and so.” The Chairman should 
be a man of executive ability,and 
should be familiar with parlia¬ 
mentary usage, setting the ex¬ 
ample of strict conformity thereto, 
a For the election of the presiding 
off icer, see OxqanYz.-a.Vvm and Vex- 
13 wi-v\c.wV o c\efc\;. Po r t He chair- 
man of a committee,see fcoxw- 
xnxVHea. 

Previous RbEsTiot /.-a method 

of moving the rejection of atiy mo¬ 
tion or question—a. member gets 
amotion put, while anotherhold- 
ing different views, without mov¬ 
ing a direct negative, may simply 
fnove f the previous question,’and 
the adoption of the latter motion 
secures«the rejection of the former, 
or rather, forms a complete bar 
to any amendment, or discussion 
i of the question, l-t taj<e preced¬ 
ence of every debatable question, 
yields to Incidental and privileg¬ 
ed questions, and to tHt metion 
to lie on the table. It cannot be 
debated, amended, or have any 
subsidiary motion applied to it, 
and re quires a two-thirds vote 
2 for its adoption. A motion for 
the previous question being made 
and seconded,the presiding officer, 
without delay, states the question 
and asks,"shall the main ques¬ 
tion be now put?” If the decis- 
ion be affirmative, the main qu.es 


228 











































4 




Gesture No.13. 


* 10 n must be immediately put,with¬ 
out debate or further cons(deration, 
the result being the will of the as- 

3 sembly on such main question. 1/ 
the decision on the previous question 
be negative, the main question i s 
removed from the house for the 
dau,in most assemblies; but in 
a tew the main question may be 
debated at any time during the sit¬ 
ting. 1 / the previous question be 
moved and adopted on a pending 
amendment, debate is closed on 

5 the amendment only. 1/ a mo¬ 
tion is made to reconsider, to ap¬ 
peal, or to postpone, the previous 
question is exhausted by the vote 
on the reconsideration,appeal,or 
postponement, and does not cut 
off debate upon any other motions 

6 that may be pending. 1/ the call 
for the previous question /ails, 
the debate continues the same as 
if this motion had not been made. 

PHIKCIP/^L G[U^STlOrl. —The same 
as YA.-aXw O^wfcsVvcm. 

Priority. — State of being first 
in time, place, or rank. A!I ques¬ 
tions relating to the ^V\oV\V\* o4 
are undebatable. 

PHlVlL^G^*- a peculiar benefit, 
advantage, or a right or immu¬ 
nity enjoyed alone or with a few. 
A Q^wesV\or\ oi ^VwWeqe is one which 
concerns the security of any mem¬ 
ber of a deliberative assembly in 

a his special privileges as such. It 
takes precedence of all other ques¬ 
tions, except to “fix the time to which 

3 to adjourn,” and to “adjourn.”!/ 
the question requires immediate 
action, the member speaking may 

4 be interrupted. The Chairman should 
decide whether or not any question 
is one of privilege, from which de¬ 
cision any two members may ap- 

s peal. A question of privilege may 
be laid on the table, referred to a 
committee, or have. any other sub- 
sidiary motion applied to it; and 


as soon as disposed of, the assem 
bly resumes consideration of the 
question interrupted. 

P^lVll^G^D G^l»^ST|O^S. -Those 
which, on account of their impor¬ 
tance, take precedence of all oth- 
erqucstions; and, excepting when 
relating to the rights of the assem¬ 
bly or its members, are undabata 

i ble. There is a distinction between 
“questions of privilege ” and “priv¬ 
ileged questions; ” thus, disorder 
in the gallery, or charges made 
against the official character of 
a member, are examples of the 
former; whi.le the letter include 
only those oiven under 
second classification, IV. 
P^OGHAIVIIVIE.-An outline or 

brief explanation of the order and 
subjects, including the orders of 
the day, of any public exercise 
or performance. 

PUTTING THE ^^STJOK.-The 
act of stating a question,by the 
Chairman, that the assernbly 
may know what question is before 

1 them. Before the Chairman puts 
the question or motion, it must 
be seconded; unless in routine 
work, where, in order to expedite 
matters (no one objecting), both 
the motion and the second may 
be dispensed with; also, the fol¬ 
lowing motions require no sec¬ 
ond; “a call for the orders of 
the day,”" ar) objection to the 
consideration of a question,’’and 

2 “a call to order.” The common 
form of stating the question is, 
“It is moved and seconded that 
\\\exe q’we VV\emoV’vorO).” If it.be 
a resolution, "The question is 
on the adoption of the resolu- 

3 tlons just read.”. In stating an 
appeal, after giving his decision 
(the reasons may be included),the 
Chairman says: "The question 
is, shall the decision of the Chair 
Stand as the jud^men^ of the as- 

4 sembly ?” When stating thequ.es- 
tion on an amend went,the Chair- 
man should first read the passage 
to be amended, then state the 
words to be inserted or struck 
out, if any, and finally the en¬ 
tire passage as it will stand if 
the amendment be adopted; he 
then states the question in this 
form: "The question is,shall the 

word_be inserted in the 

resolution in the place of the 
word_?” After announc¬ 

ing the result of the vote on the 
amendment, the Chairman says: 
"The question now recurs on 
the resolution as amended,”as 

5 the case may be. 1/ the question 
can be debated or amended,after 
statement by the Chairman,un¬ 
less some one immediately rises, 
he says: "Are you ready for the 
question?” If the Chairman 


thinks the debate is closed, He a 
gain asks the same question,after 
which he once more states the ques¬ 
tion, and then puts it to vote by 
saying: "As many as are in favor 
of the motion will say aye; those 
opposed will say no.” 

G^stioK.- Any subject of in¬ 
vest i g at ion, e xam i nati on, or debate. 
For the various forms,see Qx&ex, 
VNoV\on,VwWeqe, and 
0 ^wes&\cm. 

O^bOHUA/l.-Such a number of in 
dividuals of any regularly organ¬ 
ized assembly who are entitled by¬ 
law, or by their own rules, to 

1 transact business. In the absence 
of any special rule on the subject, 
a quorum is a majority of all the 

2 members of the assembly. If the 
assembly be a large and permanent 
organization, where otllyasmall 
fraction of the members are ever 
present at any meeting, a much 
smaller number is adopted,some 
times being less than one-twentieth 
of the whole number of-members. 

3 1/ no quorum be present,.it is 
not necessary for the presiding 
officer to take the chair, except 
to adjourn; but,ifthere be no ob¬ 
jections, the debate may be con¬ 
tinued, but no vote exceptto ad- 

4 journ,can betaken. In commit¬ 
tees of the whole,and in other 
committees, unless otherwise 
provided, a majority is a quorum. 

s When important business is to 
be transacted, it is not usually 
expedient for a mere quorum to 
proceed, unless a previous notice 
of such intended action has been 
given. 

Heading of PAj’EHS.-See^a- 

'jexs ani ocwmenVs. 

HECHPTJOK OF HEPOF\TS.— See 

toww.\Wee. 

F^coivirvUT. — To refer again 
to a committee; as, to recoAwvvyOb 
a subject to the same committee. 
VJbee Qjo-wvyyuVY. 

H^COtfSlDER.- To take up for con¬ 
sideration again that which has 
already been settled; as, amotion 

i ora vote. A motion to reconsid¬ 
er a vote, if carried, opens the o- 
riginal question to full debate a- 
g a in the same as bef ore the. de- 

i cision on it was made. A. motion 
to reconsider is in order at any 
time, but the question cannot be 
reconsidered while another ques- 

3 tion is before the assembly. Ex¬ 
cept when voting by ballot, the 
-motion to reconsider must be 
made by a member who voted 

4 with the prevailing side. A mo¬ 
tion to reconsider the vote on a 
subsidiary motion takes precedence 
of the main question, and yields 
to a privileged question ( except 
for the orders of the day), also to 

5 incidental questions.This -motion 


229 















































£ 

I 

I 

# 


$ i A * $ i b 
b b b 

Gesture No. 14. 


*f. M ss4* 

*$ r 


cannot be amended, and may or 
may not be debated, depending up¬ 
on whether or not the question to 
be reconsidered is debatable. If deba¬ 
table, it opens up tor discussion the 
entire subject to be reconsidered . 

6 It may be a^\\e& to the vote on 
every other question, except "to 
suspend the rules,” "to adjourn,” 
and "to lie on or take from the ta¬ 
ble,’’when voted on affirmatively. 

7 A question cannot be twice recon¬ 
sidered, and when amotion to re¬ 
consider is laid on.the table,the 
pending measure is not carried with 

8 it.The previous question having 
been partly executed, it cannot be 
reconsidered; nor it anything which 
the assembly cannot reverse has been 
done as the result ofa vote, then 
that vote cannot be reconsider- 

9 ed. The reconsideration otanoth¬ 
er question cannot be made to in¬ 
terfere with the discussion of any 
question-before the assembly; but 
when that subject is disposed of, 
the reconsideration takes preced¬ 
ence of everything except "to ad¬ 
journ,” and "to fix the time to 

10 which to adjourn.” Regardless of 
the vote necessary to adopt the mo¬ 
tion reconsidered, a reconsidera¬ 
tion requires only a majority 

it vote for its adoption.In Congress 
a motion to reconsider a vote must 
be made on the same or succeeding 
day; but in a permanent society, 
holding meetings weekly or month¬ 
ly,and usually only a small propor¬ 
tion of the society is present, it 
is best to allow a reconsideration 
to hold over to another meeting, 
that thesociety may have notice 
of what action is about to betaken. 

RE-CORD. — An authentic or offi¬ 
cial copy of any facts or proceed¬ 
ings which Have been entered in¬ 
to a book for preservation; also 
the book containing such proceed- 
i n g s. Vfeea VlW-ywOte- 1 ^. 


Re;cordi^c Officer. — One whose 
duty it is to enroll or write in a book 
facts and particulars of transactions 
for preservation.^>\e\V. and 

HEFEFV- To send or direct a matter 
to a committee for information 
or decision. A motion to refer to 
a comm ittee is the same as a mo¬ 
tion to oowvyv'vV, which see. 
Re^eVvaL. —The act of renewing 
or repeating; as, the xeYvewaX of 
a motion. A principal question 
or amendment having once been 
acted upon by the assembly, it can 
not be taken up again at the same 
session, unless it be by a motion 
a to reconsider. Any privileged or 
incidental moti on(except for the 
orders of the day, or to suspend the 
rules), or subsidiary motion (ex¬ 
cept to amend), may be renewed 
by the introduction of any mo¬ 
tion that alters the state of af¬ 
fairs, the real question before 
the assembly, in such a case,be- 
3 ing a different one. A motion 
not having been acted upon be¬ 
cause of withdrawal, can be re¬ 
newed; so also can a subject which 
has been referred to a committee 
which reports at the same meet- 
ingjthe matter standing before 
the assembly as if jt had.been in¬ 
troduced for the first time.\Jbee 
V\e.oox\ < b\&&\'\. 

IMPORT.— To give an official 
account or statement of facts, 
proceed ings, etc., as ‘the treas¬ 
urer’s report, or that of a com- 
m ittee. Vog-c C>oxvvm'\Vvee.,T\eas- 
wxex, and U'xmksVTo acoe^K- 
a report is the same as to 
it, and should not be confounded 
with xeceWvaq it. 
RE-SOLllTlOfsf.—A formal propo¬ 
sition brought before an assem¬ 
bly for discussion and adoption. 
Vae-e CiOYy\xv\\Wee,0xAe\ oi 
\x\ess, and CWqawxzav'xo. 
Rl&Ht— A privilege, legal title, 
or claim that justly belongs to 
any one. For the rights ofassem 
bljes, see Veqa\ For the 

rights of religious organizations, 
see ^.cc\es\asV\ca\ Oxqan\zaV\ons, 
For the right to the floor while 
speaking, see T\oox. 

Rise*. — To close or terminate ati of¬ 
ficial sitting; as, the committee 
rose after agreeing to the report. 
V'bee. KA\owm and CowvvvCOfrXeeY 
Routine.- The round or regu 
lar course of business or official 
duties returning with each reg¬ 
ular meeting of an assembly. 
RULE.— That which is establish¬ 
ed or prescribed by. authority for 
the guidance and # direction of the 
conduct and deliberations of an 
assembly. For the rules of debate, 
see^eVaXe and ^ecoxsyvw \w 
Wta. For rules relating to mo¬ 


tions, see Swwwvaxvy o* VaxWvmexv 

\ , ms) YxoceAvcxe at the beginning of 
this subject, ybee C>o'y\s>\\V\x-V\oyv, 
’e.\)-VavNS.,'?wx\e,s. c4 

RULES OF ORD^R. — The rules re¬ 
lating to the orderly transaction 
of the business in the meetings 
of a society, and which may. be 
changed without giving previous 

1 notice to that effect. The Rules 

of Order should contain provis¬ 
ions for the suspension of the 
By-Laws and other rules and reg¬ 
ulations; though the By-Laws some¬ 
times contain provisions for the 
suspension of certain articles. 
\jbee , and 

2 Svan&’vxv} Vwx,\as>'). Every society 
should adopt some work on par¬ 
liamentary practice, to govern 
the society in all cases to which 
they are applicable, and in which 
they are not inconsistent with 
the rules of order governing that 
society. 

SECOND. —To support, as amo¬ 
tion or proposal, by adding one’s 
voice to that of the mover or pro¬ 
poser. An objection to the con¬ 
sideration of a question, a call 
for the order of the day, a ques¬ 
tion of order (except an appeal), 
and many questions of routine, 
do not require to be seconded. 
Viee VwVVwq Vne, Qoues.V\oxO\. 

SECRETARY.—An off icer whose 
duty it is to write brders, letters, 
dispatches, papers, records, and 

i the like. When there are two sec¬ 
retaries, one is called the "record¬ 
ing secretary,” and the other the 
"corresponding secretary.” I-n 
addition to the duties of the "re¬ 
cording secretary”given under 
VNvxvwVes, in many societies He 
collects the dues of members,and 
thus becomes to a certain extent 

a a financial officer, It. is the du¬ 
ty of the "corresponding secre¬ 
tary” to manage.the correspon¬ 
dence of the society, and trans- 

4 act other minor duties.For the 
election of Secretary,see under 

5 Oxqan\xaX\on. The following are 
the chief duties of the Secretary : 
(I) To call the roll of the assembly 
whenever ordered, noting the ab¬ 
sentees, and at other times 
the answers on the yeas and 
nays. (X) To take notes of all pro¬ 
ceedings, making entries in the 
records of all things done in the 
assembly.(3) To.notify commit 
tees of their appointment and the 
business to them referred.(4-) To 
read all papers,etc., when ordered 
(5) To sign, sometimes with the 
presiding officer, the acts and oth¬ 
er proceedings of the assembly. ( 6 ) 
To guard all the papers and doc¬ 
uments of the assembly and have 
them for convenient reference. (7) 


230 


\ 


































^•vMXg&VWw ok vY.e. Vos\V\oxv» ok xWVkawks. 
I. Apathy or prostration. 2. Violent 
•repulsion. 3. Cautioning. 4-. Emphat 
ic declaration. 5. Simple affirmation. 
6. Energetic appeal. 7. Resignation. 
8 .Denial or negation. 


In sortie instances, to make an entry 
of what is merely proposed or-moved, 
without coming to a vote,and to take 
notes of all or particular speeches. 
SELECT CoryiMiTT^E .— A com¬ 
mit tee appointed for a special pur¬ 
pose. For rules governing its pro¬ 
cedure, form of report, etc.,seeQ>cm- 
iwV'tXe.e. and to'vwvw'xK. 

S^GE/\NT AT —An officer 

who preserves order, apprehends 
and punishes offenders, and ex 
ecutes various orders and commands, 
particularly in legislative assemblies. 
SESSION-— The time, period,or term 
during which a deliberative assembly 
meets for the transaction of busi- 
i ness. In legislative bodies the limits 
of the session are clearly defined; 
as, a session of one hundred days, 
or a? the case may be; but in ordi¬ 
nary deliberative assemblies having 
a permanent existence, with reg¬ 
ular meetings more or less frequent, 
the limits are not clearly defined, 
there being much confusion on 
the subject. Parliamentary law 
would make each of its regular or 
special meetings a separate session; 
but the assembly or society itself 
is competent to determine what 
shall constitute one of its sessions, 
whether or not if include all the 
meetings held within any speci¬ 
fied time; as,the term for which the 
a officers are elected. In parliamen¬ 
tary practice a s>ess\ovx is termi¬ 
nated by an " adjournment with 
out day,” the intermediate ad¬ 
journments from day to day not 
destroying the continuity of the 
•meeting , which constitutes one ses 
a sion. 1 / a society does not meet 
till the time for the next regular 
meeting, as provided in its By-Laws, 
an adjourmnent is in effect with- 


out day, and closes the session. If, 
however, it previously fixes the 
time for the next meeting,either 
by a direct vote or by adopting a 
programe of exercises covering sev¬ 
eral meetings, or even days.in ei- 
ther case the adjournment is in 
effect to a certain day,and does 

4 not close the session. Any one 
session of an assembly may adopt 
a resolution or rule of a perma¬ 
nent nature, which continues 
in force until it is rescinded at 
some future session; but no one 
session of an assembly can inter¬ 
fere with the rights of the assem¬ 
bly at any future session, unless 
it is expressly so provided in their 
Constitution, By-Laws,or Rules 
of Order,all of which should be 
so constructed as not to be sub- 

5 ject to sudden changes. I* iscon- 
trary to parliamentary practice 
for an assembly to postpone any 
thing to a day beyond the next 
succeeding session,thus prevent 
ing the next session from con¬ 
sidering the question; nor is 
it permitted for one session to 
move the reconsideration of a 
vote taken at a previous ses¬ 


sion, unless it was made at the 
last meeting of the previous 

s session. Committees -may be ap¬ 
pointed to report at a future ses 
sion; also, if a principal motion 
be rejected or indefinitely post¬ 
poned at one session, unless pro¬ 
hibited by a rule of the assembly, 
it can be introduced again at 
the next. 

SP^AKJF/G-.- For obtaining the 
right to address the assembly, 
seeT\oox. For various points 
relating to speaking, as holding 
or yielding the floor, limit of 
speech, number of times , etc., 
see Vn^e\>aVe, 

and '?ex<boYva.Y\Vu. 

Special OrdEA- — An order of 
the day assigned to a particular 
time for consideration.^ee 
0x&<2,x<=> ok V\\e^u.\;V 

StaKDIKG AUL^S.-All reso¬ 
lutions of a permanent nature, 
adopted by a society at occasion¬ 
al times, and which are binding 
on the society until rescinded 
or modified. They maybeadop- 
ted at any meeting by a major¬ 
ity vote, but cannot be -modified 
at the same session except by a 
motion to reconsider. No stand- 
ing rule can be adopted which con¬ 
flicts with the Constitution, By- 
Laws, or Rules of Order; and at 
any future session, whatever 
resolutions or standing rules 
may have been adopted at any 
previous session, may, by a ma¬ 
jority vote, be suspended, mod¬ 
ified, or rescinded. In practice 
the various classes of rules are 
frequently very much mixed, 
the standing rules even assum- 
mg the rank of the By-Laws,and 


not being capable of being suspend 
ed, or even amended without a 
previous notice. This confusion 
is produced without a'correspond- 
ing benef it, and should be guard¬ 
ed against. 

Standing ConimittEe .— a 

committee^which is appointed 
for the session, of for some def¬ 
inite time, as one year. 
Co\wvy\\X« and C>o / VY\W\V'freeV 

Stating aQ^stion.- t he 

act of expressing or represen¬ 
ting clearly the exact words of 
any question or particulars of 
any subject,that the assembly 
may know what is before them 
for consideration. V.F>e,o.YwXrVvwc; 
VVxeQoa-esfcxorvVWhenever any 
member failsto understand a 
question,the Chairman should 
state the same for a he informa¬ 
tion of the member, if desired. 

Strike OUt. — To ef face, erase,| 
or blot out, used when making 
amendments. The d ifferenP 
methods of amend ing are,by 
"adding ” words, by "striking 
out” words, by "striking out 
certain words and inserting oth¬ 
ers,” by "substituting” a dif¬ 
ferent motion on the same sub¬ 
ject for the one before the as¬ 
sembly, or by "dividing theques- 
tion ” into two or more questions. 
Vbee k / w\eA\&'vw<t'v\V\. 

subsidiary Motion*- Any 

secondary motionor question 
which may be applied to other 
motions, for the purpose of 
most appropriately disposing of 

i them. The Subsidiary Motions, 
given in the order of precedence 
among themselves, aretflJTo. 
lie on theTable.(2) The Previ¬ 
ous Question.(3) To Postpone 
to a Certain Day. (4-) To Commit,. 
(5) To Amend. ( 6 )To Postpone 

a Indefinitely. They supersede 
principal questions, being act¬ 
ed upon before them, and yield 
to incidental and privileged ques- 

3 tions. They may be applied to 
one another; (I) The Previous 
Question may be applied to the 
motions to Postpone, without 
affecting the main question, 
and can, if specified, be applied 
to a pending amendment. ( 2 ) 

A motion to Amend the min¬ 
utes can be laid on the table 
without carrying the minutes 
with it.(3) The motions to Post¬ 
pone to a certain day, and to 

a Commit, can be amended. Ex¬ 
cept to Amend, any of these 
motions can be made when 
one of a lower order is pending, 
but none can supersede one of 
a higher order. For the details 
of each of these motions,see it 
in its proper order. 

SUBSTITUTE.- To put one mo¬ 
tion in the place of another. 
This motion is one of the five 
forms of amendment.\Se^ < 5WvV.e-Qwxy 


231 































9 Gentle e-nt-reaty. 10. Earnest en¬ 
treaty. II. Supplication. 12. Argu¬ 
mentation. 13. A-nger or deter-mi- 
nation. I4-. Carelessness. 


SUM . — In the filling of blanks,.any 
aggregate of numbers.in stating 
questions involving time or quan¬ 
tity, the longest time and the larg¬ 
est sum proposed shall be first put 
to the question. 

SUPPRESSION—The act of holding 
back, retaining, or repressing, as 
applied tg questions. Among the 
various plans to suppress a question, 
or prevent its passage.arer(l) T o 
wove to adjourn. This motion be¬ 
ing in order at any time, will us¬ 
ually be effective If the hour be late. 
(2.) To wove to lie on the table.The 
argument for this motion may be 
that more time and better oppor¬ 
tunity to consider the merits of 
the question may be had at a sub¬ 
sequent occasion. .(3) To move to 
postpone indefinitely. l-f ameas¬ 
ure be unpopular, this motion of¬ 
ten virtually defeats it.(4-} To move 
to postpone to a future time.The 
effectiveness of this motion lies in 
the contingency of the question be¬ 
ing either forgotten subsequently, 
or not taken up because of the press¬ 
ure of business at the appointed time. 
(5) To move the "previous ques¬ 
tion.” This may be done when the 
measure is either unpopular, or if 
the meeting be unwilling to pass 
a measure without due consider¬ 
ation. (6) To move that the ques¬ 
tion be now put- The reason for 
this motion is that indefinite chan¬ 
ges may be made in the question,suf¬ 
ficient to show the importance of 
some amendment. (7) To move 
"to commit,” or if once con¬ 
sidered by a committee,"to re¬ 
commit.” The argument is that 
a committee having Jurisdiction 
of that class of questions, should 
first consider it. (8) To. move an 
amendment. The object being to 
greatly change, modify, or weaken 


the force of the question.|9) If 
the question be put and carried, 

a to move a reconsideration.The 
pretext being that subsequent light 
on the subject may cause the mem 
bers to change their opinions.\>W' 
eaoYv oi v\\e a'ooNe < moV\o'v\<* \yvW% 
'axo^ev ox&ex", see a\so 0\>>cc.X\ovC\. 

SUSRElNSlOlM.— The act of tem¬ 
porarily delaying, interrupting, 
or withholding, as of the rules. 

1 A motion to suspend the rules 
is undebatable, cannot be ^men¬ 
ded, cannot have a subsidiary no¬ 
tion applied to it, cannot be recon¬ 
sidered when voted upon,-norcan 
it be renewed at the same -meet 

2 ing. The form of the motion is, 
"to suspend the rules which in- 

3 terfere with, etc.” The rules 
cannot be suspended except for 
a definite purpose, and by a two- 
thirds vote. If giving aright to 
a one-third minority, unan i - 

4 mous consent is required. If no 
one object, i.e., by "general con 
sent,” the rules relating tothe 
transaction of business can at 
any time be disregarded without 
the formality of a motion. 

T/vbL^,T0 Li^ on - To receive 
any document or written com¬ 
munication, as a report, a mo¬ 
tion, etc., but to agree to post¬ 
pone its consideration indefi¬ 
nitely. V=>e.<t 'L'e- oy\ V\\eAa\Ae,y 
For a motion to take from 
the table, see V\e on vWliUe. 

T/\RlN& PREJceJDF.NCE OF.- Be¬ 
ing in order while one or-more 
other motions are pend ing. \£ee 
Vrecebewce), 

TE(R!Vl. — The fixed period oftime 
for which officers or committees 
are appointed or elected, as one 
year. 

When refered^o In filling 
blanks, see WanVs. For the 
limit of time in speaking,the 
number of times one can speak, 
etc., see < b^ea\m\q. For the time 
to which to adjourn,see A&^xyyv 
and VvxXnq VYve Tvme Vo vA\\c\\Vo 
N^owxn. 

title; .— An appellation, or name 

1 of honor or dignity. A.lady 
acting as presiding officer, is 
addressed as "Mrs.President,” 
or "Miss President,”asthecase 
may be. The titles of clerk,sec¬ 
retary, recording officer, treas¬ 
urer, etc., are the same, whether 

2 applied to ladies or gentlemen.The 
presiding officer will designate 
the speaker, if a lady, by name, 
by number; or as the lady,the 
number, £he delegate,the repre- 
reSentative, etc., as may be most 
con ven i en t. \5bee, NAo / v\oy'&y\x VAewv 

w*y 

To Secure tUe Passage of 

A ^UEJSTION_(I) G-ivethemdt- 

ter very careful and considerate 
attention,that you may be thor¬ 
oughly \nforrned concerning its 
merits.and able to fully illus¬ 


trate its claims. (R) Circulate 
freely among the mem bers,form¬ 
ing personal acquaintances, hold¬ 
ing conversations relative to the 

measure, and thereby form favor¬ 
able impressions concerning the 
subject to be introduced.(3).In¬ 
troduce the motion at a time 
when an adjournment is not 
probable, and when there is no 
pressure of business.(4-) When 
first introducing the measure, 
properly present its claims to 
the mem here of the.asse-mbly..(5) 

In case of adjournment, or if 

the question belaid on the table 
or postponed, promptly bring it 
up at the first opportunity. (6) 
Should the matter be referred to 
a committee, acquaint its mem¬ 
bers with the claims of the ques¬ 
tion. (T) In the event of t.he 
passage of an entirely -modified 
form from the original, intro¬ 
duce another question,under 
a different name, but involving 
the same principle. ( 8 ) Jf sub¬ 
sequent events seem to have 
changed the opinions of the mem¬ 
bers, try to have the question 
reconsidered. 

TO MOVE. — A moV'vorv and a 
<Vue < bV'\orv, while nearly synon¬ 
ymous, are yet somewhat dif¬ 
ferent in meaning.To wo\ia 
that an act be passed, is termed 
amoVvorv. The subjectto be act¬ 
ed upon, is called the o,wesV\orv. 
The action of the assembly is 
designated a reso\wV\o-v\ or»oVe. 
When the xy\oV\oy\ is put and 
the <\wesv"\or\ adopted^ the decis¬ 
ion is known as an ordinance, 
order, law, statute, resolution, 
etc., according to the character 
of the assembly. , , 

To T/VKE UP * QUESTION. — 

After a question has been post 
poned to a certain time,the mem 
ber interested in its introduc¬ 
tion, has a right to insist that 
the subject.be taken up at the 
appointed time. As no delay or 
debate is allowed on the matter 
of taking it up, the presiding of¬ 
ficer should at once put the mo 
tion whether the meeting pro 
ceed to take up the order of the 

Tr 4)\SURER.—An offieerwho 
has charge of the money or fluids 

i of the society or assembly. The 
duties of this officer vary in 
.different societies; but in gen¬ 
eral, he simply holds the funds of 
the society, and pa-ying them out 
on the order of the society sign- 

a ed by the secretary. He is requir¬ 
ed to make a written statement 
at the close of the year,or of his 
term of office, showing, (l)The 
amount on hand at the commence 
-merit of the year or term.(5t)The 
amount received.(3) Amount 
paid out.(4-) Balance on hand. 

s fKffer the report is presented, it 


232 

































VC><b\T\OYVb OV TWt . 

I. The change from the second 
to the first position is made by 
stepping forward with the right 
foot, throwing the principal weight 
of the body up on it, only the shad¬ 
ed part of the left resting upon the 
floor. This position is assumed in im¬ 
passioned speech, earnest appeal, and 
boldassertion. 2. The left foot sup¬ 
porting the body, with right foot ad 
vanced. 


should be referred to an “auditing 
committee,”to examine the treas¬ 
urer’s books and vouchers.The fol¬ 
lowing is a common form for the 
t re as urer’s report: 

The undersigned, Treasurer of the 
Lincoln Society, begs leave to submit 

1 the following annual report: The 
balance on hand at the commence 
ment of the year was forty d o I- 

2 lars and sixty cents. There- we 
received from all sources during the 
year two hundred dollars and sev- 

s enty cents. During the same time 
the expenses amounted to one Hun 
dred ninety dollars and thirty-five 
cents, leaving a balance on Hand 
of fifty dollars and ninety-five cents, 

4 The annexed statement of receipts 
and expenditures will show in detail 
the sources from which the receipts 
were obtained, and the objects to 
which the expenditures have been 
s applied. All of which is respectful¬ 
ly submitted. \L\\A V\'aAWYUOY\&, 
Treasurer Lincoln Society. 

s The statement may be made by 
simply giving a list of receipts, fol¬ 
lowed by a list of expenses, and clos¬ 
ing with a balance on hand; or it 
may be made out in the form of 
i an account. The auditing commit¬ 
tee’s certificate to the correctness 
of the account should be written on 
the statement. 

TRIAL OP MEMBERS.-Every de- 
liberative assembly has the right 
to investigate the character of its 
members, when such is called into 
question. When a charge is pre- 


ferred against a member’s character, 
it should be referred to a committee 
of investigation or discipline,whose 
duty it is to inquire into the matter 
and report to the society. This re¬ 
port should contain recommen¬ 
dations as to what action the soci¬ 
ety should take, and close with res 
olutions covering the case. The or¬ 
dinary resolutions when a mem¬ 
ber is recommemded for expulsion 
i are, (I) to fix the time to which the 
society shall adjourn; and(2)to in¬ 
struct the clerk to cite the member 
to appear before the society at this 
adjourned meeting to show cause 
why he should not be expelled,up¬ 
on the following charges: ^s>vaxe. 
3 vVexwY The procedure at the tri¬ 
al is the same as at any ordinary 
trial, which is found elsewhere in 
this volume. A two-thirds vote is 
necessary to expel a member. 
TWO-THIRDS Vote*.- For a list 
of the motions requiring a two- 
. thirds vote, see YAoVxoxv. 
\WD£8/\JABLE G[lJEjSTlOtf.- A 
question that must be # decided with- 
i out debate. The following isalist 
of undebatable questions, which 
in most cases admit of no debate 
whatever; but in a few cases some 
of them may be debated to a limit¬ 
ed extent, for which see the details 
of each motion in its properorder. 
(I) To fix the time to which to ad¬ 
journ. .(*) To“ad jo urn” or in a 
committee “to rise.”(3) For the 
“orders of the day,” or questions 
relating to the "priority of busi¬ 
ness.” (■4-) An “appeal,” in cer¬ 
tain cases._ (5) “Obj ection to the 
consideration of a question.” (6) 
To “lie on the table, ” or to “take 
from the table.”{7) The“previous 
question.”(8) To “reconsider.”(9) 
To “postpone to a certain time.” 
( 10 ) Questions relating to “reading 
of papers, ” “witddrawing amotion,” 
“suspending the rules,” “extend- 
. ing the limits of debate. * 1 2 * 4 ’ 
UNPir/lSRED BUSINESS.- Any 
business not brought to an end at 
a previous meeting. 

. and Ox&e-x ofc ^>\i%vx\e'osy 
V(cr-prrside;nt.- An assistant 
chairman, or his deputy. The du¬ 
ty of this officer is to act in the 
absence of the presiding officer. 
Sometimes there is a number of 
vice-presidents appointed for mere 
v complimentary purposes. > 
VOTING-. —The act of choosing or 
electing by suffrage. Except on 
unimportant matters where the 
assembly is supposed to consent, 
all questions must receive a form¬ 
al vote of the assembly to be con- 
a sidered itsvvill. The different meth¬ 
ods of voting a re by ballot, xfwia. 
voce, calling the yeas and nays, by 
raising the hands, by standing,and 
by dividing the house—one party go- 
ing to one side of the room, and 
3 the other to the opposite side.The 
affirmative side of the question is 


is 
7 it 


always put first, and if the number 
of voters be very large, the Chairman 
may appoint tellers to assist in de¬ 
termining the result of the vote. 

4 The majority of-votes of those 
present constitutes the will of 
the assembly, except as noted un 

5 der YAoV\ox\, and V\wYaV\V^.For 
the different forms of putting 
the question to vote, see VwxvVwq 

s VV\e Qo^eeVvon. The Chairman should 
always announce the result of the 
vote in the following farm:“The 
motion is carried—the resolution 
adopted,” or,“The ayes have 
— the resolution is adopted.”lf 
any member doubt the result of 
the vote, he may call for a divis¬ 
ion, when the Chairman will 
call for a_ rising vote, the votes 
a on each side being counted.WHen 
not voting by ballot, and before the 
result has been announced, any 
mem ber has the right to change 

9 his vote. Until the negative has 
been put, it is in order for any 
member to rise and speak,the 
same as if the voting had not 

10 commenced. A mem ber cannot 
vote on a matter affecting him- 
sel^except when more than one 
name is included in the resolu- 
tionjwhen alj are en'titledtovote. 

11 When there is a tie vote the mo¬ 
tion fails, unless the Chairman 
gives his vote for the affirmative. 

11 Qaee.Vxesx&Vwq0 kk\oe*C \.For an 

1 3 appeal vote, see Wti en 

required by the Constitution or 
By-Laws, the voting must be by 
ballot; for which purpose the pre¬ 
siding officer appoints two or 
more tellers to distribute slips 
of paper, upon which each mem¬ 
ber, including the Chairman, 

14 writes his vote. Voting by \;eas 
and xva.\)S has the effect of putting 
on record how each member votes, 
as the clerk calls the roll,each mem¬ 
ber rises and answers " yes ” or 
“no.” After the commencement 
of the roll call it is too late to ask 
to be excused from voting. The 
yeas and nays cannot be ordered 

. in committee of the whole. 

Withdrawal of a MotipK.- 

If the mover of a questionwish- 
es to withdraw or modify it, or 
to substitute another in its place, 
after it is before the assembly^i f 
no one object, the Chairman gjves 
permission; but if any one object, 
amotion must be made,and vot¬ 
ed upon by the assembly. Such 
amotion is undebatable. The 
motion being withdrawn, the 
effect is the same as if it had tiev- 
. er been made. 

V^AS AND MATS. — Affirmative 
and negative votes,equivalent to 
\*es> and x\o. For method of thus 
voting, see last paragraph under 
M ovVvxq . 

YIELD.- One motion is saidto\)\e\X 
to another, when the second may be 
made while the first is pending. 


233 



























co/>y#/G*r, /e3+,6v */ASf>e/i &ooDy/coo*rz. 




the -following vocabulary 
will be found the principal 
laws of practical etiquette. 
The arrangement is alpha¬ 
betical in order to facilitate 
ready reference. Civility and 
good breeding are-necessary to 
success in life, and the person 
possessing these virtues is al¬ 
ways welcome in all society. Al¬ 
most the first requirement is 

f qooib cowxworv wvsn. While this 
admits of piquancy and dignity, 
it is also a host arrayed in one’s 
favor. True politeness comes from a 
knowledge of ourselves and respect for 
others, and constitutes propriety of de¬ 
portment, coupled with good nature 
and a desire to please. ~ . 

ABSENT. — It was.one of Washington’s 
maxims to speak no evil of the absent,as 
it is unjust. 

ABS^NT-IVjlND^D.—In society the absent- 
minded man is uncivil. Avoid it. 
ACQUAINTANCES,TRAVELING—All well- 
dressed people are not members of good 
society. Treat every person with civility, 
but be extremely careful in permitting a- 
ny one to exercise any familiarty which 
is not warranted among entire strangets. 
ADDRESS. —Add the name in address¬ 
ing persons with titles; as,"What do 
you think, Ooctor Graves?” 

Young misses are address by a teach¬ 
er as"Miss Julia’,’or'Miss Annie” etc. 
Young boys as"Master Brown’,’ etc. \ 
Pupils should address the teacheT as 
"Miss or Mr. Smith” not as’Teacher.” 
ADI^U.—In making calls it is a breach of 
etiquette to resume your seat after hav¬ 
ing left it to say adieu. 
advice; .—Avoid all officious offers of ad¬ 
vice or your own opinion, and if you do 
give an opinion, represent it not as fact. 
A&HEEJaBLE.—I n society one should make 
himself agreeable, doing his best to as¬ 
sist conversation, both by talking grace¬ 
ful! y and easily, and listening patiently, 
even though it be a twice-told tale. 

ALL ONE CAN DO. — fNNasVuwqXon's waived 
When a man does all he can, though it 
succeeds not well, blame not him that did it. 
AN^CDOJ^S.— These should be sparsely 
used in conversation, lest they become stale. 


ANGER,—It is very unbecoming to exhib¬ 
it petulance or angry feeling m society 
circles. The true gentleman does not 
suffer his countenance to be easily ruf¬ 
fled. 

ANIMJALS.—These,affording us pleasure 
or profit, should be treated with human¬ 
ity, and every attention paid their wants. 

ANNOYANCES. — The habit of dmmming 
with the fingers on the furniture, beating 
time with the feet, humming, and whis¬ 
tling, indicate a want of good breeding, 
and are very offensive to refined people. 

APOLOGY.—No gentleman may refuse 
an apology, no matter how great the offense. 

if by accident or design we violate the 
rights of another, we should make amends 
by promptly apologizing. 

APPLAUSE^.—In concert ot lecture 
rooms the applause manifested by cat¬ 
calling, whistling, shouting,etc., do not 
distinguish refined and polished people, 
and always give offense to the better por¬ 
tion of the audience. 

APPF\OBATIDN.—When the sentiments 
of a public speaker ot performer ate agree¬ 
able, we may approve them by the clap¬ 
ping of hands for his encouragement, 
but if they do not meet our approbation, 
we should not offend others by hissing 
or giving other evidence of disapproval. 

APPARE L.—-waxV^.-ln your 
apparel be modest, and endeavor to accom¬ 
modate nature rather than procure admi¬ 
ration. Keep to the fashion of your equals, 
such as are civil and orderly with respect 
to time and place. 

ARGUMENT.—- One.slibuld not argue a 
point when it is possible to avoid it,but 
when he does, he should do it in a gen¬ 
tlemanly and impassionate manner. 

ASSOCIATES.— One is judged,to agTeat 
extent, by the character of his associates. 

ATTENTION. — To listen well is almost 
as great an art as to talk well. One must 
not only give perfect attention, but en¬ 
deavor to seem interested, and never 
show impatience at the length of the 
conversation. 

ATTENTION JO LADIES— It is etiquette 
foT a gentleman to hand a lady a chair, 
open the door for her to pass out, pick 
up anything she may drop, or remove 
anything that may be in her way, even 
though she be argentine stranger to him. 


BACk.—WvsYive.qVorx's . Turn -not 

your back to others, especially in speaking 
Jog not the table or desk on which an¬ 
other writes; lean not on any one. 

BASHFUL.—Me who knows the world, 
will not be too bashful. He who knows 
himself, willnot be impudent. 

BEljl N □.—A child should be taught to 
pass behind, and not before any one. 

BENEVOLENCE.—The charitable heart 
will find no difficulty in discovering 
those who need assistance. A kind ap¬ 
proving smile, a gen tie, encouraging word, 
a cup of cool water, a friendly visit or 
a timely pecuniary help, are little in 
themselves, and yet are invaluable. 

BETRAYAL OF CONFIDENCE-It is a 

breach of etiquette to betray confidence, 
even if not bound to secrecy; an implied 
confidence is as sacred as one expressed. 

BETTING.-Betting is highly prejudi¬ 

cial to good moTals,for he who bets is 
naturally anxious to win, and has the 
strongest temptation to use dishonest 
means to secure his wager. 

BOASTING. — Avoid boasting of your 
own position, wealth, luxuries, or pos¬ 
sessions of any kind. 

BO^ES -It is an old and homely adage,| 

but a true one, that "the dog who brings 
a bone will carry one.” ■ 

BOOKS.-Remarks written in a borrow¬ 

ed book are unpardonable; in books 
from public libraries they are in bad taste, 
Care should be exercised in asking for 
the loan of books, and when-obtained, 
should be returned as soon as possible, 
in apparently as good condition as when 
borrowed.; ' 1 

BORES.—— Though bores find their ac¬ 
count in speaking ill or well of themselves, 
it is the characteristic of a gentleman that 
he never speak of himself at all. 

BORROWING.— In borrowing great 
care must be taken that the practice does 
not become a nuisance, as it surely does 
where it is indulged in too frequently,and 
when borrowed articles are not speedily 
returned, and in good condition. There 
should be no stinted measures in returning. 

B0\VING-A lady must recognize a gen¬ 

tleman by bowing before he is at liber¬ 
ty to salute her; should she recognize 
him he should raise his hat a little from 
his head, with the hand furthest from her, 













234 







































and return Her salutation with a slight 
inclination of the body. 

A gentleman may bow to a lady seat¬ 
ed at a window, if he is passing on the 
street; but he must not bow from a win¬ 
dow to a lady on the street. 

A gentleman, walking with a friend, 
and meeting a lady witn whom his 
friend is acquainted, must bow, although 
the lady may be a stranger to him. 

A lady,in passing a gentleman.who 
stands aside for her to pass, must ac¬ 
knowledge the courtesy with a slight bow. 

A gentleman cannot refuse to re¬ 
turn the bow of any respectable lady. 

Young men or boys,meeting their 
superiors in age and station, or the 
other sex- who recognize them,should 
lift their hats slightly, and make a re¬ 
spectful bow. 

BFIEAKJNG- UP. — If it be necessary for 
one to leave before the propertirne ar¬ 
rives for the company to go home, it 
is better to do so without attracting at¬ 
tention. It is not discreet to “wear out 
one’s welcome,” by staying to an unrea¬ 
sonable hour; it would be better to have 
our friends to regret our going than 
to wish we were gone. When leaving, 
we should see our entertainers and 
bid them good-bye. 

BUSINESS A^FFAJF\S .—It is not consid¬ 
erate for a oentleman to talk of his 
business affairs to a lady, or for her 
to weary him in recounting her domes 
tic affairs. 

B\JS[nE[SS ^OUf\S.—It is a breach ofet 
iquette to intrude upon a business man 
or woman during business hours. 
CALLING. — To neglect to call upon one’s 
friends is at once a breach of etiquette 
and an injury. 

It is improper in the extreme for a 
lady to call upon a gentleman, except¬ 
ing on business, at His place of business. 

Calls are of ceremony,friendship,con¬ 
gratulation, or condolence. 

In making calls, ladies, as well as gen¬ 
tlemen, send in but one card, no mat¬ 
ter how many they may wish to see. 

Within three days after an enter¬ 
tainment, if a first invitation, calls 
ought to be made; within one week 
after a formal entertainment. 

A call of congratulation is made by 
acquaintances, one month afterthe 
birth of a child. 

A call of congratulation is due to 
the newly married, also to the parents 
who gave the invitations to the mar¬ 
riage. 

Calls of condolence are made withi-n 
ten days after the death, if on intimate 
terms with the family, or if otherwise 
within a month. 

If a gentleman be invited by a lady 
to call upon her, he cannot, without 


great discourtesy, neglect to pay the call 
within a week. 

j A call ought,,always, to be returned 
but if the acquaintance is not desira- 
We,the first call may be the last. 

Among Intimate friends informal 
calls, made out of the conventional 
hours, are the most agreeable. 

When calling, a lady should never 

i ask a gentleman to take his hat, or 
a lady to lay aside her wraps. 

The hours for calling vary in dif¬ 
ferent cities, and are regulated by the 
prevailing custom of the place. 

It is a gross impropriety for a gen¬ 
tleman to receive calls athis home from 
ladies, unless it be those in the immedi¬ 
ate family. 

CA.NX-— Do not use Scriptural phrases or 
proverbs; cant is detestable. 

CA^DS .—V'vox korxxxs a.'X'A I 

vcwtax \YW1\T KTXOWi, 

Calling or Visiting Cards have noth¬ 
ing upon them but the name and ad¬ 
dress of the caller, in small script or 
card text. 

When calling, etiquette requires that 
a card be sent up. 

A card is left,in the absence of the 
lady of the house. 

When there are two or more ladies, 
the turning down of one cornerof the 
card signifies that the call is for the 
family. _ 

When cards are left preparatory to 
leaving town, the initials P.P.C.i Presents 
parting compliments) must be written 
in the left-hand corner. 

In calling upon friends at a boarding¬ 
house or hotel, write their names above 
your own on the card, to insure prop¬ 
er delivery. 

Have cards in readiness at every call. 

Cards sent during the illness of any 
member of the family to whom they are 
sent, should be accompanied by verbal in¬ 
quiries regarding the patient’s Health.Ap¬ 
ply same rule to survivors in sending caTds 
of condolence. 

When a death is known,cards maybe 
sent immediately,, but visits of condolence 
not made till within the following week. 

Cards may be left or sent the day af¬ 
ter a ball or large evening party. 

After a small social gathering or din¬ 
ner party, cards must be left the fol¬ 
lowing week. 

A gentleman’s card bears his address 
on the right-hand corner. 

C/\f^lf\G-E.—Always enter a carriage 
with your back toward the seat you oc¬ 
cupy, thus avoiding the necessity of 
turning round in the carriage. 

In leaving a carriage the gentleman 
must go first, even though compelled to 
cross the carriage and disturb the lady, 
that he may assist her to alight. When 
a man-servant is present, he must hold 
open the carriage door and lower the 
steps, but not assist the lady in alighting, 
except in the absence of the gentleman. 

The gentleman,not thelady, gives 
all orders to the coachman. 

A lap or carriage robe should be car¬ 
ried, to cover the skirt of a lady’s dress, 
to protect from dust or mud. The lady 
should be provided with a shawl,parasol,and fan. 



The gentleman sits on the right-hand 
seat when driving, and must accommo¬ 
date the pace of the horses to the wishes 
of the lady. 

A friend taken into a carriage when 
out driving, must be taken to his des¬ 
tination. 

When driving with a lady, it is imper¬ 
tinent for a gentleman to put his arm 
across the back of the seat. 

If a lady leave a carriage, and the gen¬ 
tleman remain in it till her return, he 
must alight to assist her out, also when 
she returns. " " - ' ' ■.* 

During the ordinary course of a drive, 
a lady should resign herself to the prov¬ 
ince of the driver, and should she not 
approve of His mariner" or skill, need 
not drive with him again. 

The seat on the right hand, facing the 
horses, is the seat of honor, and is reserv¬ 
ed for a lady, an elderly oentleman, or 
guest. The seat facing the horses is for 
ladies, and no gentleman must sit be¬ 
side tne lady, except from invitation, 

CHA.ii\S*—It is a breach of etiquette to 
turn your chair so as to bring your 
back to some one seated near you. 

■ When calling, a gentleman may take 
any vacant chair, without troubling the 
hostess. • - . 

A gentleman rises upon the entrance 
of ladies, but does not offer his chair, 
except in his own house, when others 
are available. 

Crl/\ST[TY. —A large portion of the sor¬ 
row and suffering of the world arises 
from the want of chastity in thought, 
speech, and behavior. Characters are ru¬ 
ined, homes made desolate, and fond 
hearts broken, by neglecting to preserve 
that purity of heart, of which a little 
child is the type. 

CHEWING- G-UNX-Aside from the phys¬ 

ical injuries arising from the incessant 
chewing of gum, it is in bad taste- to 
see persons in school,or elsewhere,with 
their -mouths full of gum or wax, appar¬ 
ent in laborious exercise. On the street, 
such rumination is very unbecoming; if 
observed carefully, serious doubts arise 
as to whether the ruminant is a lady 
or not. 

—Never speak of your own 
children as " Master.” and "Miss” except 
to servants, but give them, unless mar¬ 
ried, their Christian name only,or say 
“my daughter,” or “my son.” 

Among a child’s first words should 
be“please,” “thank you’’"yes ma’am,” 
“no ma’am,” “what,ma’am’’and“what, 
sir.?” 

A child should not be allowed to leave 
the table without asking to be excused. 

Never permit little boys to keep on 
their hats while in the house. 

Teach children to be polite and gen- 


235 
































erous to their little visitors, and when 
“half” win not do, to give up"afi”of any 
thing. 

When addressed with"good morn 
ing” or other salutation, teach them 
what to say, that they may not stand 
staring at any one. If taught to say“Ver- 
y well, thank you.” in answer to the 
aueation/'How do you do?” they wi" 
reel no embarrassment in replying. 

If they cau-se inconvenience to others, 
teach them to say "I am sorry”till old 
enough to say"Excuse me.” 

Teach a child that it is both rude and 
naughty to Contradict, and, when told 
to do anything, to say "what for,” and 
"why.” 

Children should be taught that it is 
rude to yawn without trying to suppress 
it; to whistle or hum in the presence 
of older persons, or to play with any 
thing at the table. 

They phould moTleave the table with 
food in the mouth; take possession of 
a seat belonging to another without 
vacating upon his return; or to leave 
any one without saying"good-bye!’ 

Teasing should not be allowed; too 
great inquisitiveness should be checked, 
and meddling with things ought not 
to be permitted. 

CLOWN*—No gentleman will so far im¬ 
itate a vulgar clown as to slap a friend 
on the back, clapping his hand u-ponthe 
shoulder, poke him in the ribs, or to 
shout" Halloo, old boy.” 

CHURCH-—Be punctual in attendance so 
as not to interrupt the congregation. 

Gentlemen remove their hats at the 
door, and enter quietly and reverentially. 

Strangers wait in vestibule for ushers 
to show them a seat. Never enter a pew 
without invitation or permission. 

If unfamiliar with the forms of worship, 
‘rise, kneel, and sit, as you see others do. 

Provide books, find the place and point 
it out to strangers. 

When books or fans are offered, accept 
or refuse with a si lent bow. 

A gentleman and lady pass up the 
aisle together, when the gentleman steps 
aside,allowing the lady to enter the pew 
•first. 

Whispering, laughing, staring, or ma 
king noise with feet or fingers, should 
be avoided. 

8ow not.nor recognize a friend while 
in the church; greetings may be exchang¬ 
ed in the vestibule after service. 

Pay no attention to rude or noisy per¬ 
sons around you. 

If a stranger enters-unseen by the ush¬ 
ers, open the door or rise and motion to him. 


In attending a Roman Catholic Church, 
the gentleman accompanying a lady, 
may,with ungloved hand, offer her the 
holy water. 

A lady does not remove her gloves in 
church, except to use the holy water, or 
at communion. 

At a christening the godmother accom 
panies the family of her little godchild to 
and from church,sending her giftlusu- 
ally a silver cup) the day before. 

In attending a funeral, do not leave 
the pew till the mourners have passed in¬ 
to the aisle, standing while they pass, fall¬ 
ing into your proper place as the proces¬ 
sion passes. 

Upon conclusion of the service, make 
your departure silently, exchanging, in 
a quiet manner, greetings in the vestibule 
ciymTr.— Shakspeare says'*Whilst thouj 
livest, keep a good tongue in thy head.” 

Tillotson remarks“A good word is an 
easy obligation; but not to speak ill,re 
quires only our silence, which costs us 
nothing.” . 

CLIPPING OF HRNDS_In conversa¬ 

tion, never, however much you may 
be pleased with any remark, cry out 
"Bravo,” clap your hands, or permit any 
gesture, silent or otherwise, to -markyour 
appreciation of it. A quiet expression of 
pleasure, or a smile, will show your sense 
of the fitness of the remark* 

In a concert hall or lecture room,it 
is allowable to clap the hands.(See Appro 

CLepJnIj NE^SS._So 9 1 ' eat: is the effect of 

cleanliness upon man, that it extends 
even to his moral character. Virtue nev¬ 
er dwells long with filth, nor is the pres 
ervation of health and comfort possi¬ 
ble with it. No one has a right to offend 
the sensibilities of any one by neglect¬ 
ing this particular. 

ClOTR^S. -Dirty collars, wristbands, 

and shirt fronts are intolerable. If 
grease spots are seen upon the clothing, 
it indicates a great lack of neatness in 
the wearer. A clean hand kerchief is one 
of the prime evidences of gentility. Boots 
and shoes not kept clean, show that 
their owners are lacking in good taste. 

colons. -The brunette’s colors are 

scarlet, orange, and yellow, 

W, but glossy black and white also 
become her. A tasteful \mv-r\e, will have 
a scarlet blossom deftly twisted in her 
hair, or an orange knot at her throat. 

Sallow complexions are improved by 
dark green, or red. A creamy complexion 
is set off by a reflection of yellow. 

A dark violet, shading off into lilac or 
blue, charms the golden-haired blonde. Ei¬ 
ther light or dark shades of green look 
well with the ruddy face of the blonde. 
The very light blonde is exquisite in a 
dress of pale Nile green. In short,there 
is little,except bright red, that a blonde 
cannot wear. 

COIVMISSION. —When entrusted with 
a commission, do not fail to perform it. 

It is rude to"forget.” 

COtvmENT. — Do not be guilty of ruae 
comment on what has been said, by 
such remarks as"yes,you mean soaredsa 
Never supply words over which you-rcom- 
panion may hesitate a moment. 


CON^P/^NY. — For a lady to intimate to 
a gentleman that she would be pleased 
to have him escort her to any public 
entertainment, is one of the rudest 
breaches of politeness. Such conduct 
would place her under a very unpleasant 
sense of obligation, and may be the 
cause of much embarrassment to the 
gentleman. 

Should a lady decline an offer, she 
shoul d not mention it under any cir¬ 
cumstances . as this would be adding 
an insult to the refusal. 
COiVlPl-E\ION _To obtain the best pos¬ 

sible complexion, rise early, form reg¬ 
ular habits, diet yourself carefully, prac¬ 
tice absolute cleanliness, exercise freely 
in the open air-wearing broad-brimmed 
hats in the sun and veils in the wind, 
avoid washing the face when heated 
from exercise, and bathe the face in 
soft water. Vow, 

coiv^pLin^ent. —A compliment that is 
palpably insincere is no compliment at all. 
COfJDlJCT IN CHURCH- — It is our dutu 
to take part in the services,if we can do 
so conscientiously. It is gross rudeness 
to express any marks of disapprobation 
by laughing or talking. Reading papers 
or books is disrespectful. Never leave 
before the close of title services, except 
from sickness or an imperative call. If a 
lady,refuse to be escorted by one who 
waits outside for your appearance.Vow* 

CO ^NJI ON. —VWsVnxu^otvs If 

two contend together, take not the part 
of either unconstrained, and be not ob¬ 
stinate in your opinion,’ of things in¬ 
different be of the major side. 
CONTRADICTION.—It is a gross violation 
of etiquette to contradict any one. 
CONVERSATION. 

—One who engrosses 
the conversation is unpardonably sel¬ 
fish. 

Always appear pleased, though ’tIs 
an oft-told story, and the speaker’is an 
inveterate proser; in short, sacrifice sin¬ 
cerity as good manners and feelings dic¬ 
tate. 

Let the face be pleasant, look at the 
person directly, and listen attentively. 

In answering, express your thoughts 
in the best manner, avoiding a loose 
manner. 

You can best speak to the point by 
“thinking twice before speaking once.” 

Good and clear Saxon language, sim¬ 
ple and terse, is preferable to high-sound¬ 
ing phrases and long words. 

Avoid conversational extravagance,us¬ 
ing the word that will express your pre¬ 
cise meaning and no more. 

Avoid awkwardness of atitude and of 
speech, a continuous lolling, gestic¬ 
ulating, and fidgeting. 

In conversing with a person, do not 
repeat the name, frequently,-nor with 
atitled person,the title. 

Address a foreigner by his full name; 
in speaking of him, use his title. 

Married people should avoid the vul¬ 
gar habit of speaking of each other by 
the initial letter of the first name, or 
the. wife of her husband as"Smith,” 
omitting the "Mr.” This denotes ver- 
y ill breeding. 


236 































Flippancy is as objectionable as the perpet¬ 

ual smile, the vacant- stare, the wandering 
eye, and the half-open mouth. 

To skillfully adapt one’s conversation 
to the hearers, is the secret of talking 
well. 

Converse not on private affairs, nor 
drop the voice to a whisper, in a keWa- 
keke conversation. 

Never hide the lips with the hand or 
a fan, and avoid long conversations in 
society with the members of your own 
family. 

After the entrance of visitors, explain 
the import of any previous conversation. 

COf\f\ECTIO^ OF SP^CH. —Never pre¬ 
sume to correct the pronunciation or 
false syntax of those whom you meet 
in company. 

COlJGHlNG. —Coughing, clearing of the 
throat, blowing the nose, or spitting up¬ 
on the floor, while at the table, deserves 
the severest censure. Leave the table for 
such purposes, or apply the napkin to 
the face and turn the head from the 
table. 

When coughing is unavoidable, re¬ 
frain from society for the time being. 

CO\J NTEqN /\NCIv — As a rule, intelligence,| 
gentleness, and kindness, are distinguish¬ 
ed from ignorance, coarseness, and bru¬ 
tality, by an inspection of the counte¬ 
nance. Habits of mind are stamped up¬ 
on the face. The heart and mind edu¬ 
cate the features to express what they 
suggest. 

Your countenance should be pleasant, 
but in serious -matters somewhat grave. 

COINAGE.—Physical courage finds its 
highest type in the bull-dog; moral cour¬ 
age, in a person who suffers martyrdom 
rather than sacrifice his love of right 
and conscientious convictions of truth. 

Have courage to do right, hence, 

"We may have courage, all of us, 

T 0 start at honor’s call. 

To meet a foe, protect a friend. 

Or face a cannon ball.” 

COllF\TE;SY _A due regard should be 

paid to \\kk\e courtesies and elegances. 
These should never be neglected when 
associating with the opposite sex. 

Strangers entering a community either 
to visit or to make a home, politeness re¬ 
quires that those desiring to make their 
acquaintance shall manifest their dispo¬ 
sition to be sociable, by giving them a first 
call. 

COUf\TSHlP- — The best and only reli¬ 
able counsellors at this crisis ofa young 
man’s or young woman’s life are 
'-x\a and c^oo^ Skrvse. 

No sensible man will intrude Himself 
upon the presence of a lady, nor will a 
modest woman receive the attentions of 
a man too eaaerly. 

A woman of tact will let a gentleman 
see that His attentions are not disagreeabls 


to her without actually encouraging Him. 
It is equally possible for a man to be quite 
without becoming a lover. 

To triflewith the affections is exceed¬ 
ingly dishonorable, and if a woman is 
not a cocqovzVAe, a man of 

sense should be able to judge whether 
his proposal will be favorably received 
or not. 

COVETOUSNESS. — Unlawful cravings 
are more likely to affect the mind, 
and engage the fancy, than those that 
are right, and thus we are enticed in¬ 
to unlawful actions. 

"T'acax, <=>\\z\\ wok OOMOk k\\\) 
Vo\x,se,k\vov. sVaXk wo\ conmWY^ m\oJ<v 
km's wWo, wo\ V\s> YMCoe>ox\a\\k , wox 
Vas vws\teu(\a\\k , wor. V\s o*, wo\ \\\s 
avs, wox \Va\ \s 

CO\VAyf\D ICE^.— If a young man refuse 
to assist in robbing an orchard,if he 
is unwilling to drink intoxicating liq¬ 
uor, or if he decline to violate a law 
of society, he may be stigmatized by 
those devoid of moral principle, as a 
coward, and his refusal imputed to 
dishonorable fear, and thus driven to 
do what his conscience condemns,be 
cause he dreads that others will not 
think him brave. Such fear is the 
greatest and basest cowardice. 

CUf AJMD S/\UCEfV — Formerly the 
tea or coffee was poured into the sau¬ 
cer to facilitate its cooling, and then 
drank from the saucer. Now, how¬ 
ever, politeness requires us to drink 
from the cup, after having removed 
the spoon to the saucer. 

DEjFOFMITY. — To notice in any way 
a deformity or misfortune to the fig¬ 
ure of any one,is gross and unfeeling. 
To speak of them is the height of -rudeness. 

d^p/\HtVjr,e;.— it is a breach of etiquette 
for a caller to preface his or her depart¬ 
ure by remarking" Now I must go,” or 
insinuating that the hostess is weary 
of the visitor. 

Upon taking one’s departure,itis ex¬ 
pected that some acknowledgement be 
made of the pleasure that has been af¬ 
forded one. 

D/\NC|NG-. —VT ox koxxw ok \W\\a\\Of'o,m 
\xwWi VcwAk aVxorvs - VoAtxA. 

An invitation to a ball signifies that 
the entertainment is exclusively for 
dancing, and should be delivered by a 
messenger at least two weeks before an 
entertainment, the reply being due im¬ 
mediately. 

A pleasant ball requires good rooms, 
good music, and plenty of good company. 

The supper, to be enjoyable, must be 
well served, and abundant in quantity. 

A refreshment room, a dressing room 
for the ladies, and one for the gentle¬ 
men, should be provided. 

Ladies attend in elegant and elabo¬ 
rate dress, and gentlemen appear in full 
evening dress. 

A suitable room for dancing is near¬ 
ly square-rather longer than wide.The 
top of a ball-room is the part -nearest the 
orchestra. 

In a private house tightly stretch a 
good Holland floor-cloth over the caTpet, 

Abundance of light and good ventila¬ 
tion are ball-room requirements. 



vuaovskt ov ax\o v wnw. 

A hostess should provide good musicians 
to play for her guests. It is customary to 
provide three pieces for dancing: a piano 
and two violins, or piano, cornet and 
violin. 

The ladies’ toilet should be well sup¬ 
plied with mirrors, pins, needles and 
thread, and plenty of attendants to as¬ 
sist at the toilets. 

The Supper hour is usually from i2. 
to I o’clock, and the hour of departing 
from 2. to 3 A.M. 

A home-made supper consisting of 
coffee and sandwiches,with fruit, and 
two ot three kinds of ices and cake, is 
all-sufficient. 

No one sits down to a ball supper. If 
seats are ranged around the room for 
the ladies, the gentlemen stand. 

A gentleman who does not dance 
should not accept an invitation to a 
ball. 

To attempt to dance without a knowl¬ 
edge of the art, is only to make yourself 
and partner ridiculous. 

In round dances, hold the lady’s hand 
at the side; in quadrilles,see technical 
work for French terms. 

While dancing, confine not your ob¬ 
servations alone to the weather,or the 
number of people present, but be as a- 
greeable to the lady as possible. 

DE-SEF\T. — Before bringing on a desert, 
see that the table be freed from crumbs 
bu the use of a crumb-pan and brush. 

DINNERS.—See Table,also Picnic. 

DISi\GF\EE/\BL£ TOPICS _Do not com¬ 

mence any conversation by the sugges¬ 
tion of painful or disagreeable topics. 

DISCUSSION.—When in social company 
avoid, if possible, all discussion with those 
with whom you may not agree,espec¬ 
ially of politics and religion. If discus¬ 
sion appear distasteful to the company, 
seize the first opportunity to change 
the subject. 

OlSEjNGf\GE^D.— The disengaged man is 
irresponsi ble. His freedom is that of the 
winds. To his position everything is for¬ 
given. Society has a perpetual welcome 
for him.-The position of the disen¬ 
gaged lady is charming. Her beau¬ 

ty, wit, and accomplishments, take her into 
society only to be courted and admired. 


237 















































disH^s _ Servants hand the dishes to 

the left of the guests when passing the 
cou-rses. 

D|SP/\F\AGE,M^NT.— To speak dispar¬ 
agingly of a woman, or criticise wo¬ 
men in general, is certain evidence of 
a depraved nature. 

DISPUTES.—ww\wV In 

disputes oe not so desirous to overcome 
as not to give liberty to each one to de¬ 
liveries opinion, and submit to the 
judgment of the major part, especial¬ 
ly if they are the judges of the dispute. 
disrespect. — A mother should never 
allow any disrespect in her children’s 
manners toward herself, nor toward 
any one older than themselves; they 
should be taught especially to reverence 
the aged. 

A teacher should never allow pupils 
to answer her disrespectfully, but have 
them say"Yes,ma’am,”"No,ma’am,” 
"What,ma’am;” mwt,yes,no,or what. 

A teacher should see that no pupil 
is allowed to treat those of a lower sta¬ 
tion in life with disrespect. 

disturbed 

Be not disturbed at trifles, or at acci¬ 
dents common or unavoidable, and 
be temperate in all things. 

DOG.— It is a breach of etiquette to take a 
dog with you when calling, however"dear 
orjnteresting,” as no dog can be admit¬ 
ted to the drawing-room. 

DOlEfUl. — Speak not of doleful things 
in time of mirth or at the table, as 
death or wounds, and if others men¬ 
tion them, change, if you can, the dis¬ 
course. 

DO 

DOOM. — to neg 

entering or leaving aroom,is evi¬ 
dence of great carelessness and indiffer¬ 
ence to the feelings of others. Should 
the door be open, however,leave it so, 
unless otherwise directed. 

DREAMS. ——Tell your dreams to none 
except your intimate friends. 

DRESfS —A neatly dressed person is al¬ 
ways well dressed, and ready to appear 
before another at any moment. 

Self-respect requires that a person be 
well dressed at all times, not spending, 
however, a larger sum than can be af¬ 
forded upon dre$9. 

Rich dressing is not the most refined. 
Simplicity and taste are preferable to dis¬ 
play. Elegance and perfection lie in 
simplicity. 

A neglect of dress is as grave a fault 
as too much regard for it. Young wo¬ 
men thus negligent, are deficient in 
taste and regardless.of order. 


IMESJIC AFFAIRS. — See BusinessAffain. 
)OR. — To neglect to close a door on 



WE. NT. 



DRESS, CHILDREN’S.- 

Dress children weH, 
but avoid display. 

The self-respect and 
personal pride of boys 
and girls ate increased 
by good clothes, neatly 
made and well-fitting. 

Except from poverty, 
never make your son 
a new suit from h i s 
father’s old one. Mon 
ey may be spent 
for new cloth. Your 
boy has pride in ap¬ 
pearance as wefl as yourself, and he 
should be spared the mortification of 
appearing in the old and ill-fitting suit. 

Uo not cultivate vanity, but by all 
means encourage self-respect 
DRESS, GENTLEMEN’S.- 
A well-dressed man re 
quires neither an ex 
tensive nor a varied 
wardrobe. A different 
cdstume for every sea 
son and every occasion 
is needed, but if He be 
careful to select clothes 
that are simple and not 
striking or conspicuous, 
he may use the same 
garments over and 
over again without their 
being noticed, provided 
they are suitable to the 
season and the occasion. A business suit, 
a frock-suit, a dress suit, and an over¬ 
coat, are needed. 

A man outrages propriety when he 
of sixty dresses like him of sixteen; when 
he wears a showy pattern and extreme in 
cut; when he dresses either above or be¬ 
low his station; when he dresses in a 
style inconsistent with His profession 
or calling, and when his dress is not 
in keeping with the occasion. 

Wear dark trousers for winter.When 
traveling, in the country, or at the sea¬ 
side, great laxity of style is permissible. 

When in town wear a good hat.A 
white hat lining is the most excusable 
foppery for gentlemen to wear. In warm 
weather a straw hat is as much in keep¬ 
ing with custom as any other. 

A gentleman used to be known by 
his glove, but now, except for ceremoni¬ 
al purposes, and protection from cold, 
gloves are less favorable. 

A light cane, simple in style,may 
be carried, and an umbrella is al¬ 
ways allowable. 

The business suit may be regulated 
by the wearer, but should be neat and 
substantial. 

For morning dress let every article 
be of the best quality. Except on special 
occasions, evening dress is,by many, 
condidered an affectation. 

Avoid affecting singularity in dTess.Ex- 
pensive dressing is no sign of a gentle¬ 
man. 

Manners do quite as much to set 
off a suit of clothes as clothes do to set 
off a graceful person. 



The“ruffianly style of dress”o-r them 

cV&X'arCv and appearance of 

the half-unbuttoned vest,and suspender¬ 
less pantaloons, are as disgusting and 
painful as the frippery of the dandy. 

When dressed for company, appear 
as easy and natural as possible. Noth¬ 
ing is more ridiculous than to see a 
gentleman who is stiff, awkward, and 
ungainly in a bran-new suit. 

DRESS, LADIES’—The ai ™ of ladies 
should be simplicity and taste,though 
great latitude is allowed. 

A lady must consider what colors will 
Suit her complexionASw,Consid¬ 
er size in selecting a dress; stripes run¬ 
ning the length of the dress cause one 
who is short to appear taller, and floun¬ 
ces cause a tall person to appea 1 shorter. 

Dresses should be suit¬ 
ed to the occasion. Hi 
the morning,at home, 
a loose, flowing dress; 
and on the street the 
dress should clear the 
ground. To see a trait 
ing dress sweeping up 
the dirt and filth of 
the street is disgusting. 

Whether a hat or 
bonnet be worn upon 
the street is a matter 
of taste. Simplicity, as 
well void of display or 
brilliant colors,marks 
the street dress of the vnvxvxu. 

well-bred lady. 

The evening dress is governed by the 
dictates of fashion, which, by the way, 
is about as changeable as a weathercock. 
Some neat and dainty costume ought 
to be worn at Home of evenings, for 
it is then the male members of the fam¬ 
ily are at home, and visitors are most 
likely to call. 

At home during the day dress neat 
ly, that callers may be received with¬ 
out having to change dress. 

In making evening calls,ladies usu¬ 
ally wear a hood or light head-wrap 
easily laid aside. 

For balls or soirees the dress may be 
of the richest and most elaborate de¬ 
scription, with elegant jewelry. This, 
however, is a matter of taste for the 
lady, who should avoid being over-dress¬ 
ed. 

The dress is simple and plain for 
church, with very little jewelry. Elab¬ 
orate dress shows disregard for the 
solemnity ofthe sanctuary. 

Opera dress is rich and full,jewel¬ 
ry according to taste, and head bare. 
White or tinted kid gloves are worn. 

Traveling costume is simple and of 
quiet colors(not showing dirt). A light 
display of jewelry may be made. A wa¬ 
terproof cloak, and for summer, a dus 
ter, should be carried along. 

Consider age in choosing coslume,ard 
never dress in the**height ofthe fashiorf! 
Moderation marks good breeding. 

To prescribe an exact style of dress 
for ladies is impossible, as fashions 
are ever changing. 


238 





















DF\ESS, POE^M ON.— 

From little matters let us pass to less, 

And lightly touch the mysteries of dress; 
The outward Forms the inner man reveal. 
We 9 uess the pulp before we eat the peal. 
One single precept might the whole condense- 
Be sure your tailor is a man of sense; 
But add a little care, or decent pride., 

And always err upon the sober side. 
Wear seemly gloves; not black,not yettoo light, 
And least of all the pair that once was white. 
Have a 9 ood hat. The secret of your looks 
Lies with the beaver in Canadian brooks. 
Virtue may Flourish in an old cravat, 

But man and nature scofn the shocking hat. 
Be shy oF breastpins: plain,well-ironed white 
With small pearl buttons-two of them in sight, 
Is always genuine, while your gems mag pass, 
Though real diamonds,For ignoble glass. 
E,CCE(NTf\ICITY. — To affect eccentricity 
of manner, dress, or language, is to at¬ 
tain notoriety by losing the respect and 
confidence of your neighbors. 
E,GOJlSFV\. —"Egotism adorns no one” 
yet it is one of the most common and 
insidious faults. 

To speak much of one’s own acts is 
a phase of egotism,and, as such, is not et¬ 
iquette. 

One’s own joys and sorrows,griefs and 
fears, exploits and experiences may be 
very interesting to one’s own self, but 
not always to others. 

Should the company be desirous of 
knowing our opinion or advice on any 
subject, it is our duty to accede to their 
request, but not to make an exhibition 
of our learning for the sake ofshow. 
E^LBOW. —While eating never put your 
elbow or hand upon the table. 
^(V^OT|ON.— Good training manifests 
itself in the suppression of undue emo¬ 
tion, whether of laughing, anger, mor¬ 
tification, or selfishness in any form. 
Sng/\&eiv\ent. — No gentleman may ev¬ 
er break an engagement, whether it be 
one of pleasure or business, with a lady, 
ot with another gentleman. 

E;NGA.GENIENT, N^AF\F\IAG-E _After an 

engagement is made the 
should be tender and devoted to his bride- 
elect, treating her family with great respect, 
but avoiding the taking of liberties to which 
he is not entitled, until he become a mem¬ 
ber of the family. 

He should play the devoted friend to his 
betrothed, all her relatives, and conform to 
the rules of the household, being punctual 
at all the meals, kind to the children, and 
courteous to the servants. 

His visits may be frequent, but should 
be short, never compromising the repu¬ 
tation of his future wife by keeping her up 
till a late hour. 

Toward other ladies he should be attent¬ 
ive and gallant, but not to so great an ex¬ 


tent as to excite the jealousy of his be¬ 
trothed. 

In general society he should not mo¬ 
nopolize the company of his betrothed, 
but as an escort, accord her the first 

K lace of honor, and be watchful of all 
er wants. 

He may send her few on many pres 
ents,as she seems disposed to accept 
them. If costly gifts be objected to, he 
may keep her supplied with flowers, 
books, or sweetmeats,according to her 
taste. 

On theVV^N,’^ pirt, great care 
and discrimination are necessary.SHe 
should refuse rather than encourage 
the assiduities of others. Levity and co¬ 
quettishness are in the worst possible 
taste. A heartless girl who will engage 
in flirtations at this period, does not de¬ 
serve the love of a true heart. 

On the part of ^TW, affected in 
difference, or exclusiveness, is in badtaste. 
Avoid too great freedom, or making dis¬ 
plays of affection or fondness. FortHe 
lady to parade her conquest, or the 
oentleman to display slavish devotion, 
is but to make both ridiculous, and 
other people uncomfortable. 
£N(r/\GEIVlENT, BREAKING A,N.- It 
will happen sometimes that an en 
gagement has to be broken off. This 
fs .distressing, owing to the sacredness 
of the tie, and it ought not to be light 
ly surrendered. The causes may be of 
family or of pecuniary nature, and 
sometimes of the mutual unsuitable¬ 
ness of the parties to each other. 

If the lover take the initial step, his 
position is inexpressibly delicate, and 
should express himself in decided but 
gentle terms, sparing the feelings of 
the lady as much as possible. 

It is most frequent that engagements 
are broken off at the wish of the lady, 
and when she feels that her happiness 
is compromised ? this is certainly a 
wise though painful course to pursue. 

It is best to break off an engagement 
by letter, accompanying with it any let¬ 
ters, portrait, or gifts received during 
the period of engagement. 

The acknow ledgment of the receipt 
of such letter should be in atone of dig¬ 
nified resignation, with a similar re¬ 
turn of letters,gifts,etc. 
E;N&A.GEIV\ENXS,L0^& AND SV(0f\T. 
Both are objectionable. The long en¬ 
gagement places the young girl under 
restraints immediately on her enter¬ 
ing life,thus preventing her from 
moving freely in society,and making 
her choice as a result of observation. 
Comment is unnecessary on the short 
engagement. 

e;ntef\in&. —In entering a room, a 
gentleman takes his hat,cane, and 
gloves in the left hand, leaving the 
right for salutation. 

Entering a room filled with people, 
bow slight!u to the company in gener¬ 
al before addressing individuals. 

Entering a room noisily and closing 
the door with a slam,show a lack of fine sense 


In entering an exhibition or public 
room where ladies are present,getitle- 
men should always lift their hats. 
EJNTEF\T/\JNIV^ENT. —When a person 
is requested to divert the company 
with instrumental music, a song,on 
a story, all conversation must be stop 
ped and respectful attention given. 

It is rude to offer to entertain the 
company without invitation. 

If one have the ability to sing and 
play well, and invitation be given, a 
prompt and graceful response is ex 
pected without waiting to be urged. 

Performers must not weary the 
listeners by too long continuance, 
It is better to err on the safe side by 
singing too little. . 

Never request one to play or sing 
unless you are sure it will be gener¬ 
ally agreeable. 

If a person decline to exhibit his 
accomplishments, it is impolite to 
insist, as there may be good reasons 
for refusal, and improper to make 
them known to the company. 
^F\Of\S. — Never correct any slight 
inaccuracy in statement or fact. Bet 
ter let it pass than to subject anoth¬ 
er to the mortification of being cor¬ 
rected in company. 
e;nvy. — The more one is praised,the 
more he is envied, and, generally speak¬ 
ing, where envy is, there is little friend¬ 
ship. 

^EQUIVOCATION.— Avoid all remarks 
having, or intended to have, an equiv¬ 
ocal, or double meaning. Even puns 
are utterly to be deprecated. 
Evening calls.— Evening calls 
should never be made later than 

9 p.m.,nor prolonged later than 

10 p.m. V)\\W\TVsj\. 

Evening pafqty.— if the evening 

party be formal,the host and host 
ess (and the daughters also,if the in¬ 
vitations included them), keep their 
places by the entrance door of t he 
parlor during the first and latter 
portions of the evening, that their 
guests may easily find them upon 
entering or leaving the room. 

To see a young man devoting him¬ 
self during a whole evening entire¬ 
ly to one young lady to the ignoring 
of others, looks extremely ill-bred. 
exchange's. —Ladies and gentlemen 
not nearly related or engaged, may 
exchange books, flowers,music,and 
confectionery. Costly presents are 
out of place. 

XCITENQENT—Avoid all exhibition 
of excitement, anger, or impatience 
when an accident happens. 
XCliS^D. — As soon as children are 
old enough, have them ask to be 
excused before leaving the table. If 
they inconvenience others, teach 
them to say" 1 am sorry,” until 
old enough to say*'Excuse ire.” 
Xp^nsX.— Gentlemen, when 
with ladies, am expected to defray all 
such expenses as car fares, entrance 
fee to theatre, refreshments, etc. 


239 




































EXTF\Erv\ES. — Extremes of all Kinds 
should be avoided. Though contrary 
in themselves, they have alike effect. 
Extreme heat mortifies like extreme cold; 
extreme love breeds satiety as well as 
extreme hatred; and-too violent rigor 
tempts chastity as much as too-much 
license. 

FACE.—Shakspeare says that all men’s 
faces are true, whatever their hands be. 

Ta see children’s faces continually 
dirty, shows a sad lack of care on the 
part of the parents. 

There is in the face, either a history or 
a prophecy, which saddens or gladdens 
every reflecting observer. 

A face which is always serene pos¬ 
sesses a mysterious and powerful at¬ 
traction. 

Faces are more legible than books, 
and may be read at a glance. 

F/yj\s .—When visiting a fancy fair, 
a gentleman carries his hat in his 
hand, leaving his head uncovered. 

Avoid unfavorable comments on 
the articles and their prices.Courtesy 
and words of praise are never more 
appreciated than by those who have 
spent weary hours in the preparation 
of the articles exposed for sale. 

Attendants upon tables must use 
no importunate entreaties to unwil- 

• ling friends to purchase articles against 
their own judgment. 

G-entlemen should not ask for change 
at a church or fancy fair, but say“Pfay 
accept the balance for the object- for 
which you are working.” The gift 
may be accepted with thanks. 

Propriety prevents any loud talk¬ 
ing, laughing, or flirtation in so pub¬ 
lic a place. 

FALSE PF\IDE. — No false pride, ot feat 
of work,or care for ridicule, should 
ever prevent us from doing our duty. 
Franklin never lost his dignity or 
self-respect, even when trundling a 
wheelbarrow. 

FAMILIARITY. —No well-bred girl 
will permit a boy to be so familiar as 
to toy with her hands, play with her 
rings, handle her curls, or encircle her 
waist with his arm. Such impudent 
intimacy should not be tolerated for a mo¬ 
ment. No gentleman will attempt it. 

Avoid undue familiarity with all 
strangers. 

family. — Members of the same fam¬ 
ily should never differ in public. 

To see a well-regulated family acting 
as if theu were one body informed by 
one soul, whose interests and hearts 



are inseparably united, acting in con¬ 
cert, adopting and making each oth¬ 
er’s cares their own, uniting their 
friendly beams, and jointly promo¬ 
ting the common happiness, is one 
of the most beautiful scenes. 

fasH'°n— 

The principle that 
should actuate one 
in dressing is neat 
ness and appropri¬ 
ateness. Health,age, 
comfort, modesty, 
form,complexion, 
time,place, and 
circumstances, are 
the factors that 
should determine 
the fashion. 

Nothing should 
tempt one to im¬ 
pair his or her ef¬ 
ficiency for the 
mere gratification 
of a perverted taste. 

If fashion demand 

that the hair be injured by any process, 
the lungs be restrictd from their full¬ 
est capacity, that the natural growth 
of the shoulders be contracted,or the 
spine be given an unnatural curva¬ 
ture, and the feet be made to conform 
to Chinese fashion, then common sense 
should assert itself by refusing to 
obeu the tyrannical decree. 

Ail honor is due to the one who has 
independence and moral courage enough 
to follow the dictates of wisdom,rather 
than conform to unreasonable fashions. 

FASTIDIOUSNESS. — To exhibit fastid¬ 
iousness at the table is extremely of¬ 
fensive to good taste. Teach children 
to eat what is placed before them,and 
to be not over sensitive and delicate. If 
anything unpleasant or unsuitable be 
found in the food, quietly put it aside 
without attracting attention. 

FAULT-FINDINO.— Avoid fault-finding, 
though gentle criticism, when given 
and received with the proper spirit, is 
in good taste. 

FE-Et— The confinement of the feet, 
and the perspiration caused thereby, 
make it necessary that they be washed 
more frequently than other parts of 
the body. 

After the bath is the propertime for 
paring the toe-nails, as they are then 
softer and more pliant. This should 
be done at least once every fortnight. 
Keep the nails long enough to protect 
the toes, but not so long as to c ut 
holes in the stockings. 

fidg-e;tin&.- It is a breach of eti¬ 
quette to fidget with the hat, cane, 
or parasol during a call. 

FILIAL OBEDIENCE.—Children are 
under both a moral and a legal obli¬ 
gation to observe the rules and regu¬ 
lations of their parents as long as 
they remain inmates of the family, 
or until they arrive at the legal age 
of manhood, after which time they 
should continue to respect the ma¬ 
tured reason and the wider experi¬ 
ence of their parents. 


FI F\E1.—It is a breach of etiquette 'iur 
ing a call, to draw near the fire to 
warm your hands or feet, unless you 
are invited by the mistress of the house 
to do so. 

FLATTERY.—If you are flattered,repel 
it with quiet gravity; you cannot accept 
it without also accepting the contempt 
of the person who offers it. 

All expressions of flattery to others 
should be avoided, as it is offensive to 
any person having delicacy of feeling 
and refinement. 

It is as weak and Silly to be overcome 
by false praise,thus losing all proper 
estimate of our real worth, as it is base 
and contemptible to exercise the arts 
of a flatterer by spreading a net for an 
unwary victim. 

If it be trying to the feelings to accept 
advice,knowing it to be prompted by 
kindness, it is harder to receive rebu-ke 
patiently, knowing it to be deserved. 

“ T 'ja'vVvA m \Ve, 'now'xv&s ok a WwfAr, 
\>vA \N\«, Vvsses ok w ewexov) m 

fIippancy. — The perpetual smile,the 
wandering eye, the half-open mouth,and 
the vacant stare, are no stronger eviden¬ 
ces of ill-breeding than flippancy. 

FUFETATION.— What we find the least 
of in flirtation is love.A.^o'^Xo'vo\\\\. 

When flirting has any other object 
than that of true courtship, it is a spe¬ 
cies of high-handed fraud upon an un¬ 
suspecting heart, worthy of the heav¬ 
iest penalty of public op'mion. 

Who steals money steals trash, but 
who steals affections without a similar 
return of affections,steals that which 
is more precious than wealth,and ranks 
among thieves, robbers, villains,and mur¬ 
derers. 

FLo\VEf\S.—Flowers tastefully arrang¬ 
ed, add much to the beauty of the table. 

A bouquet is the best ornament of 
girlish beauty; the meetest offering 
from young and timid love, and is 
linked with all the finer sympathies of 
our nature. 

Flowers appropriately deck thecham- 
ber of old age, and are the last sad gift 
of sorrow to the dead. 

If a lady wear a profusion of flowers 
about her person, a gentleman must 
be content with a very small bouquet, 
a single flower being in good taste. 

FOOD. Children should be taught 
that leaving the table with food in the 
mouth is a rudeness. 

If anything unpleasant or unsuita¬ 
ble be found in the food,quietly put 
it aside without attracting attention. 

Avoid abuse and excess, as there is 
sure to follow a period of suffering in 
mind and body,either in sickness, ill 
temper, or vicious inclinations, or all 
of them at once. 

foaeion cbs-foMs. — In conversing 
with foreigners do not disparage any 
of their national customs, even if 
they are rude enough to attack yours. 
You way pleasantly and frankly de¬ 
fend the institutions of your native 
land, but not by comparison with 
the customs of any other country 
or people. 


240 






















FOF^El&N U\NG\j/\GE.— Avoid talking to 
any one person in the presence of oth¬ 
ers in a language not understood ex¬ 
cept by the two persons using it,unless 
addressing a foreigner in his own tongue, 
and then others should be made aware 
of the subjects discussed. 

Avoid interlarding your conversation 
with scraps of foreign language. 
FOf\GE^TFUl_NEqSS.— Forgetfulness is 
not a sufficient excuse for neglect 
in performing a commission for a 
member of one’s family or a friend. 
FOF\G-1VEN tqSS.— It not being possi¬ 
ble to live peaceably with all men,ow¬ 
ing to the weakness of human nature, 
the infirmities of mind, the peculiari¬ 
ties of temper, and the want of proper 
training, it becomes necessary to make 
amends in lieu thereof. This is done 
through forgiveness. 

What shall we do with those whovi 
olate our rights? It was said ages 
ago"\V xNv^YxoVxxtx 'vTwqaAs -ao^vxviX, 
Vx\«.«,, 'xiWYs, Vxxxv, \k \\«. x , taioim 

Yivw,. kr\WV \x«. \x«.vqavs 'ao ) 'a\wa>\ 
st'jexx Vxxxxv* \x\ r. v<\^ s>mx\\\x<\*=> 
\x\a Vv,xw ^ 0 ,-aw, \o Vxvia,s>a\yo<\q,\ 
\V\o\x, sYa\\ Voxc,\n«. Vw.” 
FRIVOLITY-—To make a careless or friv¬ 
olous reply to a serious remark or ques 
tion is sure to injure. 
fi\ee;doiv\. — In all your association*, it 
is well to keep in mind the adage f 'too 
much freedom breeds contempt.” 
FlJNEHAi .— Immediately after death, 
some intimate friend or relative, acting 
under instructions from the family, 
should take entire charge of t^e arrange¬ 
ments. 

Accord the expenses with the means 
of the family-permitting no false pride 
to incur undue expense, yet letting af¬ 
fection dictate, as far as possible, what 
marks of respect should be paid the mem¬ 
ory ot the dead. 

If notes of invitation to the funeral 
be sent to friends, print neatly and sim 
ply on mourning paper, with envelopes 
to match, and deliver by messenger.Y'cox 
kw-wb.sw wAtr YwmVv r\\axvb,t\c.,AwL«,x\. 

If the funeral be at the house, some 
friend or near jelative should act as ush¬ 
er, and show the company to their seats. 
VSw. VawxcYCn. 1 

Preserve decorous silence in the cham¬ 
ber of death-speak as little as possible, 
and then only in low, subdued tones. 

The members of the family need not 
recognize their acquaintances. 

Gentlemen outside remove their hats 
as the coffin is borne to the hearse. 

The pall-bearers are chosen from among 
the intimate friends of the deceased. 

Send flowers at the wish of the family. 


FUf\NIT\jf\E. — It is a breach of etiquette 

to walk around the room when waiting 
for your hostess, examining the furniture 
and pictures. 

G/\IT. — The impressions we receive from 
seeing a stranger walk are not without 
their significance. 

A gentleman never puts on a pompous 
manner, nor does a lady ever strut. 

Make the style of walking easy an d 
graceful, turning the toes slightly out¬ 
ward, and making the steps fir-m,decid¬ 
ed, and moderately long. 

If a slouching, irregular, and unsteady 
gait be ungraceful, a mincing, wrig¬ 
gling. affected style is ridiculous. 

Or. Oio Lewis says,"Whoever carries 
the chin close to the neck is all right 
from top to toe, and will walk well.” 

When walking,inhale through the 
nose, and keep the mouth closed. 

G-/\l.L^NTf\Y.— Respect for woman is a 
distinguishing feature of civilized life, 
and he who degrades or depresses her, 
treating her like a beast of burden, or 
making Her entirely dependent upon him 
self, loses the marks of a civilian, and 
ranks himself with the lowest forms of 
civilization, bordering on,and dwelling 
with barbarism. 

Woman should be recognized as the 
equal of man, socially,religiously, in¬ 
tellectually, and as acouncellor. Her 
claims to the best education must be 
respected. 

GAMBLING. — One wVio is unwilling to 


engage in any honest e-mployment.is 
fond of social excitement-, and secures his 


iving without any visible means of sup 
port, tallies with the description of a 
gambler, and should be kept under the 
Dan of suspicion 

The only absolute safeguard for one 
who has any inclination toward ques¬ 
tionable resorts and practices, is to make 
an iron-clad resolution to taste not,see 
not,smell not,hear not,and feel not 
anything that relates to the temptations 
of the gambling hell. 

G-^NEF\OSIXY- Teach children,when 
quite young, to be generous and polite 
to their little visitors, and when half 
will not do, to give up all of anything. 

True generosity is a duty as indis¬ 
pensably necessary as any imposed up¬ 
on us by the law. 

Generosity is the flower of justice; it 
makes any one lovable, and i s more char- 
itable than wealth. 

GENTILITY. — Gentility is not in birth, 
or manner, or fashion — ft is in the 
mind. The essential and distinguish¬ 
ing characteristics of a gentleman are 
— a high sense of honor—a determ¬ 
ination never to take a mean advan¬ 
tage of another—and an adherence 
to truth, delicacy, and politeness tow¬ 
ard those with whom he may have 
dealings. 

GEqSTlC\JL/yTIO£J. — Avoid all gesticula¬ 
tions; declamation is not conversation. 

GIFT'S.—It is ill-bred to refer to gifts 
one has himself made, or favors he 
has granted. 

The art of giving and receiving pres¬ 
ents is not always an intuition. A 


generous person may unwittingly wound 
where he intends to please, while a. 
really grateful person may, by want of 
tact, appear to deprecate the liberality 
of his friends. 

Besides its price,agift should always 
be valuable for something else. It-may 
have been brought by the giver from 
some famous place; it may have a 
valuable association with genius,or it 
may be unique in its workmanship. 
An author may offer his book or an 
artist his sketch, and any one may of¬ 
fer flowers, which are always a deli¬ 
cate and unexceptionable gift. 
GIGGLING.—Avoid all loud laughing or 
giggling; it is excessively bad taste 
Do not interrupt yourself by laugh¬ 
ing at what you are about to say. 
&L/\ss.-a glass should be held by the 
stem, and not by the bowl. 

GLOVE S. —If one has on gloves, they 
should be removed at once upon be¬ 
ing seated at the table. 

Of the gentlemen who weargloves, 
many advocate the drawing off of the 
right-hand glove before shaking hands 
with any one, especially a lady who 
is ungloved. 

It is a breach of etiquette to remove 
the gloves when making formal calls. 

To offer a partner in a dance % an 
ungloved hand is disrespectful. White 

? loves befit the ball-room. They should 
e faultless as to fit, and never remov¬ 
ed from the-hands while in the ball¬ 
room. 

In mourning plain white gloves 
may be used, or they may be sewn 
with black. 

A gentleman’s gloves should be white, 
not straw-color or lavender. 

GO(Nfr 0\JJ _ For persons to leave 

church before the close of the services, 
unless from sickness or to obey some 
imperative call, i's rude and disrespect 
ful to the place*of worship. 

For young men to get up and leave 
the room during the intervals between 
the acts or parts in a programe while 
a concert or other entertainment is 
being given, is in very bad taste. 
GOSSIP.— Tale-bearers are as bad as tale- 
makers. Because everybody say it,it is 
not necessarily true. Read books of worth 
and half of society gossip will perish. 

Where lies are easily admitted, the 
father of lies will not be excluded. 

The following poem fits just here; 
“Said Gossip One to Gossip Two, 
While shopping in the town, 

‘One Mrs.Pry to me remarked. 

Smith his goods of Brown.' 

“Says Gossip Two to Gossip Three, 

Who cast her eyelids down, 

‘I’ve heard it said to-day, my friend. 
Smith qo\ his goods from Brown.’ 
“Says Gossip Three to Gossip Four, 

With something of a frown, 

'I’ve heard strange news—what do you think? 

Smith XooY his goods from Brown.’ 
“Says Gossip Four to Gossip Five, 

Who blazed it round the town, 

'I’ve heard to-day such shocking news- 
Smith his goods from Brown?’ 




241 


































GOOD ^DDf\ESS.—No stock-in-trade pays 
a business -man so well as a good address. 
GOOD 8 F\EE;DIN&. —Wisdom,valor, jus 
tice, and learning cannot keep a man 
in countenance that is possessed with 
these excellences, if he want that in¬ 
ferior art of life and behavior called 
good-breeding. 

Good-breeding befits our behavior to 
the three ranks of men—our superi¬ 
ors, our equals, and our inferiors 

To the ordinary eye,good-breeding 
shows itself the most where it appears 
the least. 

Good-breeding covers a muititudeof 
faults, supplies the want of some vir¬ 
tues, and keeps both wits and fools 
within the bounds of decency. 
OOOD-B'YE— Children should be taught 
that it is rude to leave any one with¬ 
out saying "good-bye.” 

GOOD N\ANbitf\S. — Good manners, un] 
like fine clothes, are not to be put on 
for particular occasions, but are to be 
one’s second nature. 

G-OOD N\0FINING.— Teach children to 
say"good morning”and"good right.” 

If pupils at school would take pains 
to bid their teacher"good morning” 
and"good night,” they would appear 
well in so doing, and easily give pleas¬ 
ure to another. 

GOOD NATURE.—Goodnature is the 
product of right reason, and will give 
allowance to the failings of others, by 
considering that there is nothing perfect 
in -mankind. 

Good nature being the beauty of the 
mind, will win almost without anything 
else, and sometimes in spite of positive 
deficiencies. 

So far as happiness is concerned,good 
nature is worth more than knowledge, 
money, or honor, to the one possessing 
it. 

GOODNESS. — Goodness implies the do¬ 
ing of good to others, and is always 
the road to what is true. 

One who is good only that others 
may know it, is one from whom -much 
service cannot be expected. 

Only he who desires continually 
to bear the inspection of good men, is 
entitled to be called truly good- 
GOOD -SOCIETY. —"Tell me the compa-| 
ny you keep, and I’ll tell you what 
you are.” 

OT\ATIT^DE. — The being and appear¬ 
ing grateful cannot be too highly es¬ 
teemed. 

True gratitude is never a secret de- 
sire to receive greater benefits. 


trUEIX®* —Ba not a guest the first day 
a burden the second, and a pest the 
third. 

At the table 9 uests are seated by the enter¬ 
tainer in such a manner as to secure 
the most pleasant and agreeable inter¬ 
course among all the -members. 
GUILT-— Though one bear himself vaun 
tingly in the hour of prosperous viI— 
lany, proofs enough have existed of 
the fears of guilt, When the hour of 
calamity approaches. 

Guilt distorts all the faculties of the 
mind, leaving a man no longer in the 
free use of his reason, and has very 
quick ears jto an accusation. 
HABITS.—Virtue has its birth in good 
habits, the formation of which may 
be said to constitute almost the whole 
work of education; which certainly be 
9 ims early in a child’s life. 

Bad habits are the fruits of wrong 
actions, and wrong actions are al¬ 
ways a violation of moral principles. 
The fact that one is unable to break a 
habit is no excuse for the wrong. A 
continuance of wrong never leads to 
the right. 

Precepts may be useful, but practice 
and imitation go far beyond them, 
hence, the importance of watching 
early habits, that they may Be free from 
what is objectionable. 

HAIF\.—As a matter of convenience 
and cleanliness, gentlemen should 
keep their hair cut short. Short hair 
for ladies is neither convenient, health¬ 
ful,nor comfortable. 

Thoroughly brush every morning 
to remove scalp impurities, occasional¬ 
ly wash in soft water, dissolved in which 
is a little common salt, and then comb 
and dru. 

Avoid the use of all pomatums,or oils, 
as they retain the dust upon the head. 
The natural oil of the hair is sufficient 
to preserve its glossiness. 

Occasionally the hair may be cleans¬ 
ed with a mixture of glycerine and lime 
juice. 

The attempt to change the color of 
the hair by means of dyes and fluids, 
indicates a senseless desire for fashion, 
and an unladylike desire to attract at¬ 
tention. 

The use of hair dyes,and false hair, 
is almost as much to be condemned as 
painted cheeks and pencilled brows. 

Long hair for a gentleman does not 
constitute genius, and he should be care¬ 
ful how he draws ridicule upon him¬ 
self by adopting it. 

HANDKERCHIEF.— The hand kerchief, 
like the hairbrush, toothbrush,and tooth 
pick, is designed exclusively for the use 
of its owner, and should never be offer¬ 
ed to another, except to wipe mud from 
clothing,or some such purpose 

A dirty hand kerchief reflects upon 
its possessor* 

HAN OLE — In offering any tool,instru] 
ment,or vessel, to another,care should 
be taken that it be presented in such a 
manner that he may seize it big the han¬ 
dle. 

HANDS.—K eep the hands scrupulously 
clean by frequent washing. 


For chapped hands, rub a few drops 
of honey over them when dry,or a- 
noint them with cold cream or glyc¬ 
erine just before retiring. 

Cut the nails twice a week, after 
washing, and keep scrupulously clean 
Never scrape the nails with a view 
of polishing the surface, as they are 
thereby caused to wrinkle. 

4ANDWIXITIfiG.— Character, as well 
as nationality, is seen in handwriting, 
The Englishman,Frenchman, Ital¬ 
ian, etc., each write the peculiar style 
of his cour\trif. 

A scrawling signature draws upon 
a person the ridicule of being a shal¬ 
low pretender. 

HASTE.-Haste and harshness are 
too often storms and tempests,break¬ 
ing and wrecking business. 

HAf. — Asa mark of respect, a ha bi t 
should be formed of removing the hat 
on entering a private House, a pubhc 
parlor, or church. 

Gentlemen lift their hats when pass 
ing ladies who are strangers, on stair¬ 
cases, in cor-ndors, and on entering 
public rooms. 

A lady should never ask a gentleman 
when calling to take his hat. 

Little boys should never be allowed 
to keep their hats on in the house. 

A gentleman stopping to speak to a 
lady on the street,must hold his hat 
in his hand during the interview, un 
less she request him to replace it. 

It is ill-bred for a gentleman to sit 
or stand with his hat on while in the 
House. 

A gentleman in passing a lady, and 
where it is necessary to stand aside 
for her to pass, must remove his hat 
and incline his head slightly. 

In restaurants unprovided with hat- 
hooks, gentlemen are allowed to eat 
with their hats on. 

Always take off your hat when hand¬ 
ing a lady to her carriage, or- the box 
of a theatre, or a public room. 

In entering an exhibition or a pub¬ 
lic room where ladies are present,gen¬ 
tlemen should lift their hats. 

HATRED — Hatred is the opposite of love. 
The natural inclinations being quick 
to. indulge in retaliation for injuries re¬ 
ceived, we should consider that when 
our hatred is too bitter, it places us be¬ 
low those whom we hate. 

It is instinctive in a generous heart 
to shrink from an inveterate hater as 
a child shrinks from a snake in his path. 

^AUGHTINEqSS.—A haughty person is 
always the victim of his own-rash con 
elusions. 

-J E l\p It is a breach of etiquette to 
scratch your head, pick your nose, 
pare your nails, pick your teeth, or do 
anything disagreeable in company. 

HEALTH-—If the flat-skulled Indian, 
the small-footed Chinese, and perfora¬ 
ted-ear and -lip savage, who have never 
heard that the body is a temple for the 
spirit, whose perfect beauty consists In 
its fullest development of health,strength 
and natural growth, be excused on the 
ground of ignorance, what is the excuse 
of the tapering-waisied Caucasian 9 




242 


















HEW. — By "purity in heart”is meant 

chastity of speech, and modesty of con¬ 
duct, as fruits of the purity of the mind. 

From the want of chastity of speech, 
thought, and behavior, arises a large 
portion of the sorrow and suffering 
of the world. 

Right principles lead to right actions, 
and right actions, constantly perform- 
edjmakethe habitually virtuous-man 
or woman. 

HELP. — Ever be ready to lend a helping 
hand to those .needing your assistance. 
A little act of kindness is often of ines- 
timable value. 

HEFIOISIVI.-Heroism may be said to be 
the triumph of the mind over feat-fear 
of poverty, of suffering, of calumny, of 
sickness, of isolation, and of death. 

Without heroism there can be no se 
rious piety, or concentration of courage. 

HOI D^N.—A rude, rough, romping girl, 
unrestrained by the rules of polite so¬ 
ciety, and continually planning and 
performing unmaidenly actions, is des¬ 
ignated aVo’Aew. 

Such a character can hardly win com¬ 
mendation, admiration,or respect,and 
can never be regarded with that high es¬ 
teem which arises from confidence'm mod 
esty and reliance upon good sense. 

HOfV\E. — No lady, be she ever so gif ted, can 
afford to neglect her household. She may 
possess wealth, and hire an efficient house¬ 
keeper, but the final responsibility rests up¬ 
on herself. 

The personality of the mistress of the 
house, pervades its atmosphere. If the ser¬ 
vants be cheerful, the children obedient 
and courteous, the rooms tastefully fur¬ 
nished and spotlessly neat and clean, and 
peace and contentment the household 
gods, the ruler of the house is good 
and efficient. 

Fora 
woman to 
talk of her 
servants, or 
her dinner 
arrangement, 
to her visi¬ 
tors in the 
drawing- 
room, or 
to her hus¬ 
band in the 
privacy of 

the domestic eircle, shows ill-breeding. 

A house may have the appearance of 
refinement without any great expense, 
if good taste be exercised in its arrange¬ 
ment. Furnish the rooms with an artis¬ 
tic eye for colors, and a careful eye for 
comfort. 

Though elegance may add greatly to 
the enjoymentof life, if it be purchased 
at the expense of all peace of mind,bet 
ter do without It. 



A body without a soul is no more 
destitute than a house without books. 
Though you may not be able to have 
a whole library, no one is so poor as 
not to be possessed of a few well-chosen 
works. . 

A yard with a few ornamental and 
tasteful thorns and ferns need not 
be expensive, yet they add greatly to 
the beauty of the premises. 

If it be the duty of woman to enlarge' 
her views, cultivate her mind,and im 
prove her social position, she must not 
forget that"home” is first and forev¬ 
er her special heritage. 

That a woman inspires a son or 
a brother with respect and affection 
while at home, is the worthiest sen 
timent that can be uttered in her 
praise, and that a young man is a 
tender, devoted son and brother,is his 
highest compliment. 

HONESTY— Loss is preferable to dis¬ 
honest gain; if the former vex you 
for a time, the latter brings lasting 
remorse. 

The following is one of the maxims 
of WashingtonI hope I shall always 
possess firmness and virtue enough to 
maintain, what I consider the most 
enviable of all titles, the character of 
an'*honest man.” 

Whoever praises what he -means to 
purchase, and enumerates the faults 
of what he intends to sell, may set up 
a partnership with honesty. 

H°noh .— Too often school children at 
school will engage in the practice of 
cheating, while elsewhere they will 
scorn to steal or lie. 

Too often a business man will re¬ 
sort to deceit and trickery because his 
competitors do the same. 

Hospitality —If you accept favors and 
hospitalities, never fail to' return the 
same when opportunity offers. 

Hume says that in company, you 
need not ask who is the master of the 
feast. The man who sits in the lowest 
place, and who is always industrious in 
helping every one, is certainly the man. 

HOSTtSS.— It is a breach of etiquette for 
the hostess to leave the room while visi¬ 
tors are present-. 

A ready wit and a merry laugh are 
great aids to a hostess in entertaining 
a dinner party. 

She should adroitly start the conversa¬ 
tion for her guests at the table, and by 
well-directed remarks assist the diffident 
and remind the selfish 

In manner the hostess should pre¬ 
sent a simple dignity and equal Inter¬ 
est in all her guests. 

A hostess must never reprove a ser 
vant before guests, nor let any acci¬ 
dent disturb,or disappointment em¬ 
barrass her. 

Hotel .— In going to meals wait at 
the dining-room door for the usher 
to escort you to the table. 

A lady thanks any gentleman at 
the table for a civility, but must not 
start a conversation with him. 

Ladies never go alone to supper af¬ 
ter 10 o’clock; in the absence of an escort 
the meal is sent to her room. 


Ladies should have their purse and jew 
elry placed in the hotel safe, and ring 
for them when needed. 

Dress appropriate to the hour of the 
day, in least conspicuous apparel. A 
full dress is required when with escort. 

Avoid boisterous conduct, the use 
of the piano, and singing, unless invi¬ 
ted, and the opening of windows in 
parlors,if others are sitting near. 

When calling for a hack, ring for a 
Servant and give him your order. 

A lady may look over a paper at the 
table, but never a novel. 

It is ill-bred to stand alone or linger 
in the hall or any other conspicuous 
place. 

Baggage being packed, ring for the 
porter, who will strap your trunk.and 
with sachels, remove to hack. 

HUMANITY-That man should treat 
his faithful servants, the lower animals, 
with anything save the greatest kindness 
seems to be unreasonable: and yet, 
alas! it is often true. 

Neglect and abuse not only injure 
the pecuniary value of an animal,but 
also the moral constitution of the -man 

Animals killed for food should not 
be tortured or hurt, but dispatched in 
the speediest manner, and with the 
least pain. 

To witness the spirit of wantonness 
frequently manifested by men and boys 
in the destruction of little sing'mgbirds, 
is pitiable in the extreme. 

That men, other than the ignorant, 
uncultivated, and brutal, should find 
a special delight in encounters such 
as are exhibited in the prize-ring,the 
dog-pit,or cock-pit, is indeed strange, 
and shows that they still possess that 
savage instinct of ancient Rome. 

HUMILITY-It is by humility that the 
highest distinction is reached, because 
it opens the way to self-improvement. 
By a study of one’s own character.he 
learns his deficiencies. 

One should never assume qualities 
which he does not possess, nor think 
too highly of those which he does pos¬ 
sess. 

HUMOFl*—Uood humor is one of the 
best personalities one can possess in 
society; warm and embracing as the 
sunshine, it bathes its objects in a 
genial and abiding light. 

Husband. — if a bachelor be not w<\>, 
in the choice of his compan¬ 
ions, a husband must be. All his for¬ 
mer acquaintanceship tw&s, until he 
intimates a desire for its renewal.This 
he may do by letter,or by sending his 
own and his wife’s card. 

The husband must remember that 
his standing in society is very differ¬ 
ent from that of his bachelorship,and 
that he has the tastes of to 

consult. 

Never show a lack of candor by con¬ 
cealing your affairs from your wife, 
but consider her as the light of your 
domestic circle, permitting-no clouds,how¬ 
ever small, to obscure the region over 
which she presides. Spare your wife 
all the physical labor you can,andcut 
tivate liberal economy by all means. 


243 





































Husband ano\a/if£.- For a husband 

and wife to mention each other by the 
initial letter betrays lack of culture. 

Courtesy between husband and wife 
should not cease with marriage, but 
continue till death separate them. 

The cool indifference which some war 
ried persons display toward each other, 
is as objectionable as the excessive affec¬ 
tion of others. 

The hu-sband must not forget that 
his wife is a lady, entitled to all the 
attention and courtesy lavished upon 
her before marriage. The wife should so 
conduct herself that her husband will 
take delioht in treating her thus. 

IDLENESS.— Idleness is the source of in¬ 
finite mischief. One who will not live 
honestly by his work, will contrive to 
secure, by dishonest means,a livelihood 
by his wit3. 

As a lazy man is necessarily a bad 
man, so an idle is necessarily a demor¬ 
alized population. 

I GfJ 0 f\ANC — A void talking upon a sow 
ject of which you know nothing,unless 
it be for the purpose of acquiring infor¬ 
mation. It is common for young men 
who frequent exhibitions and operas,to 
imagine they are qualified to judge of art. 
No mistake is more egregious or universal 

IU. : HUN10H—Avoid that disposition of 
mind which arises from an inward con¬ 
sciousness of want of merit, and from 
a discontent which ever accompanies that 
envy which foolish Vanity engenders. 

I Nl/V&l NATION. — Conscious that there are 
persons with whom we must not associ¬ 
ate, places where we dare not go, and 
things which we should neithersee nor 
know, if we would preserve our purity 
and self-respect, we must not let our 
imaginations carry us to the forbidden 
places, mingle with the vulgar crowds, 
or see and hear improper things. 

UV\Pf\Ji^NC£. — This quality, which is 
sudden, eager, and insatiable,grasping 
at everything, and admitting of no delay, 
should be carefully guarded against. 

Ify|P^f\TI\LlTy. —Whatever may be said 
in commendation of other gifts bestowed 
upon us, there is perhaps none more expe¬ 
dient with respect to ourselves than a spir¬ 
it of impartiality. It is a caution not to be 
imposed upon by hypocrisy and dissimula 
tion, which we usually exert when scan¬ 
ning the actions and pretensions of oth¬ 
er people. It is the best security against 
the delusion of self-love. 


HVlPEFVriN^NC^. — Do not countenance 
premeditated impertinence. Forget it — 
forgive it—but keep him at a distance 
who offered it. 

Avoid asking impertinent questions 
out of mere curiosity, as it may not be 
agreeable for persons to make you their 
confidants in matters that do not con 
cern your interests. 

lf/lPOI\Tf\NC^.—Frequently conceited 
or ill-bred people imagine they -make them 
selves important and powerful by being 
rude and insulting. 

An assumed air of importance will 
produce an underestimate of one’s re¬ 
al worth. 

INlPf\ESSl0p)S.— To create favorable im¬ 
pressions in the minds of those with 
whom we have business dealings or so¬ 
cial relations, should be our constant 
endeavor, remembering that it is more 
difficult to get rid of one bad impress¬ 
ion, than it was,previously, to make a 
dozen good ones. 

To be well with a great mind, leave 
him favorably impressed with yourself; 
with a little mind, leave him favorably 
impressed with himself. 

IMPOSXbf\E.-lt is a necessary adjunct 
of imposture to weaken confidence and 
chill benevolence. 

IMPflOVlD^NC^. —Keeping is always more 
difficult than getting. A clever man may 
rise to wealth, and then,for want of 
sense, tumble head-over-heels to the bot¬ 
tom. Buying unnecessaries soon leads 
to the selling of'necessaries. 

IfV^PUDE^NCeJ.— Impudence may ever I 
be regarded as the effect of ignorance. 
To avoid its imputation, never be a- 
shamed of what you do, and never do 
what you ouaht to be ashamed of. 

IN ACC U F\^C IE-5. — Slight in accuracies 
in the statements of others should not 
be corrected when in company. 

INCIVILITY — Incivility is built on 
contempt, and is the extreme of pride. 
Johnson says that a man has no-more 
right to say an uncivil thing,than to act 
one; no more right to say a rude thing 
to another, than to knock Him down. 

INCONVENIENCE;—It is impolite to 
do anything that occasions any person, 
especially a servant, unnecessary trouble, 
inconvenience, or labor, without offer¬ 
ing them some special remuneration. 

iND^uc/tfY. — This is manifested by 
an affected purity, which is easily 
discovered by the language used. Thus 
to say "limbs” of the table,"bosom” 
of a chicken, etc., is to pretend a re¬ 
finement that exposes to ridicule arid 
contempt, and is disgusting to persons 
of qood taste. 

If'iofVlDlj/vJT'Y.— Individuality of 
constitution we have by nature, and m- 
dividuaJity of character we -may have by 
achievement. Every one has, by nature 
special instruments by which to -make 
himself,and achieve his mission; but, 
alas! how few there are who do not 
use borrowed instruments. The great¬ 
ness of any one depends primarily up 
on what he has peculiar to himself. 

IN OuLG-EjNCEv— There is no neces¬ 
sary antagonism between the freest 
indulgence of children and the main 
tenance of the most absolute authority 


over them. In deed, the authority can 
be mo9t easily established in connection 
with great liberality of indulgence; while 
on the other hand, they may be con¬ 
tinuously checked and thwarted, and 
their lives made miserable by a contin¬ 
ued succession of vexations, restric¬ 
tions, and refusals, and yet not be gov¬ 
erned at all. 

ipiFLUEqNCI-. —As continual dropping 
wears away the stones, our acts, al¬ 
though singly their influence -may be 
unfelt, their sum-total leaves an effect 
upon every subsequent age of humanity. 

IfdGF^nTlJDEi.— An ungrateful man 
denies that he has received a benefit; he 
pretends not to have received it, and 
never returns it. Ingratitude is treason 
to mankind, and is an offensethat is 
unpardonable. 

INJ\J f^iES.— Whenever we are rhe cause 
of harm or damage to any one’s prop¬ 
erty , reputation, or person, whether ac¬ 
cidental or intentional, and being the 
result evil intentions, recklessness, or 
indifference, it is our duty to make rep 
aration forthwith. 

l(M(MOV/VriOp.—A spirit of innovation 
is generally the resultof a selfish temper 
and confined views. People will never look 
forward to posterity who never lookback 
to their ancestors.—'^wiVa. 

INQUISITIVENESS. —Children ought 
to understand that they must -not ask 
too many questions promiscuously,as 
"What have you there? ’’"Where are 
you going?” etc. 

(dSI(4CEf\ITY. — If to think one thing 
and speak another, be shameful and 
unseemly; to say one thing and do 
another,or write one thing and think 
another, is odious. 

Insincerity is most disgraceful, and 
must make all one’s enjoyments and 
concernments seem unreal. 
insolence. — It seems to be me nature 

of some minds to insult and tyrannize 
over little people, which means they use 
to recompense themselves for their ex¬ 
treme servility. 

INSULTS .— Did you ever stop to think 
that submitting to insults-, opens the 
way to new ones? That one meets with 
no more respect than he exacts? 

It is well to bear in mind that cour¬ 
tesy to, and sympathy with, those we 
have accidentally injured,ordinarily di¬ 
minish greatly the amount of repara¬ 
tion required, and sometimes even in¬ 
spire as much good-will as a benefit 
conferred. 

INSTABILITY- Be not inconstant,as 
the morning cloud, the early dew,the 
smoke in the chimney, or the chaff be¬ 
fore the wind. 

With some men it is now courteous 
then rough; now prodigal,then sordid; 
one time extremely kind, another,ve¬ 
hemently hating; one day an attorney, 
the next, a physician. 

INT^GF\ITY—Voung men ought to un¬ 
derstand that there is a great deal of 
room where there is integrity. Dreat 
trusts may be sought by scoundrels,but 
great trusts neyer seek them. There 
are occasions where true men are need 
ed, but they are not found in shoals and 
mLtd, but alone in pure water. 


244 

















l(MTf\ODllCJIO(J. — lnttodu.cc the young 
er c n inferior to the elder or superior. A 
gentleman always to a lady. 

If possible, avoid introductions in pub 
lie conveyances; it made,however, do so 
as quietly as possible. 

W.VS. 

At balls the host or hostess wake the 
introductions; but quests way intro¬ 
duce friends to one another. 

At public balls, partners wust be in 
troduced to each other. Special intro¬ 
ductions way be wade by the master of 
ceremonies, with perfect propriety. 

^ KVx’E. 

In introducing one person to another; 
you assume a sort of social responsibil 
ity for the person you introduce, and 
you should be careful as to whom you 
give this indorsement. 

If you are introduced at a friend’s 
house to one with whom you are not 
on qood terms, thouqh he be your bit¬ 
terest enemy, you must salute h im 
courteously and wake no siqn ofresent 
went while under wo unfriend’s roof. 

The custom amonq certain c!asses,of 
introducinq their friends or acquain¬ 
tances to everybody whom they meet, 
whether at home or abroad,in walk¬ 
ing or rid in q out, is wronq,and an¬ 
tagonistic to the purposes of an introduction 

In introducinq foreiqners with ti¬ 
tles, always qive the title; thus,“Mr. 
Manning, allow me to introduce my 
friend Baron Von Schmidt; Baron Von 
Schmidt, Mr. Manning.” 

YVA'EWOS. 

A friend visiting at i)ou.r House must 
be introduced to all the callers, who con¬ 
tinue the acquaintance as lonq as the 
friend is your quest. When introduced 
to a visitor, extend due courtesies. 

C-'tWVe'MxKW AQ VK5.X. 

When introducinq a qentleman to a 
lady bow sliqhtly to the latter,sayinq, 
"Miss Well9, allow me to introduce Mr. 
Brown; Mr. Brown"(bowinq to him),Miss 
Wells.” 

WKV'f \N KX. 

When visitinq the house of a friend, 
should uou find there a person who 
seems desirous of making your acquain¬ 
tance, you may meet his advances half 
way without impropriety. 

To iqnore a person to whom you 
have been properly Introduced is the 


heiqht of ill-breedinq. Thouqh he be not 
pleasant, he has a claim upon youT cour¬ 
tesy, and it is due to your own diqni- 
ty that you recognize it. 

Letters of introduction are often of 
qreat value, but they must be given 
with caution. Give them only when 
both parties are your friends. 

Introductory letters are left open,that 
the person presentinp them may read 
if so desired. (For form consult Index). 

When introd ucinq members of your 
family, mention the name. Say"My 
father, Mr. Hamilton,”"My daughter, 
Miss Hamilton,” or" Miss Minnie Ham 
ilton.” Introduce your wife as“Mrs. 
Hamilton. 

It is important in in trod actions,to 
pronounce the names distinctly. 

To introduce to a friend a person 
who is in any way objectionable, is 
an insult justifying the loss of friendship. 

Unless it be previously ascertained 
that it would be mutually pleasant, it 
is not necessary to introduce people 
meeting at your house on morning 
calls. If introduced, it is optional with 
the parties if such acquaintance be continue! 

G-entlemen should always obtain 
permission before introducing friends 
to ladles, which permission should be 
granted, unless there are very strong 
reasons for the refusal. 

A gentleman should never" intro¬ 
duce an acquaintance into the house 
of a # friend without asking and re¬ 
ceiving permission to do so. 

As a rule gentlemen should not be 
introduced to each other, until their 
wishes on the subject are ascertained. 

An introduction to the President 
of the United States is not necessary, 
excepting that of the master of cere¬ 
monies at the receptions. He will re¬ 
ceive your card and present you. For 
private interview, have a member of 
Congress introduce you. 

In introducing relatives name the 
relationship, also the surname of the 
relative; as,“Mrs. Morton, allow me 
to introduee my cousin,Mr.Washburn; 
Mr. Wash bum, Mrs. Morton.” 

If introduced to the relative of your 
friend, consider that relative as an ac¬ 
quaintance. 

When introducing several persons to 
one,name the single individual but once, 
repeating the names of all the others; as, 
"Mr. Jones, allow me to introduce Mr. and 
Mrs.Good, Miss White,Mr. Hunter”! bow¬ 
ing sliqhtly to each). 

Shakinp hands after an introduction 
has taken place is merely optional, not 
necessary. It is forbidden to an unmarried 
lady to whom a gentleman is introduced. 
It is a kindly act of encouraqement for 
an elderly person to shake hands with 
a young person, after which a few cor¬ 
dial words may be spoken by the elder. 


When introducinq stranqers,namethe 
place from which they come; as,"Allow 
me to introduce to you my friend, M r. 
Gordon, from Enqland; Mr.Gordon, Mr. 
Montgomery.” 

T\TV'L < =>. 

Distinctly pronounce all titles."Senator 
Hill,allow me to introduce to you my 
friend, the Reverend Doctor Jamison. Dr. 
Jamison is the rector of St. Paul’s Church, 
New York.” Then turninq to Dr. Jamison, 
. say,"'Senator Hill represents the State of 
Kansas in the Senate of the United States.” 

When introducinq two gentlemen, 
look first to the elder or superior,and 
with a slight bow, say to him,"Mr.Sheil, 
allow me to introduceto you my friend, 
Mr.Roads; Mr.Roads,Mr.Shiel.” 
NNVSWOXJT. 

A gentleman offers his services to a la¬ 
dy irtneed of them, whether he knows 
her or not. Approaching her, he raises 
his hat, bows slightly, and asks permis¬ 
sion to assist Her. Her acceptance does 
not give the gentleman any claim on her 
acquaintance, nor oblige her to after¬ 
ward recognize him without an intro¬ 
duction. 

l^TEl\F\UPXIOt s l»' - * To interrupt a per¬ 
son when speaking is impolite, except 
his consent be given. Do not roughly 
or coarsely deny his statements, and 
arouse his prejudice, but rather, con¬ 
vince him that he is in error. 

Never attempt to assist a person in 
expressing his ideas by suggesting a 
word or phrase. 

IJ''lTf\\J$lVe;NE!s$. —Avoid intruding u.p 
on those who appear to be engaged in 
any conversation which they may be 
unwilling for you to hear. 

Avoid eavedropping, and make it 
a secret of your life never to be in the 
way of others. 

lfdV/\LID.— It is a breach of etiquette to 
go to the room of an invalid without 
being invited. 

i^VectiVe.— All invective or personal 
abuse should be avoided. 

|[\0NV .— Irony may be said to be an in 
suit conveyed in the form of a compli¬ 
ment. Lamb advises the clapping of 
an extinguisher upon it when you. 
are unhappily blessed with a vein of it. 

JE/\lLO\iSY-— If jealousy be the offspring 
of love, the parent must haste to stran¬ 
gle the child, lest the child poison the parent 

JEERING- .— Others should not be jeered 
upon any occasion. Though they may 
be foolish,consider them unfortunate; 
if then be vicious, pity them; if they 
be deformed, understand that it is not 
in their power to amend. 

JESJING-. — To mock or jest at a thing 
of importance, or to break jests that 
are sharp and biting, should be avoid¬ 
ed. If anything witty or pleasant be 
said, its author must refrain from 
laughing thereat. 

JOKES. — Never plau practical jokes,the 
results frequently being so serious as 
to entail a life-long regret on the joker. 
Such fun is usually played upon some 
one who is weak or credulous,and is 
not a favorite, and for this reason alone 
should not be coutenaneed. 


245 

































JeVveIhY —Well-bred people Have no taste 1 

for a profusion 0/ rings, pins, charms, 
chains, and gilt gewgaws. They usual¬ 
ly bespeak effeminacy and love of display, 
yet a little concession in this respect 
may be made and keep within the limits 
of good taste. 

A watch used as a timepiece is yery val¬ 
uable, but when used as an ornament,is 
simply vulgar. A man of good taste,be¬ 
sides a watch,will wear as little jewelry 
as possible, and of the simplest kind. A 
handsome siynet-riny on the little fin¬ 
ger of the left hand, a scatf-pin which 
is neither large,showy,nor intricate, 
and a light,-rather thin watch-guard 
with a cross-bar, are alj that Fie ought 
to wear. 

In respect to the wearing of jewelry 
by ladies, there should be a marked dis¬ 
tinction between the savagesquaw and 
the enliyhtened lady. However, jewels 
are considered an ornament for ladies, 
and the precious stones should be reserv¬ 
ed for their exclusive use. 

COOL.-" Keep cool and you com 
mand everybody,” said St.Just. 

KJSSIflG-. —This is one of the four forms of, 
salutation,tq.v.l. Among ladies it is the 
common mode of salutation, even on 
the street. 

"Millions upon millions of souls Have 
been.made happy, while millions upon 
millions have been plunyed into misery 
and despair by kissing.” The precediny 
are the words of Cockton, which show 
that there is a serious side to this form of 
salutation. Is a sliyht pout of the lips, a 
soft touch of the cheek, and then a part- 
iny of the lips, the "end all ” and the K be 
all” of a kiss? •' 

Anife; and fof\X- —It is not consider¬ 
ed polite to use the knife for any other 
purpose than cuttiny the food or spread¬ 
ing the bread with butter. The fork is 
to be used in lifting the food to the-mouth. 
Use the spoon when the fork will not 
answer. 

To indicate that the course or meal is 
finished, place the knife and fork paral¬ 
lel on the plate-the handles to the right, 
that the servant -may readily remove them. 

KJ'JOCKJNG-. —To avoid intruding upon 
the privacy of the occupant, always 
knock or ring before entering a private 
house or room. 

Where people are expected, as at ho¬ 
tels, stores, public offices, and other pla- 
oes of business, it is not necessary that 
a warning be given by knocking. 


lACIttG-_A good authority on this sub 

ject says:"lt has been found that the 
liver, the lungs, and the powers of the 
stomach have been brought into a dis 
eased state by this most pernicious Hab¬ 
it. Loss of bloom, fixed redness of the 
nose, and irruptions on the skin are 
, among its sad effects.” 
L/\PY,Ff\EE;DOryl OF. —No lady of good 
breeding will sit sideways on her chair, 
or with her leys crossed or stretched 
apart, or Hold her chin in her hards, 
or twirl her watch chain while she 
is talking. 

L/\DX’S TO I LEX- -Personal appearance 
should be the first care of all persons 
in society. Slovenly or careless habits 
unfit one for refined society. Well- 
bred persons always cultivate habits 
of the most scrupulous neatness. A 
lady is always wY LxesseA. If the 
garment be plain or coarse, thin or 
shiny, It is neat, carefully brushed,and 
worn with dignity. 

Appearance, generally speaking, is an 
index of character, and the fact that 
first impressions are usually formed 
from it, make it of so much moment 
that no lady can afford to disregard it. 

Persona! appearance depends greatly 
on the careful toilet and scrupulous 
attention to dress. The matter of a 
strict cleanliness extends to the body, 
and to all articles of clothing, under¬ 
wear as well as outer-wear. Perfect 
•neatness is a mark of true gentility, 
and it is to the toilet that beauty resorts 
for these purposes. 

L/\NG\)/\(rE.— Though to the feel¬ 
ings there be a strong temptation to 
repeat the vulgar story, to recite the 
lascivious verse, or to tell the smutty 
joke, Impure or unchaste language 
should never pollute the lips. 

If people be possessed of any culture, 
if laugh they will, at the witty play 
upon words, or other grosser kinds of 
speech, they will at heart despise the 
author of their -merriment. 
l^ST PIERCE. — One should not fear 
to take the last piece on the dish when 
offered it. It would be more uncivil 
to refuse it than to take it. 
LA.UG-HlNG-.-As a rule, the ruder the 
people are, the louder and coarser will 
be their expressions of enjoyment. 

Laughing is perhaps the most salu¬ 
tary of all the bodily movements,and 
if there is anything to enjoy that is wor¬ 
thy of a laugh, do not simper,but laugh 
heartily; remembering that uproarious, 
boisterous mirth is exceedingly vulgar. 
lAXITY.—"T he most contemptible 
character in the world is the one which, 
without energy to be vicious, sophisti¬ 
cates in favor of vice.”-\Va>0)&cyx\. 
LAZINESS. —"A life of laziness and a 
life of leisure are two things. Many,with 
out labor, would live by their wits on 
ly, but they break for want of stock. 
Laziness travels so slowly that pover¬ 
ty soon overtakes him.” _ 


LE/tylN&— To rise to leave while an 
interesting conversation is being car¬ 
ried ori, gives just offense. 

When taking leave, choose a -moment 
when there is a lull in the conversation, 
then take leave of the hostess, letting 
one bow include the others in the room. 
Le^DI^G-.— Never lend an article 
that you have borrowed,without re¬ 
ceiving permission from the owner. 
Utters. — Never look at the super¬ 
scription on a letter that you have 
been requested to mail. 

Never seal a letter that is to be giv¬ 
en to a friend for delivery. It looks 
as if you doubted his or her honor in 
refraining from examining its contents 

The most contemptible meanness 
in the world is that of opening the 
private letter of another. No one with 
the slightest self-respect would be9u.il- 
ty of such an act. 

Ll BEHTi.— Those who claim to act 
in every instance as they please, should 
reflect that every body else has the 
right to do the same. In such a state 
of universal independence and self-di¬ 
rection, one would meet with so ma¬ 
ny checks and obstacles to his own 
free will,by the opposition and inter¬ 
ference of others, that his liberty 
would be less than when restrained 
by the most stringent society laws. 
il^S,'WHITE AND BlMSK- 
intentional violation of the truth 
is a lie, and -may be uttered by the 
use of words, signs, or gestures. 
Children are often taught to lie by 
their parents uttering false state¬ 
ments,such as "The bears will catch 
you if you go out into the street.’? 

A very common form of lying, corn 
sistsin the intentional withholding 
of a part of the truth, or an exager- 
ation or overstatement of facts. A 
lie told in the form of a joke is ver- 
u ungentle-manly. 

IIST^ING-- — Having two ears and 
but one tongue, we should hear at 
least twice as much from others as 
we speak. 

It has been said that it takes great 
men to be good listeners, and were 
we as eloquent as angels, we would 
please some men, some women,and 
some children, much more by listen- 
ing than by talking. ’ 

Lips. — Never smack the lips when’at 
the table, nor protrude them to man 
ifest your displeasure. 
LONE^LINE^SS.— It has been said that 
the best loneliness is when no human 
eye has rested on our face for a 
whole day. • 

LOQUACITY.-Feltham compares a 
talkative fellow with an unbraced 
drum, which beats a wise -man ou-t 
of his wits. It is the fistula of the 
mind — ever running, and almost 
incurable. 

If the revenues of the mind are 
uttered as fast as they are received, 
it must of necessity be bare. 


246 













Lost pf\0PEf\TY- The finder of lost 

property has no right of ownership. Be¬ 
cause he does not know where it is, the 
owner does not cease to have his rioht. 
It is the finder’s duty to employ all reas¬ 
onable means to find the owner, and 
charge a fair price for the time, labor, 
and expense incurred. 

If an article cost the finder neither ex¬ 
pense, time, nor trouble, he has no right 
to demand that the owner pay him any¬ 
thing for its return, but if the owner 
chooses to give a compensation as a 
token of his thankfulness, he may do 
so. If the owner cannot be found,the 
property belongs to the finder. 

LO\j['lGT{'iG-.— No well-bred person will 
lounge on the sofa, tip back his chair, 
or elevate his feet. 

LOVl^.— When we have received the im¬ 
pression that it is creditable and noble 
to indulge our resentments, it is hard 
to overcome our natural inclinations 
to retaliate, and \o\cmo\x,x T&\o ) \\\m < s 
-as owxseWs. 

lIICK^.—"G ood luck is the willing hand 
maid of upright, energetic character,and 
a conscientious observance of duty.” 

LUNCHES.— Ladies only are usually in¬ 
vited to”lunches.” There is less cere¬ 
mony shown here than at dinners and 
teas. 

Pv\/\GN/^Nirs/\ITY*—When one receives 
an injury, he should think no one his 
superior, for he has it in his power to 
make himself superior to the other by 
forgiving the injury. 

iviAUC^ .— No gentleman or lady will 
bring disrepute upon him or herself by 
disgracing others in publishing their 
secret faults. 

ty/\NLlNE($S.—One shows his manli 
ness, not. by resenting, but by forgiv- 
ino an injury. 

Of the two, manners and 
laws, the former is the more important 
If the laws touch us here and there,at 
this time and then at that, manners 
vex or soothe, corrupt or purify, exalt 
or debase, barbarize or refine, by a con¬ 
stant, steady, uniform, insensible opera¬ 
tion, like that of the air in which we live. 
They either aid or destroy morals.They 
are the sign by which one’s status is 
fixed. Wherever we are let us aim to be 
respected as ladies and gentlemen, and 
60 conduct ourselves accordingly. 


— The proper and decent 
time having elapsed, the proposal hap¬ 
pily accepted, and all obstacles remov¬ 
ed, the next step is the fulfilment of 
the dearest of all hopes by the act of 
marriage. 

VLKSkm. 

In Europe, June, July, and August 
are the favorite months. In the Uni¬ 
ted States all seasons are regarded as 
suitable, except the forty days imme¬ 
diately preceding Easter. 

Xb Vf. 

Thursday is the favorite, next,Wed¬ 
nesday, then any other day of the week 
except Friday, the “unlucky” day. 

It is a privilege of the lady to select 
the season and appoint the day 
\_WcAV»^.. 

The intended husband should pro¬ 
cure the marriage license from the 
county or circuit court. He should 
be accompanied by a near relative of 
the lady—who must make oath that 
she can lawfully contract the propos¬ 
ed marriage. 

This comprises only the bride’sstock 
of attire, which is to last her for the 
first few years of her wedded life. 
The cost is a matter to be decided by 
the means and taste of the bride. 

These should be sent in during the 
week previous to the wedding,not la¬ 
ter than two days before the event. 

Make them according to the means 
and the tastes of the recipients. 

It is well to ascertain what the coup 
le require, that duplicates may not be 
sent. 

It is customary for the gentleman to 
make his bride a present of jwelry to be 
worn at her wedding. 

The bride's bouquet should be ex¬ 
clusively of white flowers, and a lit¬ 
tle orange blossom may.be intertwin 
ed. It is the privilege of the grooms¬ 
man to procure and present this to 
the bride. 

VtofoSSNkKflS. 

These are usually selected from a- 
mong the brides sisters, cousins, or 
friends. The number varies,six be¬ 
ing a good number; whatever be the 
number, it must be Their dTess 

is usually of some light white mate¬ 
rial. The is supposed 

to be the bride’s dearest and ijiost in¬ 
timate friend. 

The number correspond to that of 
the bridesmaids. The kVisx, or^Vvwcv 
Ojxooxwj-waw has charge of the whole 
management, and should be furnished 
by the bridegroom with money to de¬ 
fray all expenses. If a ring be used, he 
presents it to the bridegroom it the 
proper moment, hands the fee to the 
minister,etc. The other groomsmen 
dress well,and make themselves agreeable 


Retire early on the evening prece¬ 
ding the wedding. Avoid fatigue and 
excitement, and endeavor to look fresh 
and blooming. She resigns herself to 
the bridesmaids to be dressed for the 
ceremony. The dress is white for-maid¬ 
ens, and of some light color for widows. 

It is customary for the br i de to -make 
some little present as a memento to 
the bridesmaids on the wedding morn. 

The bridegroom ought not to see 
the bride on the wedding day until he 
takes his place by her side for the final 
ceremony. He and his groomsmen are 
to wear full evening dress. 

He should be careful to see that all 
proper arrangements are made before¬ 
hand. He should make some little pres¬ 
ent as a memento to his best man.He 
may also make a less expensive pres¬ 
ent to the other groomsmen, but is 
not obliged to do so. 

The ceremony may be performed by 
a magistrate, but preference is usually 
given to a clergyman. The ceremony 
may be performed either at home or 
in church. The bridegroom sends,at 
his own expense, a carriage for the of¬ 
ficiating clergyman and his family. 

The responses of the bride and groom 
should be given clearly and distinctly, 
but not too loud. X'bwi. VtWtxs ok\»\e, 
Vc\&ex,kox koxxwA c«,xew\ox\\)X. 

After the ceremony a brief recep¬ 
tion is held in the drawing room to 
enable those invited to the wedding 
to offer their congratulations. Only 
the bridegroom is congratulate,as 
V\«, is supposed to have won the prize. 
Offer your good wishes to the bride 
for her future happiness.VAt Yxvfv 
VaXACmi, Y<\ Xo.x, kox kww. ok wsixMV^ 

Make all arrangements for the wed¬ 
ding tour before marriage. The bride 
must have her wishes obeyed in ev¬ 
erything. Avoid haste and bustle, 
and the journey will be doubly pleas¬ 
ant. Of course the young couple make 
their tour all»aloneASee\N\3sW'w&., 
AvvS'o-awL »li \N\ke.,XNxkA. 

M/\fm&E,c^\]Tio[4s.- A young la¬ 
dy’s present and future happiness de¬ 
mands that she show great discretion 
in the receiving of attentions from on¬ 
ly those young men whom hermsow 
approves.—Parents should see that un¬ 
desirable friendships and intimacies 
be not formed with their daughters, 
as they soon lead to love. \r\ its be¬ 
ginning an acquaintance is easily giv¬ 
en up.—Young gentlemen should not 
form an ideal of a woman,and then 
give to it the pretty face and form of 
some acquaintance; the ideal too soon 
gives place to the real after marriage. 
The most perfect reserve in courtship 
is indispensableA'bee, ^owx\s\\\'qX. 


247 























/ 



M^DDl-ING-. —It is a breach 0 / etiquette 

fo-r a caller t.o open o'*- shut a door,raise 
or lower a window curtain, or i-n any 
way 'alter the arrangement of a room 
Teach children that it is rude to look 
into drawers or boxes, or to meddle with 
or handle anythin? away from home 
that is not intended Tor them to play 
with. , , . 

rviE^TIflG- f\ 1/\DY— When a gentle 
man meets a lady and wishes to con¬ 
verse with her, he does not allow her to 
stand while talking, but turns and 
walks with her. 

MEMORY-A good memory Tor names 
and faces, and a selT-possessed -manner, 
are necessary to every one who would 
make a good impression in society.Noth¬ 
ing is more delicately Tlatteringto anoth¬ 
er than to Tind you can readily recall 
his or her name, after a very slight 
acquaintance- The most popular of 
great men have gained their popularity 
principally through the possessionofthis 
faculty. 

mercy — Lenity will act with greater 
force,in some instances, than rigor. It 
is, therefore, my first wish to Have my 
whole conduct distisgaished by it. 

METRoD.— —NN-asVWqXow 

Dispatch may be said to be the soul of 
business, and method is the greatest 
contributor to dispatch. As far as unex¬ 
pected incidents will allow, have a meth¬ 
od for everything, and adhere to it. 

MIRtR.-l ike lightning flashes break- 
ink through the clouds, and glittering 
for a moment, mirth keeps up a kind 
of daylight in the mind, and keeps it 
filled with a steady and perpetual se- 
ren ity. 

Mischief. —Whoever hinders mis¬ 
chief, yet permitting it, makes himself 
an accessory to it. 

MISERS. — As the miser advances in 
life, he clings closer and closer to the 
object of his idolatry. If other passions 
be dead and blasted, his desire for-more 
pelf increases with renewed eagerness, 
until he sinks, unlamented, into an 
unhaopy grave. 

MISFORTUN^. —As to ourselves, our] 
greatest misfortunes are the results of 
our own acts, and should be expected. 
As to others, no one should show him¬ 
self glad at their misfortunes, though 
they be his enemies. 

mimicry — Avoid mimicry as the lowj 
est and most ill-bred of Wffocmery. 

MISTAKES. — No one is exempt from 
mistakes, and when involuntary, we 
owe each other the most candid con¬ 
sideration. Though sometimes mor¬ 


tifying and annoying, they should be 

rectified kindly and in a charitable -man¬ 
ner and spirit. 

In company it is best to take no no 
tice of the mistakes in the language of 

Mis'll D ERST RN 01 (JO.— The consequen¬ 
ces of misunderstanding and inatten¬ 
tion are more universal, and the uneas¬ 
iness greater than those of artifice and 
deception. 

MODE,ST\.— Among the virtues to 
which we universally assign a high rank 
is modesty. Living unknown until some 
unforeseen moment, the modest man 
reveals his estimable qualities and his 
generous actions. 

A truly modest person will obtain those 
delightful praises which the heart awards 
without effort, and his superiority,far 
from being importunate, will become 
attractive. 

G-ood taste and morality require that 
women adorn themselves with no man¬ 
ner of dress that suggests ideas of indel 
icacy. The modest woman seeks rather 
to escape than to attract observation , 
and to assume no form of apparel with 
a design of notoriety. 

MORALITY—What is generally consid¬ 
ered a sense of duty,is regard to the 
rules of morality. It is a principle of 
the greatest consequence in human life, 
and is claimed to be the only principle 
by which the bulk of mankind are capa 
ble of directing their actions 

There is scarcely a person who, by ed¬ 
ucation, discipline, and example, may not 
be impressed with a regard to these gen 
eral rules of conduct, as to act upon al¬ 
most every occasion with tolerable de 
cency,and through the whole of his 
life, avoid a tolerable degree of blame. 

MORNING- CRIlLS.— According to the 
code of etiquette, it is customary to call 
all the hours of daylight mornin 9 ,and 
after nightfall evening 
Morning calls must never be made 
earlier than 12. M., nor later than 5 P.M, 
Having set apart one morning or 
one evening in a week tor receiving 
callers, it is a breach of etiquette to 
cal) at any other time- 
From ten to twenty minutes in the 
morning is the limit of a formal call. 
\%efcXa\Vvv\e*\. 

MOTIVE .— It matte-rsnot how brilliant 
an action may be, it should not be con¬ 
sidered great unless it be the result of 
a great motive. The moment we per¬ 
form an act Tor the sake oT its conse¬ 
quences, all merit ceases. 

MO\lT}-j.— The"uneducated •mouth’ , is 
one oTthe indications of bad breeding 
The mouth should be kept closed when 
eating,and as little noise made as possible. 
Never attempt to speak with a full-mouth, 
also avoid putting the finger into the mouth, 

M^sic. — Music being the only sensu¬ 
al gratification we may indulge in to 
excess without injury to our -moral or 
religious feelings, should be allotted an 
important place in every entertainment. 

When complying with a request to 
play or sing, do so promptly without 
having to be urged. 


Cut the nails twice a week, 

after washing, and keep scrupulously 
clean. Pare them with a sharp penknife, 
never bite, nor use the scissors. Cut 
them neither too short nor too long, 
and nicely round them at the corners, 
The "filbert-shaped” nail is considered 
the most beautiful. 

Never scrape the nails with a view 
of polishing, as the tendency is to make 
them wrinkle. 

Pare the toe nails at least once in 
two weeks. They grow only half as 
fast as the finger nails.\£>«*Vq,«\\. 

— 't is vulgar to speak of per¬ 
sons with whom only a slight ac¬ 
quaintance can be claimed, by their 
given name. 

It is a breach of etiquette for a lady 
to speak of a gentleman by his sur¬ 
name without a prefix. To do so con¬ 
veys the impression of being low-bred. 

If one on meeting a lady or gentle¬ 
man, fails to recall the name, frank¬ 
ly say so. 

When it becomes necessary for one 
to address a lady or gentleman whose 
name he does not know,it should be 
as"sir,'" or" madam.” 

Children should never be allowed 
to speak of any one by the last name 
For a child to say thus,"I am going 
Over to Smith's, 1 ’’ shows a lack of 
proper training. 

fJAME, GOOD. — Consider that the in¬ 
visible thing called a good name is-made 
up of the breath of numbers who speak 
well of you; so that, if by a disobliging 
word you silence the meanest,the gale 
will be less strong which is to bear up 
your esteem. 

A name, whether good or bad, true or 
false, may be compared to the face by 
which one is known. It Vs the -most val¬ 
uable garment by which one is wrapped, 
and as soon spoken or seen, creates fa- 
,vor or prejudice. 

fiJAPKJN.— The napkin should be used 
to protect the dress from injury from 
particles of food falling into the lap, al¬ 
so as a towel to cleanse the mouth and 
fingers when theu become soiled 

It should never be used as a handker¬ 
chief Tor the nose, or to remove perspi 
ration from the face. 

Napkins should be folded square in 
tricate forms is considered boardrng-hou* 
and hotel style 

Upon leaving the table — the signal be¬ 
ing given when the hostes rises —one’s 
napkin should be placed upon the table 
unfolded. 

— Neatnes,and its reverse,a- 
mong the poor, are almost a certain 
test of their moral character. 
EG-LIG-EqNCE^.— A little neglect may 
breed great mischief. For want of a 
nail the shoe was lost; for want of a 
shoe the horse was lost; and for want 
of a horse the rider was lost, being 
overtaken and slain by the enemy; all 
for want of a little care about a horse¬ 
shoe nail.-^exv^‘jwiwV'<a-v\V\\'vv. 

The best ground when left u-ncul- 
livatc by the husbandman, is the soon¬ 
est overspread by weeds 


248 



































C/\]LLS.— It is customa¬ 

ry for gentlemen to pay their respects 
to their lady acquaintances on New Year’s 
Day by formal calls. Where practicable 
the -newspapers should announce the 
names of the ladies who will receive 
callers on that day. 

Ladies should never issue invitations 
for New Year’s calls 

G-entlemen should lay aside their hats 
and overcoats before entering the parlor. 
Make. the call in morning dress, and be 
as brief and cordial as possible. The calls 
should not last longer than ten or fif¬ 
teen minutes. The cards are invariably 
delivered to the servant in charge of the 
door 

When refreshments are set out, gen¬ 
tlemen partake only after being invited 
by the. hostess. 

Ladies must wear full dress. To partial¬ 
ly close the window blinds and light the 
9 as, adds to the effectiveness of the toil¬ 
et and the appearance of the drawing¬ 
room. 

If a gentleman be in doubt as to wheth¬ 
er a family are receiving, he may call 
and leave his card if they are not. 

Calls should not be made before 10 
A.M., nor after 5 P. M. G-entlemen may 
make calls singly, or in parties of not 
more than four. 

The second day of January is called 
the“Ladies’Day,” upon which they 
make their New Year’s calls upon their 
lady friends. YSee. £i®\Yvwa\. 

New ntancE. — Avoid any fa-mil 

iarity with a new acquaintance,as you 
•never know when you may give offence. 

NO. —Every one finds it his duty some¬ 
times to oppose the interests, views, or 
pleasure of his friends, or it may be to 
refuse to grant their requests. If such 
an unpleasant occurrence arise, it -may 
be extremely difficult to say no, but it 
may be necessary. If possible, say it kind¬ 
ly and gracefully, so as not to offend,yet 
In such a manner as to carry the convic- 
lion that it is useless to attempt to get 
any other answer. 

NOBL^N^SS.- He does not recollect 
injuries; tor accurate -recollection,espe¬ 
cially of injuries, is not characteristic 
of the magnanimous man, but he rath¬ 
er overlooks them He is not fond of 
talking of people, for he will neither 
speak oi Himself, nor of anybody else; 


for he does not care that he himself 
be praised, tun that others be blamed. 

Noisiness.— -v(vs\ov\«,. 

Pope likens narrow-souled people to 
narrow-necked bottles—the less they 
have in them, the more noise they make 
in pouring it out. 

NoNS^NS^.— To write or talk con¬ 
cerning any subject, without having 
previously taken the pains to under¬ 
stand it, is a breach of the duty we 
owe to ourselves. The privilege of 
talking and even publishing nonsense 
is necessary in a free state, but the 
more sparingly we make use of it the 
better.— 

NoSEq.— To blow the nose loudly is a 
breach of etiquette. Picking the nose 
is a disjjustina habit, and may be eas¬ 
ily avoided. If it be necessary to blow 
the nose when at the table, it is the 
duty of a person to leave the table to 
accomplish the purpose. If sneezing be 
unavoidable, apply the napkin and turn 
the head from the table. 

°atH .—An oath is an appeal toAlmight- 
y God to witness the truth about to be 
uttered. Every one is under as much 
obligation to tell the truth without ta¬ 
king an oath as with it, and every tru¬ 
ly good man’s word is as good as his 
oath, yet there are many whom this 
solemn ceremony causes to be more 
careful. 

OB^DIE|NC^. — A child’s first lesson 
should be obedience, then all others 
may be given with but little difficulty 
Obedience insures greatness,but dis¬ 
obedience invariably leads to repulse, 
He who obeys offers up his own wi 
as a gift. 

OBLIGATION-—It Is by each soldier feel¬ 
ing his obligation in doing his part, 
that the army conquers} it is by each 
bee doing its work, that.the hive is 
stored with honey} it is by each insect 
putting forth all its might, that t he 
coral reef becomes an island,and cit 
ies rise upon the bosom of the main. 
OBSERVATION- —'Uwmwwi). 

An acute observer observes without be¬ 
ing observed. Youna people who wish 
to appear to the best advantage, must 
be cool and self-possesed, in order to ob 
serve closely everything that is passing 
around, without appearing to becurious. 
They should concentratetheirobserv- 
ing powers on the language and -manners 
of those who are well versed in the rules 
of polite society. By lack of close atten¬ 
tion, people often make ridiculous and 
serious blunders, which may be avoid¬ 
ed by tact and prudence. 

OBS\l NACY- — Obstinacy, or the dread 
of control and discipline, arises from 
self-willedness, and a conscious defect 
of voluntary power. Foolhardiness can 
but seldom be regarded the disguise of 
conscious timidity. 

OfFEjNSE .— It is very unpleasant to 
find that offense has been received 
where none was intended, and that 
pain has been given to those who were 
not guilty of any provocation. The 
ends of society being mutual benefi¬ 
cence, a good man is always uneasy 


when he finds himself acting in op¬ 
position to these purposes, as he can 
seldom be certain that he has not 
been hindered from consulting the 
common interest,by too much regard 
for his own ease, and too much i-ndif 
ference to the happiness of others. 

OLD A&E-- Old age cannot be treated 
with too great respect. It should be 
given precedence, and its opinions 
listened to with deference. Its accom¬ 
modations must be furnished with 
cheerfulness, and due reverence to 
it never be denied. 

It must be acknowledged,bu-t la¬ 
mented, that there are some foolish 
and ill-educated young persons who 
do not pay that veneration which is 
due to the hoary head. 

OLD tVlAN. —Nothing is more ungrate 
fuJ than for children to call their par 
ents by the terms “old man,” and 
“old woman.” 

opiNioN .— It is well to exercise much 
reserve in speaking out our opinions, 
except when requested, and then to 
give them simply as opinions,and not 
as facts. 

Social opinion is regarded by the fool¬ 
ish with terror,and dare not touch 
or meddle with it; but others,by us¬ 
ing.discretion, utilize it to carve out 
their own purposes. 

An intelligent and unprejudiced per 
son will strive to learn the grounds of 
his own opinions, and never be like 
the foolish and the dead,who alone 
never change their opinions. 

OPPORTUNITY.—Whenever you have 
a point to carry which depends on the 
will of another, choose the time of 
application with all the sagacity you 
are master of, for no one has a tem¬ 
per so even as not to be sometimes 
more liable to impressions than at oth¬ 
ers. 

“ There is a tide in the affairs of wen, 
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; 
Omitted, all the voyage of their life 
Is bound in shallows and in miseries; 
And we must take the current when it 
Serves, or lose our ventures.” 

ORNAMENT. — in our application of 
ornament, we should let nature be 
our guide. Her delights in it are ever 
subservient to use, but many pursue 
the opposite course, and adorn only 
to encumber. The trifling, the vul 
gar-minded, and the ignorant, prize 
only what is striking and costly, or 
showy in contrast. With t-he refined, 
simplicity is the feature of greatest 
merit in ornament. 

pA^doN- — Gentlemen having occa 
sion to pass before ladies seated in lec¬ 
ture and concert rooms, and all oth¬ 
er places, should beg pardon and pass 
with their faces and not their backs 
towards them. 

PARTIALITY — This term is often used 
to indicate a want of fairness on the 
part of any one, and, while it may be 
true at times, it is natural to be wore 
attached to those who are kind, polite, 
and attentive, than to those who are 
indifferent and disobliging. 



249 






























P/\f\TI^S. — It is in the party that soci¬ 
ety is on its very best behavior. Every¬ 
th ing is regulated according to the 
strict code 0 /goodbreeding, and any 
departure from this code becomes a 
grave offense. 

It is the lady of the house who gives 
a party. The invitations should be in 
her name, and the replies addressed 
to her. 

The invitations should be sent out 
from two to three weeks before the 
timeA'?ox Verms sekXxx'KxaVxox^s-VA&wX 

Refreshments must, of course, be 
provided for the guests during the 
evening. What they should be must 
depend entirely on the tastes and re¬ 
sources of those who give the party. 

A cloak-room for the ladies must be 
provided, also a hat-room for the gen- 
t lemen. ^>v<\o\x\e> Vox o\\\ox xvXesN. 
PAF\TI bl G-. — The true sadness of paw 
Ing is not the pain occasioned by the 
parting itself, but in the when and 
the how you are to meet again the 
face about to vanish from i^our view. 
From the passionate farewell to the wo¬ 
man who has your heart in her keep¬ 
ing, to the cordial good-bye exchanged 
with pleasant companions at a water¬ 
ing-place, a country house, or the close 
of a festive day’s blithe and careless ex¬ 
cursion—a chord, stronger or weaker, 
is snapped asunder at every parting. 
Meet again igou may, but when and 
how? Will it be with the same sympa¬ 
thies and sentiments, and after a brief 
interval as if it had been but a dream? 
or will it be in the great beyond where 
partings never take place? 
passio^J .— There are faces upon which 
we cannot look without emotion — 
names we cannot hear without start¬ 
ing. All are possessed,to a greater or 
less extent, of that fiery impulse called 
passion, which seizes upon the present 
gratification, utterly irrespective of con¬ 
sequences, and utterly regardless of oth¬ 
er or more excellent gratifications,and 
which may be obtained by self-denial. 

In order to enjoy all the Happiness of 
which we are capable, it is necessary to 
subdue our passions, and combine them 
with self-denial, thereby promoting our 
happiness as a whole. 


PAST FA^/OI\$. — The memory of past fa 

vors is like a rain bow, bright, vivid, 
and beautiful; but it soon fades away, 
The memory of injuries is engraved on 
the heart, and lasts forever. AV&Xx'owxVoxx 
PASTURE. — Pastime is a word that 
should never be used but in a bad sense: 
it is vile to say such a thing is agreea¬ 
ble because it helps to pass the time away. 
PASSIMG- Ofi SIDEWALK,. t iV\er\sX,ox\q,. 
In order to avoid the inconvenience 
and danger of collision,people should 
keep to the right when passing one an 
other on the sidewalk. 

PATIENCE*—Under ordinary circum¬ 
stances we should be free from mani¬ 
festing the slightest impatience when 
we are being waited upon, whether at 
the table or elsewhere. 

All great achievements are the results 
of patient waiting and working. It is by 
patience that peace is preserved, love is 
cherished, and humility is taught. Pa¬ 
tience sweetens temper, stifles anger, 
extinguishes envy, and subdues pride: 
she bridles the tongue, refrains the 
hand, tramples upon temptations,and 
produces harmony in the family and 
m society. 

PATTERN.— Having a pattern of great 
perfection, to or above which we cannot 
nope to attain, instead of being disadvan 
tageous and discouraging, may prove 
to be of the greatest advantage. The 
highest excellence is attained through 
having the brightest and most perfect 
examples proposed for our imitation. He 
that aims at the heavens, is like to shoot 
higher than he who aims at a mark with 
in his reach. 

PEACOCK^.— Play not the peacock,look¬ 
ing every where about you to see if you 
be well decked, if your shoes fit well, if 
your stockings set neatly and clothes hand- 
som I u. - . 

PE^CllLIAFUTI^S.—All reference to any 
unfortunate peculiarities of those pres¬ 
ent in company should be avoided. 
P^DANTFft.-D isplay of knowledge in 
any department of study is pedantry, 
which is found least in the most learn¬ 
ed. It is, however, generally regarded as 
an absurd ostentation 0 / learnimg,amd 
stiffness of phraseology, proceeding from 
a misguided knowledge of books,and an 
almost total ignorance of men. 
peevishness.— Johnson compares 
peevishness to the canker of life, that 
destroys its vigor, and checks its improve 
rnent; that creeps on with hourly depre¬ 
dations, and taints and vitiates what it 
cannot consume- It covers as with a 
dark fog the distant horizon. 
PENALTY.— Throughout nature diso¬ 
bedience to natural laws is followed by 
penalties. Were it not for penalties be¬ 
ing attached to statutory laws, it would 
be folly for legislatures to enact a code 
that could be neglected with impunity. 
Can it be supposed that the laws of polite 
society can be disregarded and trampled 
upon without the infliction of penalties? 
—You can no more find a place is socie¬ 
ty wher-e the focal responsibilities of 
law do not weigh upon one, than you 
can find a vacuum in nature. 


PEF\F\JNVE. —Perfumes that are agree- 
able to some are highly offensive to 
others, it is in bad taste for any one 
to use them to such an extent as to 
attract the attention of those passing 
along the street, or that those sitting 
or standing near may observe and 
comment upon it. There may be a 
suspicion that musk or other odor 
is used for the concealment of some 
scent that is supposed to be less agree¬ 
able or reputable. 

It is offensive to enter company i ( 
we be scented with any kind of food, 
drink, narcotics, cologne,musk,tobac- 
co or onions, or the odors of the hen¬ 
house or barn, to any noteworthy ex¬ 
tent. 

PERjIJFlY*— The crime denominated 
perjury, is a violation of the oath or 
affirmation. When there can be no 
dependence placed upon the sacred ob 
ligation of the oath, there is an end 
to all human confidence. _ 

Owing to the great variety of cir¬ 
cumstances, the best men are liable 
to be mistaken with regard^ bo speak¬ 
ing the truth, though their intentions 
are the best. Such persons may speak 
the truth "according to their best 
knowledge and belief,” and declare 
it "without fear, favor, or affection?’ 
PEf\SEVEF\ANCE-— ibis not by strength, 
but by perseverance that all great works 
are accomplished. There are no per¬ 
formances of human art at which we 
look with praise and wonder, that are 
not instances of the resistless force 
of perseverance. To those who would 
step out of the crowd and mount to 
the top where there is always room 
to spare, perseverance is one of the 
great qualities most valuable. 
PEF\SOfJ. — Not considering the re 
quirements of good health, common 
decency demands that the unpleasant 
odors emanating from the body, im¬ 
pregnating the clothing, and thereby 
becoming very offensive, be remedied, 
not only bu a frequent change and 
washing of the different articles of 
underwear, but that the water be ap¬ 
plied directly to the body itself.in the 
form of frequent baths. 

PEF\SO[^At-ITY — It is rude and vul 
ga-T to ever be guilty of personality in 
conversation. 

PERSONAL RIG-HTS.— There are cer- 
tain rights belonging to every man 
that Have been termed inalienable. A- 
mong these are life, liberty, arid the 
pursuit of happiness. Others growing 
out of these are, the right to worship 
G-od, the right of free speech, of a free 
press, and of trial by jury. 

Rights are grand,and even may be 
considered divine things, but the way 
in which they are expounded is too of¬ 
ten the very incarnation of selfishness. 
There can certainly be nothing very 
noble in a man who is forever going 
about calling for his own rights. 

it is in very bad taste for one to be 
ever thinking of his personal rights, 
to the resenting of every little slight, 
whether real or imaginary 


250 





















picnic .— Invitations may be cither verb¬ 

al or in writing, and should be sent at 
least two weeks irfadvance. 

If possible,select a convenient and at¬ 
tractive place near a spring or running 
stream tor the entertainment. 

Provide an abundance otretresh-merts, 
making an allowance tor an extra num¬ 
ber-of quests, as you -may have occasion 
to add to your list. 

Be prepared tor protection against a 
shower otrain. Dress in light, inex¬ 
pensive costumes,and let the whole attain 
be as tree trom restraint as is consistent 
with good breeding. 

PhYsict\L courage. — The bull-terri¬ 
er is cross; unsociable, untractable, unre¬ 
liable, and vicious. Among dogs he holds 
the same rank that the prize-fighter and 
protessional puyilist does among men— 
the meanest and most unworthy ani¬ 
mal ot his kind. Whoever, tor the sake 
of money or notoriety, enyayes in an 
encounter in which he will receive and 
inflict serious, and sometimes fatal in¬ 
juries, possesses no qualities that raise 
him in any degree above a brute. If the 
bull-dog be his equal, the hyena is his 
superior." 

PHYSICAL TFWNItJG-. — T ° both men and 
women who aspire to be of the best society, 
physical training is necessary. Every yen tie- 
man should know how to fence,to shoot, 
to swim, to ride, to row, and to carry him¬ 
self properly. Calisthenic exercises should 
be taught every young woman. Riding, 
swimming, driving, archery,and all suit¬ 
able out-door exercises strengthen therms 
cles and give beauty and suppleness to 
the form. 

PHRASEOLOGY-—There is a certain lan¬ 
guage of conversation that every person 
should be master of. To say to a man just 
married " I wish you much joy,"”-may be 
civil, but nevertheless is vulgar. It is more 
elegant to approach him with warmth and 
cheerfulness, and,squeezing him by the 
hand, say,"Believe me, my dear sir, I have 
scarce words to express the joy I feel, 
upon your happy alliance with such or 
such a family,” etc. To one who has lost 
his wife, do not say," I am sorry (or your 
loss,” but, advancing slowly, with a pe¬ 
culiar composure of voice and countenance, 


begin your compliments of condolence 
with,"! hope,sir, you will do me the 
justice to be persuaded, that I am not 
insensible of your unhappiness, that 
I take part in your distress,and shall 
ever be affected when vyaw are so.” 

A correct phraseology can be acquir¬ 
ed only by frequenting good company, 
and being particularly attentive to all 
that is said. What company one has 
kept, is shown by his words and phras¬ 
es. Slight, genteel compliments are 
acceptable, but fulsome ones are nau¬ 
seous, and create disgust. We should, 
never compliment away our integri- 
tyjtrifle with common sense, or speak 
so as to deceive. 

PIANO. — It is a breach of etiquette for 
a caller who is waiting the entrance 
of the hostess to open the piano, or 
to touch it if open. 

PITY. — The exhibitions of pity are 
as various as the wants and condi¬ 
tions of human society. It is manifes¬ 
ted among men by sympathizing with 
the sorrows, lessening the burdens,and 
alleviating the distresses of the poor, 
the needy, and the unfortunate. The 
sick invite our assistance, the igno¬ 
rant our instruction, and the fall¬ 
en our helping hand. 

place.— An orderly person has a 
place for every thing,and everything 
in its place. A systematic management 
of business requires that each part 
Have its time. ^ 

PLACES OF ANl\JS^ENT.-lt is ad¬ 
visable to secure good seats before the 
evening of the entertainment. 

Always enter as quietly as possible, 
and be in your seat when the perfor¬ 
mance commences. 

When entering,the gentleman walks 
side by side with, a lady, unless the en¬ 
trance way or aisle be too narrow, in 
which case he precedes her, allowing 
her to occupy the inner seat, while 
he assumes the outer. 

Perfect quiet should be preserved 
during the performance, but it is 
proper to converse in a low tone be¬ 
tween the acts. . ' 

All whispering, loud talking, bois¬ 
terous laughter, violent gestures, lov¬ 
er-like demonstrations, or side com¬ 
ment, should be strictly avoided. 

A gentleman may recognize his la¬ 
dy friends in another part of the room, 
but a lady is not expected to bow to a 
friend seated at a distance from Her. 

Only an ill-bred gentleman will leave 
a lady alone, and it is an insult for 
him to visit the refreshment room be¬ 
tween the acts. 

A gentleman with a lady must not 
give up his seat to another lady, but 
remain by the side of the one whom 
he accompanies, conversing with her 
between the acts, aW rendering her 
assistance in case of accident or dis¬ 
turbance. 

A gentleman alone may join lady 
friends for a few moments between 
the acts, but recollect that their escort 
has a prior claim on their attention. 


PUY: — There are four words which I 

signify play: viz.,relaxation, diversion, 
amusement, and recreation. All im¬ 
ply a previous existence of exertion. The 
idea of relaxation is taken from a bow, 
which must be unbent when not in 
use, to keep up the spring. Diversion 
signifies a turning aside from the 
main purpose of a journey, to see 
something that is curious and out of 
the way. Amusement means an occa¬ 
sional forsaking of the Muses, when 
the student lays aside his books. Rec¬ 
reation is a refreshing of the spirits 
when they are exhausted by labor,so 
that they may be ready in due time 
to resume it again. 

Play harmonizes the faculties,!/ 
overstrained by labor; keeps alive and 
in a healthful state of activity the 
sympathies, and is the conservator of 
moral, mental, and physical health. 
It develops in the child a harmonious 
and healthful organism, preparatory 

t o the commence of life’s work. 
AYniates.- A mother who is as 
careful of her child’s moral nature, 
and manners, as of his physical na¬ 
ture, will guard him from naughty 
and rude playmates as closely as she 
would from the measles or whooping 
co it oh. 

PLEASURE.— The excesses of the 
encnantress,pleasure,must be avoid¬ 
ed. When pleasure becomes a busi¬ 
ness it changes its name.and becomes 
torment. It must not be imagined 
that one must live by the sweat of 
his brow, and not reap the harvest 
of his own labors. Those pernicious 
and unlawful pleasures that prey on 
the body and purse, and in the end 
destroy both, should be watched with 
the utmost care. 

In society circles, the essential part 
of good breeding is the practical desire 
to afford pleasure, and to avoid giving 
pain. A man possessing this desire re¬ 
quires only opportunity and observa¬ 
tion to make him a gentleman. 
POI^TI^G.—Never indicate an object 
by pointing at it. Move the head or 
wave the whole hand. 
poLitRnRss.— "True politeness,” 
says some one,"consists in making 
everybody happy about you; and as 
to mortify is to render unhappy, it 
can be nothing but the worst of breed 
ing.” 

Kindly politeness is the slow fruit 
of advanced reflection; it is a sort of 
humanity and kindliness applied to 
small acts and every-day discourse; 
it bids man soften towards others, 
and forget himself for the sake of 
others; it constrains genuine nature, 
which is selfish and gross .-"Vivo*. 

Those parents who regulate their 
lives in.accordance with the commands 
of the Bible, find many verses which are 
of great assistance in teaching polite¬ 
ness to children, as"Be ye courteous 
one to another,” "Be respectful to 
your elders, ” " Do to others as ye would 
that they should do to you,” etc. 


251 































political. — In political conversation, a 
certain class,who never understand the 
utility of marches, countermarches, am¬ 
buscades, and affairs of outposts, but 
are always, and under all circumstan¬ 
ces, for pitched battles, being present, 
itiswell to avoid all reference to the 
subject when in company. 

P00f\.— Though one be as poor as 
the beggar Irus, as a church mouse, 
or as naked poverty, if he be loyal in 
all other respects, is entitled to the 
same -respect and attention, as if he 
were the son of a Croesus. 

Those whom misfortune has made 
unhappy, whether they be of the profes¬ 
sional, idle poor, the criminal poor, or 
the innocent poor, have a claim on 
our pity. 

fOpbL^F\ITY. —A peaceful popularity 
—that of the heart, and whicn is won 
in the bosom of families, and at the 
side of death-beds, is the only one worth 
striving for. This is the popularity that 
takes deep root, and spreads itself far 
and wide. 

There is another kind of popularity, 
that is high and far-soundiny, and which 
falls away like blossoms, for-nothing that 
is false can be lasting. It is a popularity 
of stare, of pressure, of animal heat, 
and a whole tribe of other annoyances 
which it brinys around the person of 
its unfortunate victim. It deprives 
home of its sweets, and places a man 
above his fellows, where he stands a 
conspicuous mark for the shafts of-mal¬ 
ice, envy, and detraction. 

POSSIBILIJI^S.— Thouyh one possess 
not the beauty of Medusa, there is always 
the possibility of beauty where there is 
an unsealed human eye; thouyh He be 
not possessed of Orpheus’ lute, there 
is a possibility of music where there is an 
unstopped human ear; thouyh not in 
possession of a prophet’s inspiration, 
there is a possibility of inspiration where 
there is a receptive human spirit. 

Postage; .—When writing to ask a fa¬ 
vor or to obtain information, do not 
fail to enclose a postaye stamp for the 

PoVelKtY—' t is a breach of etiquette 
and a positive unkindness to call upon 
a friend in reduced circumstances,with 
any parade of wealth in equipaye or dress; 
poverty is most severely felt when remind 
ed of ‘‘better days 


PRAISE-,- Be not too niggardly in your 
bestowal of praise, but let it be the re¬ 
flection of virtue. To be praised by them 
that are praiseworthy is a happiness, but 
by flatterers, is a mockery. Praise will 
make a wise man more modest, but a 
fool more arroyant,even turning his 
weak brain yiddy. Above all thinys let 
anotherman praise you,not your 
own mouth. 

PF\ECE;DEjNCE^.— If a person of greater 
aye than yourself desire to step_ into a 
carriaye, or throuyh a door first, it 
is more polite to bow and obey than to 
decline. Compliance with, and defer¬ 
ence to, the wishes of others, is always 
the finest breediny. 

A yentleman precedes a lady in pass- 
iny throuyh a crowd; ladies precede 
9 entlemen under ordinary circumstances. 

When one is in office,or occupies a 
position of honor and diynity, he has 
precedency in all places; yet he should 
respect those who are his equals or su¬ 
periors in aye or other qualities. 

Gentlemen precede ladies in yoiny up 
stairs, but follow in yoiny down. 

PF^EC^UXIOflS.— The followiny precau¬ 
tionary proverbs may be made frequent 
application of: “Look before you leap.’’ 
“Beware of had I wist.” “Who sees-not 
the bottom, let him not pass the water.” 
“Asses siny badly, because they pitch 

. their voices to hiyh.”“When the head 
is broken, the helmet is put on.”“0iy 
a well before you are thirsty.” 

pf\ec£pts.- Some one has said that 
one of the saddest thinys about human 
nature is, that a man may yuide oth¬ 
ers in the path of life, without walk- 
iny in it himself; that he may be a pi¬ 
lot, and yet be a castaway; that it is 
easier to teach twenty what it were 
good to be done, than to be one of the 
twenty to follow the instruction yiven. 

Pf\EjUDlC^ .—He whom prejudice so 
warps, that he acknowledyes none to 
be possessed of yood sense, except when 
they ayree with Him in opinion, is a 
simpleton, the walls of whose mind are 
exceedingly narrow. 

Pf\ES^NfS 

Presents to a youny lady should be char¬ 
acterized for taste-not value. 

PF\ES\J NATION. —"Fools rush in where] 
anyels fear to tread. Presumption of 
every kind. supposes at its bottomP 
One who is oversecure and self-confi¬ 
dent, may be likened to him who yoes 
to a deep river, and hopes to cross o- 
veron no other bridye than his shadow. 

PREXE^SIO^. —Not to be able to do 
everythiny, is no disyrace; to under¬ 
take, or pretend to do what you can¬ 
not, is priggish.and conceited. False 
modesty is vanity; false y lory,levity; 
false grandeur, meanness; false virtue, 
hypocrisy; and false wisdom, prudery. 

To yive one’s self airs of undue im¬ 
portance, is to exhibit the credentials 
of impotence. To be over-desirous of 
appearing cleVe-r, tends to prevent our 

becominy so. 


PI\IDE^.— Pride makes some persons 
ridiculous, but when coupled with 
yood sense, is an embellishment to 
others. Pride is generally a result 
of iynorance, and is always an atten¬ 
dant of folly. Pride manifests itself 
in some people throuyh titles and ye- 
nealoyy. The stamp of diynity defaces 
in them the very character of human¬ 
ity, and transports them to such a 
deyree of haughtiness that they reck¬ 
on it below themselves to exercise ei¬ 
ther oood nature or yood manners. 

privacy —The right of privacy is 
sacred, and should be held in the High- 
est respect. When books are in an o- 
pen case or on a center-table, cards in 
acard-case, or newspapers about, it 
is presumed theu are open for exam¬ 
ination. No intimate relation will 
justify an abrupt intrusion upon a 
private apartment. Trunks, packets, 
boxes, papers and letters of every in¬ 
dividual, locked or unlocked, sealed 
or unsealed, are sacred. 

One should avoid asking auestions 
which relate to the private affairs of 
the person spoken to, and be guard¬ 
ed against conduct which may look 
like an attempt to force confidence. 

It is a breach of etiquette to appear 
to have some privacy or mystery in 
company. 

PROFANITY- To use intemperate and 
profane expressions, is to betray an ad¬ 
diction to one of the grossest forms 
of vice, for which there can not be the 
least apology or excuse. It is practic¬ 
ed only by those who have no com¬ 
mand of elegant language, and who 
suppose that in order to be earnest or 
emphatic they must be profane. 

PF\OlVVIS^S. —As one cannot look in¬ 
to the future and determine what -may 
happen, the greatest care should be ta 
ken not to promise anything that he 
may not reasonably expect to perform. 

One who promises that which he 
has no intention of fulfilling, and is 
ever ready with promises,which he 
fails to execute, soon becomes known 
as a very unreliable party. 

Promises are not bind in the fol¬ 
lowing cases: 1. When the perform¬ 
ance is unlawful. 2. When they 
contradict a former promise. 3. Be¬ 
fore acceptance, that is, before notice 
piven to the promisee. 4. When re¬ 
leased by the promisee. 5. Whenaner 
ror proceeds from the mistake or mis¬ 
representation of the promisee. 6. If 
based upon a supposition, and that 
supposition turns out to be false. 

Providence permitting, is always un¬ 
derstood or implied. 

PUpryiPTN^ss. — Promptness.in apol 
ogizinp is one of the distinguishing 
marks of good breeding. 

The followiny are Lord Chesterfield’s 
words to his son .-“Despatch is the soul 
of business.”** Never put off till to-mor¬ 
row what you can do to-day.’’“Snatch, 
seize, and enjoy every moment.” 


252 




























PI\OPOSf\LS. —A proposal should always 
be the result of second thoughts. Only 
a fool will suffer himself to be led into 
putting the rest of his life in jeopardy on 
the spur of the moment. No prudent 
woman will consent to accept an offer 
of marriage atthe hands of a-man whom 
she has known only for a few days or 
weeks. 

Avowals of love, or proposals,ate made 
in various ways. Tennyson (jives the 
poetical manner in his **G-ardener’s 
Daughter.” A second method as giv¬ 
en in "David Copperfield,’’represents 
the taciturn carrier owning his inten¬ 
tions to Peggotty, by inscribing in chalk 
on the tailboard of his cart the words, 
"Barkis is willing.'” A third method is 
the proposal during a country walk,and 
may be strongly recommended as a moi 
el to be acted upon. 

When the lover is not self-possessed, 
it is recommended that he make the pro¬ 
posal through writing. For form, see un¬ 
der Letters of Love 

If one be self-possessed, and is reason¬ 
ably certain that his proposal will not 
be rejected, simply say, at any conveni¬ 
ent time and place,"Will you marry me?” 

P^OTEjCJIOt'J. — Ladies are not allowed,! 
upon ordinary occasions,to take the arm 
of any one but a relative or accepted lov 
er in the street and in the daytime; in 
the evening - in the fields, or in a crowd, 
wherever she may need protection-she 
should not refuse it. She should pass her 
hand over the gentleman's arm merely, 
but should not walk at arm’s length 
apart. The lady 7 s step must be lengthen 
ed and the gentleman’s shortened, to 
prevent the hobbling appearance of not 
keeping step. 

pf\Ude; — An extremely reserved female,| 
who affects peculiar delicacy and coyness 
of manners, is termed a She is 

cold, dignified, unsociable, and fearful 
of compromising her reputation. She is 
sensitive, censorious, and apt to mis¬ 
interpret the words and acts of others. 

PUBLIC PIECES — For a lady or gen¬ 
tleman to manifest other than proper 
and dignified conduct in public places, 
is a sure mark of ill breeding The tru¬ 
ly polite are always quiet,unobtrusive, 
considerate of others, and careful to 
avoid all manifestations of superiority 


or elegance. While on the street, all 
loud and boisterous talking, immoderate 
Jaughing and forward and pushing con¬ 
duct, inevitably subject a person to the 
satirical remarks of the persons among 
whom he is thrown, and are perhaps 
the surest means of proclaiming that 
such a person is not used to the ways 
of polite society. 

PUBLIC S^NXIN\ENX-- This, like a bat¬ 
tery to the city, powerfully restrains 
men from doing wrong; but, when 
they have done wrong, it sets itself as 
powerfully against them. 

punctuality — Strict punctuality 
marks the true gentleman. A consci¬ 
entious regard for the rights and feel¬ 
ings of others will compel every one to 
be prompt in fulfilling every duty. 

Punctuality is one of the -most admi¬ 
rable of qualities, and the man or woman 
who possesses it is a blessing to his or her 
friends. Tfie one who lacks it is want¬ 
ing in one of the first requisites of good¬ 
breeding. 

panning. — AH punning should be 
avoided: no one feels secure in the so¬ 
ciety or an inveterate punster, and his 
vulgar witticisms are out of place and 
uncalled for 

PURITY — Purity may be said to be the 
feminine, and truth the masculine,of 
honor. Purity is regarded as practically 
the main part of virtue, and is inward, 
secret, self-sufficing, harmless, and to 
crown all,thorougly and intimately 
personal. 

QUARF\ELl^l(>.— Men,unlike iron,are 
worse to be wrought upon when they 
are hot. It is advisable to be warily si¬ 
lent concerning all matters of dispute 
between others; for he who blows the 
coals in quarrels that do not concern 
him, is very likely to receive the flying 
sparks in his face, it being extremely dif¬ 
ficult to interfere without giving offense 
to one party or the other. 

QUESTIONS .— One is judged to a far 
greater extent by the questions he asks, 
than by the answers he gives. 

QUIETNESS.— Boyd states that the-re¬ 
ally and substantially happy people in 
the world are always calm and quiet. 

QUOTATIONS. — Avoid quotations as 
much as possible, though short, pun¬ 
gent epigrammatic quotations, if suit¬ 
able to the subject of the conversation, 
may be occasionally introduced. 

if you are tempted to use a quota¬ 
tion from a foreign or classic language, 
apologize to the company for its use,or 
translate it; but not in such a manner 
as to convey the idea that you are glad 
to display your learning, or that your 
hearers are in need of such a translation. 

RANK- Three ranks include all grades 
of society; viz., inferiors, equals, and su¬ 
periors. We should advise or command 
an inferior; request or persuade an e- 
qual; and beg or petition a superior. 

reading.— One ought never to read 
in company, but may look over a book 
of engravings with propriety. 

When there is a necessity for read¬ 
ing, do not leave, but ask permission.lt 


is exceedingly unrefined to approach the 
book or writings of any one so as to 
read them, unasked. 

HebUkes. — Remember that open rebukes 
are to be administered by magistrates 
and courts of justice; private ones when 
all the witnesses of the offender’s blush 
es are blind, and deaf, and dumb. 

RECEPTIONS.- The full-dress recep 
tion at home is an event of consider¬ 
able importance in the social world. 
The invitations should be issued fully 
two weeks in advance.'Aox kemrw see 
\rW\\.aX\ows, t-Ybo VK\sceW?c<\eews VoMxs 
-VoAe%\. The invitations should be de¬ 
livered by a footman. 

It is well to throw open as many rooms 
as possible, and to have tables scattered 
around here and there,covered with 
choice engravings,photographic views, 
valuable scrapbooks, etc., for the enter¬ 
tainment of the guests. 

The Hostess should see that hercom- 
pany does not break up into cliques 
of twos or threes, as such a plan will 
leave a number out who do-not pos¬ 
sess any great conversational powers. 

Should any guest be invited by the 
hostess to play the piano, she should 
not wait to be urged, offering excuses, 
but rise quietly, proceed to the piano and 
play something short and suitable for 
the gathering. Never play upon the 
invitation of any one but the hostess, 
turning off all other requests as grace¬ 
fully as you canA^M,^fcT\cv\xo^^.-'c\- 
XfcxXwwvevX , ^\^ A. 

reckJ.e|ss^e;ss. — Application of the 
following proverbs may be made when 
occasions arise: " In for a penny, in for 
a pound—he that takes the Devil into 
his boat must ferry him over the sound.” 
"It is the first shower that wets.” “It is 
all the same whether a man has both legs 
in the stocks or but one.”"There is 
nothing like being besmattered formak- 
ing one defy the slough.” 

f\EDO&NlTlGN.— It is less rude for ladies 
to return a recognition coldly, and upon 
the next occasion to turn away or to 
avoid a meeting, than to give a " cut 
direct.” 

Never presume to attract the atten¬ 
tion of an acquaintance by a touch,un¬ 
less you are extremely intimate. Recog¬ 
nition by a simple nod or spoken word 
is all that can be allowed. 

G-entlemen who meet att-he house 
or rooms of a mutual friend are not o- 
bliged to recognize one another if they 
meet again elsewhere the same day. 

A lady is not obliged to afterward rec¬ 
ognize a partner with whom she-may 
have danced at a ball. 

A lady must recognize a gentleman 
by bowing before he is at liberty to 
salute herASto. ^oWvwo,,W-aX,,-fcvA 

S-aXvvXaWorA. 

RECONCILIATION-—Reconciliation is 
"second friendship.” For former friends 
to meet at a party, atchurch, or else¬ 
where, without recognizing each other 
is very uncivil and childish. It is their 
imperative duty to forgive and be forgiv¬ 
en, and then to become reconciled. 


253 







































■BMMWaiiill 



VVSQASVV^; O'? 


HECREAJI 0^1.-Every 

should join in any diver 


one in company 
jom in any diversion which does not 
violate his conscience or his sense of pro 
priety. Plays that are rough and ru-de,in 
which there is danger of injury to persons, 
to furniture, or to clothing, should never 
be tolerated in the house. Amusements which 
permit any improper familiarity between the 
sexes, are in bad taste. Games which require 
the boys to catch, and struggle or wrestle 
with the pirIs, or even to put their hands 
upon their person, or to kiss them, are of 
the most doubtful propriety. The respect 
which the sexes should cultivate for each 
other is entirely inconsistent with such 
freedom A^wAx\\yi\«>\ "VvavYwwejX. 
f\e fi Cement. — Refinement which does 
not strengthen the intellect and purify the 
manners is only nominal. True refine¬ 
ment gives us sympathy with every form 
of human life, and enables us to work 
most successfully for its advancement. 

Men are frequently met with who are 
so outrageously cultivated, that they feel 
perfectly miserable the moment they are 
taken away from all which is exquisite. It 
is a pity that they were born into this 
rough world, where the mountain rocks 
are left unhewn, and the wild forests are 
not veritable parks. 

\ EFf^ESV^IVlENXS.—At parties,balls, and 
receptions, refreshments must be provi¬ 
ded for the guests during the evening,and 
a refreshment room is advisable. 

Of what the refreshments shall consist, 
must depend entirely upon the tastes and 
resources of those who give the party. Any 
or all of the following may be provided 
as discretion may dictate: Lemonade, tea 
and coffee,ices, biscuits, wafers, pies and 
cakes, cracker bon-bons, fowls,ham, tur¬ 
key, jellies, blanc-mange, trifles, etc. 
F\E(rf\ETS . — Whenever an invitation to a 
party,etc.,has been accepted, and if any¬ 
thing prevent attendance, a regret must 
be sent the day after the party. The form 
must correspond somewhat in style to 
the invitation, and it is more courteous 
and friendly to state the reason for -non-at¬ 
tendance ASm, VvvuV&Xaoxvs -VxvtaxA. 
nEJECTION.-ltis a lady’s privilege to 
reject a suitor. When she chooses to ex¬ 
ercise this prerogative, she should do so 
creditably and with justice to herself and 
her suitor. She should convey to him clear- 


ly and without ambiguity the decision 
she comes to. A doubtful answer giv¬ 
en under the plea of sparing the suit¬ 
or’s feelings, is unfair and unjusti¬ 
fiable, as it raises false hopes,and ren¬ 
ders a man restless and unsettled. 

No sensible man-no man whose 
opinion is worth a lady’s considera¬ 
tion-will think the worse of her, or 
feel himself personally injured by a 
refusal, though it may give him pain, 
and cause his vanity to suffer, h is 
heart remains unharmed .Vaw.^'cv 

l\ELlG-IO(Q. — All religious topics should 
be avoided in society conversation. No 
more serious offense can be commit¬ 
ted than to show disrespect to any per¬ 
son’s religious faith 
F\EIYIARK,$.— It is a breach of etiquette 
to make remarks upon a caller who 
has just left the room, whether made 
by the hostess or other visitors. 
FlEMlENlBfyktiC^.— To affectnot to 
remember a person is despicable, and 
reflects only on the pretender. 
i\epwe;e.- Avoid repartee; it is 
not a weapon for daily use, and is 
apt to wound both speaker and hearer. 
F^EPE^TIXIOfJ.—-Never ask to have 
a sentence repeated, unless actually 
afflicted with deafness; it implies a 
Pandering attention. 

F^EpLl^S. — When asked a question 
by a lady, always answer promptly, 

A ictl-nrJ'l 11 O'M A nrtlifolii infl’aiti” 


distinctly, and politely,* 1 Yes,ma’am,’ 
or‘*No, ma’an” If addressed by a 
gentleman, say, ** Yes, sir,” or” No, 
sir.” Replies thus respectfully given, 
indicate a good training. 

f\EPf\OACH- — Any flagrant atrocity 
or course of immorality deservedly 
causes one’s name and himself to be 
the general subject of reproach. True 
invective, administered at the prop¬ 
er time and in the right spirit, is al¬ 
lowable 

HEPF\OOF . — Never reprove servants or] 
children before strangers or guests, as 
it is unpleasant for all concerned, and 
by the hostess passing over the annoy¬ 
ance, others may not notice it. 

When it becomes necessary to re 
prove any one, consider whether it 
ought to be done in public or in pri¬ 
vate, at present, or some other time, 
and avoid all signs of anger, but let 
an earnest expression mark gourcoun 
tenounce. 

F^EPlJT/\TIOfJ. — A fortune does not 
necessarily consist of tangible property, 
but may be comprised in a reputation 
for good judgment, for fair dealing, for 
truth, and for rectitude. 

** All is not gold that glitters.”” Like¬ 
ly lies in the mire, but unlikely gets 
over.”"Every glowworm is not afire.” 

^ES^NTA^ENT.— One should not be 
too hasty in resenting an injury, as 
it is often as much imaginary as real, 
and at other times unintentional; in 
which case a resentment would cause 
unjust pain. Resentment often onlygrat- 
ifies the one who intended the injury. 


F\ESOUiXIO^ s -— Experience shows 
that m time of need, resolutions are of 
very great value. Good resolutions 
are precious almost beyond price. 
"Sudden resolutions,” says Phelps," in¬ 
dicate nothing but the chanoeableness 
of the weather, like the sudden rise 
of the mercury in the barometer.” 

F^ESOJ\TS.— At places of summer re 
sort, those who own their cottages 
call first upon those who rent them. 

F\^SPE(CT.— Respect is more likely 
to be secured by exacting than by so- 
it. M 


liciting for it. Men are respectable, 
generally speaking, only as they're¬ 
spect others. 

There is a certain amount of respect 
due the aged, aside from ah other con¬ 
siderations. To see well-trained youth 
of either sex look after the comfort of 
old people, is one of the most beauti¬ 
ful of scenes. 

An observance of a multitude of 
little things, from a strict observance 
of the Saboath, down to the careful 
tying of a cravat, is implied in respect 

F^ESpcfasiBlLlTY _Every individ 

ual has a responsibility bearing upon 
him, not only for what he may sai 
and do Here, but also in the hereat 
ter. No plea of ignorance can take a- 
way our responsibility- It usually 
walks hand in hand with our ca¬ 
pacity and power. 

Whenever a man undertakes an¬ 
other’s business, he makes it his 
own; that is, promises to employ up¬ 
on it the same care, attention,and 
diligence that he would if it were act¬ 
ually his own, for he knows that the 
business was committed to him with 
that expectation. 

F^STL^SSN^SS.— Si gns of restless¬ 
ness at concerts and other places 
of amusement,distinguish those 
only who are very impolite. 

A temper that is anxious and rest¬ 
less, that runs to meet care on its 
way, that regrets lost opportunities 
too much, and that is over-painstak¬ 
ing in contrivances for happiness, is 
foolish, and should not be indulged. 

RESTF\AJNX — It is well to be silent 
when you have anything to comma 
nicate that will distress the heart 
of the person whom it concerns, in 
order that He may heat from some 
one else. 

F^ETU^NI^O-.—When returning 
from entertainments,etc., the gen¬ 
tleman escorting a lady should accom¬ 
pany her home. If the hour be suita¬ 
ble, the lady may invite him into the 
house; otherwise she should say, in 
a very frank manner," It is too late 
to invite you to come in, but I shall 
be pleased to have you call again.” 
To stand at the gate and converse 
is very imprudent, and may cause 
unpleasant remarks. Should the 
gentleman enter the house, he should 
be too prudent to stay so long that he 
may “wear out his welcome.” 


254 









































f\eVe^g-e .—Reverse is a n act of pas¬ 
sion, and for that reason should not 
be-returned, jtis_ among the basest o( 
actions, and is diametrically opposed 
to the < Christian principles o( forgiving 
injuries, and returning good (or evil. 
It is gratified only with inflicting pain 
without any prospect of advantage. 

F\EVEF(E(QCE. — A lack of reverence 
in one in any place of worship, is an 
indication of low parentage, and a 
coarse nature, not subject to refine¬ 
ment. 

A distinguishing trait of a refined 
wind, is a reverence for religious ob¬ 
servances, and religious opinions.What¬ 
ever one’s opinions on the subject are, 
he has no right to intrude them upon 
others, perhaps to the shakinp of trieir 
faith and happiness. 

Mothers should never allow any dis¬ 
respect in their children’s manners to¬ 
ward themselves, or others who are 
older than they are; they should be 
taught especially to reverence the aped. 

F\EVEF\IE. — Any I oose or irrep u I an 
train of thoughts, occurrinp in mus- 
inp or meditation, is said to be reverie. 
Not only should the mind be puarded 
from impure imapinations, but must 
not be permitted to indulpe in useless 
reverie. A formation of such a habit 
will very'seriously interfere with intel¬ 
lectual growth. 

f\idic\jle. — For one to indulpe in rid¬ 
icule, whether the subject be present 
or absent, is to descend below the lev- 
el ofjjentlemanly propriety. 

Always 
mount on f \ 
the near 
side, by put- > r~y'^ 
tinp your 
foot in t h e 
s t irrup, 
our left 
and on 
the saddle, 
then springing, throw your ripht lep 
over the animal’s back. 

The whole art of ridinp is 
ed in the following stanza: 

"Keep up your head and your heart, 
Your hands and heels keep down, 
Press your knees close to your horse’s sides 
And your elbows close to your own. 

See that ladies are in the saddle 
before mountinp yourself. The assis¬ 


tance they require must be rendered by 
yourself, and not by the proom. When 
a mounting block or steps are not pro¬ 
vided, the lady will place herself on the 
near side of the horse, her skirt path- 
ered up in left Hand, her ripht on the 
pommel, keepinp her face toward the 
horse’s head. You stand at its shoul¬ 
der, facing her, and stoopinp, hold 
your hand so that she may place her 
left foot in it; then lift it as she is 
springing, so as to aid her, but not 
to give her such an impetus that she 
is liable to land on the other side. Next, 
put her foot in the stirrup, and then 
smooth the skirt of her habit. 

Keep to the right of the lady or ladies 
riding with you, and always pass to 
the right of those whom you meet or 
overtake on the road. Provide for ev¬ 
ery need and comfort of the lady, open 
all oates, and pay all tolls. 

When meeting friends on horseback, 
do not turn back with them; if y o u 
overtake them, do not thrust your com¬ 
pany upon them uninvited; if you-meet 
a lady walking, and wish to speak to 
her, dismount and lead your horse. 

The lady must always give the pace, 
as no gentleman will ride fasterthan 
she may find agreeable, or try in any 
way to display his own horsemanship. 
The gentleman must never touch the 
lady’s horse,unless requested. 

A young wan'riding with an elder¬ 
ly gentleman, should extend all the 
courtesies of the road to him as to a 
lady. 

In dismounting, the lady must free 
herself from the pommel of the saddle, 
and then the gentleman must offer his 
ripht hand, taking the lady’s left, and 
use his own left as a step on which she 
will put her foot, gradually lowering 
his hand, as soon as she rises from 
the saddle, and allow her to touch the 
ground without springing. 

F\IGV|T A^ND WRP^G-. —With reference 
to -moral qualities, all actions are di¬ 
vided into two classes—the good and the 
bad. The right is the good, and the wrong 
is the bad. Conscience tells us that 
our own actions are right or wrong, 
but rational investigation is necessa¬ 
ry to determine the character of the 
actions of others. When conscience 
urges us to do right, its voice should 
never be slighted, because when it 
is continuously disobeyed, it ceases 
to be heard. 

f\IG-HTS.— Of things that are fitting 
and right, many cannot be defined 
and limited with entire accuracy; oth¬ 
ers are so obvious and manifest,that, 
in precise form and measure, they 
may be claimed by those to whom they 
are due, and required of those from 
whom they are dueASw 
Y\\aV\\$>. 

F^ISipiG.— A gentleman rises when 
those ladies with whom he is talking 
rise to take their leave. Ladies calling 
do not rise unless those who are leav¬ 
ing are friends older than themselves. 

Some ladies only rise when their 
visitors leave, others accompany them 
as far as the drawing-room door, 

Gentlemen should rise when ladies enter. 


—There is a certain class of I 
young men who have won for them¬ 
selves the the unenvied appellation 
of “rough,” or "hoodlum.” They af¬ 
fect a contempt of the female sex, and 
speak disrespectfully of their mothers, 
or treat their sisters with derision. 
Their depraved and vicious charac¬ 
ter entirely disregards all the obliga¬ 
tions of both public and private duty. 
Their vandalism is often seen i-n the 
breaking of windows in unoccupied 
houses, in cutting and breaking shade- 
trees, in taking off pates and defa¬ 
cing fences, in daubing painted and 
whitewashed walls, and in tearing 
down handbills. People passing along 
the less crowded streets are continu¬ 
ally receiving their insults. For such 
conduct,which sets at defiance all 
the obligations of pood citizenship, 
there cannot be the slightest excuse 
offered. 

UlMV^OF^S.—He who is discreet wi II 
not be hasty to believe flying reports 
to the disparagement of others. 

Newton compares the spreading 
of rumors to the art of making pins. 
There is usually some truth, which he 
calls the wire; as this passes from 
hand to hand, one gives it a polish, 
another a point, others -make and 
put on the head, and at last the pin 
is completed. 

f\USV^.— A rush and scramble at a 
railway ticket office or elsewhere is 
always carried on by ill-bred people, 
or those who appear so at the time. 

S^CF\IFICE^S. —One should learn to 
make small sacrifices with a good grace; 
to accept small disappointments with a 
patient spirit. A little more self-control, 
a little more allowance for the weakness 
of others, will often change the entire 
spirit of a household. 

SApUTATlOtJ.— 

The fo ur 
forms of 
salutation 
are, bowing, 
hand-shaking, 
kissing,and 
address. 

It is an 
act of dis¬ 
courtesy 
to refuse 
any one, 
no matter how lowly his station, the 
recognition of a bow. 

Ladies should recognize gentlemen first 
by making a graceful inclination. 

Simply bow to a casual acquaintance, 
but a pleasant,cordial greeting should 
be cultivated among intimate friends. 

One should not be too forward, but 
always friendly and courteous,and the 
first to salute. 

In public promenades salute your ac¬ 
quaintances only the first time you meet 
them. 

Never salute even your most intimate 
friends by nodding-itis vulgar. 

G-eneral salutations of a mixed com¬ 
pany are not in vogue. Etiquette requires 
us to recognize only our friends and ac- 
q uaintances.Vm Y>o\Nvx\q 




255 
































s/y\c/\sfv\. —Ridicule, satire, and irony 
•may be successfully and properly em¬ 
ployed to expose folly and vice; but vtx- 
wscw, which is the indulgence only of 
personal resentment, is never justifia¬ 
ble. Its arrows are barbed with con¬ 
tempt, and its sneers yall and wound. 
S/\TI F\E . — Satire has a mixture of ill- 
nature, and may be employed either 
in personal or grave matters. It may 
be considered one of the most agree- 
able, yet the most dangerous of the 
mental faculties. When refined, it al¬ 
ways pleases, but if used to excess, it 
is dreaded. When unmixed with spite, 
and the person satirized can take a 
part in the satire, it is allowable. 
SC/\ND/\l_ .— Scandal refers more im-| 
mediately to the nature of an action 
than to the character of the person. 
It makes him an object of offense, or 
even of abhorrence. 

It is too often that cruel stories run 
as if on wheels, every one adding oi I, 
thereby increasiny the momentum. It 
should be borne in mind that he who 
speaks ill of another, before He is aware, 
makes himself such a one as he speaks 
against. No one with civility and yood 
breediny will indulye in such talk. 
scholarship. — Scholarship without 
yood breediny puts one’s faults in bold¬ 
er relief, and,except by accident, can 
not be said to be the measure of one’s 
power. 

SCHOOL.— If teachers expect polite treat 
ment from their scholars, they themselves 
must set the example. If you would in¬ 
spire -manliness in others,first find the 


man in yourself. Children have more 
need of models than of critics. 

Teachers should understand that 
many of their pupils have been ney- 
lected at home as regards traininy in 
9 ood morals and yentle manners,and 
that by yiviny a little extra time to 
this subject in the school-room, those 
neylected pupils would yain a knowl- 
edye which, in after life ? would prove 
a blessiny. 

Teachers should address youny miss¬ 
es as,“Miss Dora,”“Miss Julia,”etc. 
Youny boys (.too youny to be addressed 
as Mr.) should be addressed as '■ Mas¬ 
ter Brum-mitt,”"Master Bishop,”etc. 
Pupils should beobliyed to say“Yes, 
m a’amN o, w a’amW h at, ma’am ” 
never, yes, no, or what. 

The chief cause assiyned for the con¬ 
tinuance and diffusionof moral senti¬ 
ments is vmWwoTX. The efficacy of 
this principle is most observable in Chil¬ 
dren; indeed, if there be anythiny I n 
them which deserves the name of an’vxv 
sYvwcX it is their tom\\r>AV<\ 

In consideration of this fact, cannot any 
teacher see that the entire atmosphere of 
her school-room is dependent upon trifles? 
If she, by her own actions, and in accord¬ 
ance with her requirements, insures kind¬ 
ness and politeness from all to all, she 
may feel almost sure of the success of 
her school. 

No teacher, unless deficient in yood 
judyment, and careless as to the secu¬ 
rity of his or her position, will speak 
disrespectfully of the pupils’ parents, 
blaminy them for the pupils’ lack of 
interest in school, truancy,etc. Such 
a course is hiyhly reprehensible iri the 
teacher. Better assume that the parents 
would be displeased with anythiny wrony 
in the pupils. 

It is natural for a teacher tofeel 
more attached to those who are kind,po¬ 
lite, and attentive, and who manifest a 
disposition to be ayreeable; yet it does 
not follow that he shall dislike or hate 
those who have not tried to win his fa¬ 
vor. The term vw\‘vaX\\v) is interpreted 
by the pupils as indicatiny a want of 
fairness on the part of the teacher, and 
when the impression takes hold ofso-me 
minds,it is almost impossible by any rea- 
soniny to remove it; hence, the impor¬ 
tance of beiny kind, attentive,and faith¬ 
ful to every one in school. 

SCOpF1[^0. — This is a yeneral way of 
expressing contempt, and may be done 
by yibes, jeers, sneers, opprobrious lan¬ 
guage, or contemptuous looks. To scoff 
at reliyion is to set at nauyut all thoughts 
of decorum, and to openly avow the lit¬ 
tle estimation in which it is held. 

SCOLDING-. — To utter harsh, rude,or 
boisterous rebukes, sharply and in a 
coarse manner, is to lessen our influ¬ 
ence over those whom we would exer¬ 
cise our control. Socrates who had a 
scoldiny wife said that he became so 
accustomed to expect it that a scold¬ 


iny offended him no more than the noise 
of carriayes in the streets. . . 

SCORN. — Scorn implies the stripping 
of all honors and exposing to deris¬ 
ion, which situation is the cause of 
scorn. Scorn marks the sentiments 
of a little, vain mind, as a beautiful 
woman looks with sccm\ on her whom 
she despises for the want of this -natural 
yift. 

SERTS.— Should a lady offer to scat her¬ 
self beside ayentleman, he should rise 
at once and yive her the choice of seats. 

When offered a seat in the street car, 
accept the same with audible thanks. 

A lady, an elderly person, or an inva¬ 
lid is entitled to the most comfottable 
seat and position in the room. 

When calliny,itis disrespectful to 
the lady of the house for one to offer 
to another the seat assiyned hfmself. 

UnJess reserved, or with a lady,yen 
tlemen should vacate their seats in fa¬ 
vor of ladies or elderly yentlemen who 
may be standiny. 

SRCREJS. —The only absolutely safe 
way of keeping secrets i s not to im¬ 
part them to any person. As a rule, 
the truest, safest, and best confidants 
are the mother, the father, and the 
teacher. 

One should be exceedingly careful 
of the secrets of the family where he 
lives; from whence hardly the most 
indifferent circumstance must be di- 
vulyed. 

Too yreat care cannot be exercised 
in seekiny the confidence of others; 
for, if the secret entrusted should hap¬ 
pen to take air, thouyh we be inno¬ 
cent of its disclosure, it is odds but it 
is imputed to our infidelity. However, 
if a trust be reposed in us, we should 
suffer torture, rather than disclose it. 

We should be cautious about our own 
desiyns, and never talk about them un¬ 
til they have taken place, and even then 
exercise a reasonable silence, lest it should 
prejudice our future actions. To proclaim 
one’s skill, is to beat an alarm to those 
with whom he deals, for he that draws 
his sword puts every-body else on his 
9 uard. 

We should regard every matter an 
entrusted secret, which we believe 
the person concerned would wish to 
be considered as such; emphatically,all 
entrusted secrets which would briny 
scandal upon another if told,and which 
it is not our certain duty to discuss. 

Generally speaking, a man keeps an¬ 
other person’s secret better than his 
own, but a woman keeps her own secret, 
thouyh she blabs all others; ft fool tells 
a secret because he is a fool; a knave 
tells it because it is to his interest to 
do so; a youny man tells it from the 
vanity of having been trusted; and 
a young woman tell It because the 
other two of the three are not dead, 
she can’t help it-it is so hot that it 
burns its wau out. 


256 




















ALMA MEYER, 

| ENTERED SPIRIT LIFE 

Match 19,1933. 
Aged 19 Y*s 2M’s. 

Oeath lies 
on her li ke an 
untimely frost 
upon the sweet¬ 
est flower of all 
the field. 


|r 



mm 


SADIE MILL, 

BORN INTO SUMMER LANO 

October 13,1933. 
Aged I8Y’s3M’s. 
Early,bright, 
transient, chaste 
as mommy dew, 
she sparkl’d,was ex¬ 
hal’d, and went 
to heaven. 





_ T'S \Q,V>Z.TTSl ov 

SACHETS, COfJTlNll^D. —We should be 

very modest in urging a friend to dis¬ 
cover a secret, as it may expose him to 
somebody’s displeasure when it is after¬ 
ward learned that He was the object of 
our confidence. Our desire for aio or for 
sympathy should not be induced by drag¬ 
ging other people into our misfortunes. 

For a lady to divul 9 e,even to her most 
intimate friend, her non-acceptance of an 
invitation from a gentleman, or the re¬ 
jection of a proposal, or even the contents 
of any of her love letters, is a horrid out¬ 
rage upon the most holy and exalted 
feelings of the human soul; it is a vul¬ 
garism and wickedness to be compared 
to.blasphemy. That a gentlemanjs often 
injured,or wronged, and his feelings trod¬ 
den upon, by such disclosure, adds but 
a blacker dye to one of the meanest 
things that a woman can do. 

S^lF-COtjc^lT. — Self-conceit is a vi¬ 
cious habit of the mind. Such a person 
is always much concerned about riyht 
and wrong, but it is only that which he 
conceives to be riyht or wrony. Self-con¬ 
ceit is needed to discover or i m ay in e 
faults; and it is much easier for an ill 
natured man than fora good-natured 
man to be sharp and witty. 

SE|LF-CO(MF|DE^NCE;.— Self-confidence is 
at the.same time a virtue and a vice 
As a virtue it is the first requisite of any 
great undertaking; it is theyreat char¬ 
acteristic of men of active genius,not 
springing from self-conceit, but from an 
intense identification of the man with 
his object, liftiny him above the fear of 
danyer, and communicating an almost 
superhuman audacity to his will. 

As a vice it is the badge of ignorance and 
the curse of fools. It is a petty pride in 
one’s own narrowness. As a self-con¬ 
ceited person thinks only of his own o- 
piriion, a self-confident person refuses 
the assistance of every one in whatever 
he is called upon to do. 





seLf -CO^lTF\OL.' —To reign within one’s 
self, and rule his passions,desires, and 
fears, is to exercise a rare and valua¬ 
ble accomplishment. To conquer self 
is to avoid ruin on the side of our nat¬ 
ural propensities. 

seLf-de;nial. — It is safer and wiser 
to somewhat abate our lawful enjoy¬ 
ments, than to gratify our desires 
to the utmost extent of what is per¬ 
mitted. Self-denial is indispensable to 
a strong character, and there never 
did and never will exist anythiny 
permanently noble and excellent in 
a character without it. . 

SELF-^ST^EfV\.— He who fancies him] 
self an abstraction of excellence, so 
far from beiny yreat, may be assured 
that He is equally iynorant of excel¬ 
lence or defect of himself or others. 
One’s opinion of himself wants dis-| 
tance, time, and numbers to confirm 
it. Whoever knows not where to look 
for truth, save in the narrow well 
of self, will find his own imaye at 
the bottom, and mistake it for what 
he is seekiny. ^ 

SELF-POSS^SSIO^.— 

To be able to restrain 
our feelinys,to -master hH^j34wm7r6fi/a 
our passions,to steady 
our nerves, and to com¬ 
mand suitable language 
for every occasion i s 
invaluable. The di f- 
ferent temperaments 
of people are unfavorable to success 
in pood society. Thouyh habits ofgiv- 
imy vent to our malevolent feelings, 
nervousness, etc., be difficult to over¬ 
come, an easy, yraceful, self-balanced 
behavior is attainable by every one who 
will try earnestly and perseverinyly 
to acquire it. 

seLf-f^espe(ct.— One who will aban 
don himself is not worthy of admi¬ 
ration. True self-respect is not to think 
of one’s self too highly, and may be 
reyarded as the corner-stone of all 
virtue. 

SELF-SACRIFICE.—Every one who has 
come to true greatness has felt in some 
deyreethat his life belonys to his race 
and not wholly to himself. All mate¬ 
rial thinys may easily be yiven away,I 
but when a man makes a gift of his 
daily life and practice, it is plain that 
the spirit of self-sacrifice has taken pos-| 
session of him. 

SE;LfisHn^SS.—W hen we are nur- 
turirny selfishness atthe expense of 
the happiness of others, we are cheat- 
iny no one else as much as.ourselves; 
for one who is selfish sacrifices the 
nobler for the meaner ends,and must 
be sordidly content therewith. Those 
who deny others everythiny are in¬ 
famous for refusing themselves noth- 
iny. 

S^NS^.—With men of capacity, youny 
men may not only improve their un¬ 
derstanding by conversing, but may 
have the benefit of their whole judy- 
went and experience, whenever puz¬ 
zled by any difficulty. Men of supe¬ 
rior sense and candor will always 
exercise a ready and flowing indulgence 


towards those who entreat their favor, 
and are never more pleased than 
when they have an opportunity to 
make their talents more serviceable 
to mankind. Prudence, address, deco¬ 
rum, correctness of speech, elevation 
of mind, and delicacy of -manners,may 
be learned in this noble school. 

SENSIBILITY-— The keenness of sen¬ 
sibility is shown from the fact that 
there are moments whm petty slights 
are harder to beat than even a seri¬ 
ous injury at other times. Its delica¬ 
cy is seen in that the heart that i s 
soonest awake to the flowers, is al¬ 
ways the first to be touched by the 
thorns. When sensibility is ill-di¬ 
rected, or uncontrolled,it is a snare, 
and the source of every temptation. 

SEF(\//\NT.—When at the table,speak 
distinctly and politely to the servant. 
If you wish to be helped, ask,“Will 
you pleasehelp-me,—?"|f you do not 
desire what is offered you, say,"No, 

I thank you.” A servant should nev¬ 
er be reproved in the prenence of com¬ 
pany. The best way to have a good 
servant is to let him know that he 
has a yood master. 

SExES._ 

Is bold.Is beautiful.. 

Is courageous .... Is timid. 

Labors in the field ..Labors at home... 
Talks to persuade.. Talks to please... 
Has a daring heart... A tender and loving one. 

Has power.Has taste. 

Has justice.Has mercy ...... 

Has strength.Has love. 

Combats with enemy.. Prepares his repast . 
Struggles with world.. Sweetens his existence. 

He has crosses.She softens them .. 

His days are sad.... She comforts him.. 
Distinguished by truth. Oisting’d by purity . 
Keeps others’secrets. Keeps her own secrets. 
Seeks independence. Solicits confidence.. 
Challenges attack .. Flees from assault. 
Cultivates foresight. Reposes in the present. 
Profanes Cod’s name. Reverences it. 

S^K|NG-1^NDS.- f 

This is one of the 
four forms of sa!u- 
tation(q.v.). In thus saluting,t he 
hands should be grasped firmly for 
only a moment, witnout any display 
of force, and after shaking moderately, 
released. 

Always remove the glove in offering 
the hand to a friend in the house, but 
in the street the glove may be retain¬ 
ed by apologizing for the covered hand. 

A gentleman does not first offer 
to shake hands with a lady, unless very 
familiar; it isVwx privilege. 

Shaking hands with a person to 
whom you are introduced is option- 
al.VaM> \x\V<q&wcA\ot\Y 

SHAA4E-— Shame is the direct conse¬ 
quence of misconduct. Those who 
yield to their passions, or are harden¬ 
ed in their vicious courses, are insensi¬ 
ble to both shame and disgrace. One 
who has lost the sense of shame h as 
lost himself. Of all evils to the gener¬ 
ous, shame should be looked upon as 
the most deadly pang. 



257 


















































SITING-. —One should not endeavor 
to shine in all companies, but leave 
room for his hearers to imagine some¬ 
thing within him beyond what he has 

— Those who shave should 
be careful to do so often, as nothing 
looks worse than a stubby beard. If 
a man's beards are very strong He 
should shave from two to three times 
a week, and always the day on which 
he attends a party during the evening 
Sr|E*—One should avoid using the words 
“she” or “he” accompanied by a nod 
or a jerk of the thumb in the direction 
of the person spoken of, but repeat 
the name of the lady or gentleman. 
SHO^S.— Easy, well-fitting shoes or 
boots, with good,broad heels, half an 
inch in height, are not only a prevent¬ 
ive, but a cure for corns. High, point¬ 
ed or narrow heels should never be 
worn by ladies. The shoes for the 
street should be high, warm, and easy 
to the feet, and should always be neat¬ 
ly blackened and polished. 

Should a lady’s shoe become unlaced, 
a gentleman in whose company she 
is, should not fail to apprise her of it, 
respectfully, and offer his assistance. 
A gentleman may lace a.shoe or hook 
a dress with perfect propriety, and 
should be able to do so Gracefully. 
SHOPPIMO.—When visiting stores for 
the purpose of examining or purchas¬ 
ing goods, one should be courteous 
and aimiable. Speak with kindness to 
the clerks, politely requesting (not or¬ 
dering) them to show any article. Give 
them no -more trouble than is necessa¬ 
ry, and thank them for the attentions 
they. Have shown. On approaching or 
leaving their counter, say pleasantly. 
“Good-morning,” or “Good-day.” 

Never attempt to "beat down” the 
price of afi article. If the price does not 
suit,there is no obligation to buy, and 
there is always a privileg of going else- 
.where. 

Avoid expressing an opinion about an 
article or its price another is purchas¬ 
ing, unless requested to do so; as this 
would be offering a gratuitous insult 
to the. clerk making the sale. 

Wait patiently for your turn if oth¬ 
ers be in advance of you. Never-make 
unfavorable comparisons between the 
goods you are examining and those 
of another store. 


SHoVV.—When we speak of a thing as 
mere * 3 V\o\n, it is signified that what is 
shown is all that exists, and may be 
termed mere ovA>s\ta>, as consisting 
only of what is on the owX-vvto,. 

A man makes asY^N of his equi¬ 
page, furniture, etc., by which he strikes 
the eye of the vulgar, and seeks to im- 
press them with an ideaof his wealth 
and superior rank. This is often t he 
paltry refuge of weak minds to con¬ 
ceal their nothingness. 

sV\UNfJl^G-.— Shunning consists sim¬ 
ply of going out of the way,or avoiding 
a meeting or coming in contact. If for 
any reason any one Has made him¬ 
self offensive to us, we may shun him 
by turning into another road, but it 
would be more manly in many cases 
to face him, unless danger is anticipa- 

st(YN^SS.— Shyness is disinclination 
to familiarly approach any one.. It is 
very ungraceful, and a positive injury 
to any one afflicted with it. A person 
who blushes, stammers, and fidgets 
in the presence of strangers will not 
create a very good impression upon 
their minds as to his personal worth 
and educational advantages. Shyness 
may be overcome by a determined 
mixing in society. One who knows 
the world will not be troubled with 
shyness. 

SICKJ^SS. —All are liable to be sick, 
necessitating the careful attendance of 
others during the period of disability. 
This care usually devolves on women, 
and none should consider themselves 
exempt from the charge. Experienced 
nurses may be employed, but the anx¬ 
iety and responsibility is still with the 
mistress. Affection, thoughtful care, 
and all those little attentions which-make 
the sole comfort of an in valid, cannot be 
secured through a hired nurse, who is 
only a species of human machine that 
mechanically performs its duties. There 
are few excellent and kind-hearted 
professional r\urses, but many who 
have become, as it were, petrified by 
the habitual contemplation of suffer- 
ing^nd who merely regard the pa¬ 
tient with a business-like eye. The 
kindness and attention of the nurse 
often work far greater marvels than 
the skill of the physician; for she is 
there every hour, sees every change,and 
can minister to every little want. The 
distinguishing characteristics which will 
best adapt a nurse for fulfilling her du¬ 
ties are, gentleness, watchfulness, firm¬ 
ness, judgment, delicacy of feeling, and 
a truly Christian spirit. 

$10£W/VLK. —Any obstruction of the 
sidewalk by holding [ong conversations 
thereon, is very discourteous.The right 
of every person to his share of the side¬ 
walk should be respected. It is only the 
rude, low-bred woman, or the bluster¬ 
ing bully that assert their vulgarity 
by refusing to give the half of the pave¬ 
ment. It is better for a lady or gentle¬ 
man to leave the sidewalk than to come 
in collision with such Hotspurs. 


In order to avoid the inconvenience and 
danger of a collision, persons should 
keep to the right when passing each 
other on the pavement. 

SlGN/VT\JFtE. — A scrawling signa 
twre,like long hair, does not consti 
tute genius. One should be careful 
how he draws upon himself the rid 
icule of being a shallow pretender by 
adopting it 

SlLufJCE.—When one keeps silence, 
sometimes, upon subjects of which 
he is known to be a judge, h is si¬ 
lence, when from ignorance, will not 
discover him. 

There is no time that silence shows 
itself to greater advantage, than when 
it is made the reply to base calumny 
and defamation. 

SIMPLICITY—It will be found that 
the simpler,and the more easy and 
unconstrained one’s manners, the 
more he will impress people with his 
good breeding. Affectation is one of 
the brazen marks of vulgarity. 

A well-educated and finely cultur¬ 
ed person proclaims himself by the 
simplicity and terseness of his lan¬ 
guage. YxevsY 

The supreme excellence in char¬ 
acter, in manners, in style, briefly, 
in all things, is simplicity. Simplic¬ 
ity and-purity may be regarded as 
the two wings with which -mansoars 
above all that is gross, vulgar, and 
unrefined. Simplicity is in the inten¬ 
tion, and purity in the affection. 

SICdCEFVTY-— To create confidence 
in those with whom we deal, and 
save the labor of making many in¬ 
quiries, we should speak as we think, 
do as we pretend and profess, per¬ 
form and make good what we prom¬ 
ise, and really be what we would ap¬ 
pear and seem to be. 

SIf^G-l fqG-.— Avoid singing, humming 
or whistling to yourself, in walking. 

If requested to sing and play for 
the entertainment of the company, 
do so promptly without having to be 
urged. 

sitting. — Gracefulness should be 
studied in sitting the same as in oth¬ 
er actions. We should never assume 
a lounging position, but sit erect, 
yet not stiff and ungainly. Do not 
extend the feet, spread them apart, or 
rest them on the rungs of the chair. 
Never sit astride of a chair, nor tilt 
it back against the wall or furniture. 

SL^NDEFL—Any false report, mali¬ 
ciously put in circulation to injure 
another’s good name, is slander. It 
is in the associations of society 
that slander is most frequently met 
with; as here,jealousy, envy, and an¬ 
ger have most to excite them to ac¬ 
tivity. Bad passions,and the abnor¬ 
mal desire of telling news, are re 
sponsible for this unfortunate form 
of falsifying. No practice is more dan¬ 
gerous to individuals and to society, 
since neither purity, innocence,nor 
integrity is proof against the pois- 
o m of a malicious tongue. 


258 




















Sl/VNG- .— Avoid as hateful all use of 
slang terms; they ate too suggestive 
of low cotnpaTiy and associates;they 
are the cant of sharpers, and the lin¬ 
go of vulgar people. To use slang ha¬ 
bitually and knowingly,is a sign of 
coarse association, a gross mind, and 
poverty of language. 

In addition to the slang of the low¬ 
er classes, or of out-door life, there 
is the slang of the drawing-room; in 
short, every profession has its own 
set of expressions, which should be 
avoided in general society. 

SLOTH. — Sloth .is torpidity of the-men¬ 
tal faculties. It is an inlet to various 
disorders, which make way for licen¬ 
tiousness. People who have nothing to 
do,are characterized by slothfulness, 
and soon become tired of their own 
company. 

SN\lL£s. — A smile embellishes an in¬ 
ferior face, and redeems an ugly one; 
but the "perpetual smile” should not 
be tolerated. A habitual smile becomes 
insipid. If the mouth be allowed to 
break into a smile on one side,while 
the other side remains passive and un¬ 
moved, there is imparted to the face 
an air of deceit and grotesqueness. A 
disagreeable smile distorts the lines 
of beauty, and is more repulsive than 
a frown. Of the many kinds of smiles, 
some announce goodness and sweet 
ness; some betray sarcasm, bitterness, 
and pride; some soften the countenance 
by their languishing tenderness; and 
others brighten by their spiritual vi¬ 
vacity. 

SMOKING- .—G-entlemen do not smoke 
when driving or walking with ladies, 
nor on promenades -much frequent¬ 
ed, where they can not remove the 
cigar from the mouth whenever they 
meet a lady. 

Should a lady assure a gentleman 
that smoking is not offensive, he has 
no right to presume on her forbear¬ 
ance in. that matter, and give the 
impression to those who pass that 
they are both devoid of the culture 
exhibited by well-bred people. 

A gentleman will not at any time 
smoke in the parlor, though there be 
no others present. 

It is ungentle-manly to smoke at all 
in public, and none but a ruffian 
will inflict upon society the odor of 
a bad cigar. 


SfjEEF\S. — Sneer is connected with 
sneeze and nose, the member by which 
sneering is performed. One who sneers 
at another or at religion, does so some¬ 
what slyly, but his malignity is none 
the less. He wishes to bring the object 
into contempt, but leave himself free 
from any appearance of contempt. A 
sneerer is the most contemptible of 
contemptible objects. It always marks 
the egotist, the fool, and the knave. 

SfvEEjZIf'JG.— Sneezing being an invol¬ 
untary act, is unavoidable. If obliged 
to sneeze when at the table, appl y 
the napkin or handkerchief to the 
face and turn the head from the table. 

$NiFF . — The “sniffy” woman,wheth-j 
ct at home or abroad, impresses the 
true gentlewoman as of low origin. 

SNOBS.—For one to affect to be bet¬ 
ter, richer, or more fashionable,than 
he really is, is snobbery. He who mean¬ 
ly. admires a mean thing, or forsakes 
his own friends, meanly to follow 
after those of a higher degree, is a 
snob. 

SOCIA,BlLlT\. — There are always 
those who are embarrassed more 
or less from a lack of self-posses¬ 
sion, and thereby prevented.from 
being as sociable as they .would oth¬ 
erwise be. This being true, we should 
bear in.mind that it is our duty to 
assist in entertaining and making 
others happy. The aged, the sick, 
and the deformed should receive par¬ 
ticular attention. A kind word and 
a pleasant smile should be ready 
for every one. 

SOCIABLE.— At the sociable or small 
party, is manifested all the striking 
phases of character. The excitement 
incident to such an assemblage tends 
to exhibit the natural dispositions of 
each individual. Those, in attendance 
should avoid being noisy, rude, or in¬ 
considerate, as well as cold, formal, 
and constrained. Games and amuse¬ 
ments of various kinds are brought 
into requisition,that alUmay contrib 
ute to the enjoyment of the occasion. 

SOCIAL CIRCLE. — It is only those 
persons and families whose position 
is not a secure one, that are afraid 
to be seen outside their own social 
circle. 

social L/\w.—s ocial law may be 
defined as a rule of action prescrib¬ 
ed by good society, commanding what 
is right and prohibiting what is wrong 
in the intercourse of its members. 
This law is based upon the principles 
of morality, and is known under the 
name of politeness. The law requires 
that we exercise our facultiesto secure 
the approbation, and as far as practi 
cable, the admiration of all withwho-m 
we come In contact. Right thinking 
and acting are necessary to the for¬ 
mation of those habits of body and 
mind, without which good manners 
would exist only in name. 


SOCI^T\. —All irititability andgloom 
must be thrown off when we enter 
society. It may be compared with a 
lawn, where every roughness is smooth¬ 
ed, every bramble eradicated,and where 
the eye is delighted by the smiling verd¬ 
ure of a velvet surface. 

Society, unlike the State-governed 
by statutory laws, Has only one law, 
and that is custom. Obedience to it 
is mandatory, else the consequences 
must be suffered. Popular privileges 
are consistent with great inequality 
of rank and position. 

SOLljliD^. — It seems that a certain 
degree of solitude is necessary to the 
full growth and propen development 
of the human mind. Solitude should 
be allowed to take its turn with com¬ 
pany: the one creates in us the love 
of mankind, the other that of our¬ 
selves. Solitude relieves us when we 
have become wearied from company, 
and conversation when we are wea¬ 
ry of being alone. 

SOF^OVv.— Sorrow arises from the 
untoward circumstances which per¬ 
petually arise in life. A disappointment, 
our own mistake, or the negligence 
of others, cause sorrow. Sorrow is 
not without its uses. We darken the 
cage of a bird to make it sing; night 
brings out the stars; and sorrows re- 
Veal to us many truths. A small 
grievance makes us beside ourselves, 
and a great sorrow makes us retire 
within ourselves. 

SOU P. —At the table, soup is always first 
served-one ladle to each plate. Eat it 
from the side of your spoon. Oo not 
take it too hot; and do not ask twice 
for it, dip up the last spoonfuls, or 
tilt your plate to get at it. Never blow 
into it to make it cool. 

SPEECH- — Ik' s well t0 remember that 
frequently where "speech is silvern, 
silence is golden.” 

While speaking, do not loll about, 
scratch your head, or fidget with any 
portion of your dress. 

Avoid speaking when others speak, 
and let your discourse with memo/ 
business be short and comprehensive. 

Whoever indulges in too much free¬ 
dom of speech, is likely to hear some¬ 
thing in return that he will -notlike. 

When speech is properly used, our 
wants are concealed to a greater ex¬ 
tent than they are expressed. 
spite;. — Spite, though a little word, 
represents as strange a jumble of feel¬ 
ings and compounds of discord, as any 
word in the English language. Spite 
denotes a petty kind of malice,or dis¬ 
position to offend another in trifling 
matters. Grudge is spite that Has long 
existed. Rancor is continued hatred 
Malice is the love of evil for evil's sake. 
Pique is spite that is of recent date. 
All of these feelings are indulged to 
gratify a private appetite, and repre 
sent littleness and ignorance. 


259 






















SPITTING-.— Spitting is a filthy habit, 
and annoys one in almost every 
quarter, in-doors and out. The spit- 
tiny connected with the use of tobac¬ 
co detracts very greatly from its en¬ 
joyment. No refined person will spit 
where ladies are present, or in any 
public.promenade; the habit is disgust¬ 
ing in the extreme, and one would 
almost wish that it could be checked 
in public by means of law. All that 
can be hoped is that those addicted 
to the indulgence will neither inter¬ 
fere with their neighbors’ rights nor 
offend their tastes. No gentleman will 
spit in company, upon the carpet,or 
on the stove. Notwithstanding that 
spittoons are provided in most par¬ 
lors and sitting-rooms, it is a sorry 
confession that some visitors are sel¬ 
fish, ill-bred people. 

spoo^ .—When the fork is not suitable 
for conveying the food to the mouth, al¬ 
ways use the spoon. If there be a sep¬ 
arate spoon or butter-knife fog- 1 each 
dish and butter-plate on the table, it 
is considered impolite for a guest t o 
Help himself with his own knife or 
spoon when wanting sauce or butter. 
In the absence of such, the guest-must 
be careful to clean his knife or spoon 
upon a slice of bread before using it. 

spy.-A spy or emissary is appointed 
to secure information concerning an¬ 
other’s movements and plans. The em 
issary mixes with the people to whom he 
is sent, but the spy keeps at a distance 
from all but such as mayaid him in 
his object. If spies and emissaries are 
dishonorable and disgraceful in time 
of war, they are much more so in bu¬ 
siness and social circles, where their ob¬ 
jects are almost wholly illegitimate. 

sqJje/\iv\isH- — One who is foolishly 

sick or easily disgusted is said to be 
squeamish. A female is squeamish in 
the choice of her own dress, company, 
words, etc. A cure for squeamishness 
is restraint of Humor and caprice. 

SQyUEE^ZE;.— It is impolite to squeeze 
the hand of another so closely as to 
display force, when shaking hands. 

To squeeze another in order to g et 
that which is given with reluctance or 
difficulty, is extortion. 

ST/VBlllTX. — Stability respects the o- 
pinions; constancy, the affecti ons; 
steadiness, the action or the motives 
of action; and firmness, the purpose 
or resolution. 


Stability prevents from varying, 
and bears up the mind from all^ of 
the movements of levity or curiosi¬ 
ty, which a diversity of objects-might 
produce. Stability of character is to 
be coveted in all cases, and is essen¬ 
tial for those who are to command; 
for one who cannot govern his own 
thoughts cannot govern others. 

ST^I f\VJfft.-r— Even if not acquainted, 
a gentleman may always bow to a 
lady whom he -may meet on a stair¬ 
way; if at the foot of the stairs, he 
must bow, pass her, and ascend be¬ 
fore her. If at the head of the stairs, 
Tie must bow and wait for her to 
precede him in the descent. 
STANDING-. —When standing in com¬ 
pany, restlessness should not be man¬ 
ifested by continually changing the 
position of the feet, and by springing 
the ankles from side to side. 7o turn 
the back toward any of the compa¬ 
ny, or to pass between them and 
the fire or stove, is discourteous;if 
obliged to do so, we should politely 
apologize for the necessity. Leaning 
against each other, or resting the 
foot upon a chair or its rung, is 
very impolite. It is very ungraceful 
to stand in company with the hands 
in the pockets. 

ST/^IVOWERINCx.— To stammer,stut¬ 
ter, falter, or Hesitate, each signifies 
a defect in utterance. Stammer or 
stutter arises either from an inci¬ 
dental circumstance, or from a phys¬ 
ical defect in the organs of speech; hes¬ 
itation results from the state of the 
mind,and an interruption in the 
train of thoughts; falter is caused 
by a perturbed state of feeling. 

As it places one to a great disad¬ 
vantage to be annoyed by any of the 
foregoing imperfections, and as they 
can be overcome in most cases, he 
should strive constantly to ayoid them 
by practicing voice-culture.. 
ST/y\ING-. — Staring and gaping are 
both taken in a bad sense. Staring itt- 
dicates not only ignorance, but im¬ 
pertinence; gaping indicates the as¬ 
tonishment of gross ignorance. One 
who stares at every woman at whom 
he looks, outrages the countenance of 
modesty; he who stands gaping at 
the things at which he is looking, is 
a clown. 

ST^PPIfJG-. — Persons walking in com] 
pany should always keep step together. 
G-entlemen in walking with ladies, 
-must shorten their steps, and the la¬ 
dies lengthen theirs. 

STIfi&lflESS. — One who looks to 
every penny in the bargain he makes, 
gets the name of niggard; one who 
spends a dime on himself, where oth¬ 
ers withthe same means spend a dol¬ 
lar, does it from parsimony; one who 
is dead to everything but the treasure 
he has amassed, is a miser. Society is 
not in need of these characters. 


SToKY-TElLitte. — An inveterate tell - 1 

e-r of stories is a great injury to a 
man in society. There are two un¬ 
avoidable defects in Story telling,viz., 
frequent repetition, and the tenden¬ 
cy of being too soon exhausted. A 
good memory and a frequent shift¬ 
ing of company, are requisites to 
him who values this gift. 
STRRNG<RS.— One should show 
his discretion in not becoming too 
intimate with strangers at first.-lf 
a stranger approach you, and try to 
make himself unduly intimate,give 
Him a place in your suspicion. 

When strangers enter a commu¬ 
nity for the purpose of visiting or 
securing a home, politeness requires 
that those desiring to make their 
acquaintance, shall -manifest their 
disposition to be sociable, by giving 
them a first call. When the call is 
made, a polite invitation should be 
given to return the compliment, 
which should be done as early as 
is convenient. 

STREET.- One’s con¬ 
duct on t he street 
should always be mod¬ 
est and dignified. All 
loud and boisterous 
' conversation or laugh¬ 
ter, and all undue live¬ 
liness,ate improper- 

Walk erect, with dig¬ 
nity, and avoid reaa- 
a book or newspaper 
Always recognize your 
friends, and when stop¬ 
ping to talk with them, 
withdraw to one side. If 
they be accompanied by 
strangers, apologize for 
the interruption;^you 
be attended by a friend, 
never leave him with¬ 
out asking him to ex¬ 
cuse you. 

jn walking with ala 
dy, give her the safer 
part, which is usually the inner side. 
Your arm should not be given to a la¬ 
dy, except your wife, a near relative, 
or a very old lady, during the day, un¬ 
less her comfort and safety require 
it. At night the arm should always 
be offered 

If a lady ask information of a 
gentleman, he must raise his hat, 
bow, and give the desired informa¬ 
tion, or courteously express his re¬ 
grets if unable to do so. 

A gentleman meeting a lady acquain 
taince.must not presume to join her 
in her walk without asking permis¬ 
sion. Gentlemen -give place fo ladies 
in crossing the street. 

Ladies do not walk very rapid ly, 
and are not expected to recognize a 
friend on the opposite side of t he 
s t reef. V Sm Wr 

Xaow NYaWAwc^V 



260 




























strife;. — Strife springs from a quar 
telsotre temper. Where bad tempers are 
under no control, and are allowed to come 
into frequent collision, continual strife is 
the consequence. 

STUBBORNNESS.— Stubbornness is a 
perversion of the will; the stubborn per¬ 
son wills what he wills, he follows the 
ruling will or bent of his mind, with 
ou-t regard to any opinions; he is not 
to be turned by force or persuasion,is 
insensible to all reason, and uncon 
scious of everything, but the simple 
will and determination to do what he 
does. 

Obstinacy is attachment to one’s own 
mode of acting, and is a habit of the 
mind. An obstinate person is not has¬ 
ty in forming his opinions, nor does 
he adopt them without a choice; but 
when once embracing an opinion, he 
keeps it in spite of all proof. Obstinacy 
interferes with one’s private conduct, 
and -makes him blind to right reason. 

Headstrong relates to a perversion of 
the judgment; the headstrong person 
thinks what he thinks, and his tem¬ 
per is commonly associated with vio¬ 
lence and impetuosity ®f character; he 
seizes the first opinions that offer, and 
acts upon them in spite of all renion- 
strance- 

STUDIO.—One should not visit the 
studio of an artist except by special in¬ 
vitation or permission; and avoid med¬ 
dling with anything in the studio 

Never keep the artist waiting,if you 
have an engagement to sit for your 
portrait; and never stand behind him 
watching him at his work. 

To criticise in the presence of the ar¬ 
tist the works displayed, is excessively 
ill-bred; so,too, is extravagant praise. 
Show your approval and appreciation 
by close attention and a few quiet, 
well-chosen words. 

Never look around the studio exam¬ 
ining the works unless you are invi¬ 
ted by the artist to do so. 

Never ask to see an unfinished pic¬ 
ture; and avoid whispering, as it con¬ 
veys the impression that you are rid¬ 
iculing or criticising some of the works 
you have been invited to examine. 

Too great inquisitiveness regarding 
the prices, or whose is, or what is th's’ 
etc., -must be avoid If the work be a val¬ 
uable one. it is best to simply ask the re¬ 
fusal of it, and trust the negotiation to 
a third party, or a written correspond¬ 
ence after the visit is concluded - If you 
wish to conclude a bargain at once,ask 
the price, and if it be larger than you 


are disposed to give, you may say as 
much, and name the sum you are 
willing to pay, that the artist may ac¬ 
cept your offer or maintain his price. 

SJU PiDllY — Stupidity expresses an a- 
maz.ement which is equivalent to a 
deprivation of the understanding; it 
is a natural quality, yet a particular 
circumstance may similarly effect 
the understanding 

(Dullness is an incidental quality, 
arising -from the state of the animal 
spirits; at times one may be dull who 
is otherwise vivacious and pointed. 

STYLE.—It matters not whether in 
speaking or writing, sv\;\e. is a pretty 
true index of the character of the wau 
Proper words in proper places, and 
well-couched sentences, always grasp 
the sense and understanding. Though 
one’s thoughts are ever so just, if his 
style is homely, coarse, and vulgar,they 
will appear to as much disadvantage, 
and be as ill received, as his person, 
though ever so well proportioned,would, 
if dressed in dirt, rags, and tatters. 
SUBJECTS FORCOt^EKsRTIOti.-The 
subjects of conversation, and the 
method of handling them, should be 
so ordered as not to offend either di¬ 
rectly or indirectly. The golden rule 
is "Adapt the subject to the company? 
All subjects, as politics or religion, like 
ly to excite argument, or to lead t o 
warmth of feeling or ex press ion,-must 
be avoided. Talk of yourself and your 
own affairs as little as possible; those 
of the personages you are addressing 
are sure to interest them far m o re. 
Nothing is more vulgar or offensive 
than to drag in the names of distin¬ 
guished persons to whom you may 
be related,or who may be numbered 
among your friends. 

SUPERIORS. — An attempt at imita¬ 
ting one’s superiors is folly,and will 
make inferiority more conspicuous. t 

In conversing with either superi¬ 
ors or equals, do not address them by 
name. Remember that greater liber¬ 
ties can with propriety be taken by a 
superior towards an inferior, than by 
inferior towards a superior. 

One’s manner, tone of voice,and con¬ 
versation to his superiors should be 
humble, modest, and respectful. To 
interrupt the discourse when a supe¬ 
rior is speaking to another, or to cor¬ 
rect or assist his memory, is very dis¬ 
respectful. 

Familiarity from a superior to an 
inferior is not only tolerable, but is 
obliging; but from an inferior to a 
superior, especially where there is no 
degree of intimacy, is not only unbecow 
ing, but insolent 

The faults of superior men, like the 
eclipses of the sun and moon, are seen 
by everybody, they change, and all -men 
look up to them. Even their satellites, 
the boys, are the worst boys in the 
community, simply because the su¬ 
perior light of the primaries causes 
their faults to stand out in bolder 
relief than those of the other boys 
of the community. 


suspicion. —Suspicion implies a fear! 

of another’s will, intentions,or pow¬ 
er to dispossess one of some object 
of desire. The suspicious man always 
thinks ill of both the integrity and 
sincerity of his opponent. G-enerally 
speaking, those who suspect the most 
know the least. 

SW ERRING-. —Whoever has no con¬ 
science for swearing vainly, soon will 
have none for swearing falsely. If he 
wishes to degrade himself to the very 
lowest level of pollution and shame, 
let him learn to be a common swear¬ 
er. No one ever reaped any benefits 
from profane swearing—he is not 
richer, or wiser, or happier for it. 
It helps no one’s education or-manners; 
it commends him to no society; it is 
disgusting to the refined ? and abomi¬ 
nable to the good; it is insulting to 
those with whom we associate,and 
degrading and unprofitable to the 
mind; it not only opens the door 
to perjury, but of all offences,is the 
most awful in the sight of G-od. 

SY<V\PRTHY. — Sympathy is fellow-feel¬ 
ing, and may be said either of pleas¬ 
ure or pain, for we laugh or cry by 
svyvx^'fcXVo). By attention and exercise, 
sympathy may be improved in every 
one. It prepares the mind for receiv¬ 
ing the impressions of virtue, and 
without it there can be no true po¬ 
liteness. The insensibility whichwraps 
one up in himself and his own con¬ 
cerns, preventing his being moved 
by either the joys or sorrows of an¬ 
other, is most odious. When a man 
has a partner of his joy, it is doubled, 
if He has a friend who shares his sor¬ 
row, it becomes but a moiety. 

TRBlE.—A neglect to conduct one’s 
self with the strictest regard to good 
breeding in the privacy of his own 
home, while at the table, will render 
him stiff and awkward in society. 
Dining almost ranks as one of the 
Fine Arts, and it is regarded as one 
of the strong tests of good breeding. 
The rules to be observed at the table 
require the most careful study, as 
none of them ca-n be violated with¬ 
out exposing the offender to instant 
detection. 

When the meal is ready the -master 
of the house rises and requests all to 
pass into the dining room, to which he 
leads the way. Having arrived at the 
table, the host sits at the foot of the 
table, and the hostess at the head. 

At the table, as well as at all other 
places, the lady takes precedence of 
the gentleman. Gentlemen should 
stand behind their respective chairs 
until all the ladies are seated, and 
then take their own seats 

A guest must never find ( a_w.lt 
with any dish placed before him. He 
Should always say "thank you’’ not 
"vVa-wYs.” to a waiter, nothing more. 
When asking a waiter for anything, 
-vc<\wesx. and do not co-w-wa."'^. 

Never select any particular part of 
a dish, unless requested to do so,in 
which case it would be uncivil to refuse. 


261 






































TABLE,COtJTIl^D. —If there a re some 
things that a re -really very nice, it is 
well to speak in their praise; but a 
guest should avoid praising every dish 
set before him. All seeming indiffer¬ 
ence should be avoided. 

If wine is served, and a guest does 
not partake of it, do not make any dis¬ 
courteous remarks or reflections, but 
simply say,/‘Not any, thank you,’’and 
the waiter will not fill your glass. 

Assume an easy position at the table, 
sitting firmly in the chair, neither too 
close nor too far away. Do not extend 
your feet so far under the table as to 
touch those on the opposite side, or 
curl the-rn up under the chair, or place 
them on the chair rung. 

When you send your plate away fro-m 
the table, remove the knife and fork 
and allow them to rest upon a piece 
of bread. Do not be in a haste to com¬ 
mence. eating, yet it is not necessary 
to wait till all are served before com¬ 
mencing.. Eat moderately and slowly. 

Bread is the only comestible t hat 
should be laid off your plate upon the 
table cloth. Above all others, the table is 
the place to introduce pleasant words 
and social chit-chat. 

Avoid carrying fruit or XwXicms away 
fro-m the table. Never scrape your plate, 
tilt it to one side to yet the last drop of 
anything, or wipe it out with a piece 
of bread. Never bite fruit, but use 
the knife for paring. It is proper to 
offer to a large pear or apple 

with or for a person. 

Never use the table cloth to wipe your 
mouth or fingers.\Se.e. 

avA ‘b,Scs\\^, 

SrvitaYxxq, W\> omm V\c>- 

-a.-aX kjYXXX-xe.-w. X-ox ko\w\ ok 
vx\M\\a\\o-ws \o Xvcxmr'b , e\c sm Va\«.x\. 

T/\CT. — The principle of tact is kind¬ 
ness, and the first condition of skill 
is respect for others. Tact teaches one 
when to speak—when to be silen-t. It 
has been said that talent is something 
but tact-is everything; it is not an ad¬ 
ditional sense, but is the life of all the 
five~.it is the open eye, the quick ear, the 
judging taste, the keen smell, and the 
lively touch; it is the interpreter of all 
riddjes-the surmounter of all diffi¬ 
culties—the remover of all obstacles. 


It is useful in all places, and at all times! 
it is useful in solitude, for it shows 
a man his way into the world; <t 
is useful in society, for it shows a 
man his way through the world. 

T/\LEI'JT.— Talent causes one to be se¬ 
rious, sober, grave, and respectable: 
it opens his way clearly, leads him 
into learned and logical discourse, 
and enables him to do with ease 
what others do with difficulty. 

T^Lk^TlVE.- Talkativeness is the dis¬ 
ease of age, and the folly of youth. 
Experience has given an old wan 
subjects upon which to talk, and 
inexperience allows a young wan 
to create his subjects for the occas¬ 
ion: the secono childhood of age 
suffers the old to be talkative, and 
the heyday of youth tolerates the 
loquacity of the young. 

For the impolite to talk and chat¬ 
ter and siwper,in company or at a 
public assembly, is to give intense dis¬ 
gust and annoyance to those who are 
discriminating and intelligent. No 
well-bred people will disrespect the 
rights and feelings of their neigh¬ 
bors by indulging their own selfish¬ 
ness in this manner. 

TARDINESS .— To see men and wo-| 
men enter a hall or church after 
the exercises have begun, conveys 
the impression that they are either 
utterly ignorant of the proprieties 
of the place, or are indifferent to 
the rights of those present. For a 
lady who is tardy to deprive a gen¬ 
tleman of his seat, and then not 
even have the politeness to acknowl¬ 
edge the courtesy, stamps her as be¬ 
ing coarse in manners and selfish 
in feeling. 

TA.STE .— Taste designates the capac¬ 
ity to derive pleasure from an object 
by simply coming in contact with 
it, and consists in the power of judg¬ 
ing; it means a general susceptibil 
ity to truth and nobleness, a sense 
to discern, and a heart to love and 
reverence all beauty, order,goodness, 
wherever, or in whatever forms or 
accompaniments, they are to be seen. 
Though taste is reckoned among the 
smaller and secondary morals,it is 
of no mean importance in the reg¬ 
ulation of life. A moral taste rec¬ 
ommends virtue with something 
like the blandishments of pleasure. 

TATTLER.—To tell the faultsof an¬ 
other merely for the love of gossip, 
or for the pleasure derived fro-m his 
punishment, is most contemptible. 
One who, through envy, jealousy,or 
malice, can derive pleasure from an¬ 
other’s pain and mortification, is 
the -most dishonorable and despica¬ 
ble of persons. The tattler has no 
good motive, and is entirely unwor¬ 
thy of respect and confidence. Nev- 
er repeat the mere opinions of others. 


TEW. — Tears enable sorrow to vetit 
itself patiently, and prevent it from 
becoming despair and madness. The 
sacredness in tears shows them not 
to be a mark of weakness, but of pow¬ 
er, which is shown in the fact that 
they are the messengers of overwhel¬ 
ming grief, of deep contrition, and 
of unspeakable love. One should-not 
hide his tears from the fear of being 
regarded weak and childish, but be 
proud to give to virtue its manly and 
natural way, thus revealing an hon¬ 
est heart. Shame on those whose 
hearts of stone will not melt 
another’s sorrow. 

XE/\Slt^G-.— To VtaAC. implies theac 
ting upon another so as to produce a 
painful sentiment. The repetition of 
unpleasant trifles teases, as the buz¬ 
zing of a fly in our ears, or the mis¬ 
chievous pleasures indulged in by chil¬ 
dren. Iritable and nervous people 
are most easily teased. To XcyrnwOv 
signifies something more serious, as 
we are tormented by the importuni¬ 
ties of beggars. We are vexeX at the stu¬ 
pidity and carelessness of a servant. A 
person who is fretful is most easily 
vexed. The sarcasms of others have 
the effect of Xa\vx\X!vw} us. Fault-find¬ 
ing and captious people yield most read¬ 
ily to taunting. When fair prospects 
present themselves and then disap¬ 
pear again, we are Vaw\aXvz.«A. San¬ 
guine and eager people are most eas¬ 
ily tantalized. 

te;etH .—Fine teeth may be consid¬ 
ered one of nature’s most beautiful 
gifts. Etiquette requires 
that they be kept in good 
order, and preserved clean, 
pure, and sweet. When dis¬ 
figured by tartar collec 
lions near the gums, they 
should be cleansed by ap 
plying a preparation of 
pulverized charcoal and 
common salt, with a soft 
tooth brush. When the 
teeth are decayed, they 
should be examined by 
a dentist, that the decay may be arrest¬ 
ed. A wooden or quill toothpick 
should be used just after each meal 
to remove any particles of food remain 
ing in the mouth. They should be sub 
jected to a brushing at least once a 
day-after the last meal. 

Picking the teeth at the table is 
vulgar, and sucking them offends 
fine sensibilities. 

TEA/[PEF\ .— If a cheerful temper is 
joined with innocence, beauty is-made 
attractive, knowledge delightful, and 
wit good-natured. There is no obsta¬ 
cle to advancement or happiness so 
great as an undisciplined temper—a 
temper subject to pique and uncer¬ 
tainty. It renders one regardless of 
the interests all around him. 



-X.WVUW. 

-sm?. 
-vwtVM'ts vwa 


262 

















t^mpe^ance; Te,\x\^e\v<\ce. is the regu¬ 
lation of our words and actions to the 
circumstances. A temperate man enjoys 
all in due proportion; his regular habits 
being the most efficacious means of keep 
ing both body and mind in the most 
normal state. A well disciplined mind 
is the first requisite of temperanceAV 
sVwwp&fc respects everything that acts 
upon the senses, and has particular ref¬ 
erence to solid food. An abstinent man 
avoids drinking or eating as much as he 
could enjoi^. The true purpose of absti¬ 
nence is to place the mind above the ap¬ 
petites, in which sense it is a virtue ; if 
unlimited, it becomes a vice. im¬ 

plies an abstinence from excessive drink¬ 
ing. Sobriety is often dependent upon the 
strength of the constitution, and may be 
prescribed by prudence: it is a virtue in 
every sense, and cannot be too highly 
esteemed by all classes. 'Kx>s'w<y\\o\x,s im¬ 
plies a total abstinence from wine or 
strong liquor in general. An abstemious 
man drinks nothing strong: it is not 
uncommon for persons to practice ab¬ 
stemiousness to that degree, as not to 
drink anything but water all their lives. 
VKo^<m.V\ox\ is the measure of one’s desires, 
One’s habits, one’s actions, and one’s words, 
and adopts the medium or middle course 
in thinking. It shields one from morti¬ 
fication and disappointments, and con¬ 
ciliates the esteem even of an enemy 
and a rival; it disarms the resentments 
of those who feel themselves most injur¬ 
ed by another’s superiority, and pleas¬ 
es all by making them at ease with 
themselves. Moderation protects a man 
equally from injustice on the one hand, 
and imposition on the other; it diverts 
from ah party spirit, and consequently 
assures such temperate use of language 
as to provoke no animosity. is 

a principle that acts discretionally,a-nd con¬ 
sists of a fair and medium estimate o f 
character and qualifications. It is a sen¬ 
timent confined.to one’s self as the ob¬ 
ject, and consisting wholly of ones judg¬ 
ment of what one in reality is, and 
what one actually does. 


JElV^PT/^TIOfyl.— Temptation is for 
the most part taken irra bad sense, 
though we are tempted sometimes 
upon very fair grounds to under¬ 
take that which turns out unfor¬ 
tunately in the end. The prayer 
of every one who knows the force 
of bad habits, and the weakness of 
human nature to resist them, should 
be, “Ajj/iA ws woVw\\s , 

\>vS Vxcxw. ©iNN." To shun 
the allurements of vice, is the part 
of wisdom; to avoid placing temp¬ 
tations in the way of our neighbor, 
is the part of prudence and love. 
If social parties are made the occas¬ 
ions of wirie drinking, thus lead¬ 
ing the innocent and unwary in¬ 
to evil Habits, and confirming those 
who have already acquired a taste 
for strong drink, they are to be shun 
ned by all who have either respect 
for themselves or love for their-neigh¬ 
bor. 

TETE-AtTETE. — It is a breach ofetj 
iquette for a lady receiving severa.1 
callers to engage in a tete-a-tete con¬ 
versation with one. 

THa.NK?.— One should express thanks 
for every act of civility he receives,even 
from a servant or a child. Such appre¬ 
ciation of kindness will win future fa¬ 
vors and friendship. 

A lady should always be careful to 
thank a person for any little attention 
he may bestow upon her while trav¬ 
eling. 

At the table a guest should always 
say “Thank you,’’ not “TVawVsI 1 to 
a waiter. 

T.HVT p/yvrY — One should avoid talk¬ 
ing of any one with whom he Has had 
intercourse, as,“ that party,” or" a 
party,” of his acquaintance. 

theater- — To ask a lady to accom¬ 
pany you to a place of amusement, 
and incur the risk of being obliged 
to stand during the performance, is 
to be inexcusably rude. If you are 
unable to secure a reserved seat, im¬ 
mediately inform her, and propose 
an other occasion. VSm. VYa&w Wm 
wx\\ ttxxis A w\>\\c . 

THEY saY . — Some persons in order to 
relieve themselves from the responsi¬ 
bilities of slander, take shelter behind an 
irrespossible"THEY SAY.” 

“•They say’-Ah! well, suppose they do; 
But can they prove the story true? 
Suspicion may arise from naught 
But malice,envy, want of thought. 
Why count yourself among the'they’ 
Who whispers what they dare not say? 

" ’They say’- But why the tale rehearse 
And help to make the matter worse? 

No good can possibly accrue 
From telling what may be untrue; 
And is it not a nobler plan 
to speak of all the best you can ? 

" ’They say’-Well, if it should be so, 

Why need you tell the tale of woe? 
Will It the bitter wrong redress, 

Or make one pang of sorrow less? 

Will it the erring one restore. 
Henceforth to 'go and sin no more?’ 


"’They say’-Oh! pause, and look within: 

See how your heart inclines to sin. 

Watch! lest in dark temptation’s hour 

You,too, should sink beneath its power. 

Pity the frail, weep o’er their fall, 

But speak of good, or riot at all.” 

THINKING-. — It is not uncommon for 
some persons to commence speaking be¬ 
fore they know what they are going to 
say. The ill-natured world, who never 
miss an opportunity of being severe, 
declare them to be foolish and desti¬ 
tute of brains. What would you think 
of a sportsman, who would attempt to 
bring down a bird before he had load¬ 
ed his gun? 

Watch your thoughts; train them, 
and keep them from running wild and 
useless. Of necessity the mind is ever 
active, there being no waking moment 
that ideas, do. not pass through if. The 
art of thinking, is not always that 
of creating, but of marshalling the 
thoughts, which else wander in a des¬ 
ultory, and, therefore, an ineffective, 
useless manner. To sit for five min¬ 
utes utterly vacant is very difficult 
even to the most absent-minded. 

Thinking is absolutely necessary 
in forming an opinion. Young per¬ 
sons who have not begun to think 
at all, are often guilty of using such 
expressions as “for my part, I think 
so, or so;” yet they are most apt to 
bolt out their opinions; whereas,they 
should positively feel a.fraid to express 
a judgment on any case which they 
have not considered. 

THOU G-HtL^SSN Ass. —■ 
denotes the want of thought or reflec¬ 
tion about things. Thoughtlessness re¬ 
lates to matters of considerable impor¬ 
tance, relative to one’s conduct, and 
leads many into serious errors,when 
they do not think or bear in mind the 
consequences of their actions. Wc-o^v 
consists in not doing what ought 
to be done. One is negligent in regard 
to business, and the performance of bod¬ 
ily labor, because of a lack of will. .Per¬ 
sons of all descriptions, and especially 
those in low condition, are apt to pos¬ 
sess the fault of negligence. \>r A <o\«.vs 
denotes the want of care in doing any 
thing. Carelessness is only occasional, 
and relates to trivial matters.. One may 
not only be careless about doing what 
he does well, but may be careless in -neg¬ 
lecting to do it at all, or careless even 
about the event itself. 

Timidity — Timidity is a habitual 
state of the mind, and renders a per¬ 
son afraid of offending others, or of 
meeting with something painful from 
them. A person having such a.dispo¬ 
sition is prevented from following the 
dictates of his own mind. 

TiTl-E-s. — If you are talking to a person 
of title, do not keep repeating the title. 
You can express all the deference you 
desire in voice and manner; to put. it 
in words is unnecessary and snobbish. 

In introducing foreigners with titles, 
always give the title. In introducing any 
one Having a title, be careful to speak 
the title distinctly. 


263 






















XOB/^CCO. _Those who have formed a 

habit of using this article, shou-ld remem¬ 
ber that they do wro -119 to trespass upon 
the rights of those who do not use it. 
Since this indulgence has had its way 
so extensively among us, every youth 
begins to smoke and spit before he has 
well cut his teeth. The use of tobacco 
is unquestionably so great a pleasure 
to those who have become accustomed 
to it, that it must not be condemned, 
yet the filth connected with it, is e- 
nough to confiscate it in the judg¬ 
ment of refined people. 

JO^G-llE. — Physicians examine the 
tongue to find out the condition of the 
body-, and philosophers, to find out the 
condition of the mind. 

T6^/ELlf4G-. — As selfishness reaches its 
climax in traveling, each one desiring to 
secure his or her comfort, one’s natural 
politeness is tested most thoroughly. Or¬ 
dinarily'courteous people become bent on 
making provision for themselves alone, 
and are careless of the comfort and rights 
of others. The relics of barbarism are vis¬ 
ibly manifested at the ticket-office,the ho¬ 
tel counter, and the public table, in the 
rush for places. 

All arrangements should be made be¬ 
forehand—leaving nothing to chance- 
that you may be able to have your wind 
at rest during the journey, and be prepar¬ 
ed to enjoy it to the utmost. 

Baggage should be checked to its des¬ 
tination, care being taken that the num¬ 
ber of the check on the trunk corresponds 
with that of the duplicate given you. At 
your destination it is safest to give your 
trunk to the person who solicits your check 
on the train, as he has the endorsement 
of the railroad company. Always take a 
receipt for your check. 

Let your dress be simple, avoid display 
of jewelry, and do not unnecessarily ex¬ 
pose your money and other valuables, 
for the lines of travel are infested with 
pickpockets and thieves. Be provided with 
an overdress or duster, an umbrella,and 
an overcoat, suited to the journey and 
the season. 

Should a lady when traveling alone, 
be annoyed by any one presuming on 
her lack of an escort, she need only to 
appeal to the nearest gentleman to secure 
protection and assistance. The employe's 
of the lines of travel are required to give 
particular attention to ladies traveling 
alone. 

A lady may with propriety be placed 
under the charge of a friend, who, in 
accepting such a trust, becomes respoti 
sible for the lady’s comfort during the 
journey. 

Seeing a lady traveling alone,and 
in need of assistance, a gentleman 
should promptly and courteously of¬ 
fer it; which the lady may with pro¬ 
priety accept. She should as courteous 
ly acknowledge the kindness.The gen¬ 
tleman should never seek to form.her 
acquaintance. Ladies should avoid 
making acquaintances, even with their 
own sex, in traveling. 

On steamers, and at eating-hous¬ 
es on the route, avoid rushing for 
the table, but act with courtesy and 
deliberation. A gentleman should of¬ 
fer his seat to a lady, if all the other 
places are taken. 

An overcoat or valise deposited on 
a seat in the absence of the claimant, 
is proof that the seat is occupied. You 
have no right to keep a window, up 
for your own accommodation,if it 
annoys others. At the same time it 
is your duty to not object to this if 
you can conveniently find another 
seat. 

To watch and look after other la¬ 
dies younger and less experienced 
than themselves, and traveling with¬ 
out an escort, is especially the duty of 
every lady of experience. 

When riding in an omnibus,or on 
a street-car, or in crossing a ferry 
with a friend, if he wishes to pay for 
you, allow him to do so without re¬ 
mark. You can return the favor at 
some other time. 

Fellow-travelers should at all times 
be sociable and obliging to one anoth¬ 
er. Those who are otherwise, way 
justly be considered foolish,selfish, 
and conceited. The friendship which 
has subsisted between travelers termi¬ 
nates with the journey— a word, a 
bow, and the acquaintanceship is fin- 

* ished and forgotten. 

TF\/\ITOF\. —'Vm'voxows applies to one 
who betrays his trust, especially in his 
country or its rulers. "Vte.'a.Oy\wows 
pertains to One’s private relations.We 
may be treacherous to our friends as 
well as to our enemies, for nothing 
can lessen the obligation to preserve 
the fidelity of promise. A treacherous 
man throws us off our guard,by lull¬ 
ing us into a state of security, in or¬ 
der the more effectually to get us in¬ 
to his power; he pursues a system of 
direct falsehood in order to bring 
about our ruin. 

TF\ESPf\SS. — The offense which con¬ 
stitutes trespass arises out of the laws 
of property, as the passing over or tread¬ 
ing upon the property of another; yet 
it often assumes the additional mean¬ 
ing of transgress, which flows out of 
the laws of society in general which 
fix the boundaries of right and wrong; 
as, we trespass upon the time and 
patience of another. 

Tf\!CKJNG-. — Tricking signifies the 

deceiving, or getting the better of any 
one; it is a species of dextrous cheat¬ 
ing. One tricks by some sudden in¬ 
vention, and the weans and the end 
are alike trifling. Cunning.people 
are tricky, and sustain,as incheat¬ 
ing, a loss of character. A tricking 
man is entirely deprived of that bu¬ 
siness principle, trust, whence he 
will find nothing succeed to his wish. 

TRIFLES. — Trifles, though apparent¬ 
ly unimportant, have done wonders 
in the world’s history. A little error 
of the eye, a misguidance of the hand, 
a slip of the foot, a starting ofa horse, 
a sudden mist, a great shower, or a 
word undesignedly cast forth in an ar¬ 
my, has turned the stream of victory 
from one side to another, and thereby 
disposed of empires and whole nations. 
Trifles may justly be considered as 
making up the happiness or -misery 
of human life. 

—Troubles relate to the 
pain which is the natural consequence 
of not fulfilling engagements,answer¬ 
ing demands, etc. Probably thegreat- 
est troubles that can arise to disturb 
the peace of a man’s mind,are those 
which are produced by pecuniary diffi¬ 
culties. The want of a thing,or that 
which is unsuitable, the perverseness 
of servants, or the ill behavior of chil¬ 
dren, are constant sources of troub- 

TFlliSTFllLN^SS.— Trust signifies to 
depend upon as true; it is a permanent 
disposition of the mind, and rests on 
the authority of one or more individ¬ 
uals. We are inclined to believe those 
who have never deceived us,including 
those whom we do not know. We trust 
laws and principles, the lines of pre- yj 
cedent, and the links, of succession; na- a 
ture,and even God himself, because 4 
we a re. obliged to. Children trust be¬ 
cause they have no reasons for doubt 
ing. Trust is the underlying princi¬ 
ple of every scheme in human 1 i fe, 
and the temple of human happiness 
is founded upon it. There is no pover¬ 
ty-stricken wretch so poor as he who 
is,poor in trust. £ 

TF\IjtHf\jLn^SS.— The truth .ofa 
story is admitted upon the veracityof 
the narrator. Without truth there is 
no reliance upon language, no confi¬ 
dence in friendship, no security i n 
bonds or oaths—it being the bond of 
union and the corner-stone of all hu¬ 
man happiness. It includes all other 
virtues, is older than sects orsclools, 
and its triumphs a re the most glo¬ 
rious the world has ever seen. Truth 
is the firmest and noblest ground up¬ 
on which people can live, as it gives 
them the knowledge of what is just 
and lawful, and enables them to sus¬ 
tain a strict and stern investigation. 

It is the beginning of every good thing, 
and he who would be blest and happy, 
as well as trusted,should be from the 
first a partaker of it. 


264 













tVvo SID^S. — People should consider that 
a story or a slander is a duality and not 
a unity —one side must utter,and the oth¬ 
er listen. Not only is the tale-bearer, the 
flatterer, and the revealer of secrets, to be 
condemned, but he who has “itching ears” 
and V\WV\^" or^cjmx'w 

w'a.'o^VX'^Vowcyw*,'' is equally cen¬ 
surable 

u !t’s a very good rule in all things of life. 
When judging a friend or a brother, 

Not to look at the question alone on one side. 
But always to turn to the other. 

"We are apt to be selfish in all our views, 

In the jostling, headlong race. 

And so, to be right, ere you censure a man, 
Just ‘put yourself in his place.’” 

TY^Nt'flCAj..—Tyrannical implies an unseen 
ly exercise or affectation of power or au¬ 
thority. An \'wqv<\o\x,s person is disposed 
to command without adequate authority, 
or to convey his commands in an offens¬ 
ive manner; He commands only that he 
may be obeyed. If one be 
he rules tike a lord, or rather attempts to 
rule. He affects authority where it least 
exists, and has sunk so fan below him¬ 
self as to be fit for nothing but to be tram¬ 
pled upon. O'jex'oa'i.xNwe^ is employed for per¬ 
sons in the general relations of society, 
whether superiors or equais. One having 
an imperious disposition coupled with some 
talent, will frequently be so overbearing in 
the assemblies of his equals as to awe the 
rest into silence, and carry every measure 
of his own without contradiction, favor, 
or affection. 

UGLINESS.—I imagine it to be in all re¬ 
spects the opposite to those qualities which 
we have laid down for the constituents of 
beauty. But though ugliness be the oppo¬ 
site to beauty, it is not the opposite to pro¬ 
portion and fitness. For it is possible that 
a thing may be very ugly with any propor- 
tions ? and with a perfect fitness to any u- 
ses. Ugliness I imagine to be consistent e- 
nough, likewise, with an idea of the sub¬ 
lime. But I would by no means insinuate 
that ugliness of itself is a sublime idea, un 
less united with such qualities as excite a 
strong terror. 

\JNIBF\EIUV— It is not contrary to the re¬ 
quirements of etiquette to carry an umbrel¬ 
la at any time, though it is apparently use¬ 
less. One should always be carried when 
going on a journey of any considerable 
distance, or for a short journey if there 
be only a slight indication of rain. It is 
well to be provided with two — one at your 
home and the other at your place of business. 


When making calls, gentlemen 
leave their umbrellas and overshoes 
in the hall, but take their hats and 
cane with them, either holding them 
in their hands or placing them up¬ 
on the floor very near the chan 
. which they occupy. 
I^CoUtHneJsS.— It is a breach 
of etiquette to assume any ungrace¬ 
ful or uncouth positions, s uch as 
standing with the arms akimbo, 
sitting astride a chair, leaning back 
in the chair, standi np with legs cross¬ 
ed or feet on the chairs, leaning for¬ 
ward in the chair with elbows on 
the knees, or smoking in the pres¬ 
ence of ladies. All these acts stamp 
one as ill-bred and unpolished. 

U N CH/\STI T\. — Impure ot unchaste 
language should never pollute our 
lips. Since we insensibly imitate the 
manners, tastes, and language of those 
by whom we are surrounded, being un¬ 
aware of the silent influences which 
are thus shaping our characters, we 
should avoid the associations of the 
unchaste, for they are in no sense 
good society. Likewise, obscene,im¬ 
moral, and vulgar publications,which 
excite the imagination, inflame the 
passions, stimulate the curiosity, and 
corrupt the heart by unchaste sugges¬ 
tions, must be shunned. 
UNDF^SS. — Politeness requires that 
gentlemen shall not come to theta- 
ole without their coats. Ladies may 
not appear in elaborate dress for 
breakfast, but should not be so neg¬ 
ligent as to excite remarks at the im- 
. propriety of their appearance. 
llNE^SIN E^SS. — It is rude to show 
uneasiness, to be fidgety and rest¬ 
less when in company. Qluietness 
is a mark of good breeding. 
UNFAITHFUL. — Unfaithfulness is 
a negative quality implying a defi¬ 
ciency, and marking the want of fi¬ 
delity. A man is unfaithful to his 
employer who sees him injured by 
others without trying to prevent it. 
A woman is unfaithful to her hus¬ 
band when she does not discharge 
the duties of a wife to the best of 
. her knowledge and abilities- 
llNKJNDN^SS.— 

“The hint malevolent,the look oblique, 
The obvious satire, or implied dislike; 
The sneer equivocal,the harsh reply. 

And all the cruel language of the eye; 
The artful injury,whose venom’d dart 
Scarce wounds the hearing, it stabs the heart; 
The guarded phrase, whose meaning kills, yet told, 
The listener wonders how you thought it cold; 
Small slights,neglect, unmixed perhaps with hate, 
Make up in numbers what they want in weight: 
These, and a thousand griefs minute as these, 
Corrode our comfort,and destroy our ease.” 
bpiFOIW TEMPER. — It is very irn 
polite to be variable in temper; gay 
to-day, and sedate to-morrow. To be 
uniformly kind, courteous, and con¬ 
siderate, is necessary to preserve re¬ 
spect and friendship. Vacillating peo 
pie are at all times very trying on 
their friends. 


uHBANiry. — Urbanity and suavity 

both relate to the refinement am d 
sweetness of the disposition. As polite 
education tends to soften the mind 
and the manners, it leads to suavity; 
which, however, may sometimes arise 
from a natural temper. By the suav 
ity of our manners we gain the love 
of those around us, and by the ur¬ 
banity of our manners we render 
, ourselves agreeable companions. 
IjNTHUTH FULNESS. — There is 
probably no other habit which so 
easily and insensibly grows upon the 

R as that of speaking thoughtless- 
failing to see and hear atten¬ 
tively, they use inexact language,by 
censuring, disguising, and uttering 
opinions as facts. It-is not uncommon 
for a lady to speak of a dreadful glove, 
a horrid ribbon, an awful-looking 
bonnet, a lovely fan, a perfectly splen¬ 
did calico dress, or an exquisitely de¬ 
licious cup of coffee, thus showing 
her lack of suitable language to ex¬ 
press her thoughts. While this phase 
of untruthfulness may not be will¬ 
ful, and only the result of habit,her 
friends should be anxious for her rep¬ 
utation. 

U SAGE • — Usage is what one has long 
been used to do; it acquires force 
and sanction by dint of time. It is 
often so strong as to supply the place 
of written law. Custom is what 
one generally does; it acquires sanc¬ 
tion by its frequency of being done, 
or the number doing it. Customs va¬ 
ry in every age, for instance,it was 
customary during Washington’s time 
for men to have clean-shaven faces, 
but during Grant’s time,the full- 
bearded face was the custom. 

US\Jf\PEH* — Usurp signifies to make 
use of as if it were one’s own, and 
implies to take to one’s self by vio¬ 
lence, or in violation of right. It is 
properly' applied to power, either pub¬ 
lic or private; as, a usurper exercis¬ 
es the functions of government 
without a legitimate sanction. It is 
not uncommon for minor usurp¬ 
ations to take place in the social 
and home circles. 

VaLOF\* —Valor is a higher quality 
than either courage or bravery;_it 
partakes of the grand characteris¬ 
tics of both, combining the fire of 
bravery with the determination and 
firmness of courage. It is practically 
the executive department of the mind. 
Valor challenges great respect, even 
from enemies, and when defeated 
on any occasion, seeks another 
in which mote glory is to be ac¬ 
quired. The estimate and valor of 
a man consists in the heart and 
in the will; there his true honor 
lies. Valor is stability, not of arms 
and of legs, but of courage and the 
soul. A truly valiant man will dare 
to do almost any thing but doing 
any body an injury. He will do 
without witness what one would do 
before all the world. 


265 





















V^nitY —Vanity sip-ni/ies exceeding eitip-| 
tiness. It is always bad, and always emp 
^iniess or nothingness: it is the distor¬ 
tion of one’s nature flowing /row -a 
vicious constitution or education. One 
is vain 0/ His person, his dress, H is 
walk, or any thing that is frivolous. 
Vanity shows itself only by its eager¬ 
ness to catch the notice of others,and 
always wakes its possessor ridiculous. 
False glory is the rock 0/vanity, and 
false wodesty its wasterpiece. Ladies 
0/ Fashion are said to starve their hap¬ 
piness to Feed their vanity, and their 
love to Feed their pride. The more one 
has oF vanity the less he has oF under¬ 
standing, and the more one has oF 
aFFectation, the wore nearly does his 
vanity reach itscliwax. 

As a rewedy For vanity, it is recom¬ 
mended, that when you are disposed 
to be vain of your wental acquire- 
wents, look up to those who are wore 
accomplished than yourself, that you 
way be fired with emulation; bu-t when 
you Feel dissatisfied with your circum- 
stances, look down on those beneath 
you, that you way learn contentment. 
VEIL. —Ladies sometimes appear on 
the street with veils over their Faces, 
signifying that they do not wish to be 
recognized, and acquaintances way 
pass thew as stranyers, without either 
yiviny or taking offense. However, if 
on approaching, they remove the veil, 
it indicates that they wish to be seen 
and recognized. 

vEH^CITY.—V eracity is the quality of 
truthfulness belonging to a person.The 
truth of his statements rests upon his 
veracity. The wost iwportant interests 
of society depend on the confidence which 
men repose in one another’s veracity. 
IF representations oF Facts,truths, or 0- 
pinions are to be wade, it is obviously 
fitting and right that they should be con¬ 
formed to one’s knowledge or belief. But 
for this, history would be worth no wore 
than fiction, judicial proceedings would 
be a senseless mockery of justice, and 
the administration of law and equity, 
the merest haphazard; the common in¬ 
tercourse of life would be invaded by in¬ 
cessant doubt and suspicion, and its daily 
transactions, aimless and tentative. 


Violence. —Violent or abrupt wove 
ments in society are a breach of eti¬ 
quette. When persons of reputation 
and piety say or do violent things,it 
is not strangethat others should fol¬ 
low them. 

VlC^.-A vice is a personal offense, 
the injury being inflicted upon our¬ 
selves; yet when made public, though 
it be such as seems to effect only .our- 
selvesfas drunkenness and the like), 
it then becomes, by the bad example 
it sets, of pernicious effects to soci- 

VlG-^i.At'JCE.—Vigilance expresses a 
high degree oF watchfulness. Upon or¬ 
dinary occasions a sentinel is said to 
be watchful, but upon extraordinary oc¬ 
casions, vigilant. Few persons are as 
watchful as they ought to be. Though 
they be watchful in the proper sense 
of watching, they should be vigilant 
in detecting both moral and natural 

x cv l ls * X 

VINDICTIVE.—A vindictive person 
is both -revengeful and resentful.He 
who is prone to -revenge or the thing 
which serves the purposes of revenge 
or punishment, has a temper that 
should be closely watched. 

Vlf\TUE.—Virtue does not consist 
in mere innocence, or abstaining from 
harm, but as well in the exercise of our 
faculties in doing good; it is the habit 
ual sense of right, and the habitual 
courage to act up to that sense of right, 
combined with benevolent sympathies. 
The dignity of virtue is such,that 
it is said that were there but one vir¬ 
tuous wan in the world, he would 
hold up his head with confidence and 
and honor; he would shame the world, 
and not the world him. 

While virtue is one and indivisible 
in its principle and essence, in its ex¬ 
ternal manifestations,it presents veiy 
different aspects, and under differ¬ 
ent Forms assumes different names. 
The cardinal virtues are those on which 
the character hinges or turns, the 
possession of all of which would con¬ 
stitute a virtuous character, while 
the absence of any one of them would 
justly Forfeit forawanthe epithet 
\m\Avo\x<b. They are Vrwtawoa., 
W=V\c,e>,’vo-xW^vAe,, a.-wk Or .. 

VlSlTlNO-.-^-ln orderto maintain 
good feelings between the members of 
society, visiting is necessary. Visits of 
ceremony are not -required among 
intimate friends. It is best not to 
pay visits unless by special invitation. 
If one’s Friend desires to extend hos¬ 
pitality to him, he will send an invi¬ 
tation which can be accepted with 
the prospect of mutual convenience 
and pleasure. Always exercise great 
care in paying visits of long duration, 
and never pay one on a general in¬ 
vitation. When traveling, and you- 
stop in a city where you- have friends, 
it is better to register at a hotel, and 
inform them of your arrival, leaving 


it optional with them to extend hospi¬ 
tality. Even with your relatives ! t 
is better to announce your coming. 

No one not mentioned in a spe¬ 
cial invitation should go; but a 
wife may accompany her husband, 
and m'\c& \mva.. 

The main point in visiting is to 
give as little trouble as possible, to 
conform to the habits of your enter¬ 
tainers, and never be in the way. 

A Host should provide amusement 
for his guests, and give up his time 
as much as possible to them, accom¬ 
panying them to any points of in¬ 
terest in the city or neighborhood. 

The rule on which the host should 
act,is to make his visitors as much 
at home as possible; that on which 
a visitor should act, is to interfere 
as little as possible with the domestic 
routine of the house. 

A lady when visiting may with pro¬ 
priety offer to assist her hostess, iri 
household duties or family sewing; 
but if she decline, it is in bad taste 
to insist. 

No guest may make outside en¬ 
gagements, or visit,without consult¬ 
ing the host or hostess. Neither hos¬ 
tess nor guest may accept any invi¬ 
tations which do not include the oth¬ 
er. ,A guest must always be at the 
disposal of the host or hostess, if a 
ride, drive, or walk is proposed, or 
Otherwise to occupy the day. 

It is the first d uty of the. guest, af¬ 
ter returning home, to write to the 
host or hostess, expressing the pleas¬ 
ure derived From the visit, and men¬ 
tioning each member of the Family 
by name, desiring to be remembered 
to all.VJbM.'M'^WVv.q',s,T_r\- 

1 wo W\- 

\a3i\o\vs-\wLvc\. 

VOIC^.—The sweetly modulated ac¬ 
cents of a fine voice exert a wonder¬ 
ful power upon the ear. G-ood or bad 
impressions are made upon us,not 
only by what people say, but by the 
tones used in the conversation. Hab¬ 
its of thought are indicated to a great 
degree by habits of expression, as he 
who is habitually ill-natured will 
give expression to his thoughts in 
ill-natured tones. Good society de¬ 
mands that we make ourselves as 
agreeable as possible, and nothing 
serves to make a better First impres¬ 
sion than a carefully trained voice. 
A gentle and low tone is a charm to 
a woman. A certain distinct, sub¬ 
dued tone is peculiar to persons on- 
ly of the best breeding. 

VULG-/\f\ITY-— Vulgarity is supposed 
to belong to those who are ignorant 
and depraved in taste as well as in -mor¬ 
als. Vulgar habits being easily con¬ 
tracted From a slight intercourse with 
vulgar people, it is well to be on one’s 
guard when thrown among them. Let 
your conduct be simple, and avoid as¬ 
suming an air of superiority over them. 


266 



















Na/aJ-KJNG-. —Persons walking in com¬ 
pany should always keep step together. 

When two gentlemen accompany a la¬ 
dy in a walk, she should place he-rsel/ 
between them, and not unduly favor ei¬ 
ther. She should not take an arm of 
each; neither should a gentleman walk 
with a lady on each arm, unless when 
coming from a place of amusement at 
night, or in passing through a crowd. 

In walking with a lady, where it is 
necessary /or you to proceed singly, al¬ 
ways go before her. Always give a lady 
the safe side (usually the inner side) of 
the walk, whether you be at her right 
or left. 

A gentleman should accommodate his 
walk to that of a lady, or an elderly or 
delicate person. 

A gentleman in walking with a lady 
who wishes to enter a store, should o- 
pen the door, permit her to pass in first, 
follow her, and close the door. He should 
always ring door bells, or rap at a door 
for her. V\&ewa\Nf?\. 

WATCH.—Whether at home or abroad, 
a frequent consultation of the watch 
or time-piece is impolite. If at home, it 
appears as if one were tired of the com¬ 
pany and wished them to be gone; if a - 
broad, as if the hours dragged heavily : 
atld one were calculating how soon he 

v would be released. 

VvAJCHFH^N^SS.—W atchfulness is a 
natural virtue, and is recommended to 
us frequently by the Bible. 

“In private, watch your thoughts; in 
your family, watch your temper; in so- 
ciety, watch yottr tongue.” 

WERTHER.— One should avoid commeti- 
cing a conversation by alluding to the 
weather. Though the weather is a subject 
that concerns every body, and every body 
knows more or less about it, ever since 
the days of Noah it has been considered 
tedious to talk of it. 

WELCOME. —When visiting or calling 
one should be careful not to stay so long 
as to wear out his welcome.. 

Whoever or whatever'eomes welljorin 
season, to us, and happening in accord 
with our wishes, should elicit from us 


a prompt expression of our cordiali¬ 
ty. Leave no room for a sense of coldness. 

WHISKERS. — The style of wearing 
the whiskers should be. governed by 
the kind of face. Some people wear 
the full beard; others the long Car¬ 
digan whiskers; some mustache and 
whiskers, or mutton-chop whiskers, 
or the. long flowing mustache and 
imperial of Victor Emmanuel, or the 
spiky mustache of the late Napoleon 
III. Whatever the style,the point is 
to keep it well brushed and trimmed, 
and to avoid any appearance of wild¬ 
ness and inattention. The full, flow 
ing beard, of course, requires more 
attention in the way of cleanliness 
than any other. It should be thorough¬ 
ly washed and brushed every day,as 
dust is sure to accumulate in it. Do 
not use oil as it causes the dust to ad 
here. 

WHISPERING-. —To whisper in com 
pany is exceedingly unbecoming in 
persons, since it is not unreasonable 
to suppose that some one present is 
the subject of their comments. Such 
conduct may well be considered of- 
fen si ve to every one. 

WIpE. —'The privilege and pleasure 
of rendering home happy and attract 
ive, especially devolves on the wife. A 
young wife should be very careful 
about devoting her leisure time to any 
charitable purposes, or otherwise,with¬ 
out first consulting her husband; nei 
ther should she be induced to attend 
evening lectures or places of amuse¬ 
ment unless he accompany her. 

Never leave your husband to spend 
his evenings at home alone, nor give 
him cause to say that you are more 
agreeable abroad than at home. Noth 
ing can be more senseless than the 
conduct of a young woman who seeks 
to be admired in general society for 
her politeness and engaging manners, 
or skill in music, when,at the same 
time, she makes no effort to render 
her home attractive. 

Never trust any individual whatev 
er with small annoyances, or misun¬ 
derstandings, between your husband 
and yourself. Be on your guard,and 
reject every overture that may lead 
to undesirable intimacy. Never approve 
a mean action, never speak an un¬ 
refined word. The slightest duplicity 
destroys confidence. The least want 
of refinement in conversations in 
the selection of books, lowers a wo- 
man—ay, and forever. 

WILD ORtS .— Such suggestions as 
"boys must sow their wild oats,” etc., 
indicate a total lack of reflection and 
observation. That boy orman never 
lived who was exempt from the pun¬ 
ishments affixed to the violation of a- 
ny of the moral precepts which oper¬ 
ate on mankind in general. Such a 
delusion has been fatal to many a poor 
fellow,who discovered his error too late. 


Vvi^doVvs. — In the cars one has 
no right to keep a window open, if 
the current of air thus produced an 
noys or endangers the health of an¬ 
other. 

A gentleman may bow to a lady 
seated at a window, if he is passing 
on the street; but he must not bow 
from a window to a lady passing on 
the street. 

WlfJE.— To urge wine upon one af¬ 
ter having declined it, is impolite 
and unkind. 

If you do not partake of wine at 
the table,simply say to the waitet"Not 
any, thank you,” and your glass 
will not be filled. Avoid making any 
discourteous remarks about it while 
at the table. 

W(SDOlV\. —“Happy is that man that 
findeth wisdom, and the man that 
getteth understanding. Length of days 
are in her right hand, and in her left 
riches and honor. Her ways are ways 
of pleasantness, and all her paths are 
peace.” 

“These six things doth the Lord 
hate; yea, seven are an abomination 
unto Him: a proud look, a lying 
tongue, and hands that shed inno¬ 
cent blood, a heart that deviseth 
wicked imaginations, feet that be 
swift in running to -mischief, a 
false witness that speaketh lies, and 
he that soweth discord among breth- 
ren.” 

WIT. — Wit is mostly displayed in 
aptness of expression and illustra¬ 
tion. When it enlightens the inteL 
lect, conveyed'in jocular expression; 
when it infringes neither on religion, 
charity,justice, nor peace; when it 
contains good humor, sweetens con¬ 
versation, and makes the endearments 
of society more captivating; when it 
exposes what is vile and base to con¬ 
tempt, adorns truth, and answers 
what is below refutation; then it is 
proper and fitting to employ it in 
social intercourse. However, it is a 
very dangerous instrument. Unless 
handled with extreme prudence, it 
is injurious alike to the one who uses 
it,and to the one who is made, to 
feel its sting. Many will forgive a 
blow, but few will forget that they 
have been made the subjects of ridi¬ 
cule; hence, witty persons rarely 
have very warm friends. 

WHOfJG-_One repents of injustice, 

repairs injuries, and redresses wrongs. 
Injury is Harm or damage done to 
any one’s person,reputation, ot prop¬ 
erty, and may be accidental orinten 
tional. Injustice is the violation ofjus- 
tlce, or a breach of the rule of right. 
When we think worse of a person 
than we ought to think, we do him 
an injustice. Wrong partakes both 
of injury and injustice. It is the re¬ 
sult of evil intentions, recklessness, 
or indifference. 


2G7 


































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w erc h an ts ,wan uf act ur- 
ets, students, and others, 
ate in need of information 
^relative to business terms 
and forms, they need not 
look in vain in the follow- 
in 9 pages to find something 
L to meet their wants. It must be 
p admitted by every one that busi- 
‘ ness men should know something 
sll’’ °f *He most general laws of busi- 
ness, as the law of partnership; 

’ how to make agreements; how 
to conduct sales; how to make notes; 
how to collect them; etc. All should like¬ 
wise know so much of the ordinary law 
as protects and defines their common and 
universal rights. A knowledge of the 
principles or rules of business law would 
prevent the many important mistakes 
which are made every day, leading to 
much, loss as well as difficulty. From the 
great variety of accurate forms given, 
any person may select the form near¬ 
est to his particular need, and easily 
make any alterations which his case 

A,B/\rtDOfJlV\E^T. — This term is gener¬ 
ally used in reference to the risks of ma¬ 
rine insurance; the surrender of prop 
erty to the insurers. 

/\B/\TEIV\ENT. — A discount made for 
damage or overcharge, or for the pay¬ 
ment of a debt before it is due. 
/\BSTF\/\CT. — An Abstract of Title is a 
brief account of all the deeds,judgments, 
and instruments affecting one’s title 
to real estate. The evidences of title are 
usually conveyances, wills, orders or de¬ 
crees of courts, judgments, sales by of¬ 
ficers appointed by law, and acts of the 
Legislature and of Congress. 
ACCEPTANCE".— An Acceptance is a for¬ 
mal agreement by signature to pay a 
draft or bill according to its terms. 
If a drawee agrees to pay with some 
qualification or condition, it is called 
a or 

Acceptances are usually written 
across the face of a bill,in red ink. A 
drawee is entitled to a certain time, 


usually twenty-four hours, to decide 
whether or not he will accept. 

if an acceptance be conditional, it 
should appear so in writing on its face. 
A holder is not bound to take a condi¬ 
tional or qualified acceptance. 

The following form shows a condi¬ 
tional acceptance: "Accepted if in funds 
from consignment shipped us on 3d instant. 

Chicago, Oct. 14/99. Alex. M. Moody? 

If a bill has been accepted after it 
has been protested for non-acceptance, 
it is called an Yon V\on\on. 

^CCOA/\iVlODAJIO(4 P/^PEF\.- An Ac 
commpdation Note or Draft is one 
for which the maker receives no con¬ 
sideration, but which he makes for the 
purpose of lending his credit to the 
payee to enable him to raise money. 
The party for whom such accommoda¬ 
tion was made, cannot recover from 
the maker; but if it is endorsed for val¬ 
ue to a third person, although he may 
have notice that it is an accommoda¬ 
tion note, and no consideration was 
given for it, that third person can nev¬ 
ertheless recover from the original 
maker. An accommodation note or 
draft is drawn in the ordinary nego¬ 
tiable form. 

ACCOHD AND SATISFACTION.-Offer 
and acceptance of one thing in place 
of another due. 

ACCOUNT.— A statement of the deb¬ 
its and credits resulting from busi¬ 
ness transactions relating to it. An ac¬ 
count may be kept with a person, any 
species of property or cause. 

^V\._ A. &.W ALTON. _ 


Sold Him on Account. Received from Him oh Account. 


Cash,, 


50. 

50.00 


10 bbls.Suoar,.. 90. 

10 ch. Tea,.... 100.00 
5 bags Coffee,.. 150.00 

ACCOUNT Cl)f\AEN t. —A detailed state 
ment of the transactions between parties 
fora certain period,showing what 
is the condition of affairs at the w<- 
nv<\\ orpresent time. 

ACCOUNT S/^-ES.— An itemized state¬ 
ment of sales and expenses, sent by 
a commission merchant to his prin¬ 
cipal. It exhibits the quantities and 


prices of goods sold, the commissions 
and other charges, and the net proceeds. 

\VV\>5T^K\\W\. 

Account Sales of 75 Bales of Wool,re¬ 
ceived per Lake Erie &. Western Railroad, 
and sold for Account of Messrs.Walton 
fcWhisler, Atlanta, Ind. 


1961 
Nov. 

\ 

Dec. 

1962 
Jan. 


Three-quarter-blood Merino, 

Net 9238 lbs.@60c., 30days, 
Half-blood Merino, 

Net 2638 lbs.@55c., 
Unwashed Merino, 

Net 16 0 lbs. @55c., *» 

Common and half-blood, 

Net 985 lbs. @ 50c., u 

-— 

Freight and Drayage, #192.33 
Commission, including In¬ 
surance, Stonge, and La¬ 
bor,2cents per pound 
on 13,101 lbs., 262.02 


Net Proceeds due Dec 22.I96IJ I#7119 
E.E. Good 4. Mankind. 
Chicago, Jan. 10,1962, 


5542 

1450 

‘ 88 
492 


#7514 


454 


20 


35 


-■ 


AckjnoVvL^dg-^. — In commercial corre¬ 
spondence, the term by which the receipt 
of a letter, remittance, or order, is ad¬ 
mitted; to certify by signature the gen¬ 
uineness of a deed or mortgage. 

ACKNOVvlE^D&IVlENT. — A receipt or ad-| 
mission; a formal admission made be¬ 
fore an officer, that the act described 
was voluntarily done. The officer’s cer¬ 
tificate of the admission is also called 
an acknowledgment, 
vmivim ^ 

Kokomo,lnd., Oct. 1,1943. 
Messrs. Wade &. Co., 

Chicago, III. 

—Your favor of 5th inst. 
covering drafton First National Bank, New York, 
for Five Hundred Sixty-three and ^ Dollars, 
is to hand and passed to your credit with thanks 
Your order for 25 bbls. Apples is entered, 
and the goods will be forward early in the week. 
Awaiting a continuance of your tavors,we are, 
Respectfully yours. 

Marsh, Means &Co 


268 



























































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ACTUafCY- — One skilled in annuities; 
a clerk of registry; the active officer 
in a life-insurance company. 

ACQUITTANCE. — A receipt in full of 
all demands or written discharge; a re 
lease from debt or obligation. 

A.OJlJSTIV\E(dT- This term has par 

ticular reference to the settlement of a 
loss under amarine policy upon thepri-n 
ciple of average. This settlement is often 
of a most intricate nature, and requires 
the services of skilled professionals and 
experts. It is often used in reference 
to fire insurance. 

/\DNIINISTFV\T0F\. —One that is appoint 
ed by the court to settle an estate. It is 
only when a person dies without a 
will that an administrator is appointee 
An administrator has jurisdiction on¬ 
ly over the personal property of adeceas 
ed person. The heirs can take possession 
of the real estate without any authori 
ty from the court. 

^Drv\IF\A,lTY COOHT. —This court has 
'jurisdiction of cases arising on the sea 
or connected with vessels; as, cases of 
piracy, collision on the sea, claims for 


•repairing a vessel, or contracts to carry 
freight or passengers. No State has any 
jurisdiction over the ocean. 
/\jDUlTEFl/\JIOtf. — The debasing of 
an article or substance by spurious 
or less valuable admixtures. 
f\o V/yLoHENi. — According to value. A 
custom house term, relating to the 
estimating of duties upon the value 
of imported goods. 

ADVANCE^—-Increase in value of mer¬ 
chandise ; money paid before goods 
are delivered; moneys or acceptances 
from the commission merchant to 
the consignor before the goods are 
disposed of. 

^DVE^tIiHE.—A bill of goodsshipped 
to be sold on account and risk of the 
shippers; any enterprise or hazard. 
ADVENTURE IfJ CO. —Goods sent to 
be sold on joint account of the shipper 
and consignee. % 

^DVEF\TISEIV\E^T. —A public notice 
or announcement in print, of arti¬ 
cles for sale or enterprises of any kind. 
/\pyiGE(. —The announcement of goods 
Shipped, or bills sent for acceptance; in¬ 
formation communicated by letter. 
AFfheig-Ht. — To hire a ship or ves¬ 
sel for freight. The freight of aship 
is called affreightment. 

AFFIDAVIT.— A sworn declaration, ta¬ 
ken before a competent official. 11 
should be positive in the description 
of amounts, places, persons, etc. 

State of I ndiana,Tipton Co.,Towti ofBoz,ss, 
James Daily, being duly sworn,depos¬ 
es and says (ox alleges and says):That— 
\N\oxa <s?X ovX \w k\x\\ uwwxaXfc Xva- 

Vwi xA'fcWox'b xo Vse, . 

[Seat]. Janies Daily, 

Sworn■akk\xx<vt,V\ before -me, this 
ninth day of May, A.D. I9-. 

Benjamin Smith, 

Vo-sWoo. ok xVoVoaoo 
AFLOAT.—A term signifying that mer¬ 
chandise has arrived in port,but not 
delivered from the vessel. 

AG-^NCy. —An Agent is a person having 
power to act for another, who is call¬ 
ed a principal. His authority is consti 
tuted in three ways: by deed underseal, 
by a writing without seal, or by mere 
words. Except where the agent has an 
interest in the subject-matter, or the au 
thority is given for a valuable consider¬ 
ation, the principal may revoke the au¬ 
thority at pleasure, subject in some cas 
es to a claim for damages. 

The responsibility of the principal 
and the agent is as follows: 
Principal: 

1. The principal is responsible for the acts 
of his agent. 

2. If the act is not within the authori 
ty given, the principal is not responsible. 

3. Where apparent authority is given, 
the principal is responsible. 

4. The principal is responsible if he subse 

J uently ratifies the act of his agent. 
igent: 

I. The agent is not responsible to third 
parties for acts he performs as agent. 
2.An agent who exceeds his authority; 
is responsible to third parties. 


3. An agent who conceals his princi¬ 
pal, is responsible to third parties. 

4. An agent who specially agrees to be¬ 
come responsible to third parties, is so. 

5. An agent acting fraudulently or deceit¬ 
fully, is responsible to third parties. 

AGIO. — A term denoting the difference 
between the real and the nominal val¬ 
ue of money; or between one kind of 
money and another; the rate of pre¬ 
mium charged for accepting payment 
in one kind of money where the con¬ 
tract exacts another kind. VojxoX'aci?, 
is the speculation on the rise and fall 
of public funds. 

AGf\EEtyENT. — An Agreement Is a 
contract (which see) by which a cer¬ 
tain person, or persons, agrees to per¬ 
form certain duties within a specified 
time. The legal requirements ofan a- 
greement are the same as those given 
under Contract. 


This Agreement, made this second 

day of November, A.D. 19 —,between 
John G. Dunn, of Denver, County of Ar¬ 
apahoe, and State of Colorado, of t h e 
t part, and William Crowe, of Lead- 
, County of Lake, and State aforesaid, 
of the second part, 

Witnesseth,That the said JohnG.Duim, 
for the consideration hereinafter men¬ 
tioned, doth covenant and agree to and 
with the said William Crowe,thatV<wxc. 
\ws«,x\ x\\x, •a.iym'mwX ox\ X\\t ^v<X ok 
^vpwcC\. 

And the said William Crowe, in con¬ 
sideration of the covenant of the said 
party of the first part, doth hereby co v¬ 
enant and agree to and with the said 
John G. Dunn,that VVvere, VcvsotX v\\e. 
a.<yxMA«v«A\\ ox\ XVe, \axX okV>xo\N«.V 

In Witness whereof, we have here¬ 
unto set our hands and seals, the year 
and day first above written. 

Signed, sealed,and de- „ n ro 
livered in presence of JoHN&.OuNN.[Seal] 
Edward 0. Sharpe. WiluamCR owE^SeaLJ 
Charles Means. 


ALI^N.—A person of foreign birth; 

foreign; foreigner. 

ALIQjJOT PAH?.—A smaller number 
by which &. larger number way be e 
qually divided; as, 10 is an aliquot part 
of 100; *4 of '/%; etc. 

ALLIANCE.— A union for some com¬ 
mon object; as the Farmers’Alliance. 

Aj-Ll GA?l o . — A formula whichtreats 
of compounding ingredients of dif¬ 
ferent values; I.So as to obtain the 
average value of the mixture; 2. So 
as to determine the ratio in which the 
quantities may be mixed to yield any 
.given average. 

ALLOfilGE. — A paper attached to a bill 
of exchange when there are too many 
endorsements to be contained on th* 
bill itself. 

ALLOTMENT ticket. — An order for 
the periodical payment of a certain 
share of a seaman’s wages to his fam¬ 
ily, during his absence at sea. 

ALLOW.— To Concede or discount an 
amount to be paid,as an abatement. 

ALLoYvance.—a portion of costs giv¬ 
en by the court or statute; a deduction 


269 
































































iBUSINESS FORMS.® 

r,TPn itthi rrr-^i r.T^i ittph r^l t^rte rrc^i • 


MiislliSMBiaMSsiP'MyiSispill 


bOekLji 


('row the gross weight of goods. 

ALiN\ON\.— An allowance directed to 
be paid by a husband to a wife after 
separation from her husband, or dur¬ 
ing the pending of an action for di¬ 
vorce. 

ALLoy. — A union of two or more-met 
als, making a compound; in common 
usage,the alloy in a compound is 
understood to be the baser or less val¬ 
uable metal; thus, gold is alloyed with 
silver or copper, silver with copper or 
brass, or nickel. 

AMBASSADOR.-A public minister of 
the Highest rank, sent abroad with pow¬ 
er to represent the government of the 
countru by whom he is sent. 

AtyOlJNT_ The sum total, or aggre¬ 

gate; arwownX is the total without 
deduction; "v\eX aavxowwX., the total less 
deduction. 

ANCESTOR One who has gone before 
in a family in a direct line; we may 
speak of tne ancestors of a nation as 
well as those of any particular individual. 

ANCRORA&E.— A roadstead or suitable 
holding ground for ships to anchor. 

ANO-LE. —A small measure of length in 
Bangalore, India, represented by three 
grains of rice, equal to about one inch. 

ANK.ER—A common liquid measure in 
various parts of Europe,varying in dif¬ 
ferent countries from 9 to 10 gallons. 

ANNUITY. — An Annuity originally sig¬ 
nified an "annual income,” but in a 
more general sense itisnow applied 
to -ve>^e/a3v«.L \;'a\ycA<t,r\\'; of various kinds, 
In this sense, an Annuity is the annu¬ 
al, semi-annual, quarterly, monthly, 
weekly, or daily payment of a certain 
or varying sum, whether the payment 
be regular or intermittent, for a given 
term of years, for life, or forever. 

ANSVVER.—To reply to a letter or que 
ry; to discharge a debt or obligation; to 
be responsible for; a written defense 
made by a defendant, to the charges of 
a plaintiff in an action. 

AN+AL .— A wine measure in Hungary,) 
holding about I3j^ gallons. 

APPEAL . — The removal of an action 
from an inferiorto a superior court 
for re-examination and review. Appeal 
Book, the papers upon which an appeal 
is to be heard. 

appearance. —The formal proceeding 
of a party summoned into court. A fail¬ 
ure of the defendant to appear, entitles 
the plaintiff-tojudgment. A failure of 
the plaintiff to appear, entitles the de¬ 
fendant to a dismissal of the proceeding. 

APPELLANT.—One who makes an appeal 
from one court to a higher.Appellee, the 
one against whom an appeal is made. 


APPLICATION.— The act of making a 
request; the formal preliminary pro¬ 
cess for obtaining insurance. Apply, to 
appropriate in a particular way; as, ap¬ 
plying proceeds in the payment of a 
specified debt. 

APPRA ,s E.—T o set a price upon, or to 
value. Appraisal, the act of placing a 
value on goods. Appraisement, valua¬ 
tion of merchandise or other property. 
Appraiser, one who sets a value upon 
goods; a government official whose 
duty it is to examine and report the 
dutiable values of imported merchandise. 

APPRE^TIC^. — The relation of an 
Apprentice is established by a written 
agreement, by which a male or a female 
minor, with the consent of his or her 
parents, agrees to serve as an 
V\c,e,,or servant, to some one in a cer¬ 
tain trade or employment, until twenty- 
one years of age, or for a less p eri od. 
In return for these services the master 
is to teach the minor the trade. The mas¬ 
ter may punish his apprentice,and is 
liable for his support. The officers hav¬ 
ing charge of the poor, may bind out 

pauper children in this way. 
-- 






This indenture of apprenticeship between 
John Bojton, father of Henry Bolton,on 
the one part, and Milton J.Mallery,of the 
other part,witnesseth: That the said Hen¬ 
ry Bolton, aged 15 years on the 20th day 
of August, A.D. 19—, is hereby bound as 
an apprentice under the said MiltonJ.Mal- 
lery, from the date hereof until the 20th 
day of August, 19—,to learn the trade 
and art of a printer: and is faithfully to 
serve the said Milton J.Mallery,and cor¬ 
rectly to conduct himself duringtheterm 
of his apprenticeship. 

And the said Milton J.Mallery hereby cov¬ 
enants that he will teach the said Henry 
Bolton the said trade and art, and will 
furnish him, during said apprenticeship, 
with board, lodging, washing,clothing,-med¬ 
icine, and other necessaries suitable for 
an apprentice in sickness and in health; 
and will send him to a suitable public 
school at least three months during each 
of the first three years of the said term; 
and at the expiration of the said appren¬ 
ticeship will furnish him with two new 
suits of common wearing apparel, and 
one hundred dollars in money. 

In testimony whereof, the parties hereto 
have set their hands and seals this twen¬ 
tieth day of August, A.D. 19 —. 

' J Milton s -J 

I hereby consent to the foregoing inden¬ 
ture, and agree to Gonform to the terms 
thereof in all things on my part to be 
performed. 

Dated this twentieth day of August, in 
the „ear 19— 

VPHOPIVAJIOtl. —A sum of money 
set apart for a certain purpose. Appro¬ 
priate, to take to one’s self with or with¬ 
out authority. 


APPROVER. — One who confesses a 
crime, and accuses others of the same 
crime to save himself. —Also called 
giving State’s Evidence. 

APPURTENANCES.—Minor rights, 
or property, connected with real 
estate, which pass to the successive 
owners of the land. Thus a transfer 
of land carries with it all houses, 
trees, and everything standing or grow¬ 
ing upon it, and all mines and quar¬ 
ries beneath the surface. The trans¬ 
fer of a house carries with it the 
doors, blinds, keys, etc., although 
they may be at the time tempora¬ 
rily detached, and not upon the 
property. 

ARBITRATION- — The adjustment 
of a disputed point by a person or 
persons chosen by the parties i n 
dispute. Arbiter, one chosen to 
decide a matter in dispute. Arbi- 
-tra-tion o-f Exchange, the deduc¬ 
tion of a proportional or 
rv) r-fcXe- of exchange between two 
places through an intermediate place, 
in order to ascertain the most advan¬ 
tageous method of drawing or remit¬ 
ting. 

vmrni. 


That a contro¬ 
versy exists between th6 undersigned,L.J. 
Bozell and Peter Miller, concerning the 
boundary and division lines of the follow¬ 
ing tract of land, situated in VViu la- 
wxW ■MX*. vwi 

That said L.J.Bozell and Peter Miller do 
hereby submit said controversy to the 
abUrament of Absaium Sumner and Joseph 
George. 

That said award shall be made in wri 
ting under -the hands of said arbitra¬ 
tors, ready to be delivered to said parties, 
or such of them as may desire the same, 
on or before the second day of Febru 
ary -next.. 

That said award shall in all things 
by us and each of us be well and faith¬ 
fully kept, observed and performed. 

m\mss o\w\v&xvte,eXc>. 

In presence of > vs (\^ 


_ 


A'-now a// />y tfyese presents: 

That L.J. Bozell and Peter Miller have, 
this — day of-, A.D. 19—submit¬ 

ted their -matters in controversy, concern 
ing the boundary and division lines of a 
certain tract of land VtascA\W\Xi\ to 
Absaium Sumner and Joseph George, to 
arbitrate, award, order,judge and de¬ 
termine of and concerning the same. 

That we,the undersigned, bind our¬ 
selves, in the sum of-dollars,that 

said L.J. Bozell and Peter Miller shall sub¬ 
mit to the decision and award of said 
arbitrators, provided said award shall 
be made in writing on or before the 
second day of February,A. D. 19—. 

(S/j?//eoy 

vNnvNvj.^nv,. 


270 































•BUSINESS TERMS. 

irlgiirt 



os . 


7o a//ho re horn these presents s/a// 

come, or map co-ncem, hr/ow pe : 
That the matter in controversy existing 
between L.J.Bozell and Peter Miller, as 
by their submission in writing, bearing 
date the— day of-, more fully ap¬ 

pears, was submitted to Absalum Sum¬ 
ner and Joseph George, as arbitrators. 

That said arbitrators, being sworn 
according to law, and having heard 
the proofs and allegations of the parties, 
and examined the matter in controversy 
by them submitted, do make this, their 
award, in writing: 

c*x\ \w W'A \\\<t a.'N'a.'x&y 
In witness whereof, we have here 
unto subscribed our names,this — day 
1 


Gentlemen: —You have been chos¬ 
en arbitrators on behalf of the under¬ 
signed, to arbitrate and award between 
them, in divers matters and things, set 
forth in their submission, which will be 
produced for your inspection when you 

meet at—, in-, on the —day of— 

at—o’clock —.M.,to hearths allegations 
and proofs. 


A^cHiVes. —The place where public 

records are kept; the records them 
selves. 

AflFWI&N .— To call a man to answer 
in court of law. 

ahraY — The number of men summon-| 
H to attend court as jurymen. 
WHEW. — That which remains due. 
a sum of money remaining in the 
hands of a person from whom it is due. 
ARTICLES.— A system of rules estab¬ 
lished by authority, as, articles of war; 
a written compact or agreement. 

vkyk»\xs os *&soo\*k\ow. 


PREAMBLE. 

For the purpose of organizing for the 
manufacture and sale of 


we, the undersigned, citizens of the State 

of-, hereby enter into the following 

Articles of Association under the Laws 
of the State of ——, of 19—, 19— , 
and 19—, governing unincorporated 
Joint Stock Companies. 

ARTICLE I. The name of this associa¬ 
tion shall be **- 

Article II. The office and factory 
of the association shall be located in 


the City of--,and State of-. 

Article III. The object of the associa¬ 
tion shall be to manufacture-, 

and sell-to the retail and jobbing 

trades. 

ARTICLE IV. The capital stock of this as¬ 
sociation shall be One Hundred fnd Fifty 
Thousand Dollars, to be divided into Fif¬ 
teen Hundred Shares,of One Hundred Dol¬ 
lars each. 

Article V. The number of directors 
in this association shall be seven, as 
provided by statute, and shall be elected 
annually. 

Article VI. The officers of this asso¬ 
ciation shall be seven directors,or trus¬ 
tees, a president, secretary and treasurer, 
all of which shall be elected on the sec¬ 
ond Tuesday afterthefirst Monday in 
January of each year after the first elec¬ 
tion. Said election shall be by ballot,edch 
stockholder being entitled to one vote for 
each share held by Him, provided that all 
assessments due upon said stock shall 
have been paid. 

ARTICLE VII. This association shall 
continue for a period of fifty years, 
unless sooner dissolved by a court for 
fraud or mismanagement, 

ARTICLE VII. The stockholders mag, 
by a vote at Huy annual election, devolve 
upon the president, secretary, and treas 
urer,the sole management of their busi¬ 
ness. 

ARTICLE IX. The death of a stock¬ 
holder, or the assignment of his stock, 
shall not work a dissolution of the as¬ 
sociation, but shall continue as before, 

ARTICLE X. That branch of law gov¬ 
erning partnerships as regards the lia¬ 
bility of stockholders, is recognized b y 
this association, and nothing in these 
articles of association shall be construed 
as having organized as an incorporated 
Joint Stock Company. 

In witness whereof, we have here¬ 
unto affixed our hands and seals this 
—day of -,A.D. 19—. 


(ENDORSED ON BACK.) 

—, 

'iX \T Cs ti\OcY 'WiWv. 

v&.m. 


Henry Moore, 
John Tanner, 
Fletcher Orr, 
John Listen, 
M.T. Sheil, 
S.T.Honald, 
Leonaro Bell, 


Seal 

'Seal’ 

Seal 

[Seal' 

_Seaf 

Seal 

Seal] 


ASSAULT. — An attempt or offer, with 

force or violence, to do bodily hurt to an¬ 
other. 

ASSETS—-A term commonly used in 
trade to designate the funds, property, 
or effects, that is, the stock in trade, cash, 
and all the available property of a mer¬ 
chant, in contradistinction to his liabil¬ 
ities or obligations. Equitable assets, 
those assets which are only reached 
through a court of equity. Legal as¬ 
sets, the property of a deceased person, 
which the common law can reach for 
the purpose of satisfying his creditors, 
Marshalling of Assets, a technical 
phrase, meaning such an arrangement 
of the different funds under administra 


tion, as shall enable all persons having 
equities to receive their share, notwith¬ 
standing any intervening interests, 
liens, or claims. 

ASSl&tilVVE^T.— A transfer of title 
in any property; the making over to 
a person of all one’s property and ef¬ 
fects for the benefit of his creditors. As¬ 
signee, a person to whom an assign¬ 
ment has been made. Assignment 
of Dower, the act by which a widow’s 
share in her deceased husband’s estate 
is fixed and secured to her. 

\N\TNk MTOVvWeX. 


Know all men by these presents, 

That I,.. for value received, 

have sold,and by these presents do 
grant, assign,and convey unto. 

.\\\e.\e'\NVbexX, 

\\or\ oY ox \\vaq% ass\qx\eAY 

To have and to hold the same unto 

the said....... his executors, 

admimistrators, and assigns forever, 

to and for the use of the said.. 

hereby constituting and appointing him 
my true and lawful attorney irrevoca¬ 
ble in my name, place,and stead, for 
the purpose aforesaid, to ask, demand, 
sue for, attach, levy,recover, and re¬ 
ceive all such sum and sums of money 
which now are, or way hereafter become 
due, owing and payable for or on account 
of all or any of the accounts, dues,debts, 
and demands above assigned to him, giv¬ 
ing and granting unto the said attorney, 
full power and authority to do and per¬ 
form all and every act and thing what¬ 
soever requisite and necessary, as fully, 
to all intents and purposes,as I might 
or could do, if personly present with full 
power of substitution and revocation, 
hereby ratifying and confirming all that 
the said attorney or his substitute shall 
lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue 
thereof. 

In witness whereof, I have hereun¬ 
to set my hand and seal the first day 
of., one thousand nine hund¬ 
red and. 

JSeall 




Know all -men by these presents, 

That I,.. in consideration 

of one hundred dollars,the receipt of 
which I hereby acknowledge, do hereby as¬ 
sign, transfer and set over to.. 

all claims and demands which I now 
have„and all which, at any time between 
the date hereof and the.... day of.... 

.next, I way or shall have, against 

...,for all sums of money due 

or to become due to me for services as v .. 

That I do hereby appoint andconsti- 

tute said.and his assigns my 

attorney, irrevocable, to do and perform 
all acts, matters and things in the prem¬ 
ises, in like manner and to all intents 
and purposes as I could if person 
ally present. 

In witness whereof, etc. 


271 





































































iBUSINESS FORMS.! 



^SSlSTPyMC^,\VF\IT OF.—A judicial 

writ, directed to the sheriff,coi7iTnaTiding 
him to put sortie person into possession 
of real property pursuant to a decree or 
order. 

ASSOCIATION*— A joint stock compa¬ 
ny. \^en, kV*\s\eV\. 

ASSO^T^ENT. — A variety of goods ern- 
bracing all or most of the different 
kinds within the range of the avowed 
business; a quantity or variety 0 / any 
kma of goods, which vary in form,col¬ 
or, auality, or price. 

/\SSUIV\E.— To undertake or promise 
to perform any specified service. 

/\$Sl)F\ANC^. — a writing or other ev- 
idenceby which one’s property is secur¬ 
ed to him, or under which a certain 
sum is paid on the death of an individual. 

ATTACHMENT.—A writ issued by a 
court, by which the sheriff or other of¬ 
ficer is ordered to attach or levy upon 
certain property before judgment; also 
a process against a person. Foreign 
Attachment, a process by which the 
poods of absent debtors are seized,in or¬ 
der to compel an appearance, or in de¬ 
fault, to pan the claim of the plaintiff. 

AJT/\I^DEF\. — The taint, stain or cor¬ 
ruption of blood, which the law attach¬ 
es to a criminal who has been convict¬ 
ed of a capital crime. 

ATTEST. — To bear witness to; to certi¬ 
fy to; to affirm to be true, as,to'sX'wAi 
a copy of record. Attestation, the exe¬ 
cution of a will or other writing in the 
presence of witnesses. 

ATTORNE\. — One who is appointed 
by another to act for Him. Substitu¬ 
tion of Attorney, the right of a party 
to change.his attorney for another, up¬ 
on obtaining an order of the court to 
do so. Attorney of Record, one in 
whose name the process or proceed¬ 
ings as attorney are taken. 

wm w m\k. 

Know all men by these presents: 

That I, the undersigned, of., 

do hereby make, constitute and appoint 

., of., my true 

and lawful attorney,forme,and in my 
name and stead— W\^ 
s>\v\)VoVn^a\\eT cA Vw«, ^o\n«k\, to do 
and perform all the necessary acts in 
the execution and prosecution of t he 
aforesaid business, and in as full and 
ample a manner as I might do if I were 
personally present. 

\>e <A ax&orm^. 

I hereby appoint.,asmy 

substitute and in my stead to do and 
perform every act and thing which I 


might or could do by virtue of t H £ 
within power of atorney. 

‘SC'Ni&KmV 

Know all men by -these presents: 

That I,.. of.in and 

by my letter of attorney, bearing date 
ttie .... day of...., did make,con¬ 

stitute, and appoint C.D.Keyes my at¬ 
torney, as by said letter more fully ap¬ 
pears. 

That I, the said..,do by 

these presents annul, countermand, 
revoke and make void said letter of at¬ 
torney and all authority and power 
thereby given said attorney, C. U. Keyes. 

In witness,etc. 

, . .[L.S.] 

AUCTION.— A sale of property, public¬ 
ly, and to the highest bidder. Auction¬ 
eer, one licensed to sell goods by public 
outcry or vendue. An auctioneer i s 
considered the agent of both the buyer 
and the seller. 

A.UDIJ-—To examine and verify accounts. 
Auditor, one who examines and ver¬ 
ifies accounts; an officer appointed by 
the government, or by any corpora¬ 
tion, to examine claims upon the treas¬ 
ury, and to investigate the treasurer’s 
accounts. „ 

AUTHORITY—The lawful giving of 
power to do something, by one person 
to his attorney or agent. Authorities, 
the citation of decisions of courts of 
justice, and opinions of legal writers, 
and statutes, which are referred to. 
A^/Ef\Ap-E-—A fair sample; the adjust¬ 
ment of the proportion of loss sustain¬ 
ed by insurers; the mean time for the 
payment of the whole of several sums 
due at different times; a voluntary 
proportion of loss of property,made 
by all persons concerned, for the safe¬ 
ty of a ship and cargo. General Aver¬ 
age, is where loss or damage is volun¬ 
tarily and properly incurred in respect 
to the goods on board ship, or the ship 
itself, for the general safety of both 
ship and cargo.Gross Average, that 
average which falls on the ship,cargo, 
and freight.—Distinguished from Par¬ 
ticular Average, which is that d am- 
age less than the whole, falling upon 
a particular property. 
A^/OIRDUpO(S.—Commercial stand¬ 
ard of weight in the United States, Eng¬ 
land, and Canada. 

A^/llLSJON.— The sudden removal of 
land or soil from the land of one to 
the land of another, by the.action of 
water or change in the course of a 
river. The land still belongs to the first owner. 
AUXILIARY — A term applied to vari¬ 
ous account books that are kept as 
aids to the principal books. 
tyVARD .— The judgment given by a 
person or persons in a case submit¬ 
ted for review and decision, by arbitra¬ 
tion or otherwise.V^tekr\i\V<a\\oT\Y 

/tyVfy-G-OlflG- CF\0PS-Those sown 

during the last year of a tenancy, but 
not ripe until after its expiration,and 


which the tenant is entitled to.^See, 

BA>L.—Those persons who,on release 
of a prisoner, become surety forhis 
appearance at a stated time; delivery, 
in general. Bail Bond, the.bond given 
by the sureties, with the prisoner as 
principal,for his appearance. Common 
Bail, bail in which the surety is mere¬ 
ly nominal. Special Bail, a person 
who agrees or undertakes to be an¬ 
swerable for the appearance of anoth¬ 
er. Bailable Action, that certain ac¬ 
tion, wherein the prisoner is entitled 
to release upon giving bonds for his 
reappearance. 

BAILEE.— A person to whom -mer¬ 
chandise is. consigned foraspecific 

S ose. Bailiff, a person intru-sted 
the management of the goods of 
another, to whom he must account. 
Bailmen-t, a delivery in the hands of 
another, of goods in trust, to be d i s- 
posed of according to agreement or 
direction. 

BALANCE.— Scales for weighing; the 
difference between the debit and the 
credit sides of an account; amount 
remaining due on settlement. Bal¬ 
ance Account, an account used to con¬ 
tain the balances of resources and li¬ 
abilities, comprising an epitomized 
statement of the condition of a busi¬ 
ness. Balance of Trade, the differ¬ 
ence between the value of the exports 
and imports of a country. 
balance shee (T. — A statement in 
condensed form showing the condi¬ 
tion and progress of business. 

Dr. _Balance Account. Cr. 


1900 




1900 




Jan.31 

To Mdse 

70 

15 

Jan.3l 

By B.&Co. 

32 

10 


»> A. Bond 

95 

10 


»»L. Bel 1 

163 

00 


>»Geo.Cue 

55 

00 


„C.Masoti 

75 

60 


>> C.S. Fox 

73 

60 


11 C.B.,net 




> > R.T.Vard 

25 

05 


capital 

197 

00 


»»Cash 

90 

15 


,»H.S.,-net 




>> Store 

95 

00 


capital 

100 

00 


>1 Notes 

63 

75 







567 

70 



567 

70 










Balance Sheet, January 31,19—. 

OR.Foot. CR.Foot. Resour- Liabl I. Losses.Gains. 


Proprietor 

Casli 

Merchandise 
Expense 
A. Con I y 
Alex. Kaiser 
D.Craycraft 
O.F.Ames 
Comer Bros. 
Dotd&Link 
Bills Payable 
Bills Receiv. 


417 


50 


250 

148251 


5242 

547: 


2 50 3‘ 


50C 


1175 

46251 


525 


3811 001981100 763! 


2522 


95750 


475 

46251 


417 




total gains 

861 

88 

PROOF. 

)» LOSSES 

4IT 


TOTAL RESOURe’S 


AW 

%% 

PROP. CREOIT 

4000 

>> liabil’s 

>> DEBIT 

100 


PROP. PRES.WOR. 

>, NET CREDIT 

3900 



> > 11 CAIN 

444 

88 



7632 

3287 


4TW 


i 1 * 


272 
































































































B/\).L/\ST .— Any Heavy -mate-rial placed 
'-n the hold of a ship to steady it in the water 

BAj-LOOtilNG-. — To work up a stock far 
beyond its intrinsic worth by favorable 
stories or fictitious sales. 

BALLOT. — A term used to designate any 
small bale or package; a Swedish term 
signifying ten reams of paper. 

B/^LS/\. — A kind of raft or float used on 
the coast of South America for landing 
goods through a heavy serf. 

BANCO.—A commercial term used at Ham¬ 
burg to distinguish bank money from the 
common currency; days of court sitting. 

BANK, .—An institution for the deposit 
and withdrawal of money. Bankable, 
funds which are received at the bank at 
par value. Bank Accounts, are kept un¬ 
der the names of the banks with which 
we deal. The bank becomes Dr. for our 
deposits in it, and Cr. for our checks 
drawn upon it. When our deposits are 
made, whether in cash or cash i terns, 
they are described on a deposit check 
made by us, giving the name and su-m 
of each item, and the amount of the 
whole, and the amount is entered by a 
bank officer in our deposit book. When 
we want any money from the bank,we 
write and sign our application for it 
in a paper called a check, stating the sum 
asked for, and to whom we wish it paid. 
Bank Balance, amount on deposit at bank 
subject to draft. Bank Book, the book of 
a depositor in which each deposit is enter¬ 
ed by the receiving teller, and which serves 
as the dealer’s voucher. Bank Bills or 
Notes, promissory notes printed by the 
aovern-ment and issued by national 
Danks, payable on demand, and used as 
money. Banker, a dealer in -money; one 
who is entrusted with the funds of another. 
Bank Hours, the time within which bus 
iness is transacted at a bank, u. s u a 11 y 
from 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. Bankrupt, a 
person who is unable to pay his debts; us¬ 
ually applicable to merchants or business 
men. Bankrupt Act, the Congressional 
act or law providing for the discharge of 
bankrupt debtors. Bank Stock, the paid 
up capital of a bank, usually divided into 
shares of a certain amount, for which 
certificates are given, and which may 
be transferred by assignment. 

BAJMR fJoXE.—A promissory note pay¬ 
able at a bank, formalat'ed thus: 

$500^ Denver,Col., May 21,19-, 

Thirty days after date, I promise to pay.... 

.M.B. Brown, cashier,.or order, 

Five Hundred.Dollars, 

..value received ; with interest. Payable at 
Colorado Nat’f Bank. 


<w\ v oacV’ov> 

C.P. Endicott, 
L.S. Comstock. 


HovierM. Sprague. 


BANKS.— C o-rpotate institutions char¬ 
tered by State or Federal authority for 
the convenient transaction of mone¬ 
tary operations. They are authorized to 
issue bank notes or bills for circula¬ 
tion to be used as money, to receive 
deposits, discount notes, buyandsel) 
exchange, gold and silver coin, bullion, 
uncurrent money, to lend money on 
surety,etc. Their special privileges in 
these directions are granted upon the 
ground of the benefits which they con¬ 
fer, and in consideration of certain 
guaranties upon their part which ren¬ 
der them safe and reliable. 

BAR . — T he whole body of lawyers is 
called the bar; a perpetual destruction 
of the right of plaintiff’s action; place 
where prisoners are arraigned. 

BARGAIN _a contract or verbal agree¬ 

ment between two parties; often us¬ 
ed in the sense of an advantageous 
purchase, as,” I bought it at a \m«y£vx\.” 

BAJWJE. — a three-masted vessel carry¬ 
ing no square sails on her mizzenmast. 

b apathy. 

— The practice of stirring 
up and exciting quarrels and litigation, 
either in the courts or out; any spe¬ 
cies of fraud on the part of a shipmas¬ 
ter or mariners by which owners or 
insurers are injured. 

BARREL_a measure of capacity for 

liquids, grain,salt,etc. Barrel Bulk, a 
measure of capacity for freight aqual 
to 5 cubic feet. 

BARTER. — A traffic or trade, by ex¬ 
changing one kind of goods for an¬ 
other. 

battery. — An unlawful physical beat 
i-ng, or other violence done the person. 

B/CvVDY RoIjSE.— A house of ill fame, 
kept for the unlawful resort and com¬ 
merce of persons of both sexes. 

BAZAAR _A word signifying a place 

of exchange or general market place; 
arepository of fancy articles, espe¬ 
cially of dress. 

BEACOfL — A signal or light intended 
as a guidance to mariners. It is usual¬ 
ly erected at governmental expense. 

BRLLlG-EREfJTS. —Nations actually 
engaged in war.—Sometimes applied 
to persons. 

BE^AR .—One who tries to depress the 
price of stocks, etc., and for this reas¬ 
on "goes short.” 

BEARER - The person bearing,hold¬ 

ing, or presenting for payment a 
note, draft, or check. Bills which 
are payable to bearer are -negotiable 
without endorsement. 

BE^NCR. —The judges as a whole, as 
distinguished from the lawyers; the 
seat where the judges sit. Bench War¬ 
rant, an order issued by a court for 
the immediate arrest of a person. 

BEQJJEAT’H' — To 9' ve pe i ' sor| a-l prop¬ 
erty by will. 

BRTROtHMEtJT. — A -mutual contract 
between a man and woman, by which 
they agree that they will marry each 
other at some future day. 

B^TTERtyENTS. —Various improve¬ 
ments made to an estate rendering 
it better than mere repairs would be 
considered as doing. 


Bill. -A statement in writing, as a Jist 

of items bought or sold, or of se»v ice 
rendered; a general term for negotia¬ 
ble paper; as, Bills Payable, Bills Receiv¬ 
able,etc. Bill Book, a book containing 
the particulars of all notes and drafts 
issued and received. Bill Head, a printed 
form used by merchants for their bills 
and statements of account. Bill Obliga¬ 
tory, a bond absolute for the payment 
of money. Bill of Costs, a statement of 
the items of the costs ofan action. Bill 
of Discovery, a bill for the discovery of 
facts resting in the knowledge of the de¬ 
fendant, or of deeds, writirtg5,or other 
things in his custody or power, but seek¬ 
ing no relief in consequence of the dis- 
covery.Bill of Exceptions, a written 
appeal ot statement of objections to the 
decision of the court. Bill of Exchange, 
a general designation given to drafts, 
whether domestic or foreign. If for¬ 
eign, it is usually drawn in sets of three, 
and sent by different steamers, or oth¬ 
er modes of conveyance, so that one 
at least will be sure to reach its desti¬ 
nation. T he payment of any one of 
these cancels them all. Bill of Indict¬ 
ment, a written charge against one or 
more persons, of some specific crime, 
presented to a grand jury. Bill of Lading, 
a written receipt given by masters of 
vessels for goods shipped, whereby they 
agree to deliver them at their destina¬ 
tion. Also applied to railway and oth¬ 
er transportation companies. Bill of Par¬ 
cels, a detailed account of goods sold. 
Bill of Particulars, a detailed state¬ 
ment of the plaintiff’s claim for ac¬ 
tion, or of the defendant’s set-off. Bill 
of Purchase, a statement of goods or 
wares bought at one time, embracing 
both the quantity and price of each ar¬ 
ticle and the amount of the whole. 
Bill of Review, one which is brought 
to have a decree of the court reviewed, 
altered, or reversed.Bill of Rights, a 
list of rights; a paper containing a dec¬ 
laration of rights of individuals, or the 
declaration itself. Bill of Sale, a writ¬ 
ten contract given by the seller to the 
buyer,transferring the ownership of 
personal property. Bill of Samples, a 
list of samples, including prices, of the 
various articles dealt in by wholesale 
dealers, and sent out to retailers.Bills 
Payable, our notes and drafts payable 
to other parties. Bills Receivable, other 
people’s notes or drafts in our posses¬ 
sion,made payable to us. 

$t.Paul,May I0,.I9—. 

Mr.C.B.Shanks, 

ok *L.S. Little, 


l2yds.Mous.de laine, 

1 doz. Linen Hdkfs., 

@ 

.20 

2 

40 


3 

00 

|7yds. Flannel, 

» » 

.45 

7 

65 

25 >* Muslin, 

99 

.23 

5 

75 

12 lbs.Brown Sugar. 

99 

.14 

1 

68 

5 ** Green Tea, 


1.20 

6 

00 

10 >♦ Java Coffee, 

1* 

.40 

4 

00 




$30 

48 


. 273 













































BlUS,CONTINUED.— 
^\VV,*VX>V.\VXV.^ V»X V\Vs*N. 

Sacramento,May 7,19— 
Mr. A. R. Benton, 

~\o H. Preen &, Co., Xbr. 


To 7 yds. Broadcloth, @ 3.25 

m20 "Ft.C hintz, »» .40 

..10 ..Pinyhaw, -.. :35 

..12 ...Drilliny, .. .18 

•.48i.Mu.slIn, »» .22 

Received payment, 

H.G-reen (S. Co. 


ft 


V>\ VOLVlNv. 

1 N E w Yo R K, Oct. 1,19- 

Messrs.H.Cue&.Co., 

TtRMS^SWK'Wvwa. To O.S.PullI C o., 



820 

25 boxes Cheese, 82 738 @ .12 

CO 

CO 

56 


10 bays Flaxseed, 

12.06-11= 1195lbs.21ftbus.,, 3.30 

64 

02 


2 bbls. Eyys, 

141-6=135 doz., ,i .25 

33 

75 


Rec’d payment, 

$186 

33 


CT „ U . O.S.Pull! Co., 
STAMP per L.C. More. 




Ch ica&o,\Wo.,6,1 , 

Mr.W.S.Lowoer, 

o.b.55,pa&eio. A>owoN\\rO^ A.C.Krin&&.Co. 
Terms,AawvVto. 7 


Paekapes 

365 

1216 


2 doz.M&n’s Blk.Cas.Hats, @ ^24.00 $48 
36 pts.Wotneti’s Baltnorals,.* 2.10 75 60 

36 ..Child’s Kid Boots, .60 2 1 60 

Received payment, 
A.C.Kring-£.Co. 
stamp J per A. H. Pence. 


VAW V>X WQAA.. 

Please examine Packages carefully for Missing Articles. 

Inoianapous, June 8,19—. 
Messrs.P.P.Brown &-Co., 

0.B.6.PAGE IT. ViOW^Vv (A H ANNA &. JENNER. 


Doz.Edp’d Muffins, I^o, uo, uh, 

” Mocco Pitchers,*^, 

” Table Tumblers, @ 1.25, 

Sets W. Oran. Teas, @ 1.10, 

-Rec’d payment by Note at4itios. 

STAMP Hanna L Jenner. 


8 

15 

11 

50 

7 

50 

22 

00 

$49 

15 


VAVVb A <5 Vl 

Cleveland, July 3,19— 
Mr. James Murray, 

Ao John Nelson, A>t. 


19—. 

Jan. 

7 

For Professional Services in Family, 

$10 

00 

Feb. 

14 

ii 4 visits to son, John Murray, 

5 

00 

1$ 

19 

It 3 11 t) f i 

3 

00 




$18 

00 


Mr 


. 19- 

Feb. 


Louisville,March 1,19—. 

Peorce Lewis, 

Ad T.H. Monroe, 


For Repair iny House, as pet Contract, 
800 Feet Pine Boards, @$8 
For Lock and Key For door, 

Received payment, 

T.H.Monroe. 


$15 

6 


$24 


_225 


40 


N ew Orleans, May 4,19—. 
Mr.EdwaroCoan, 



For Instruction of son, Harry Coan, 
in Enylish Branches,3mos.,$15.00 
in French, »» 20.00 

$35 

00 


), Instruction of daughter EllaCoan, 
in Enylish Branches,3 mos.,$15.00 
in Music, ii 15.00 

i, Use of Piano 10.00 

40 

00 


n Books furnished duriny the Term, 

3 

50 


Received payment, 

Henry P.Smith, 
perS.T.MARSH. 

$/8 

50 


Mr 


WLWa &V KA\ VK&fcWV . 

Little Rock, Nov.23,19—. 
,S.B. Kearney, 

Ad M.P.Wolsey, Ay*. 


19- 

Apr. 

May 


May 


To 5 bbls. Xenia Flour, @ $15.00 
..10 lbs. Pearl Starch, .> .18 

..2 bbls.Prime Pork, .. 17.50 

Cr. 

By 17yds.E.Broadclotli,@$3.1IO, $51OC 
,. 25 F. Chintz, « .40, 10.01 
Balance due, 
Settled by due-bill, 

M.P.Wolsey. 

VAW V>QQY,. 


$75 

00 

1 

80 

35 

00 

$111 

80 

61 

00 

$50 

80 


co >o — 


£> - 

^ 3= 

P 2 

— i -J 5 

i — 

In 

k 

cc. 

DRAWER OR 
ENDORSER. 

C. S.Love. 

D. R.Staver. 

O.L.Rude. 

11 

?o 

3D 

- - s 

* *• 3. 

TO 

O 
• r* 

IN WHOSE 
FAVOR. 

? s ? 

S, » g 

g ® o_ 

-n 

3D o 
m ^ 

P5 
—* 

CT3 

^ g 

„ ^ V? 

p 

Is 

1- DO 

rn m 

W LD Ot 

O <=> 

cv o> 5> 

*H 

rn 

z ^ 2 : Co 

O @ J5> I 

<: P Hr J 

§1 

mS 

o> c7> 5 

-J L-O 

— — o> 

> 

r4 

— —J 

CD O 

WWW 

WHEN AN0 HOW 
DISPOSED OF. 

L n o 

Paid. 

Pai d. 
Paid. 


03 


M 


>o >0 — 

2 

f ■ sif 

II 

<o <16 

<r> 

C3 

1 

c-> 

DRAWER OR 
ENDORSER. 

- - -g 

— i* zi. 

«> 

3D 

>> 

^ 2* 
m rri 

o > o 
y> ‘<n ° 
ac 2. 9° 

£L 2* oo 
w 2 ^ 

ML H O 

*n 2 

03= 

3D O 
• CO 

m 

O 

=* 

« 1* o 

o 

aV 

mi 
p o 

1 33 

n 

<=> 

- . 5 

■ * S 

(8 

r~ 33 

r m 

CO <=n> CO 

<=> *= ^ 

§- P I 

-t 

m 

3 S’ s'® 

c 3 : 
m rn 
' 2 

o S Zo 

s 

O '-ft o 

H 


s* fc- 

r» -c a 

WHEN AND HOW 
DISPOSED OF. 

o ui 

co 

“ • o — • 

p> CX. 

In 


Chicaco,Iu.,Nov.I,I9- 

ExCHANOE FORt 

£500* 1 Sixty days after siyht, of 

this our Firs* of Exchamye (second and 
third of the same tenor and date unpaid} 
pay to the order of Addis Youmy, Five 
Hundred Pounds Sterling, vaiu-e re¬ 
ceived, and charye the same to 

Josiah Scott &.Co. 

To the Union Bank of London, | 

No. 871. London, Eny.j 

Vv.Tv^.'^.wmD'PO'm a \u 

VVKDE. DT WUTAt NW9V, RVSQ DV 

, KHD VrVNST 

AWL 'JVfc.C*. CT AViA. CDP.V.'c'bVOHDVV lD NNCWJS 

\W\YCe. TWAVkAS voswa s.ddsavadaa. 'i , KVSO 
TV.AV.A) OT VXC,Y>NUC.V A.UD Vjf\*ST XTO S'LCr 

VAVV OV 

No.719. San Francisco, Oct. 3,19—. 

Shipped by Philip Keene,as Ayent, in 
apparent yood order, on board the Pro¬ 
peller VityiniaVineyard, of Seattle, 
Wash., whereof Charles O’Conner, of 
Salem, Ore.,is Master, the followiny 
described property,to be transported 
to the place of destination without un¬ 
necessary delay, and to be delivered as 
addressed on the waryin in like yood 
order, in the customary wanner, free 
liyhteraye, upon prompt payrtient of 
freiyht and charyes as prescribed i n 
this bill. 

The freiyht, charyes, and dewurraye 
payable to James H. Osier, Cashier Vwst 
of Seattle,Wash., or 
order, at place of destination, who is 
the only party authorized to collect 
the same, and whose receipt shall be 
in full of all demands on this caryo or 
Bill of Ladiny. 

In witness whereof, the said Master 
of said boat hath affirmed to three Bills 
of Ladiny, one marked “oriyinal” and 
two “duplicate,” of this tenor and date, 
one of which beiny accomplished the 
others to stand void. 

Order of Salem Bank, 10,000 Bushels No.1 
WinterWheat. 

Fr’t,3c.per bu. 

Notify S 1 'nk£.C o.,S eattle. , 

A.L.Minor. 
M.V.Crysler. 

^\VV OV VOVvOWkVV.. 

Og-oen, Utah, Sept.1,19—. 

Mrs.Asa Hull, 

Bouyht of Clara Boyer, 

2 Leyhorn Hats, @ $1.87.$ 3.74 

2 Pair Cloves, ». 1.62.3.24 

2 .. Silk Hose, •. 1.00. 2.00 

Received payment, $08 

Clara Boyer. 

Springfield, Nov.3,19—. 

Mr.JerryRusk, 

BouyhtoF Maxwell &. Bode, 

700 Seamless Bays, @ .20.$140.00 

600 Coffee Bays, .» .10. 60.00 

Rec’d paym’t.by Note at 30da., $200.00 
Maxwell! Bode, 

per Wilco x. 


274 










































































































































^WV-VT KTClKtttR. 

Jacksonville,Fla>.,Feb.I, 19- 
Mr.C.B.Beechum, 

To Ellsworth Bros.&. Co.,^\. 
Plumbers and Gas Fitters. 


Jan. 


^\V\_ OT SSkV^.. 

Know all Men by this instrument, 
that I, Howard Carson, of Lcxinyton, Ky., 
of the First part, For and in consideration 
oF Eiyht Hundred arid Fifty Dollars, to 
me paid by Edwin Arnold, oF the same 
place, oF the second part, the receipt where- 
oF is hereby acknowledged, Have sold, 
and by this instrument do convey u-nto 
said Arnold, party oFthe second part,his 
executors, administrators, and assies, 
my undivided halF oF FiFty acres 0 /yrass, 
now (jrowiny on the Farm oF MunFord 
Whisler, near the town above mention¬ 
ed; one pair oF mules, ten swine, and 
two cows, belonyiny to me, and in my 
possession at the Farm aforesaidito have 
and to hold the same unto the party oF 
the second part, his executors and as- 
siyns,Forever. And I do, For myselF 
and lepal representatives,ayree with 
the said party oF the second part, an d 
his leyal representatives,to warrant and 
deFend the sale oF the aforementioned prop¬ 
erty and chattels unto the said party oF 
the second part, and His leyal represent¬ 
atives, ayainst all and every person what¬ 
soever. 

In witness whereof, I have hereun 

to affixed my hand, this.day of. 

one thousand nine hundred and. 

SHORT FORM. 

I.,of... in consideration 

of. .dollars paid by. 

of .,hereby sell and convey to said 

.the followiny personal proper¬ 
ty Yv\ex«,\wser\ c>k acOw\Vs\ ? war 

ranted ayainst adverse claims. 

Witness my hand this.day 

° ** 

Wlvv ov skm«. 

Columbus,Feb.7,19. 

Morse &. Co., 

'feoxxoVa ok Munson Bros., 
Dealers in Dry G-oods. 


For 14 hours on WaterPipe, 400 
14 ,, .. helper, 250 

Repairiny Gas Meter, 
28Ft.i-in.G-alv.Pipe, 80 
2i-in.T’s, 100 

Cuttifiy Pipe, 


5 

60 



3 

50 

9 

10 



2 

50 

2 

7.4 




20 




40 

2 

84 



14 

44 


ARTICLES. 

AMT. 

TOTAL. 

rj doz. each. Samples. 





87 6 

8 

00 



2H 

7 

50 



318 

5 

50 



674 

7 

00 



416 

4 

50 



520 

6 

50 



12) 

39 

00 

3 

25 


Samples less than dozens are sent out either 
R ,6 or i doz. each. Bills are rendered as above, 
and A’i otj is taken as the case may be. 


To obliye one by act 
ofcourt to yive bonds to appear and an¬ 
swer, or to keep the peace. Bimdinp out, 
a contract of apprenticeship siyned by the 
ouardian or parent as well as the minor. 

bIacknwl.— An illeyal extortion of 
money by threats oF exposure. 

BLOCKADE-—A 11 actual shuttiny up of 
a port or place by the occupation oF an 
enemy, preventiny communication there¬ 
with. 

BOMW OF AJ.DEIWIEN,—A city board, 
called the common council,with author¬ 
ity to make laws For the citizens. Aider- 
men rank next below the mayor, and 
sometimes act as justices. BoArd oF Su¬ 
pervisors, a county board,to whom the 
Fiscal aFFairs oFthe county are intrusted. 
Board of Trade, an association of busi¬ 
ness men oryanized and maintained For 
mutual beneFit, and For the reyulation 
and advancement oF commercial inter¬ 
ests; also known as Chamber oF Commerce, 
Merchants’ Exchanye, etc. 

BOfiO.—A written obliyatiom under 
seal bindiny the party who executes it 
to perform certain expressed acts, usu¬ 
ally to pay a certain sum oF money at a 
certain time. The penalties For non-per¬ 
formance in a bond are usually placed 
at double the sum mentioned, For the 
purpose of coveriny cost of collecting, 
interest,etc. Bondaye, held by leyal 
obliyation. Bonded G-oods, those which 
are stored in a bonded warehouse, or in 
bonded cars, the owner haviny 9 i ven 
bonds securiny the payment of import 
duties or of internal revenues, u-pon 
their removal, or their arrival at some 
inland city of entry, and before a spec¬ 
ified time. Bonded Warehouse, a ware¬ 
house in which imported merchandise is 
stored until the importer makes entry 
For withdrawal or consumption, and 
pays duties, or until he withdraws For 
re-exportation to a fore iyn country with¬ 
out payiny duties. These warehouses are 
owned by private individuals,whoetiyaye, 
under sufficient yuaranfy,to perform 
theirduties in strict accordance with the 
warehousiny laws, and who must First 
be desiynated and approved by the Secre, 
tary of the Treasury. Bondsman, one 
who is bound, or yives security For the 
Faithful performance of any contract. 

Know all men by these presents, 

that I.. of.,in the Coun¬ 
ty of., am held and Firmly bound 

to.. of.. in the Coun 

ty of.. in the sum of..dollars 

\yx\\s axwoNMOc sNnwCT'w Vwe, swxw 

wzcxAaVwvVwe, ccr\&\V\<sx\ 0 cow wsvs ax\k 
coYv\\\\^cx\c\es\ to be paid to the said 


to the payment whereof I bind myself 
and my neirs Firmly by these presents, 
sealed with my seal. 

Dated the.day of.., A.D. I9"-- 

The condition of this obliyation is such, 

that if I, the said.shall pay 

to said.the sum of.....dollars, 

and interest, on or before the.day 

of.,19.,the« this obliyation 

shall be void. 

'k.wcw'VsA taXvioxeA $ n «-i 

voYitsowcook.f.. * ’’ 

Know all men by these presents, 

that we,.,as principal,and 

.and.,as sure¬ 
ties, all of.,in the County of....... 

State of.. are holden and stand 

firmly bound unto.of 

said.,in the sum of....dollars, 

to be paid to the said.,to the 

payment whereof we jointly and sever¬ 
ally bind ourselves and our respective 
heirs, Firmly by these presents sealed 
with our seals. 

Dated at.,this.day of 

...., A.D. 19. 

Thecondition of this, etcTas above). 

\xecwVeA axA toXxweA \ .[L.S.. 

VAycesex\c*ok.| .[L.S. 

, .----- [l.s.; 

—A sum of-money paid as a 
premium For benefits received, or For 
a loan. 

BOOK,DE(BT.— An entry orcharye on a 
ledyer; called also an open account in 
contradistinction to a written promise 
or note. Bookkeeper, one who keeps 
the accounts; an accountant. Bookkeep¬ 
ing, a systematic record of business 
transactions, showinythe kinds and a- 
mount of property and debts at t he 
beyinniny, the debits and credits, and 
the yains and losses arisiny From the 
business transacted, and the net re¬ 
sult oFthe business as a whole. Book- 
Trade, the business of printiny, pub¬ 
lishing, and selliny books. 

BOSCAGE.-Food For cattle derived from 

wood, bushes, and trees. 

BOI\I\OW.— To receive For a time an ar¬ 
ticle or a substance which is to be return¬ 
ed either in itself or its equivalent. 
BOJTOf^f^Y'—A contract in the nature of 
a mortyaye, called a bottomry bond, by 
which a ship is Hypothecated to secure 
a loan For the use oFthe ship duriny a. 
voyaye. The lender loses his money in 
case the ship is lost. 

BOliG^T.—Purchased; the past tense of buy, 
Bouyht and Sold Notes, memorandums 
of a.sale by a broker, delivered to each 
party to the contract. 

BOUNDARY.— The 'me that separates 
two estates. A boundary is one 

placed by nature, as a river, etc. An a-Oiv 
4 \caz\ boundary is one established by -man. 
BOlJ^ITy. — An additional payment yiv- 
en to encouraye certain industries,or em 
terprises; or yiven to persons to induce 
them to enlist in the army. 

B D.— A mark made with a hot iron upon 
a cask or case; a trade mark either written,em 
yraved or printed,consistinyoFasiniple device, 
picture, combination,or name. Brand iny, 
a punishment inflicted by buminy an offend 
er with a hot iron; a mark of infamy. 


275 






































































































BHE/\CH .—Violation of a botid or contract. 
Breach of Promise, the breaking or vio¬ 
lation of a man’s word, especially -when ap¬ 
plied to a promise to marry. Breach or 
Trust, the misappropriation of anything 
intrusted to any one!in confidence; the 
violation of duty by a trustee. 

Bf\E^OSTUpFS.— A term applied to the 
various kinds of grain flour,meal,etc. 

BREAKAGE- — Allowance for things bro¬ 
ken; allowance made by the shipper or 
seller upon certain descriptions of frag¬ 
ile aoods. 

BF\IBX-—A 91 ft intended to corrupt; a 
9 ift or reward, by any promise or agree¬ 
ment, to any person in a judicial position, 
in order.to influence his action; the tak¬ 
ing or giving of a reward for appointi ng 
another to a public position. 

BROKER. — An agent who effects sales 
or purchases, or who makes loans and 
contracts for another; a dealer in stocks. 
A broker does not usually have possession 
of the property which he sells or buys as 
agent. Brokerape, a single commission 
paid for simply securinp or effecting a 
sale or purchase of merchandise, stocks, 
pold, land,or other property, for exchang¬ 
ing money, negotiating any bargain be¬ 
tween a seller or buyer, or transacting ary 
similar business for another. 

Bf\OTt(EL.— A common habitation for 
prostitutes; a lewd place.—They may be 
indicted as common nuisances. 

BULL.— A stock-exchange term applied to 
a person who, believing that a certain stock 
will rise in the market, makes his contracts 
upon that faith; a brief or mandate issued 
by the Pope of Rome, to which is attached 
a seal of lead or gold. 

BULLlOfd.—Money having no stamp; a 
commercial name for uncoined gold or 
silver in the bulk. 

BuF\DE(N OF Pi^OOF.—In a case at law,the 
duty of proving the facts, and aemrally 
lies upon him who asserts the affirmative. 

BUHOL/V^y.— The act of breaking into 
and entering the dwelling or business 
room of another, with the.intent to com¬ 
mit some felony therein. 

BUSHeL.—A standard measure of capacity 
used mostly to measure grain and other 
dry products of various kinds. It is a 
cylindrical vessel I 8 i inches in diameter 
and 8 inches deep inside, containing 
2150.42 cubic inches. 

BUTTS.— The-short pieces or ends on ara¬ 
ble lands left in plowing.Butts and Bounds, 
the angles or points where the lines bound 
in 19 an estate change their direction. 

BUSINESS_E xchange of commodities 

and of commercial values; calling, trade, 
profession, or any regular occupation. 
BUSif'iE'SS NlAvyllV^S ANDLtyVS-50.— 
Accuracy—-Keep accurate accounts,and know 
the exact condition of your affairs. 
Advantages-—There is more in the wse of 


advantages than in the measure 0 / them. 

Agents--Agents are responsible to their 
principals for errors. 

Appearances — Trust no man’s appearan¬ 
ces; they are often deceptive, and assum¬ 
ed for the purpose of obtaining credit. It 
is the rogue who is generally dressed 
well; the rich are generally plain men. 

Business— Attend to your own business 
and not your neighbor’s. 

Business Hours—Business men, in bus¬ 
iness hours, attend only.to business-mat¬ 
ters; social calls are best adapted to the so¬ 
cial circle. Make your business known in 
few words, without loss of time. 

Choice—Never refuse a choice when you 
can get it. 

Con/idence—Confide in few; treat all 
with respect; wrong no man. 

Consideration-- An agreement without 
consideration is void. 

Credit—To preserve long friendship, 
keep a short credit; the way to get cred¬ 
it is to be punctual; the way to preserve 
it is not to use it too mucin Be well sat¬ 
isfied before you. give a credit that those 
to whom you give it ate men to be trust 
ed. 

Deb-t—G-oods in store are better than 
bad debts; an outlawed debt is revived 
should the debtor make a partial payment. 

Demand-- If no time of payment is speci¬ 
fied in a note it is payable on demand. s 

Designs—Keep your designs and busi¬ 
ness from the views of others, yet be can¬ 
did to all. 

Econotny---Be economical; a gain usu¬ 
ally requires an expense; what is saved is clear. 

Ftaud—lt is a fraud to conceal a fraud; 
a note obtained by fraud, or from a 
person intoxicated, cannot be collected. 

Ignorance—Ignorance of law excuses no one. 

Indorsement— The indorser of anote 
is exempt from liability,ifnot served 
with notice of its dishonor within twen¬ 
ty-four hours of its non-payment. 

Impossibilities— The law compels no one 
to do impossibilities. 

Interest-Notes bear Interest only when 
so worded; if they are interest-bearing 
notes, they draw interest after maturi¬ 
ty until paid. 

Intoxication— An intoxicated person’s 
signatureto a negotiable paper is inef¬ 
fective—it cannot be enforced against 
him. 

Investments-Of two investments,choose 
that which will best promote your business. 

Known —-Become known,-and favorably known. 

Lost orStolen—If anote'be lost or stolen,it 
does not release the -maker; he must pay it. 

Lunatic—A contract with a lunatic is void. 

Mean Act-A mean act will soon recoil, 
and a man of honor will be esteemed. 

Memorandum—Keep a memorandum book 
in your pocket, and note every particular 
relative to appointments,addresses, and 
petty cash matters. 

Minot—A contract made with aminor is 
invalid;anote given by aminor is void, 
unless he ratifies it after becoming of age. 

No— Never be afraid to say no,and always 
prompt to acknowledge and rectif y any 
wrong. 

Perfection—Endeavor to be perfect in 


the calling in which you are engaged. 

Place—Have a place for everything, arid 
everything in its place. 

Partners—The acts of one partner bind 
all the others; each individual in a part¬ 
nership is responsible for the whole amount 
of the debts of the firm. 

Principals—Principals are responsible for 
the acts of their agents. 

Reality—Reality makes no allowances for 
wishes or bad plans. . # 

Receipt—A receipt for money paid is not 
legally conclusive. 

Security — Be cautious how you become 
security for any person. 

Signatures—Signatures made withalead- 
pencil are good in law. 

Stranger—Let your dealings with a 
stranger be most carefully considered, 
and tried friendship duly appreciated. 
Sunday—Contracts made on Sunday can 
not be enforced; contracts for advertis¬ 
ing in a Sunday newspaper are invalid; 
a note drawn on Sunday, is void. 
To-morrow--Leave nothing for to-mor¬ 
row that should be done to-day. 

Tricks of Trade—Leave "tricks of trade 1 
to those whose education was never com¬ 
pleted. 

Value Received—It is not legally necessa¬ 
ry to say on a note‘‘for value received.” 
Without Recourse—An endorser can 
avoid liability by writing "without 
recourse” beneath his signature. 

Buy. —To purchase.or bargain for. Buy¬ 
ing Long, buying in expectation of a 
% rise in the market price. 

By ^STIMAJIO^.—A phrase used in 
conveyances; as,the property is de¬ 
scribed as containing so many acres 
W asVlvxvviiXACM. 

BY-L/tyV$.— Local or subordinate laws 
and regulations made by societies or 
corporations for the government of 
its members.-They must be made in 
Harmony with the laws of the United 
States, and of their own State; other¬ 
wise they are void. 

CABINET-The advisory council of 

the chief executive of the United States 
or other governments, when assem¬ 
bled to concert measures for the admiti- 
i^ration of its affairs. 

CALENDS. —A list of causes pending 
trial in court. It contains the names 
of the parties, and of the attorneys who 
act for them. 

CALCULATE.—To reckon,ot adjust 
by.comparison; to ascertain or deter¬ 
mine by mathematical processes, usu¬ 
ally by rules of arithmetic. 

CALL .—Demand for the payment of 
an instrument due; a privilege given 
to another to"call”for delivery at a 
time and price fixed. Call and Put,a 
stock-broker’s term relating specially 
to the practice of betting upon the fu¬ 
ture value of stocks. Calling to the 
Bar, admitting a person to practice at 
the bar. 

CANCEL.—To erase or annul. Cancel¬ 
lation, the act of destroying a writ¬ 
ing by drawing lines across it in the shape 
of a cross. Some instruments can be can¬ 
celed by mere revocation. 


276 


































BUSINESS TERMS.In 



CA,NV/\SS.—The act 0 / examining there- 
turns of votes for a public officer. 

CAPACITY—A compliance with the req¬ 
uisites for the performance of civil acts; 
the ability to receive or act,to sue am) 
be sued; extent, room, or qualification. 

CJ^PIT^L .-—Money or other property 
invested in business. Capital Crime, one 
for which the penalty of death is inflict¬ 
ed. Capital Stock, money or other prop¬ 
erty. raised by the members of an asso¬ 
ciation or corporation, and divided in¬ 
to shares. Capitation, a tax yearly laid 
upon each person; a poll-tax. Captain, a 
master of a vessel; an officerin the po¬ 
lice force; the commander of a milita¬ 
ry company. Captation, the act of one 
who by insidious attentions,show of a 
friendly fee liny, or other means, gains 
control over the will of another. 

CARGO .— The goods or merchandise car¬ 
ried in a vessel or ship and constituting 
its load. 

CAflN/yLL\ RNEV/.—A technical phrase 
used in an indictment charging thedefen- 
dant with the. crime of rape. 

C^SE.—A suit or action at law or in eq¬ 
uity; also an appeal book.Case Stated,a 
written statement of facts agreed upon, 
and submitted to the court for a decis¬ 
ion upon the legal points involved,in or¬ 
der to avoid the formalities of atrial. 

CASR.—That which is used as money, 
such as bank bills,coin,bonds, checks, 
and any paper easily converted into mon 
ey.Cash Account, the title of one’s ac¬ 
count with money, and with what are 
known as Cash Items; as, bank checks, 
sight drafts, etc., which are payable in 
money when called for. This title does 
not include notes and drafts that be¬ 
come due and payable at some future 
day, but simply Cash and Cash Items in 
hand. Cash Balance, the balance due in 
Cash at any required date, including both 
debits and credits, and the interest aris¬ 
ing on them severally,to the time when 
the balance isrequired.Cash Book,abook 
containing a record of all Cash received, 
whether from sales,from notes falling 
due, for services rendered, or for any oth 
er consideration; and of all sums paief for 
whatever purpose.Cash Sales, the sales 
made for ready money in contradistinc 
tion to sales on which credit is given. 

CASH. 


19- 

Feb. 


Mat. 


RECEIVED, 


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»* 8 >> Pork, 
» C. Dor’s Note, 

Balance, 


21501 


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7500 


PAID OUT. 


For Rent of Store, 
•> 70 bbls. Salt, 




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catcRing bargain. — An agreement 
made with an heir expectant for the 
purchase of his expectancy at an inad 
equate price. 

CA^E/\T.— A warning of caution; a no 
tice filed in the patent office, by one pro¬ 
posing to take out a patent, used as a 
bar against any other person obtaining 
a patent for the same invention. 

CEflSlJS.—An official numbering of the 
people.-Made in the United States once 
each decade, beginning with 1190. 

CENTER op POpULA'IOfJ.—Ifacour 
try were a plane without weight, and 
so poised that it would stand exactly 
horizontal when supporting the people 
of that country, the center of gravity 
thus formed would be the center of pop¬ 
ulation. In the United States the cen¬ 
ter of population was 11 miles west 
of Baltimore, near the 39th parallel 
North Latitude, in 1790 . One hundred 
years later, 1890, it had moved west¬ 
ward, neat the same parallel, to a point 
70 miles west of Cincinnati;hayin 9 
traveled westward at an average rate of 
5.1 miles per year, or 51 miles"each dec¬ 
ade. 

celebrations. — An occasional cel¬ 
ebration will introduce a pleasing vari¬ 
ety in the routine of life. These com¬ 
prise picnics, excursions, dinners, re¬ 
unions, festivals, etc., and are usually 
given by some society. Whatever be the 
nature, of the celebration, there should 
be appointed a part or all of the follow 
ing committees: 

I. An executive committee, usually 
of three, to have general supervision 


of the whole affair. 

1: A finance committee, who will so¬ 
licit thenecessary funds. 

3. A committee on grounds, whose 
duty will be the selection of a suitable 
place for holding the celebration, fur¬ 
nishing speakers’ stand,*seats for the 
people, etc. 

4. A committee on oratory, who 
will provide speakers, and, if for the 
Fourth of July, a reader of the Decla¬ 
ration of Independence, etc. 

5. A committee on music, whose 
duty will be to provide a band, sing¬ 
ing by a glee club, etc. 

6. A committee on procession,who 
will induce the various societies.and 
a representation from the different 
trades,to appear in street procession, 
along with a representation of the dif¬ 
ferent States of the Union. 

7. A committee on fireworks, who 
will attend to the arrangements for 
such exhibition in the evening. 

8. A committee on military display, 
who will organize any military exhi¬ 
bition that may be thought advisable, 
take charge of firing guns, etc. 

9. A committee on amusements,to 
have special charge of, and organise 
such street display of burlesque, etc., 
as will entertain and amuse the people. 

CERTIFICATE Of DEPOSIT_Certifi¬ 

cates of Deposit are used when money 
is temporarily deposited, and no regu¬ 
lar bank account is kept. They may be 
used for making remittances by havina 
them made payable to another person’s 
order. 


STAMP 


]*M000. 


No.1796. 

C HICAG-Q N ATIONAL BAN K. 

Chicago,111.,Feb.7I,I9---- 

.has deposited in this 

Bank_ 0 1 lars 

to the credit of....N\\wse\k.payable 

on return of this Certificate properly 
endorsed. 

_ _ E. H. Shirk, WsNvw. 

CERTIFIED CRECK,. —The certify ing 

of a check means that the person draw 
ing the check has fundsto his credit to 
the amount of the check, and the ban k 
guarantees its payment. To have the 
check certified, present it either to t he 
paying teller or the cashier of the bank 
on which it is drawn. The bank of- 
f icer writes across the face"Certified,” 
with the date, and signs. Another form 
is“G-ood when properly endorsed.” No 
one should accept an uncertified check 
from a stranger. 

cRafferY— The practice of buying 

and selling; beating down the price of goods. 

CRABBER OF COMMERCE . — Same as 
Board of Trade. Chambers, the private 
room of a iudge.-Any hearing before 
a judge wnich does not take place while 
sitting jn court, or during a term of 
court, is said to be zx Otaxdovxi* 

CHANCELLOR.—A judicial officetappomt 
ed to preside over a court of chancery,or 
court of Fiigh equity. 

CHANCR-MEDLeV. —The accidental 
killing of a man in self-defense. 


MTU 


277 







































































































— The explanation bythe court 
to the jury of those principles which they 
ate to consider atid apply in giving theit 
verdict in the trial or an action: the instruc¬ 
tions given by a judge to the grand jury. 
chaaitabLe Use;s. —The gifts or grants 
of property wade for the benefit of the pub¬ 
lic, or for charitable purposes. 

CHAA' r ^ , V—A paper from the government 
defining the rights and privileges ofa cor. 
poration; an evidence of things done be¬ 
tween -man and warn. Charter-party , a 
contract by which the owner ofa vessel 
lets the whole, or any part of it, to anoth¬ 
er for a particular voyage, in consideration 
of the payment of freight. 
cA^TT^LS.—A ny kind of property except 
real estate; as,merchandise,notes and 
accounts, animals, leases of real estate, etc. 
Chattel Mortgage, a mortgage on personal 
property, given by a debtor to a creditor,as 
security for the payment of a sum or sums 
that may be due. A true copy of the mort¬ 
gage should be filed in the Clerk’s or Record¬ 
er’s office. The person holding the mort¬ 
gage should be empowered to take possess¬ 
ion of the property at any time he -maydeem 
the same insufficient security for his claims. 
Chattel Note, a note similar to any oth¬ 
er note with the addition of "what, when 
and where delivered.” The number of dol¬ 
lars must be definitely stated, and the -maker 
way pay the money or the chattels at his 
own option. If the conditions of delivery 
are broken, the payee may then demand 
payment in money. A chattle note is not 
negotiable. 

This Indenture, made and entered 

into this.day of.. one thousand 

nine hundred and.....,between. 

., of the town of., of theCoum 

ty of.,...,and State of...party 

of the first part, and., of the 

same town, County, and State, party of the 
second part, 

Witnesseth,that the said party of the 
first part, for and in cons : detation of the 

sum of.dollars,in hand paid, the 

receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, 
does hereby grant, sell,convey,and con¬ 
firm unto the party of the second part, 
his heirs and assigns forever, all and sing 
ular, thefollow’mg described goods and 
chattels,to wit: 

V^cre. piwie bescr\^v'\or\ ok qooXs, &v\L c\v&X 

Together with all and singular, the ap 
purtenances thereto belonging, or in any 
wise pertaining; to have and to hold the 
above described goods and chattels,unto 
the said party of the second part, his heirs 
and assigns forever. 


Provided, always, that if the said 
mortgagor shall pay to the mortgagee, 

on the.day of.,in the 

year.,the sum of......doliars, 

then this mortgage is to be void, other¬ 
wise to remain in full force and effect. 

Provided, also, that the pro pet jy here¬ 
by sold and transferred is to remain iri 

possession of the said.until 

default be-made in the payment of the 
cebt(and interest) aforesaid, or some 
part thereof; but in case of a sale or 
disposal, or attempt to sell or dispose of 
the same, or a removal of or attempt 

to remove the same from the said. 

....... aforesaid, the said.may 

take the said property,or any part there¬ 
of, into his own possession,and shall 
sell the same at public or private s ale; 
and after satisfying the aforesaid debt, 
and all necessary and reasonable costs, 
charges and expenses incurred by him, 
out of the proceeds of such sale,he shall 

return the surplus to the said. 

or his representative. 

In witness whereof, the said party 
of the first part has hereunto set h i s 
hand and seal, the day and year first 
above written. 

Executed in presencej 

cHa^ d NIEdIeY — The killing of a 
person in an affray in the heat of 
passion. 

CHEATS.— The practices of defraud 
ing or attempts to defraud another of 
his known right. 

CVlECI^S.— A Check is a written order 
or request upon a bank, requesting 
the payment, on presentment, ofa 
certain sum of money to a person there¬ 
in named, or to his order, or to t he 
bearer. Altered Check, a check having 
all the original writing, except the sig¬ 
nature, date, and number, taken out 
by means of chemicals, which leaves the 
check blank. It is then rewritten for any 
amount the swindler desires to put in. 
See Certified Check. Raised Check, a 
check having the wording and the fig¬ 
ures altered,so as to call for more mon¬ 
ey than the drawer intended to pay. It 
is possible only when the check is loose¬ 
ly written, with a number of blank 
places where words may be inserted. 


No. 163. *|Chicaao,June5,l9-- 

LAKE SIDE e-PARK BANK, 

Pay to..XoVwfl'VNoss. .or Order, 

§2 Vwe-^Dollars. 

&75. II JosephPoorv &.Co. 


No.77. Portland, Oct. 3 J9-- 

FIRST NATIONAL BANK, 

Pay to....Mv.V.^fc^Ysm\Vi.,....or Bearer, 

~~-Vwjq, Wv.-wimX—Dollars. 

&500H. Joshua Judk 


ins. 




No.2IT9. Chicago,Sept. 7,19—* 

MERCHANTS’ NATIONAL BANK, 

Pay to....^.S.''kre\\Yvr(yb.or Order, 

,^JX^\q,n\vc\\Ay«A awA XWm^v.-^Dol lars. 
&!09i™ GeoroeWall. 




No.n. St. Louis, Jan.13,19- 

NATIONAL PARK BANK, 

Pay to— XoVwvVs..YN-axvmwq_or Order, 

-~wJ\\no —,_Dollars, 

on the 31st inst.,without grace. Acceptance waived. 
&200. Henry M.Wood 


CHOSE. —Personal property. Chose 
Local, anything annexed to a place,as 
a mill. Chose Transitory, anything of 
a movable nature, which may be ta¬ 
ken from place to place. Chose in Ac¬ 
tion, an incorporeal right; a thing 
which a man has no* in possession, 
but has. a right to sue for. Chose in 
Possession, personal things which one 
has in his possession. 

CIRCUIT.— The divisions of country 
appointed for a particular judge or a 
court to visit, at stated times,for the 
trial or hearing of causes. Circuit Court, 
a court having jurisdiction over that 
division called a circuit, which usu¬ 
ally consists of several States, the en¬ 
tire country being divided into nine 
circuits, one for each of the Supreme 
Court judges. The Circuit Court ranks 
next to the Supreme Court. 

CIRCULATING IV\EDl\JNl—The me¬ 
dium of exchange, such as cash and 
bank notes payable on demand. 

CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVlDRNC^.— 
Presumptive proof, when the fact 
itself is not,or cannot be proved by 
direct testimony. 

CITATION. — A summons issued for 
one to appear at court on a day named. 

CITiZ^N AND ALl^N—A citizen is 
one who has a right to vote, and is 
qualified to hold public offices. An al¬ 
ien is one born in a foreign country, 
whether living here or not, until he be¬ 
comes naturalized. 

ClVlL ACTION. —Any action prose¬ 
cuted for the redress of an i n j ury, 
the prevention of a wrong, orthe es¬ 
tablishment or recovery of aright. 
Civil Death, regarded as dead in law. 
Civil Law, specifically, the Roman law, 
as comprised in the Institutes, C o de, 
and Digest of the Emperor Justinian; 
gererically, the established law of ev¬ 
ery particular nation, commonwealth, 
or city. Civil Officer, except officers of 
the army and navy, any officer who 
receives his appointment and acts by 
national or State authority.Civil Rem¬ 
edy, a remedy which an injured p er- 
son has, by an action, in contradistinc¬ 
tion to a criminal indictment. 

CLAIM-—-.A demand of a right, or chal¬ 
lenge of interestin anything which is 
wrongfully held by another. 

CLAUSE.—A separate portion of asen- 
tence; a part of a treaty, deed, will, or 
other written instrument. 

CLEARANCE.—A document given by 
the collector of a port, that a ship has 
been examined and cleared at the cus- 
ton house. Clearing House,a kind of 
banking exchange established for the 
convenience of daily settlements; th$ 
drafts and checks on each other are excf 
ed without presentation, a balance< 
which balance only is paid in cash. 


278 





































































CLEFVIC/\L ERROR. — An inadvertent 
error in calculation or other accident¬ 
al error on books or documents. 

CLIENT. — Any one who seeks advice 
from a > lawyer on legal subjects, or ern 
ploys him to manage a suit at law for 
Him. 

CLIQUE .—A combination 0 / operators 
controlhig large capital in orderto un¬ 
duly expand or break down the market. 

COALITION .—A combination or all i - 
ance tor unlawful purposes, between per¬ 
sons or States. 

CODE-— A system or collection of laws 
established by act of legislation. Codex, 
the Code of Justinian; a book or scroll. 

CODICIL. —Am addition to a will, de¬ 
signed to explain, modify, or change for¬ 
mer bequests made in the body of the will. 
It should be done with the same care and 
precision as was exercised in the making 
of the will itself. 

coin*—p ieces of metal stamped with 
certain impressions fixing their value as 
a medium of exchange.Coinage, the 
assaying and conversion of pieces of met 
al into coins or money. 

COLLET eraL. — That which is by the 
side, and not the direct line; that which 
is added to a thing. Collateral Facts, 
facts which are not in the direct line of 
evidence. Col lateral Issue, an issue tak¬ 
en upon some matter aside from the 
•main issue. Collateral Note, a note giv¬ 
en with stocks or other property as secu¬ 
rity, empowering the payee to sell if the 
note should not be paid when it becomes 
due. Collateral Security, security given for 
the performance of an agreement,or the 
payment of money. Collaterals, pledges 
of stocks, notes, or chattels, for security 
of loans and other indebtedness. 


STAMP 


#500. Atlanta,Oct.I, 19 

Sixty days after date, I prom 
ise to pay to the order of....^oVwW-vvx\... 

_without defal¬ 
cation, for value received. 

Having deposited 

of the nominal value of SV*'A\xv\- 

WHICH I AUTHORIZE THE HOLOER OF THIS NOTE, UP¬ 
ON THE NON-PERFORMANCE OF THIS PROMISE AT MA¬ 
TURITY TO SELL EITHER AT THE BROKERS’ BOARD OR 
AT PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SALE,WITHOUT OEMANOING- 
PAYMENT OF THIS NOTE OR THE DEBT DUE THEREON, 
AND WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE, AND APPLY PROCEEDS, 
OR AS MUCH THEREOF AS MAY BE NECESSARY,TO THE 
PAYMENT OF THIS NOTE AND ALL NECESSARY EXPEN¬ 
SES ANO CHARGES, HOLDING VCXSfcXJF RESPONSIBLE 
FOR ANY DEFICIENCY 

Payable at. 

Due Nov. 30,19 


COLLECTOR.— The chief officer of acol- 
lectfon district or custom house; one who 
collects bills or accounts. 


COLUjSIOfl. —A secret agreement and 

codperation between two or more per¬ 
sons, for the one party to bring an action 
against the other for some evil purpose, 
as to defraud a third party of his rights. 

COLOR.—An apparent right of action. 
It is either «,xyxe.v> or yyx\^\\«A.C olor of 
Office, an unjust act performed by the 
countenance 0 / office. 

COMMERCE— The exchange of mer¬ 
chandise on a large scale between dif¬ 
ferent places or communities; mercan¬ 
tile businessin general, as carried on 
between individuals or companies of 
different countries, or of the same coun¬ 
try. Commercial, pertaining to com¬ 
merce and trade. Commercial Law, that 
law which seeks to regulate the rights 
of property and persons who engage in 
commerce or trade. Commercial Paper, 
bills of exchange, drafts, or promisso¬ 
ry notes given in commercial dealings. 

CONV^ISSIOfL —Percentage allowed up¬ 
on business done; a warrant from a 
court to certain persons to take testimo¬ 
ny of an absent witness; a body of per¬ 
sons authorized to hear or determine any 
cause. Commission Agent, one who 
buys or sells on commissioN. Commit¬ 
ment, the sending of a person, by or¬ 
der of a court, to prison for any crime 
or cause. , 

COMMON /\SS\jfy\NC^S. —Deeds which 
assure to persons the titles to their es 
tates. Common Bail, bail having the 
surety merely nominal. Common Car- 
riersjthose who, for pecuniary consid¬ 
eration, engage to transport the goods 
or merchandise of those who may of¬ 
fer them. Common carriers are priv¬ 
ileged and restricted by law both for 
their own and the public benefit.Theu 
are responsible for the safe delivery of 
the'goods, and are answerable for neg¬ 
ligence. Common Council, the city 
council, which is a kind of legislatimyhav- 
ing the power to pass such laws(otdinati 
cesj as the government of the city re¬ 
quires. Common Law, the unwritten 
law, as opposed to the written or statute 
law. It consists of rules of action which 
have become binding from long usage 
and established custom. Common Nui¬ 
sance, one affecting the general health 
or happiness. Commonwealth, the so¬ 
cial state of a country without regard 
to its form of government; a country 
having a republican form of government. 

COMPACT.— A covenant or agreement 
between persons or nations. 

COtyPA,Ny.—A corporation; a term us¬ 
ed in a firm’s name to indicate other 
partners the names of whom are n ot 

compensation. —Award of damages; 
that which is paid or done to a person, 
of equal value to that which he Has been 
deprived of. _ 

COMPETENCY—Qualified to act in 
any capacity; sufficiency; the legal abil¬ 
ity of a witness to testify on a trial. 

COMPLAINANT. — The one who com¬ 
mences a prosecution or proceeding 
against another.Complaint, a for¬ 
mal allegation or charge made to an 
officer that some person has been guilty 


of an offense, and offering to prove the 
fact and seek a remedy. 
composition*.— The adjustment of 
a debt, or avoidance of an obligation, 
whereby the creditor accepts a part or 
such debt, and the whole is discharged. 
COMPOUNDING A FELONY—The ac¬ 
ceptance of a consideration for forbear¬ 
ing to prosecute, when the party robbed 
knows the felon. It is a criminal offense. 
compromise.— A settlement of a dis¬ 
pute between parties by mutual consent 
reached bu concessions on both sides. 
COMPTROLLER.— An officer, in some 
States called a.'aA'vwx, whose duty it is 
to examine and adjust accounts, su¬ 
perintend the collection of money,and 
draw warrants when -money is paid out. 
COMPURGATOR.—One who swears 
that he believes the oath of another per¬ 
son, made in defense of his own innocence. 
concealment— s uppression of facts 
and circumstances by one of the parties 
to a con tract, from the other, which in 
justice ought to be made known. 
CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE-—That evi¬ 
dence which cannot be contradicted or 


controlled by any other evidence. 

CONDEMNATION-—THe act of judi¬ 
cially condemning or adjudging guil¬ 
ty, unfit for use, or forfeited; asentenca 
CONDITION- —A restraint in a con¬ 
tract or agreement; a restriction or 
qualification in the conveyance of per¬ 
sonal property or real estate. 

CONFEDERACY. —A league or compact 
between individuals,whether persons or 
-nations; an agreement between two 
or more States or -nations, by which 
they unite for their mutual protection 
amroood. 

CONCESSION*—The acknowledgment 
by one under arrest of the crime charg¬ 
ed against him. 

CONFIDENTIAL. —Secret;trusted in, 
or trustworthy. Confidential Commu¬ 
nication, statements which are made 
to others in confidence, and when-made 
between husband and wife ? or to a coun¬ 
selor, clergyman, or physician, in an of¬ 
ficial capacity, are not subjects to be 
disclosed on judicial inquiry. Confiden¬ 
tial Creditors, those whose claims are 
of such a character that they take pre¬ 
cedence of other creditors. Confiaen- 
tial Debts, debts which have been incur¬ 
red for borrowed money, and regarded 
as having precedence to the payment 
of other debts. 

CONFISCATE- —To take property, or 
condemn it to be taken, as forfeited 
to the public treasury. 

CONFUSION Op GOODS.— The inter¬ 
mixture of the goods of two or more 
persons, making It impossible to distin¬ 
guish the goods of the different parties. 
Confusion of Rights, a method by which 
debts are extinguished, by uniting the 
qualities of debtor and creditor in one 
and the same person. 

CONGRESS. — The national legislative 
body, divided into the Senate and House 
of Representatives; an assembly of en¬ 
voys, deputies, etc., from different coun¬ 
tries, who meet for their common good, or 
to treat of their mutual concerns. 






279 


































SSI 

BUSINESS FORMS.: 

mMmrn 


COfjNlV^NC^.— Corrupt or guilty as- 
senl>, indirectly given to another, that 
he may do some illegal act: an accessory. 
CO^S^NGlll^lTY— Blood relationship 
as distinguished from the marriage af¬ 
finity; the relation existing between per¬ 
sons descending from the same ancestor. 
CO^SEflT. — Capable, deliberate,and vol¬ 
untary agreement and assent of opin¬ 
ions, which may be either expressed or 
implied. Age of Consent, the age fixed 
by statute, and varying in differentiates 
and countries, at which one is adjudged 
competent to give consent. 
co(\)sioEfy\jiotJ. — That which is done, 
or promised to be done, in exchange for 
a promise; the price or inducement of¬ 
fered a person to enter into acontract. 
COtslSlGtfE^. —The person to whom 
goods or other things are sent or con¬ 
signed.Consignment, goods sent by one 
person to another, to be sold on the for¬ 
mer’s account. Consignor, one who con¬ 
signs or transmits goodsA$wS\^wrt\V'y 
CONSOLS.— A fund formed by the con¬ 
solidation of different annuities,and is 
in use in various European countries. 
CONSPIRACY—An agreement or combi¬ 
nation between two or more persons to 
accomplish some unlawful purpose. 
CONSTABLE.—An officer of limited pow¬ 
er, whose duty is to serve all writs and pro¬ 
cesses issued by justices of the peace; an of¬ 
ficer whose duty is to keep the peace with¬ 
in the district assigned him. 
COf'ISTIX^TlOf).— The fundamental, or 
9 anic law of a nation, state, society, or 
other organized body of men, securing 
to each member his rights and defin¬ 
ing his duties. 

The following form for a lyceu.rn or 
literary society, will serve as amodel, il¬ 
lustrating the general form, articles,sec¬ 
tions, by-laws. etc. 

rmmm. 

We the undersigned, being desirous of 
acquiring and disseminating literary and 
Scientific Knowledge; and believing that 
in order to fit ourselves for the varied du¬ 
ties of life we should cultivate a correct 
mode of speaking, and qualify ourselves 
by practice to express out opinions in pub¬ 
lic in a correct manner; knowing that 
these ends can in no other way be so 
speedily accomplished as by forming an 
association for such a purpose, have or¬ 
ganized a Society for Mutual Improvement 
in Elocution,Composition and Debate,and 
have adopted the following constitution, 
by-laws, rules and regulations for our 
government: 

c6nst»tu?jqh; 

ARTICLE I.—NAME. 

The title and name of this Society 
shall be. 


ARTICLE II—OBJECTS. 

The objects of this Society shall be the 
free discussion of any subject coming 
before its members; also the improve¬ 
ment of all connected with it,in debat¬ 
ing, social advancement,and general 
literature. 

ARTICLE III.—OFFICERS. 

The officers of this Society shall con¬ 
sist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, 
a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording 
Secretary, a Treasurer, a Librarian, a 
Critic and Censor; all of whom shall 

be elected. . .by ballot, 

on the.in each..., 

said officers to hold their position until 
their successors are elected and installed. 

ARTICLE IV.—MEMBERSHIP. 

Section I.— Any lady or gentleman 
may become a member of this Society 
by the consentofthe majority of the 
-members present,the signing of t he 

constitution, and the payment of. 

.as membership fee. 

Section 2 . —It shall be the privilege 
of the Society to elect any person whose 
presence may be advantageous to the So¬ 
ciety, an honorary member,who shall 
not be required to pay membership fees 
or dues. 

ARTICLE V.—DUTIES OF OFFICERS. 

Section I -It shall be the duty of 

the President to preside at the So¬ 
ciety; to call the meeting to order at 
the proper time; to enforce a rigid ob¬ 
servance of the constitution, by-laws, 
rules and regulations of the Society; ap¬ 
point all committees,and see that the 
officers perform their respective duties: 
inspect and announce the result of all 
ballotings or other votes. He shall never 
vote except in case of a tie vote, when he 
shall give the casting vote; he shall nei¬ 
ther make nor second any motion or 
amendment,nor take part in any dis¬ 
cussion while in the chair; he shall 
draw upon the Treasurer for all sums 
of money that may have been voted 
f or; preserve order, and decide all ques¬ 
tions arising therefrom. 

Section 2 .— The first Vice-President 
shall preside in the absence of the Presi¬ 
dent. and in case of the absence of both 
the President and first Vice-President, it 
shall be the duty of the second Vice-Pres¬ 
ident to preside. 

Section 3. — The Corresponding Sec¬ 
retary shall notify absent members of 
their duties,for the succeeding meet¬ 
ings; also, each person elected a mem¬ 
ber, of such election; and shall write 
all communications. 

Section 4.— The Recording Secretary 
shall call the roll at every meeting,and 
report delinquents; ana shall keep the 
records of'the Society, and read at each 
meeting a report of the work done at 
the preceding meeting. 

Section 5. — The Treasurer shall 
keep the funds of the Society; notify 
each member who is delinquent,ofhis 
dues or fines, and collect all money due 
the Society. He shall make no payments 
without a written order from the Pres¬ 
ident, and countersigned by the Record- 
irig Secretary; and at the.meeting 


Of each.he shall present a. 

written report of the financial condi¬ 
tion of the Society. 

Section 6. — It shall be the duty of 
the Librarian to keep, in a careful man¬ 
ner, all books, records, and manuscripts 
in the possession of the Society. 

Section 7.-The Critic shall be a 

judge of literary merit; shall carefully 
observe the speakers’ words and actions; 
correct all grammatical errors and im 
perfect pronunciation; and make are- 
port of the same at the close of each meet¬ 
ing. 

Section 8. — The Censor shall in¬ 
spect the manners and morals of the 
members; watch closely their conduct 
while in the debating hall, and fine all 
refractory or disorderly members,hand¬ 
ing over the list to the Treasurer every 
week to collect. 

ARTICLE VI-ELIGIBILITY OF OFFICERS. 

Section I. — No person is eligible 
to an office until he has been a mem¬ 
ber of this Society...... 

Section 2. —No person shall be 
elected to office more than twice in suc¬ 
cession, and a majority of the legal votes 
cast shall be necessary »o a choice. 

Section 3.—In case of a vacancy oc¬ 
curring in any office,the Society will 
go into an immediate election to fill 
the same, and the officer elect shall 
take his seat immediately after such 
election. 

ARTICLE VII.—REMOVAL FROM OFFICE. 

Section I.— Should, any officer or 
member of a committee neglect,or be 
found incompetent to discharge the 
duties of his office, he way be remov¬ 
ed by a vote of two-thirds of the mem¬ 
bers present. 

Section 2. —All places of absent¬ 
ees in committees may be filled by 
said committees. 

ARTICLE VIM.— AMENDMENTS. 

No addition, alteration, or amend¬ 
ment can be made to this constitu¬ 
tion, neither can any part be repeal¬ 
ed, without a four-fifth vote of the 
Society and.weeks’notice. 

$Y-LAW$.; 

ARTICLE l.-MEETINGS. 

This Society shall assemble every 

.. unless otherwise ordered. 

The hour for meeting during the months 
from October to March inclusive shall 
be seven o’clock P.M.,and varied dur¬ 
ing the rest of the year as the Society 
sees best. The President may call a 
special meeting of the Society at a re¬ 
quest of five members. 

ARTICLE II.—GUORUM. 

At any meeting of the Society seven 
members shall constitute a quorum. 

ARTICLE III.—MEMBERSHIP. 

Section I.—When a member pro¬ 
poses a candidate for membership, he 
shaM submit his name and residence, 
and inform the Society that the candi¬ 
date has read a copy of its constitution 
and by-laws, and that he approves of 
them. The Society will then determine 
his entrance by ballot; a majority vote 
being necessary to elect. 


280 








































Section 2.-Every candidate,upon be¬ 

ing initiated, shall sign the constitution 
and by-laws, and thereby agree to sup¬ 
port the same, and pay all legal demands 
against him as Iona as he remains a member. 

ARTICLE IV. —INITIATION. 

Section I.- Before taking his seat 

as a member, every person shall pay to 
the Treasurer an initiation fee of. 


Section 2. —The following affirma 
tion shall be required of each person be¬ 
coming a member:" I do hereby solemn¬ 
ly promise, that I will observe and strict¬ 
ly obey all the laws,rules and refla¬ 
tions set down in the constitution of 
this Society; and do further declare that 
I entertain.no ill-will toward any mem¬ 
ber, and will endeavor to promote the 
welfare of this Society.” 

ARTICLE V.—INAUGURATION. 

At the inauguration of each officerhe 
shall be required to make the following 
affirmation:" I do hereby solemnly prom¬ 
ise that I will faithfully discharge the du¬ 
ties of my office to the best of my knowl¬ 
edge and ability.” 

ARTICLE VI.-DUES AND TAXES. 

Section I. — Every member shall pay 

the sum of,..each., 

in advance, into the treasury. 

Section 2.— If at any time the funds 
of this Society should be exhausted,or in 
adequate to meet the demands,there shall 
be an equal tax upon each member to 
make up the deficiency. 

ARTICLE VII - ARREARAGES. 

Section I-No member in arrears 

for dues or fines shall be privileged to 
vote or speak on any question, untiI 
said arrearages are paid. 

.Section 2. —Every member who 
shall refuse or neglect to pay his dues 

or fines for the space of.weeks, 

shall stand suspended, and shall not be 
reinstated until all arrearages are paid 
ARTICLE VIII.—FINES. 

The chair shall have power to impose 
the following fines: 

Section I. —Any member who shall 
use improper language, refuse to obey 
the orders of the chair, or be guilty of 
disorderly conduct, shall be fined for each 
offense.cents. 

Section 2. - A member failing to 

attend any meeting of the Society with 
out rendering a satisfactory excuse, or 
leaving the Society before adjournment, 
unless excused, shall be fined for e ach 
time.cents. 

,Section 3.— Any member failing to 
perform his duty as assigned on the pro 

gramme, shall be fined.. .cetits 

for each nonperformance. 


Section 4. — Should any officerneg- 
lect to have at the Society any books or pa¬ 
pers necessary for use, or neglect to per¬ 
form his duties, he shall be fined. 

cents for each offense. 

Section 5.— For any acts of negli¬ 
gence, or violations of the rules and reg¬ 
ulations, not noticed in the foregoing 
section's, the chair way, with the consent 
of the Society, impose a fine not less 

than.cents, and not exceeding 

.dollar... 

ARTICLE IX.-APPEALS. 

Any member shall have the right, 
when fined,to appeal from the chair 
to the meeting, and unless the Society 
sustain the chair, the fine shall be remit¬ 
ted. 

ARTICLE X.-RESIGNATION. 

No member shall resign unless His 
resignation be submitted in writing 
two weeks previous to the time of res¬ 
ignation. No such resignation shall be 
received by the Society until all arrear¬ 
ages are paid. 

ARTICLE XI.-SUSPENSION AND EXPULSION. 

Section I. — Any member who shall 
refuseto conform to the constitution, 
by-laws, rules and regulations of this 
Society, or be guilty of repeated disor¬ 
derly conduct, shall be subject to sus 
pension or expulsion. 

Section 2. — The motion for the ex¬ 
pulsion of a member shall be announc¬ 
ed at two regular meetings previous to 
action being taken, when the accused 
•may be permitted to show reasons why 
he should not be expelled. If three-fourths 
of the members present vote in favor of 
the motion, it shall be carried. 

ARTICLE X11.-COMMITTEES. 

Section I.— There shall always be 
one standing committee, and special 
committees may be appointed by the 
President. 

Section 2. — All reports of commit 
tees shall be presented in writing, and 
signed by the members offering the same. 


co^sIjL. —An official appointed by the' 

government to reside in a foreign coun¬ 
try, to watch over the commercial in- 
terestSjand to protect the seamen, of 
the country sending him. General Con¬ 
sul, a consul of the highest rank,and 
stationed at a principal place, or at 
several minor places. 

COfJsUfVVPTIO^. — The quantity of 
any thing used or consumed. 

CONTINGENCY. — An event or occur¬ 
rence which way or way not come 
to pass; a casualty or possibility. Con¬ 
tingent Legacy, a legacy subject to 
the occurrence of some uncertain event. 
Contingent Remainder, a remainder 
so limited that it is made to depend up¬ 
on some event which may never occur. 
Contingent Use, the use limited in 
a land conveyance which may or-may 
not happen to vest. 

CONTEMPT. — The disobedience to 
the orders or rules of a court or leg¬ 
islative body. It is a punishable offense, 

co^tinUoIjs TF\l/\l b/\La.nce.-a 

Trial Balance continued from month 
to month throughout the year. The fol- 
lowing form illustrates its use.The ital¬ 
icized figures show the balances of pre¬ 
vious months. 


The rules and regulations governing 
the working and organizationof pub¬ 
lic meetings and deliberative bodies,will 
be found elsewhere in this volume.The 
whole or any part of these may be a- 
dopted for use in this Society. 

ORDER OF BUSINESS. 


1. Call to order. 

2. Calling of the roll. 

3. Reading minutes of 
previous meeting. 

4. Propositions for 
membership. 

5. Inauguration. 

6.Initiation. 


T. Balloting for candidates 15. Critic’s report 


8. Reports of committees. 


9.Secretafy’s report. 

10. Treasurer’s report. 

11. Corresponding Sec¬ 
retary’s report. 

12. Unfinished or mis¬ 
cellaneous business. 

13. Literary exercises. 

14. Deb ate. 


16. Adjournment. 


FRATERNAL COURTESY. 

It is specially enjoined here that the 
members of this Society treat each oth¬ 
er with due respect; that all personal al 
lusions be avoided, and concord and good- 
fellowship be cherished and preserved as 
the feature of the Society. 


LEDGER 

ACCOUNTS. 


Stock, 
Accts.Receiv., 
Accts. Pay., 
Cash, 

Real Estate, 

Salary, 

Mdse., 

ta\.r<eM .wo*. 
Month’s business 


JANUARY. 


BALANCE 
ANO DR. 


1750 

875 

WWs 




200 

800 


3625 




BALANCE 
AND CR. 


1275 

21500 


200 


row 


362500 


00 




FEBRUARY. 


BALANCE 
AND DR. 


VX'bO 

1450 

970 


3110 


200 


BALANCE 
AND CR. 


-mo 60 


1675 

1500 

\vso 

1750 


Each month should balance as does 
January, both in the amount of business 
done, and the balances of previous months. 
CO^T^/y.— On the opposite side; o- 
ver; against. Contraband, trade car¬ 
ried on contrary to the laws of a coun¬ 
try; Contraband Goods, articles pro¬ 
hibited by law to be imported or export 
ed under certain restrictions. 
CO^Tf\f\CT. —A covenant or engagement 
between parties to do or not to do a spec¬ 
ified thing. The following are the 
rules and legal requirements of con¬ 
tracts and agreements: 

1. Every one must fulfill every agree¬ 
ment he makes. 

2. A contract to do an impossibility 
is void. 

3. A contract forbidden by law is void. 

4. Contracts made by minors, lunatics 
and idiots,is not binding on them. 

5. A proposition not assented to by 
both parties is not binding. 

6. A promise without consideration is not bind- 
in g. 

7. A contract which one is induced to make 


281 





































































;yY^;yX*'/^ : 


Wk&mss urns; 


r jyqy yy s y ra -a y re w ^Qffyyi^- 

1% odcckcboooo 



through fraud or deceit is not binding 
on Him. 

8. Con tracts of much importance should 
be in writing. 

9.One has no right to sue on a-contract 
unless he has performed, or offered to 
perform his part. 

10. A contract made by a minor becomes 
binding after he becomes of age, if he 
then ratifies it. 

11. The value of the consideration is unim¬ 
portant. 

12. A guaranty must be in writing. 

13. A contract which cannot be performed 
within a year must be in writing. 

TVvi c^wei'&X Voyya ok a c,o\\Xxa.c.X vbXVe 

sows. asxViX ok aw ru)mmwV^Vi\c\\ <sw. 
CO^VEHSIOfl.— The application of goods 
one has in his possession to his own use 
without the consent of the owner. 
CONVEYANCE. — An instrument,as a 
deed or mortgage, transferring the title 
of property from one person to another. 
Conveyancing, the science and art of 
examining the titles of, and conveying 
property from one person to another. 
COP^F\TtJEF\SHIP. — The joining of two 
or more persons into one firm for the 
purpose of carrying on any enterprise; 
the same as partnership. 
copYhioKT- — The exclusive privilege.art 
author enjoys, of printing and disposing 
of his original writings. 

Copyrights are granted for a period of 
twenty-eight years, and furthercontinued 
for fourteen years, if application is made 
for such continuance six months before 
expiration of original copyright. 

Those.desiring to secure copyrights, 
if inexperienced, should address the“Li¬ 
brarian of Congress, Washington, D.C.,” 
for circular giving latest copyright laws, 
which will be sent on application. 

It is a comparatively easy matter to se¬ 
cure a copyright, and no one should hesi 
tate to make his own application. 

Copyhold,atenure founded upon cus¬ 
tom and usage. 

COf\N EF^.— A stockbroker’s term used 
to express a monopolizing arrangement 
entered into.between dealers for the pur¬ 
pose of creating a fictitious value in any 
kind of prod uce, stocks, or other commodity. 
C0F\0(^Ef\.— An officer who, with the as 
sistance of a jury, inquires into the cause 
of any violent, sudden, or mysterious death 
or death in prison, usually at the place 
where the death occurred. Corresponds to 
Medical Examiner in some States. 
COF^POF\f\TIO^. —A name applied to an 
organization usually consisting of sever¬ 
al persons, authorized by law to transact 
business as an association or individual, 
under some name. The following are 
legal points relating to corporations: 

I. Corporations are formed by an act of 
the Legislature. 


2. Corporations have power to do only 
the acts expressly allowed by the law 
under which they were incorporated. 

3. Every contract of guaranty must be 
in writing, and signed by.the surety. 

4. Change of primary liability renders 
the secondary void. 

5. After a surety has paid the debt,he has 
a claim for it upon the principal debtor. 

6. For ordinary business contracts,the 
time allowed to commence suit is us¬ 
ually k\\e or s\x years. 

'bee, Va-xVAeAsYk^. 

State of.. \ 

City of .j 

T o_ok SxaXe - . 

We,the undersigned,_,-, 

__,_,_,propose to 

form a corporation under an act of the 

General Assembly of the State of.. 

entitled “An act concerning corporations,” 

approved.,*19..,.,and all acts 

amendatory thereof, and that, for the 
purpose of such organization, we hereby 
state as follows, to wit: 

The name of such corporation is. 


tofore issued, bearing date the. 

day of.A.D. 19.,..,do here¬ 

by report that they opened books of sub 
scription to the capital stock of the said 
company, and that the said stock was 
fully subscribed; that the foil owing, is 
a true copy of such subscription,viz.: 
We.the undersigned, hereby severally 
subscribe for the number of shares 
set opposite our respective names to 

the capital stock of the. 

.,and we severally agree to 

pay the said company on each share 
the sum of one Hundred dollars. 

SHARES. AMOUNT. 

.. 1,000 $ 100,000 

.. 1,000 100,000 

..1,000 100,000 

.. 1,000 100,000 

.. . 1,000 100,000 


5,000 $500,000 
That said subscribers met at the 
time and place specified and proceed¬ 
ed to elect directors, and that the fol¬ 
lowing persons were duly elected for 
the term of one year:_,-, 


The object for which it is formed is to 

cary on the business of. 

., and to sell. 

The capital stock shall be Five Hundred 
Thousand ($500,000) Dollars, divided in¬ 
to five thousand shares of one hundred 
dollars each. _ 

r • — - : 


ox\XVe N oa.cY N o^ -a 

STATE OF.l 

City of .j 

I, a notary public, in and for the said 

City of.. and State aforesaid, 

do hereby certify that on this.day 

of.. A.D. 19....,personally appear 

ed before me_ 

i to me personally 


known to be the same persons who ex¬ 
ecuted the foregoing statement, and 
severally acknowledged that they exe¬ 
cuted the same for the purposes there¬ 
in set forth. 

In witness whereof, I have Hereunto 
set my hand and seal, the day and year 
above written._, 

Also, there must be a further endorse¬ 
ment describing the nature of the cor¬ 
poration thus: Statement of incorpora¬ 
tion of the. 

Location, City of.,State 

of.Capital stock,$500,000. 

Object,... 

\N\\cx\ Vws, txoosic, a^tfwc/aXAOw \ ®> 
sewx Vo Vwe. Secx®v&x\) o\ SvaXe^Ve \n\W 
\es\xo a ‘Wa.XeVvcewee kox 'wscox^oxaX- 
‘wiC^vx^owrooeX^V ok \nV\ c\\ V\\a \cox- 
^oxzOvoxs nwwsX xeVwxw V\\e koWo\Nv<\cy 
, \n\\ow We, 'bec.TeXaxv) W\W 
ax owce'wswe a cAxaxXex \o VY\c conjoxa- 
Woxv. 

To- 


Secretary of State: 

The commissioners duly authoriz¬ 
ed to open books of subscription to 

the capital stock of the. 

.. pursuant to license here- 




COF\F\ESPOf)OEfJT.—One who carries 
on intercourse with another by letter. 
COF^lJPTlOf} OF BLOOD,-The 

inability to inherit real estate or to 
transmit it to others, growing out 
of an attainder. 

COSTS. — Expenses incurred in liti¬ 
gation, or.during the progress of a 
suit at Jaw. . . 

COllfJSELOH AJ L/fyv. —An officer 
retained by a client to conduct asuit 
for him.-Counselor at law and attor¬ 
ney at law are different, the latter be¬ 
ing employed in the management of the 
more mechanical parts of the suit. 

CO\J fiTEf\FE^IT.—- A ki nd of forgery 
applied to false coin or paper money. 

COUf l lTEF(IV(/\ND.— A contrary order 
cancelling those already given, and 
may be either or . A 

Counterclaim is a kind of offset de¬ 
manded by a defendant. 

COlJ^Tl8G-F\OOMl. —A room in which 
merchants keep their accounts and do 
their business. 

COll[\ITY. — A division of a country or 
State,containing several towns. Coun¬ 
ty Commissioners, the chiefcorpo 
rate body of a County, usually consist¬ 
ing of three members. (Called Board of 
Supervisors in a few States). They have 
charge of the County property, and 
make orders and contracts in relation 
to the building or repairing of thecourt- 
Hou.se, jail, and other County buildings. 

COUPON*— An interest certificate at¬ 
tached to bonds, etc., and at stated 
times is cut off and interest collected. 
\J?eeV>.S .XXovAs ko\ \\\wsVcaX\oY\\. 

COURSE OF eXcHanoe;.— The sum 

merchants pay for bills of exchange to 
enable them to make remittances from 
one country to another. 

COUF\T.— A place where justice i s 
administered.-Courts are either of 
■xeoox& or x\oX ok record. 

The national judiciary system con- 


282 

































































































% 




KK 


BUSINESS FORMS. ] 


sisls 0 / lime grades of courts: theSMjywm 
^w'., the and .the\taw£\ 

^ow<\^. The Supreme Court is the highest 
court in the land, and was established by 
the Constitution itself. The others were es¬ 
tablished by Con press. Court in bancfal- 
so spelled bank), the full court sitting at its 
regular terms. Court of Appeals, a court, 
Generally, of last resort, as aState,orthe 
U.S.,Supreme Court.Court of Chancery (or 
of Equity), a court having power to yrant 
certain kinds of relief; such as compelling 
a man to perform a contract, instead of 
awarding damages for His not doiny it, 
or granting an injunction ayaittst otte’s 
doiny an unlawful act.Court of Claims, 
a court established by Conyress, in which 
those having claims which they believe 
ought to be paid by the United States,may 
briny a suit In the ordinary way, in form 
against the United States, and this court 
decides whether they should be paid.Court 
of Common Pleas(orCounty Court),acourt 
of oriyinal jurisdiction,for the trial of 
causes according to the common law,and 
is somewhat higher than justices’courts. 
Court of Errors, a court of review. Court 
of Kitiy’s Bench, the supreme court of com 
mon law in England. Court Martial, a 
court haviny jurisdiction in militam and 
naval offenses.Court of Oyer and Termi 
■Hen courts of criminalJurisdiction.Court 
of Probate, a court haviny jurisdiction 
over the probate of wills and settlement 
of estates. Court of Record, a court hav¬ 
iny a seal, and whose acts and proceed¬ 
ings are enrolled in parchment for a 
perpetual memory and testimony.Court 
of Sessions, there are two, 
and haviny jurisdiction htcriw 

inal cases. Court of St. James, the usual 
desiynation of the British court. 

\Jbe,e ■aXso C\t c\>a\ wOv , o v.t'v, 

arA e. cua\ ^ . 

COVENANT.— An ayreewent of suffi¬ 
cient consideration, between two or wore 
persons, in writiny and under seal, where¬ 
in one of them promises certain thinys 
to the other; a certain form of action 
which lies to recover damayes forabreach 
of a contract under seal. 

COVlf'l.—A collusive agreement between 
two or more persons to defraud and 
prejudice another of his rights. 

CRAMPED.— Pinched for money to meet 
engagements. 

credentials. —Papers which yive a 
title or claim to credit or confidence, and 
show that a person has a right to exercise 
official or other power. 

CREDIT. —The opposite of debit; what is 
due another ; the transfer of goods to 
another with the expectation of future re¬ 
ceipt of payment; the ability to borrow 
money. Creditor, one to whom some 


thing is owing; Creditors’Bill, an equi¬ 
ty bill, filed by. one or more creditors in 
behalf of all the creditors who shall come 
in under the decree, for an account of 
the assets of an estate. Credit System,the 
system of selling goods on time. Credit Mo 
bilier, a joint-stock company establish¬ 
ed in Paris in 1852, with exceptional char¬ 
tered privileges, among which were: I. 
To originate and conduct trading enter¬ 
prises of all kinds on the principle of 
limited liability. 2. To supersede or buy 
up companies, such as railroads and oth¬ 
ers, substituting scrip and shares of 
their own for those of the company.- 
The term has become familiar to persons 
in this country through the Congression¬ 
al investigations of the Credit Mobilier 
Company of the Pacific Railroad. 

crime .— A misdemeanor or felony; 
any violation of law.Crime againstNa- 
-tune, sodomy. Criminal Action^ a pros¬ 
ecution conducted on behalf of the peo¬ 
ple against one charged with a crimi¬ 
nal offense.Criminal Law, the divis¬ 
ion of the law which treats of crimes. 

CROPS-A tenant for a definite time, 

whose lease expires after the land i s 
sown or planted, and before harvest,is 
not entitled to the crop; but if the 
lease is for an indefinite time,or if it 
depends upon an uncertain event, and 
is terminated before harvest, the ten¬ 
ant is entitled to the crop. 

CROSS.— Persons who cannot write 
their names are required to use as a 
substitute the svqw of the cross(x). An¬ 
ciently kings and nobles used the same 
<=>\qx*, but not ignorantly, as it was us¬ 
ed by those who could, as well as by 
those who could not write, as asymbol 
that the person making it pledged him¬ 
self to the truth of the matter to which 
he affixed it. Hence, though people now 
vmve. or 'bvC'osc.TVoa. their names, they 
are still said to yjyvx..Cross Action,an 
action by the defendant against the 
plaintiff in the same suit. Cross Bill, 
a bill brought by a defendant against a 
plaintiff in or against other defendants 
in the same suit, or against both, touch¬ 
ing the matters in the original bill. Cross 
Examination, a close interrogating or 
questioning of a witness by tfe adverse 
party, in order to test the examination 
m chief. 

CURATOR.—One who is legally appointed 
to take charge of the estate of an imbe¬ 
cile: a guardian. 

CURBSTONE BROKER.— A term applied 
to a stock operator who does business 
on the sidewalk or pavement. 

CURRENCY- — Government or banknotes 
circulating as a substitute for metal¬ 
lic money. Current, passing freely from 
hand to hand; now running 

CURTESY-A freehold estate which a 

man has on the death of his wife,and 
during his life,in the lands which she 
Had in fee-tail or fee-simple, provided 
they had issue born alive, which might 
have inherited. | 

CUSTOM -An unwritten law estab¬ 

lished by long usage; the revenue du¬ 
ties levied on imported goods; the pat¬ 
ronage or support of any establish¬ 
ment. Customers, habitual purchas¬ 
ers from any establishment. Custom- 
House, a place appointed by a govern 


ment where goods are entered on im¬ 
portation, and where the duties are to 
be paid.Custom-House Broker, one em¬ 
ployed by merchants to act for them 
in the details of the custom-house bus¬ 
iness, and who front the experience 
in the routine and o^her acquired 
knowledge is often able to facilitate 
the red-tape processes of the custom¬ 
house. Custom-House Entry, a state¬ 
ment made in writing to the collect¬ 
or of the district where t he owners 
are consignees of goods. Ottstom- 
House Officer, a legally appointed a- 
9 cnt of the government who attends 
to the details of the custom-houst-Cus- 
toms, taxes or revenue duties levied 
on imported or exported goods. 

D AJMAyE.—A sum given as a co-mpen- 
Sation for an injuru. Damaged Gocds, 
merchandise injured or impaired, from 
whatever cause. Damages, the estima 
ted reparation in money recoverable by 
a person who has sustained an injury, 
from him who caused it. 

DRTE.— The statement in a letter,etc.^ 
of the day of the month and year, up¬ 
on which the letter, etc.', was written. 

DAY—A legal day includes theVvhole 
twenty-four hours, without reference 
to the season of the year, or the amount 
of light and darkness. An obligation to 
pay on a certain day is discharged if 
the money be paid before twelve o’clock 
at night. Day Book, a book containing 
a concise history of one’s business trans¬ 
actions, whether with few or many 
persons, written up under the date and 
fn the order of their occurrence, and 
arranged with reference to the conve¬ 
nience of journalizing. Days of Grace, 
three additional days allowed under the 
common law for the payment of commer¬ 
cial paper after the time named in the pa¬ 
per for its maturity. By special enact¬ 
ment in some of the States, days of 
grace are not allowed.For a list of 
these, see Statistical Bureau of the Uni¬ 
ted States-index. 

St. Louis, Jan. 1,19-. 


10 


10 


10 


Proprietor Cr. 

COMMENCED BUSINESS WITH 
THE FOLLOWING RESOUCESi 
STOV.T. VOX, 

V.OWSR LW WINOOH, 

CtWfc OX* YvKm, 

-2 -— 


400 

200 

200 


B.S.CUSHINO, CR. 

%T XM3SR. VT.K \H\IO\CX_. 

-3- 

M.T.GRUBBS, OR 

TO WiS'L. KS VR* %WV. 

- 4 - 

j.j.tolin, dr. 

TO \OV^S.^.W0rK^,@\O!!i. 
*» VOTOS.SWX.TWiO, ..-30" 


80000 


300 


415 


00 


00 


00 


St. Louis,Jan 1,19- 


Commenced business with 
THE FOLLOWING RESOURCES: 
STOKT. KWO \_OT, 

YATO*. KWL NNKO-OH, 

CKLW OXXWMVO, 

•} 

400 

200 

200 

00 

00 

00 

800 

00 

BOUGHT OF B.S.CUSHIN® 
mst. t*S> V VK \TVIO\OR , 

3 



300 

00 

SOLD M.T.GRUBBS 

TV* >?>\V\w, 



415 

00 

SOLD J.J.TOLIN 

\0 G. SOGKK, (gjN&S5. 

‘VOmS.S'KRT.TXttG,” 10’> 

1 

12 

00 

00 

13 

00 


283 

































































dea). .— To buy or sell; to trade or ttaffic.] 
Dealer, a trader in poods, of whatever 
kind; the regular customers or deposit¬ 
ors of a bank. Dealings, transactions 
of any kind between two or wore per- 

de/\tH of p/yvr(JEH, foi\h of Notice. 

Sir,— It is with much regret that I 
have to inform you of the decease of 

mp friend and partner, Mr......, 

which took place on.As 

wanapinp partner, and executor of Mr. 

...,thecharpe of liquidatinp the 

affairs of the firm devolves upon me, 
and in the discharpe of this duty I shall 

henceforth sipn " .,\xv\\<\\v\ta'C\o\\V 

1 bep further to state that the business 
will be continued in future on my own 
account, and that my best care' shall 
be given to any matters which you way 
intrust to me. I am, etc. 

DEBASE .—To reduce from ahipherto 
a lower state or prade by adulteration. 

DE(BEplTlJF\E. — A certificate sipned by 
a public officer, as evidence of a debt 
due to some person; a certificate piv- 
en by the collector of the port of entry 
to an importer for drawback of duties 
on imported merchandise; duties on 
which when the merchandise is export¬ 
ed are to be refunded. 

DE(B|T. — A term used in bookkeeping to 
express the left-hand pape of a ledger. 
Debt, that which one person owes anoth¬ 
er; oblipation or liability. Debtor, one 
who owes a debt. 

D^CIIV^/VL,— Any number expressed in 
the scale of tens. Decimal Currency,any 
currency based upon the decimal system, 
such as the UnitedStates money. 

D^cLl^E.— A fall in value, as in the war 
ket value of prain, produce,etc. 

D^D. — A written instrument under seal, 
duly executed and delivered, containing 
some transfer, barpain, or contract.— 
The term is usually applied to the trans 
fer of real estate.\$e,e>fvO''<\<ya.c>i\. 

This Indenture, made this.day 

of....,A.D. 19 .,between. 

.of., County of., and 

State of.. and.. his wife, 

of the first part, and.,of the 

same place, of the second part, 
Witnesseth, that said party of the first 

part, for and in consideration of. 

.Dollars in hand, paid by the said 

party of the second part, the receipt where¬ 
of is hereby acknowledged, have pranted, 
barpained, and sold, and by these pres¬ 
ents do prant, barpain, and sell, unto the 
said party of the second part, his heirs 
and assigns, all the following described 
lot, piece, or parcel of land, situated in 

the., in the County of. . 

and State of.,to wit: 

\N\i\o i>e.scx\\>6 Vxe 
Topether with all and sinpular t-he 


hereditaments and appurtenances there¬ 
to belonpinp or in atiy wise appertain- 
inp, and the reversion and reversions, 
remainder and remainders,rents,issues, 
and profits thereof; and all the estate, 
right, title, interest, claim, and demand 
whatsoever, of the said party of the first 
p»rt,either in law or equity, of, in,and 
to the above barpained premises, with 
the hereditaments and appurtenances. 
To have and to hold the said premises 
above barpained and described, with 
the appurtenances, unto the said par¬ 
ty of the second part, his heirs and as¬ 
signs forever. And the said.. 

and.,his wife, parties of the 

first part, hereby expressly waive, re¬ 
lease, and relinquish unto the said par¬ 
ty of the second part, his heirs, execu¬ 
tors, administrators, and assigns, all 
ripht, title;claim, interest, arid benefit 
whatever, in and to the above described 
premises, and each and every part there¬ 
of, which is piven by or results from all 
laws of this State pertaininp to the ex¬ 
emption of homesteads. 

_ Arid the said.,and.. 

his wife, party of the first part,for them¬ 
selves, their Heirs, executors, and admin¬ 
istrators, do covenant, prant, barpain, 
and apree,to and with the said party of 
the second part, his heirs and assipns, 
that at the time of the ensealinp and de¬ 
livery of these presents they were well 
seized of the premises above conveyed, 
as of a pood, sure, perfect, absolute,and 
indefeasible estate of inheritance in law, 
and in fee simple, and have pood right 
full power, and lawful authority to grant, 
barpain,sell, and convey the same, i n 
manner and form aforesaid, and that 
the same are free and clear from, all 
former and other grants, bargains, 
sales, liens, taxes,assessments, and en¬ 
cumbrances of whatever kind or.na- 
ture soever; and the above barpained 
premises in the quiet and peaceable pos¬ 
session of the said party of the second 
part, his heirs and assipns, against all 
and every person or persons lawfully 
claiming or to claim the whole or 
any part thereof, the said party of the 
first part shall and will warrant and 
forever defend. 

In testimony whereof, the said part¬ 
ies of the first part have hereunto set 
their hands and seals the day and 
year first above written. 

foXmxsAXw wiWNisJ .4 ; 

o*...| .>[L-S.] 

DE;F/\LC/ynO[ l| i.—Deduction or discount; 
embezzlement of money by an officer 
having it in charge. Defamation,words 
spoken of another tending to injure his 
pood name. Default, the non-perform¬ 
ance of duty; the failure to appear in 
court at a specified time; the failureto 
take certain steps necessary to secure 
the benefit of law. Defaulter,one who 
is criminally deficient in his accounts. 

DEFEASANCE.— A condition relating 
to a deed, contract, or agreement, 
which, when perfor-med,renders them 
void. 

D^FEfJSE—The pica or answer of the 


defendant in a suit at law; resisting 
an injury.-A man is justified in using 
force, even to the death of his assail¬ 
ant, in order to defend himself or his 
family. Defendant, the person who is 
sued in a personal action. 

DE(FOf\CEIV\E('lT.—The wrongful hold¬ 
ing any lands or tenements to which 
another has a ripht. 

DELEGATE.— A representative; a person 
sent by another to act for him. 

DEFICIT.— A deficiency; the difference 
between an accountant’s statement of 
assets and the assets themselves. 

0E.L. CRE'DE&E. —A commercial term 
signifying a guarantee of the solven¬ 
cy of the purchaser. 

— One who is guilty 
of some crime, offense, or Has failed 
to perform his duty. 

O^LiVEFIY — In commercial affairs 
the transfer of the possession of goods 
from one party to another. Contracts, 
-the acceptance of a written contract 
is usually made by keeping the paper, and 
consequently it may be said that deliv¬ 
ery is necessary to a written contract. 
Deeds,— delivery of the executed deed to 
the party to whom the property is trans¬ 
ferred is the last and most important 
step of all, and without it there can be 
no transfer. Goods,—if any part of the 
poods are delivered to the purchaser and 
accepted by him the whole contract is 
binding,though not written,i.e., t he 
seller must deliver all, and the buyer 
must pay for all. Delivery is not essen¬ 
tial to a sale, as between the parties,but 
it is as to third parties; for instance, if 
A sell an article to B and not deliver it 
to B, and afte.rward sell the same article 
a second time, to C, the first sale is void, 
but B can hold A responsible for fraud. 

DEMAND. —The asking or seekina for 
what is due, or claimed to be due.Notes 
and Drafts,-no demand is necessary to 
hold the maker of a note or the accept¬ 
or of a draft responsible. Suit may be 
brought as soon as the paper becomes 
due. Indorsers,—to Hold the indorser 
of a note, or the indorser or drawer of 
a draft responsible, the paper must be 
presented and payment demanded of 
the indorser, maker or acceptor on the 
very day it becomes due.\$eeVs^o\\4Wv\V^. 
Demand Note, a note made payable 
by its terms on demand, or one having 
no time of payment specified. 


&I00. Indianapolis, May 17,19.... 

On demand (or one day after date) 
promise to pay .... N M\\\\aw.^xowe 
or order^,Owe '^wr\Vxe,&~~~D o 11 ars, 
value received, with interest. 


OENlESfJ E. — Lands in which the own 

er has absolute property. Demise, the 
conveyance of land in fee, for life, or 
for a term of years; used synonymous¬ 
ly with death. 

DEMOCRACY—A form of government 
in which the people rule. 

DEMURRAGE.— An allowance made 
to the owners of a vessel for detain¬ 
ing her in port longer than a spec 
ified time. Demurrer, a pause put 


284 














































to any action upon a point of diffi¬ 
culty, which must be determined by 
the court, before any further proceed¬ 
ings can be had therein. 

OE^POI'JEfJT.— A witness, usually giv¬ 
ing his testimony upon oath,by an 
affidavit or deposition. Deposition, 
the testimony of a witness given in 
writing, by way of answer to inter¬ 
rogatories; also a kind of affidavit. 

DEPOSIT. — Money paid on account of 
a. purchase; gross amount to the cred¬ 
it of _a dealer; money placed in a bank; 
a delivery of poods to be kept for the de¬ 
positor, without reward, and to be re¬ 
turned when required. Deposit Fund 
(of U.S.), in 1836 there had accumula¬ 
ted in the national treasury about thir¬ 
ty-six millions of dollars more than 
was needed for the support of the gov¬ 
ernment. By act of Congress this sur¬ 
plus was distributed among the States 
then existing, to be kept by them until 
called for by Congress. It has never,and 
in all probability, never will be called 
for. The States have used large portions 
of it for school purposes. Deposit Book, 
a small book furnished by the bank to 
the depositor, in which his deposits are 
entered by the bank. The book is Held by 
the depositor, and constitutes receipts 
for his deposits from time to tiwe.yve-S' 
7ass^ooY. Vsx Voxwv, nn\\\cV\< s v\\a, saxw 
v»^e^o<b\v^>ooV\. Deposit Tickets ( or 
Checks),slips for the use of depositors 
in describing the funds offered by them 
to banks for deposit. 


MERCHANTS 1 NATIONAL BANK. 

Deposited by 

^VvNXOX* }>. < irC>OX>NV;OOXV\l. 

Atlanta,lnd., May 1, 19.... 

(Sxwfo) (VjSSw. 

$700 

00 


250 

00 

. 

. 

’ 575 

00 


1525 

00 


D^POf.— A place where goods are de 
posited; a store or warehouse.. 

DRP\JTY— One who is authorized 
by an officer to act in his place. 

DERELICT- — Anything cast away, for¬ 
saken, or abandoned, in a way indi¬ 
cating that the owner lays no further 
claim to it. Derelict Lands, lands left 
by water suddenly receding from its 
upual water-mark. 

DRSCE^NT. — Hereditary succession.De¬ 
scendants, those who descend as off¬ 
spring from an individual in a direct 
line. 

DE(SERTIOf).— The act of abandotii-ng 


the public service, as of the army; also 
one’s wife and children. 

DE;T/\lfiER.—The keeping possession 
of the goods of another, or depriving 
him of his liberty. Detinue, a writ to 
recover goods in specie, or their full val¬ 
ue, together with damages for the de¬ 
tention; replevin. Deterioration, a 
damage done; lessening in price or val¬ 
ue from any cause. 

DR VI/\T10(4.—In insurance, a depart¬ 
ure from the risks described in the 
policy.without sufficient cause. 

DRVlsR.— To give real estate,as by 
a last will and testament.Oevjsee,a 
person who receives a gift by will and 
testament. 

differences .—The price at which 
a stock is bargained for, and the rate 
or day of delivery not usually being 
the same, the variation is termed the 
difference. 

diplomacy.— The art and practice 
of conducting negotiations between 
nations by means of embassadors,etc. 

OlSCHRRCxE'—The unloading ofthe 
cargo of a vessel; to pay off or to clear 
by payment, as a debt. Of Employe's, 
an employe' may be discharged at the 
end of his time, without any cause, 
and without notice. If hired at so 
much per week and for no definite 
time. He may be discharged at the end 
of any week. He may also be discharg¬ 
ed during the week, or at any time be¬ 
fore the close ofthe period of his en¬ 
gagement, and has no right to insist 
upon working after his discharge; but 
if he be discharged without good cause, 
he is entitled to payment for the whole 
period of his engagement. Of Debtors, 
the making of an assignment docs -not 
discharge a debtor from his debts un¬ 
til they are paid. The discharge must 
be granted by a court, under certain 
conditions. 

DlSCO\jf)T.— The deduction -made for 
interest for the advance of money up¬ 
on, or the purchase of, a bill or note not 
due. Discount Day, the day of the week 
on which the discount board of a bank 
meets to consider paper offered for dis¬ 
count. 

DISCRETION--A just decision as to -mat¬ 

ters of propriety and self-control; the abil¬ 
ity to distinguish between good and evil. 
Age of Discretion, children at fourteen 
are said to have acquired legal discretion. 
Discretionary Trust,one which can on¬ 
ly be administered by the exercise of 

f rudence and judgment. 
sRoNQRED.—A check, draft, or prom¬ 
issory note is dishonored by a failure to 
pay it when due. A bill of exchange is 
dishonored by a refusal to accept it. 
DISINHERIT. —To debar an heir from 
an inheritance,which otherwise would 
be inherited by him. 

disorderly H?te£. — Any house the 
inmates of which behave so badly as to 
become a nuisance to the neighborhood; 
a house of ill-fame. 

DISSOUJTIO^.—The breaking uo of 
a partnership or corporation.!)/Part 
nership,-either the transfer of an 


interest or the death of a partner, 
dissolves a firm of partnership.Of Cor¬ 
porations,-!. If formed for a limited 
time, it is dissolved by its expiration. 
2. By the voluntary surrender of i ts 
rights to the State. 3. In some cases 
by a law passed by the Legislature which 
created it. 4. By becoming insolvent, 
unable to pay its debts. 

The copartnership heretofore exist¬ 
ing between_,_ _, 

and_ __under the firm -name 

of-__,&.Co.,is this day 

dissolved by mutual consent\ox>.a.s 
Y\\\s e>\\xe Njx; X\x\\\V aV\ ox\, ox as \\\e 
v&s>e x\\rv) N oe N \. 

_!_ is authorized to settle 

all claims against, or to receive all a- 
mounts.due, the above named firm. 

^oxVwex xn\\\ <b\cyw\w 
W<\\x\&Maox\^ . oV ^-fcxVxvzxY 

Ws\ms'= \n\\\\>«. &ov5f\wweA 

\>\)_and_ _, un- 

fox V\\e x\axx\e. oV _ _ h. 


_’_, \n\xo axe awVYvo 

Vo s«\v\ev\ve aeeovoaVs oV xVeXaVe V\m\ 

Fcb.l, 19.... ~ = 


\wfoxse xwe-wV^. 

We, the undersigned, do mutually 
agree that the within-mentioned part¬ 
nership be and the same is hereby dis¬ 
solved; except for the purpose of final 
liquidation and settlement of the busi¬ 
ness thereof, and upon such settlement 
wholly to cease and determine. 

Witness our hands and seals this 


fo’fofo’vw esewce 






[L.S.] 


by a landlord of personal property found 
upon the land, for the payment of rent 
due.—Formerly this practice was very 
common. Distrain, the act of seizing 
the personal property of another as a 

f led on for the satisfaction of a demand. 
STRIBliTlOti.— A final settlement 
of the estate of an intestate, or the 
proceeds of real estate, by dividing 
it among the heirs, after all debts 
and claims are paid. 

DISTRICT COURTS. -The lowest in 

grade of the national courts,the oth¬ 
er two being the Supreme and the 
Circuit. They hear the smaller cases, 
and appeals are taken from them to 
the Circuit Courts. District Attorney, 
a lawyer who attends all the courts 
in a county in which persons are 
tried for crimes, and conducts the 
prosecution. 

DIVIDEND. — Division of the profits 
received by stockholders from the 
earnings of a joint-stock company; 
the proportional payment made to 
creditors out of the estate of one 
who has become bankrupt. 
DlX/ORCE.— The separation of a 
husband and wife by the opera¬ 
tion of law. 


285 































































SNSrVCT \KWTS. 


$1000.- Cincinnati, July 1,19. 

At sight, pa 9 to....^-1'ik.'vontt...., 

or order-_Owt vwwsM'W— Dollats, 

value -received, and charge the same to 
account 0 / 

To G.Anies, Boston, Mass. _ 

^ TWAr. ^KV\. 


DOCK. -The space occupied by pris 

oners in a. criminal court; aslip 
or water way between two piers 
or wharves /or the reception 0 /ves¬ 
sels. Dockage, charge /or the use of 
a dock Tor the use 0 / a ship or vessel. 
Docket, a register or court calendar; 
a small piece 0 / paper or oarch-ment 
containing the effect of a larger one. 

DOLLAR .— The monetarg unit of 
value in the United States.—Prior 
to July 6,1785,the English pound 
was the monetary unit. On that date 
the Continental Congress establish¬ 
ed the dollar in its place. 

DOMAIN.—Land lying about aman- 
sion and belonging to it; dominion, 
possessions, or estate.Eminent Do¬ 
main, the right of a State to take 
any one’s property, even against his 
will, by paying him /or it. Were it not 
Tor this right, railroad building would 
be impossible in some cases. 

DONATE-—To voluntarily transferthe 
title to a thing,without any considera¬ 
tion, as a Tree gift. Donee, one who 
receives a gift or donation; one on 
whom a power for execution is con¬ 
ferred. 

DOUBLE aNTAX.—A system of keep¬ 
ing accounts based upon the Tact that 
whenever one person or thing becomes 
Dr. so-me other person or thing becomes 
Cr. Tor a like amount. It opens a set 
of books in equation, each transaction 
being so recorded as to add equal sums 
to both sides, and thus keeping the 
accounts arising from the transactions 
0 /a business in perpetual equilibrium. 

D0wEF\.-Usually a life interest of 

one-third part, which a widow has in 
the lands and tenements 0 / her hus¬ 
band, /or the supports/ hersel/. Dow¬ 
ager, one who has a Jointure; a widow 
endowed. Dowry, property which a 
woman brings Her husband, in mar¬ 
riage; called also a portion. 

D F( APT .— The number 0 / fee t which 
a ship sinks in the water; a deduction 
allowed from the gross weight of goods; 
a written order, signed by one person, 
ordering another person, to whom it 
is directed, to pay a certain sum 0 /-mon¬ 
ey, at ascertain time, to a third person, 
or to his order, or to the bearer. Draw, 
to make a draft. Drawback, the paging 
back of duties by the government on the 
exportation of imported goods. Drawee, 
the person on whom the draft or bill 
is drawn. Drawer, the person or par¬ 
ty who makes the draft, or who requests 
that the payment be made. The one to 
whom the payment is made is the Payee. 


&I05%<>. Chicag-o, Nov. 21,19.... 

Thirty days after date pay to 
the order 0 f... .S. YA .\7\ khs v vsa.'j vne,.... 

Vwsl 3%>~~Doliars, 
value received, and charge to the ac¬ 
count of &.W 

To Henry Comer A Co., New York 




$ 500 X 00 . N 0 . 418 . 

FIRST NATIONAL SANK* 

Denver, Col., Oct. 1,19... 
Pay to the order oT...YAkvct\u 

.... \\i —- 

Dollars, duplicate unpaid. 

M.Schofield, t>asY\\«,\. 
To Merchants’Bank, St.Paul. 


$150 <%><>. 

Mai' 17,19 
OyXY. 

and charge to 
To Geo.H.Tayl 





York, May 1,19... 

*0 Bearer-- 

,><—Dollars, 
qtaint of 
^VY.H. Wheeler. 
Af^Haute.Ind. 


\WCVN at TNWSR. 


■THE UNION BANK'. 


St. Louis, Mo.,Feb.I, 19.. 


DRAFTS WANTED. 

ON 

IN FAVOR OF 

AMT. 

N.Y. 

Chi. 

N.Y. 

Ourselves, 

L.S.Dixon, 

Ourselves, 

175 

150 

170 

65 

00 

00 


Our No.749 check 
herewith. 

495 

65 


0 # 6 E. — Charge for hauling or con¬ 
veying ooods; called also &&xYaqe>. 

DF\ESS G-OODS. —Fabrics for the. gar¬ 
ments of women and children,niost 
commonly those made of mixed mate- 
r f als; as, silk and cotton, silk and worst¬ 
ed, etc. 

DFlUlVlNlEfV — An agent employed by 
merchants to solicit customers. 

Df\UNK/U\DS. — A person while intox¬ 
icated Has losttheuse of h’is faculties 
for the time, and therefore any con- 
tractthat he makes during that time 
he may refuse to fulfill; but if he a- 
dopts it after becoming sober, He can 
not question it. 

DF\V GOODS. — A general name for text¬ 
ile fabrics; as,cottons,woolens,silks, 
laces, etc. Dry Wines, those wines 
having the saccharine matter and the 
ferment so evenly balanced that no 
sweetness is perceptible 

DUEq.—That which is owed. Due-Bill,an 
acknowledgment in writing of a debt 
due another.—It is not payable to order, 
nor is it assignable by endorsement. It 
is subject to all the offsetsand equita¬ 
ble rights between the original parties, 
and action must be brought in the 
name of the original obligee. 


TNVOL-^\\.\- V KIMML \W . 

$100. Philadelphia, Feb.3,19... 

Oue...NNKViV,%Y\WK=>T\YLCrE>.... for val¬ 
ue received,— 1 On^. —Dollars 

with interest. 

Asa Talman. 


$40 5 Xoo. Boston, Jan. 4,19... 

Due...5.Vv.5tva.\yt-L...for value re 
ce i ve d owr-i ^Xoo ~~ D 0 11 ars, p a g a- 

ble in goods from our store, on de 
mand. Philips &. Hunter 


m mmvum. 

$70°.%o. Atlanta, Nov.7,19... 

D ue...'Eowi avus O.Swasw ^-...for 

value -received-—Dollars, 

ayable. Forty Dollars in cash, and 
hirty Dollars In goods from ourstore 
on demand. Walton &.Whisler. 


\o\a. 


I OU tan^Xoo-D oliars. 

R.W. H amilton. 


DUN\B BIDDING-_At auction where 

the amount which the owner of goods 
is willing to accept, is written down for 
the auctioneer’s use, and no bid is ac¬ 
cepted unless it equals or exceeds this 
amount. 

D\j^ .— To request the payment, espe¬ 
cially to press urgently, of a debt. Dun 
nage, pieces of wood placed in the hold 
of a vessel, upon which the cargo rests, 
topreserve it in case of leakage. 

DUPLICATE.—A document which is 
essentially the same as another, and 
differing from a mere copy in having 
all the validity of an original; an orig¬ 
inal instrument repeated. 

D\JF\E^SS.— Any unlawful restraint, 
compulsion, or fear of imprisonment. 
It may be either to the g«,x<bow, onto 
the opcAs. 

OUJIhS-—T axes, tolls, imposts,or cus¬ 
toms; excise; any sum of money levied 
by the government on the importation, 
exportation, or consumption of goods. 
-If levied on persons or things, it is 
called a tax. Specific Duty, a specified 
amount upon each article, yard, ton, 
etc., without reference to value. Ad-Va- 
lorcm Ditty, a certain per cent upon 
the cost of the goods in the country 
from which they were imported. 

EARLY FUSING-. — The difference betwcetil 
rising every morning at six and at 
eight, in the course of forty years, 
amounts to 29,200 hours, or three 
years, one hundred twenty-one days, 
and sixteen hours, which are equal to 
eight hours a day for exactly ten years. 
So that by rising at six will be practi¬ 
cally the same as if ten years of life 
were added, wherein we may command 
eight hours every day for the cultiva¬ 
tion of our minds and the dispatch 
of business. 

EAHN. — In marine insurance the 
premium is said to be e.wwtA if the 
vessel or the goods are upon the sea 
during, any of the time mentioned in 
the policy. If the premium is not earn¬ 
ed, it -must be refunded if it has been 
paid. Earnest, an advance in payment 
made by the purchaser of goods to bind 


286 




































































the seller to the agreement. 

E/^SEtyENT.— A liberty, privilege,or ad 
vantage, which the owner of one parcel 
of land has to use the land of another 
without profit. 

E/^ES-DF\OppEF\S.— Persons who lurk 
about dwelling houses, and other places 
where people meet for private inter¬ 
course, to hear any discourse, atid there¬ 
upon to frame slanderous tales. 

^CCl^SI/\STIC/\L COHPOFV\T|Ofl.-A 

corporation whose members are entire 
ly spiritual persons, and is established 
for the advancement of religion, and 
perpetuating the rights of the church. 
-Also called ^X\oJ\ows^cw^o\a\\o\\. 

E^D^CT.— A public command or ordinance 
by a sovereign, forbidding or command¬ 
ing something. 

EJECTMENT. — A species of mixed action 
whereby a person way recover possess¬ 
ion of real property, together with dam¬ 
ages, while unlawfully detained bp another. 

ELEly^EfJT. — A fundamental, or essen¬ 
tial ingredient; one of the simplest 
parts or principles of which anything con¬ 
sists. 

£]-I^EMOSYN/VFiY.— Relating to char¬ 
ity, alms, or almsgiving.Eleemosyn¬ 
ary Corporation, a corporate body insti¬ 
tuted for the perpetual distribution of 
the. free alms or bounty of the founder 
of it, to such class of persons as he has 
directed. 

EN\BA^OO .—An edict or order of the 
government issued in time of war, pro¬ 
hibiting vessels or goods from leaving port 
until further orders. 

EA^Le,—A gojd coin of the United States 
of the value of ten dollars. Easy,not ptess- 

_ed for money. Effects, available funds; or 
movable property. 

ELL.— An English measure of length,equal 
toU4 yards; the Scotch ell is I%k> yards. 

EMBARK,.- To proceed on board aves-l 

sel; to engage in any business. 

ENlB^ZZLEKECiT—The act of fraudu¬ 
lently appropriating to himself, by an 
employe' orclerk, money or goods en¬ 
trusted to his charge. 

Eb/lBLEtyEfiTS.— The. growing crops, 
or profits of a crop, arising from aten- 
ant’s own labor, and which He has the 
right to remove after his tenancy has 
expired. 

EfV\Bf\^CERY. — An attempt to corrupt 
a jury, court, etc., inducing them to fa¬ 
vor one party in a trial, by promises^n- 
treaties, threats, money, etc. 

emicmtioN— Free. intercourse,both 
for travelers and immigrants is grant¬ 


ed by all civilized nations, and it may 
be expected that, as the commerce of the 
world increases, and travel becomes mom 
and more general, it will in time become 
established as a strict right. In general, 
citizens have aright to leave their 
country whenever they choose. 

ENIPLo\EFV A,ND ENlPLCiYE. — An 
agreement to work for another, is a 
very common kind of contract in bus¬ 
iness life. The two general classes 
are (11 to do some particular thing, 
and [X) to do whatever the employer 
may direct. 

The most important part of the 
employer’s agreement is to pay for 
the services, and it is either 
or\w^>\\eA. A fixed compensation.be- 
forehand controls; but where nothing 
is said about whether the services win 
be.paid for, or how much will be paid, 
nevertheless such a contract is always 
im pi led. NNWvx •seAv\c>e,% are 

VweAeVs ■j\sNav)=, z,qxMta\ 

^a\) NN'wa'c W\e.^ are \Norv\\,i.e.,the 
usual amount paid for such services 
elsewhere. Unless there is a special 
agreement for payment in advance, 
the person employed is entitled to no 
pay until the whole service has been 
rendered. 

The employe must fulfill His agree¬ 
ment, but if anything else is asked of 
Him he need not do it. W Vs arv'wa- 
sj\\e.& rjaVv o<i «,\i«.r\) aqre.«,rw«A\\ V> rerv 
Ae-r s«.ru\ces,\\va\r V\\«- mmotY \N*\W \>e 
Xorre. \n\X\\ orX\r\ar\) <bY\\\,care., an\X 
. If the person employed fails 
to carry out His contract in any re¬ 
spect, he is entitled to no compensation 
no matter how much he has done. 

E:iytRor\iliiv\. —a center of trade,espe 
cially a city or town having an extens¬ 
ive commerce. 

EtlCHOJVCH.— To unlawfully enter,step 
by step, or by stealth, upon the rights 
and possessions of another. 

EflDOf\SE.— To transfer by writing 
one’s name on the back, as on notes, 
drafts, etc.; to guarantee payment. En 
dorsee,the person in whose favor an 
endorsement is made.Endorser, one 
who writes his name on the back of 
a note, etc., thus becoming responsi¬ 
ble for its payment. 

IN BLANK. IN PULL. GENERAL. 


^tSmSY«\Y\V< 

In the following form each party' 
is responsible to the one below him; 
i.e., if Nos.l pay the obligation,all 
the others a re released; if Nos. I 
fail to pay, then Nis.2 are next re¬ 
sponsible, who, if they pay, Nos.3,4, 
etc.,are released, but Nos.l are re¬ 
sponsible to Nos. X\ etc. 


John Doe. 

Pay 

Richard Roe, 
or order. 
John Doe. 

Pay 

Richard Roe, 
John Doe. 

RESTRICTIVE. AUALIEIED. CONDITIONAL. 

Pay 

Richard Roe 
only. 
John Doe. 

Pay 

Richard Roe, 
or order, 
without re- 
co urse. 
John Doe. 

Pay 

Richard Roe, 
or order, 
unless payment 
is forbidden be¬ 
fore maturi- 
ty. 

John Doe. 


IN A 
NOTE. 

IN AN 
ACCEPTED 
ORAFT. 

IN A 
CEATIFIEO 
CHECK. 

IN AN UN¬ 
ACCEPTED 
ORAFT,OR 
UNCERTI¬ 
FIED CHECK. 

1. Maker. 

1. Acceptor. 

I.The bank. 

I.Orawer. 

2.1st Indotsei 

Z. Drawer. 

Z.lst htdorser. 

22sthtei 

3.2nd >» 

3.1st bndotser. 

3.2nd >•> 

3.2nd »» 

4.3rd •> i 

4.1nd »» 

4.3rd »j 

4.3rd »» 

Etc. 

Etc. 

Etc. 

Etc. 


In blank.... A blank endorsement 
makes a note transferable by mere 
delivery only, but the endorser is 
made liable for its payment. 

In fn.1l.... An endorsement in 
full prevents a subsequent \\o\Aex 
from recovering against the antece¬ 
dent parties, unless he can deduce a 
regular title to the bill from the per¬ 
son whose name stands as first endor¬ 
ser. It also has the same effect as 
an endorsement in blank. 

General.... A general endorsement 
entitles the holder of a note to t he 
money, and in case of default,to look 
to the endorser for payment. It has 
been held that in a general endorse¬ 
ment the holder has a right to fill in 
the words e ‘or order,” if he saw fit, ma¬ 
king it a ivXv endorsement. 

Restrictive. ...The holder of a note 
has power to limit its payment to whom 
be pleases. A restrictive endorsement 
will not be presumed from equivocal 
language, and it always tends to im¬ 
pair the negotiability of a note or bill.. 

Gittalified..i. A qualified endorsement- 
does not affect the negotiability of a 
note, but allows the holder to trans¬ 
fer it without being held liable for its 
payment. 

Conditional....Theconditional en 
dorsement is explained by its wording, 
and is used only in special cases. One 
who afterwards accepts it is bound by 
the condition. 

By an Agent.... An agent should en¬ 
dorse either aqewx, or write the 
name of his principal; otherwise the 
endorsement is inoperative. If.compell- 
ed to endorse notes or bills over to his 
principal, He should use a restrictive 
form,to avoid responsibility. 

\£>e.e ^rwxaa.'v\X\)iX. 

For Money Paid.... When a partial 
payment is made on anote.it should be 
endorsed thus: 

^100.*%o. Received on the within note 

One Hundred Dollars. 

Sept. 10,19.... OeorgeLamb. 

Fo-r Collection.... 

Pay to Merchants’National Bank, 
St. Paul, for collection. 

Samuel Paul 


287 


















































EtQC-F\OSS .— To write out, of copy,in 
a large, fair hand, on pape-r or parchment; 
to buy up large quantities of goods or 
any kind in order to control the -mar¬ 
ket. 

ENJOIN . —To command,require, or 
prohibit by a judicial order or decree. 

EbjVoY —A person sent by a sover¬ 
eign or government, to negotiate- a 
treaty, or transact other business,with 
a foreign sovereign or government. 
vested with full power he is called an 
erw o\v tke& ax » 

E^TF\EPOf.= A storeroom for the de¬ 
posit of goods; a bonded warehouse; 
a free port. 

e^thY— The lodyment of a ship’s ] 
papers in the custom house on arriv¬ 
al at a port of entry; the rerord of 
arm business transaction. 

EQUIPMENTS.-A collective desig- 

nation for the necessaries of an ex¬ 
pedition or voyage. 

EQUITY .—A branch of remedial jus¬ 
tice,by and through which relief isaf- 
forded to^suitors in the courts of equi¬ 
ty. Equitable Assets, assets which are 
reached only throuyh a court of equi¬ 
ty. Equitable Estate, a right or inter¬ 
est in land which requires a court of 
equity to make .available. Equitable 
Mortgage, a claim or lien upon real 
estate, recognized in a court of equity 
as security for money paid; as -a de¬ 
posit of the title-deeds of an estate with 
the lender of the money.lt hastfiesame 
effect as a mortgage. Equity of Re¬ 
demption, the right of a mortgagor to 
redeem an estate, after it has been for¬ 
feited at law by the non-payment, at 
the time appointed, of the money se¬ 
cured by the mortgage, to be paid b y 
paying the amount of the debt,interests 
and costs. 

EF^OH . — A blunder or mistake; a le¬ 
gal writ which carries the suit for re¬ 
dress to another court. Errors Except¬ 
ed, a.reservation made in all cases in 
furnishing -mercantile accounts. 

E;SCblE/\T. —Lands or tenements which 
fall or revert to the lord or superior be¬ 
cause of the failure of heirs, or by for¬ 
feiture. 

Ssc^oVv .—A deed delivered to a stran¬ 
ger, to be the deed of a party making it, 
upon a future condition, when a cer¬ 
tain thing is performed, and then to 
be delivered to the party to whom -made. 

^SPL^ES.— The productions of land; 
as, the Hay of the meadows, herbage of 
pasture, corn of the arable, rents, etc. 


EqST/\TE.— The degree, quantity,nat¬ 
ure arid extent of interest which a per¬ 
son has in real property; the circum¬ 
stances or conditions in which the own¬ 
er stands with regard to his property. 
Estate in Common, a joint estate 
held by two or more persons, and Hav¬ 
ing several distinct titles. Estate in 
Coparcenery, an estate Held by sever¬ 
al persons as one heir. Estate in pow¬ 
er, the life estate held by a widow in 
one-third of the land and tenements 
of which her husband was seized at 
any time during coverture, and which 
estate might have been inherited by 
her issue if she had any. f state i m 
Expectancy, an estate in which the 
right of possession and enjoyment js 
postponed to a future time. Estate in 
Fee (or Fee-Simple), an unqualified own¬ 
ership of lands which a.man and his 
Heirs have without limit or end. Es¬ 
tate in Fee-Tail, an estate which will 
be inherited by certain classes of heirs. 
Estate of Inheritance, any freehold 
estate, except that for life, which may 
descend to heirs. Estate of Joint Ten¬ 
ancy, conveyance of land by purchase 
to two or more persons jointly,either 
in fee, for life, or for years. Estate/or 
Life, ati estate which one has aright 
to use during his life, or the- life of 
some other person. Estate in Remain 
der, an expectant estate in lands,tene¬ 
ments, or rents, to be enjoyed by some 
third party, after the expiration of an 
intervening estate. Estate in Reversion, 
an expectant estate arising by operation 
of law; the residue of an estate which 
returns to the grantor after the deter¬ 
mination of some particular estate 
granted. Estate in Severalty, lands or 
tenements Held by a person in his own 
exclusive right. Estate at Sufferance, 
the lowest estate that can exist.lt aris¬ 
es where a tenant continues his. pos¬ 
session after his tenancy has expired. 
Estate at Will,, an estate depending up¬ 
on the joint wills of the parties, and 
not limited by time.Estate forYears, 
an estate held for a definite time, and 
may be for any length of time; it is al¬ 
so called VeAwxkox FutureEstate, 

the interest which a person has in cer¬ 
tain land to whom it is to go upon the 
death of a life tenant, or upon some 
other contingency.Thus the heirs of 
a husband have, a future estate in land 
set apart to a widow for her dower. 

EjSJOppEL.-A legal impediment to a 

right of action arising from a person’s 
own act, or where he is precluded from 
speaking against his own deed. 

E;SX0VEP(S. — Supply of needful wood, 
for repairs,fuel, etc., a legal guaranty to 
tenants from their demised premises. 

E-STF^fS-—Animals, whose owners are 
not known, found wandering around. 

EV/ySIOfl. —A shift or subterfuge to set 
aside the truth, or escape the punishment 
of the law. 

EVICTION.— The recovery of lands or 
tenements from another’s possession 
by legal proceedings.— A landlord Has a 
right to evict when the tenancy expires, 


and also whenever the tenant does,or 

omits to do, anything for which the 
lease provides,the landlord shall have the 
right to "re-enter.” If a landlord de¬ 
prives the tenant of the property with¬ 
out right, it relieves the latter from pay¬ 
ing rent. When the landlord has aright 
to evict, he mag do it himself if he can 
accomplish it without force-not other¬ 
wise; resort must be had to the courts. 
1/ some third party, having a better right 
to the property than the landlord, should 
deprive the tenant of it, that'would also 
relieve him from paying rent. This often 
occurs in mortgaged property. 

EVIDENCE.—Proof\or testimony,ei¬ 
ther written or unwritten, of facts at 
issue between parties. 

E\ApT(ON.— The act of demanding or 
taking with authority; a wrong,com¬ 
mitted by an officer, or one. pretend¬ 
ing to have authority, by taking a larg- 
erfee than the law allows. 

eX-V^INE^.—A custom-house officer 
who examines imported merchandise 
and compares the articles with the in¬ 
voices; an officer in chancery to take 
depositions of unwilling witnesses, 
where notice of motion for decree has 
been given,or where issue is joined; 
an officer in the Patent Office who in¬ 
spects patents and records. 

EXcSPTiOfl. — The act of excluding 

or leaving out a certain number;astop 

or stay to an action. 

.—The giving one vaTue 
for another; the process of remit¬ 
ting money values by means of bills 
arid drafts; the discount or premium 
arising from the purchase or sale of 
different classes of paper; -the place 
where merchants of a city meet to 
transact busines. Exchange Broker, 
one who negotiates foreign bills of 
exchange. 

EXp!SE;.—A fax or duty levied on ar¬ 
ticles produced and consumed in the 
same country, as on wine,whisky,etc. 

EXECUTE.— To carry into complete 
effect; to put to death by form of law. 
Executed, when applied to contracts, 
signifies already done, accomplished,or 
performed. Execution, a legal war¬ 
rant or order to carry out the judg¬ 
ment or sentence of the court.Exccu- 
tor, a person appointed by a testator 
to carry out the provisions and direc¬ 
tions of his will. Executory, having 
authority to put the laws in force; yet 
to be performed.Executory Contract, 
a con tract to be performed i n the fu¬ 
ture, as to build a house in six months. 
Executory Devise, A gift of a future 
interest; a devise depending on some 
contingency which must happen be¬ 
fore it can vest, instead of at the death 
of the testator. Executory Estate, an 
estate which depends,for its enjoyment, 
upon sonic contingency or subsequent 
event. Executory Trust, an incomplete 
trust, requiring a further act to give 
it its full force. Executory Uses,spring- 
ing uses which confer a legal title, and 
answer to an executory devise, depend 
ing upon afuture contingency. 


t 


268 
































^BUSINESS TERMS./, 


eXe^pLarY damages. —Damages al 
lowed as a punishment for torts com¬ 
mitted with fraud, malice, or deliberate 
violence; serving as a warning to others. 

E)(EfV\PTlO{'l. —Freedom from any ser¬ 
vice, charge,appearance,etcjthe right 
of a debtor to retain.a portion of his 
property from execution. Exempts, per¬ 
sons who are by law excused From cer¬ 
tain duties imposed upon others. 

exhibit. —A written statement show¬ 
ing the condition of the affairs of a 
merchant; a transcript of ledger bal¬ 
ances. 

EXPATRIATION*— Banishment from 
one’s native country, voluntary or other¬ 
wise; the forsaking of one’s country 
with the intention of becoming a citi¬ 
zen of another. 

EXPENSE.— This is a title under which 
an account of the wqawves incurred in 
conducting a business is kept; such as 
freight,store rent, clerk hire, fuel, lights, 
etc. It includes all expenses connected 
with a business that do not more prop¬ 
erly belong to some other account. \( 
it be desired to show results in detai I. 
separate accounts must be kept with Sal¬ 
aries, Freight, Rent, etc.Debit Expense 
with any outlay for carrying on the bus 
iness.Credit Expense with returns on 
anything previously debited to it. 

EXPENSE. 


Jan 

1 

For Rent, 

100 

00 

19- 

Jati 

30 

Sold Office Desk, 

40 

M 

5 

>> Office Desk, 

50 

00 

11 

31 


m 

71 

10 

»i Books, 

10 

00 





17 

17 

Clerk Hire, 

100 

00 








260 

w 




260 













00 


EXPERTS. — Persons skilled in a science, 
an art, or in a. profession; persons. select¬ 
ed by parties in a cause, to give evidence 
on those subjects in which they are par¬ 
ticularly skilled. 

EXPORT.— To carry or send goods or 
produce out of a country in the course 
of trade. Export Ditty, a duty imposed 
by some governments on the exporta¬ 
tion of certain kinds of metchandise.Ex- 
porter, one who sends goods to a foreign 
country. Exports, goods and produce ex¬ 
ported or sent out of a country. 

express. —To transmit wore rapidly 
than by ordinary maans; a regular and 
auick conveyance for packages, light 
freight, etc. Express Company, an as- 
sociation ? coming in the class of Com¬ 
mon Carriers, whose business is totrans- 


port from place to place, the goods,etc., 
of any one when offered them.Express 
Contract, an agreement definitely and 
formally expressed in words. It may be 
either oral or written. Opposite of im¬ 
plied contract. 

EXTENT. -A legal warrant by which the 

body, lands, and goods of a debtor may 
all betaken at once to satisfy a claim. 
Extension, the extending of the va¬ 
rious items of a bill to the final dol¬ 
lar and cent column; an agreement on 
the part of a creditor to allow further 
time for the payment of a debt. Exten¬ 
uation, a circumstance which lenders 
a crime or fault less heinous than it 
would be without it. 

ExTORTIO^.—To gain from violence, 
threats, or injustice;tHe unlawful tak¬ 
ing, by an officer, under color of his of¬ 
fice, of money or anything of value not 
due him. 

EXTF\/\DIXIOt' •—The surrender by one 
government to another, of any person 
who has fled from justice.When applied 
to States of the U.S. it is called axe^yCviv 
Wow. 

E\E V/IT{$ESS. —One who sees a 

thing done. 

F/\CE OF NOTE. —The amount of won 
ey expressed in writing in the body of a 
note or bill. 

F/VC-Sliy\lLE. — An accurate imitation of 
an original; an exact copy or likeness. 

F/\CTOF\- — An agent employed to sell 
goods or merchandise consigned pr de 
livened to him, by or for his principal, 
for a compensation, commonly called 
factorage or commission. Factorage, 
the commission allowed to factors or 
commission merchants by those, who 
employ them. Facture,an invoice or 
bill of parcels. 

fajL .— To become bankrupt or insolvent. 
Failure, inability to meet mercantile en¬ 
gagements ; suspension of payment. Us¬ 
ed mainly of persons in commercial 
life. When a firm fails,every partner 
is liable for the whole indebtedness of 
the firm; i.e., not only the common,but 
also the private property of each part¬ 
ner may betaken to satisfy the debts 
ofthefirm.ln such a case, if proper 
legal steps be taken, the private prop¬ 
erty of each partner may be reserved 
to pay. his private debts, and the part¬ 
nership property set apart to pay the 
partnership debts. When either class 
has been wholly paid, the surplus prop¬ 
erty is applied to the other class. 

FAIR- —Honorable; a grade above mid¬ 
dling; a market held at stated periods. 

F^U- Ruin; a tumble; decrease in 

price or value. Falling Market, a con¬ 
tinuous decline in the price of goods 
or merchandise. Falling Off, a dimi¬ 
nution of sales. 

faLs^ action. —An action the words 
of which writ are false.False Impris¬ 
onment, any illegal restraining of per¬ 
sonal liberty; the arrest or detention 
of a person without warrantor by an 
illegal warrant, or by a legal warrant 
issued at an unlawful time. False F-re- 
tetises, deceit or misrepresentations; 


statements made with a fraudulent 
design to obtain goods on credit.Fal¬ 
sify, to make something appear to be 
true which is really false. 

F/WlLY EXP^NSg.— An account 
under this title may be kept\£>M.\x- 
\e.x\seAox kcmxC\,and made Dr. for 
every thing bought for family use, in¬ 
cluding the market price of such prod¬ 
ucts of the farm as might be used by 
the family. Where a family expense 
account is kept, the books would show 
the profits from farming, the cost of 
living, and the net increase. 

FAFW APCOb^TS- These may be 

kept in simple Ledger Accounts, the 
same as with persons or Cash, by 
making the Farm, or any portion 
of it with which an account is kept, 
Dr. for what it costs, and Cr. for 
what it produces. If there be an ex¬ 
cess of the Cr. side over its Dr. side, 
it will.represent the x\eX cy£\w for the 
time; if the excess be on the Dr..side, 
it will represent xveXAoss. If desired, 
accounts may be kept thus with one 
or any number of fields, or depart¬ 
ments of farm work, for one year 
or for a single crop, as with aWheat- 
field, a Corn-field, a Cattle Account.ete. 

F/VW RECORD.—A record giving 
an account of one’s farming oper¬ 
ations, including the cost of labor em¬ 
ployed in preparing fields for crops; 
the cost of seed, and of planting and 
sowing; the cost of protecting and cul¬ 
tivating growing crops,and of harvest 
ing them; the price they bring when 
sold, or their worth as used; the kind, 
quantity, and cost of fertilizers em- 
ployed;the effect of the rotation of 
crops; etc., etc. Such a record would 
be of great value in. enabling, farmers 
to profit most largely by their individ¬ 
ual or joint experience. 

farni register.— A Time Book for] 
labor performed. It is kept on the gen 
eral plan of the Pay Roll orTinte Book. 

XMe.se. kox 4o*wC\. Use the left col¬ 
umn for the V\X\es. of speculative ac¬ 
counts, or branches of farming,as 
Wheat-field, Live Stock, Dairy,Orchard, 
etc., and enter regularly the number 
of days’ work expended upon each of 
these branches. Two lines might be 
left for each title, the upper for day’s 
work of / we.w, and the lower for V/m, 
which would be at different rates, 
and the amount of the whole extend¬ 
ed at the right. 

fancy stocks.. —A term us.ually applied 
to the.stocks of joint companies, which 
issubjeetto fluctuation in price. 

FARTHING—A copper coin of England, 
in value equal to about one-hllf cent. 

FACTORS. — Supporters of others;per¬ 
sons who aid or support another in the 
commission of a crime; an abetot. 

F/tyOR. — Support, patronage, or good¬ 
will; -to assist, befriend, or afford advan¬ 
tages for success. 

FEALTY-—The special oath of fidelity 
which a tenant owes to his landlord. 

FERSANCR.— The act of doing or wa¬ 
king anything. 


289 





























































^mlE^FORM^^ 

mSbSIIi Mftwft; |i|1B« 

dition of military service; a fee,feod,or 

fe ud. 

FlLl^TIO^.—The relationof a chi l d 
to a father; the act of ascribing a 
child to a father. 

FILIBUSTER.—One who unites with 
others in attackiny aforeiyn country 
in time of peace for plunder or conquest. 

FINAL DRCREEa. — A final or conclu¬ 
sive sentence of the court, terminatiny 
all litiyation on any one cause.Final 
Judgment, a decision of the co urt 
which puts an end to an action, by an 
award of redress To one party, or dis- 
charye of the other, as the case may be. 

FINANCIER.—One skilled in money 
matters; one who has charye of t he 
public.revenues., 

FIRE I^SURANC^.—An indemnity a- 
gainst loss by fire. Fire Policy,the au¬ 
thorized document settiny forth the nature 
and extent of the property insured .against 
fire, the sum to be paid under it in the 
event of fire, and the annual premium 
payable by insurer. 

No.475. $5000. 

THE &SRSWAN »MSURfiNCS0OMPM<y,CF»N- 

In Consideration of the representa¬ 
tions of the assured, of the conditions, 
limitations and requirements of this 
Policy, hereinafter mentioned and of 

sure.....Qr.N\Xv,K\Nvo'A^.for....O / v\e. 

Xe/ax.from the...S\\<sX-.... day of 

..19 , at 13. o’clock at 

noon, to the.VvxsPc-.day of. 

\\wqwsV.19 ,at 12 o’clock at noon, 

to an amount not exceediny .....’Twj^, 

.Dollars, against loss or 

damaye by Fire to the following speci¬ 
fied and located property only, to-wit: 

\>ow^X,«A\qraN\wqs,<i\ec\awX co^ew 
Y>\?We.s, -awX oXVww Ywe/Xc.'wa.wXXsc 'xwn tow 
\?AWiX\w\V?. Y> xXcNk w\\X\x\q Hc.AA OX- 

\m«, %X\wX ,'Xexxe,XXa.w\e.,X , v\^.. 

And the said German InsunaticeCow 
pany hereby ayrees to indemnify and 
make good unto the said assured all such 
immediate loss or damaye, not exceediny 
in amount the sum or sums insured 
as above specified, nor the interest of 
the insured in the property,except as 
herein provided, as shall happen by fire 
to the property so specified; the amount 
of loss or damaye to be estimated accord- 
iny to the actual cash value of the prop¬ 
erty at the time of the fire, and to be paid 
in sixty days after the loss shall Have 
been ascertained, in accordance with 
the terms and conditions of this Policy, 
and satisfactory proof of the same requir¬ 
ed by this Company shall have been made 
by the insured,and received at the prin¬ 
cipal office of this Company in Indianap¬ 
olis, Ind ., unless the property be replaced 
or this Company shall have 9iven notice 
of its intention to rebuild or re pair 
the damayed property. 

\V\eAe XoXXosn oy XXwaxWq \\v<0)i/ www 
\>cx oV wkwor c\a.wse.sY 

In witness whereof, The GERMAN 
Insurance Company, of Indianapolis, 
|nd., has caused these presents to besi<m- 

ed by its President, and attested by its 

Secretary, in 1 ndianapolis, Ind., but the 
same shall not be binding until counter- 

siyned by.. < Jreo. N X.'Xawox.Ayent 

for the Company at.....\weY&w\e,\YA. 

Attested. \ 'NX.S>.Yoe.xl\ae., 

XjwksX'xs.wssw, l President. 

Secretary. < Xt^o.XX.Tmvow, 

A ye r/t. 

Countersiyned this....4th....dayof....Kwq. 

For Value Received .hereby trans- 

fer, and set over unto. 

all.right,title and interest in 

this Policy of lnsurance,and all benefit 
and advantaye to be derived therefrom. 

Witness .hand this..... 

day of.19. 

Approveo at.Ayency, 

this.day of.19.... 

.Ayent. 

Received of the German Insurance 
Company, of Indianapolis, Ind., by the 

hands of... ., . 

Dollars, in full satisfaction for all 
claims and demands whatsoever for 

Loss and Damage by fire, to property 
insured by said Company underthis 
Policy, and which property was de¬ 
stroyed by fire on the.. t ...day of 

of this Policy is hereby cancelled and 
surrendered to said InsuranceCotnpany. 

FI^DIfJG-.—The verdict or result of 
the deliberations of a jury or judicial 
body. 

FI {ME-A sum paid as a penalty, as a 

punishment, or as the price of exemp¬ 
tion. Fine Force, the forciny of a person 
to do that which he can in nowise help. 

FIRIV\_The name or title under which 

several persons or partners transact bus¬ 
iness. Firm Name, this yenerally consists 
of the names of the persons composiny 
the Firm, or of one or wore of them 
and Co.; as. Smith &. Brown, or Smith, 
Brown L Co., as the case may be.TH e 
word STOCK is employed to represent 
the firm in its own.books of account. 

The Stock Account is Cr. for the assets 
of the f irm, and Dr. for its liabilities. 

FIRST CLASS.—Of the highest excel¬ 
lence. First-Hand, obtained directly 
from the manufacturer or maker; new, 
as opposed to second-hand 

FISCAL. — Pertaininy tothe public rev¬ 
enue or treasury. Fiscal Year, the fi¬ 
nancial year as reckoned by the depart¬ 
ment of f inance. 

F{vE-FORTlRS. — A commercial term 
applied to bonds issued by the United 
States, redeemable at the pleasure of the 
C-overnment after any period not less 
than five years, and payable at any pe¬ 
riod not more than forty, years from 
their date; the bonds bear interest at 
the rate of 6 per cent, per annum. Five- 
Twenties, United States bonds redeem¬ 
able at the pleasure of the Government 
after five years from date, and payable 
in twenty ycars;they bear interest a t6do. 

FE;E.—Price paid /or services-yenerally 
said of professional wen;estate,either 
in /ee-simpie or fee-tall; that -ripht which 
a vassal has in lands.to use /he same 
and take /he profits thereof to himself 
and His heirs, renderiny to his lord duo 
services there/or. Fee-Simple, an estate 
in lands or tenements of which the own¬ 
er has the fullest power of disposing 
which the law allows.Fee-Tail,an estate 
which can be inherited only by a certain 
class 0/ heirs; a limited inheritance. 

FRlGfJEQ >\CT^O(l.— The appearance 
ofaiminy at^or offeriny when sorne- 
thiny quite different is intended; such 
action,althouyh the words of the writ 
are true, yet the plaintif has no actual 
cause of action. Feigned Issue, a pro- 
ceedjny brouyht by the consent of the 
parties, or by a court, to determine before 
a jury some disputed riyht or facts,thus 
saviny both time and expense. 

FRLOfJ.— One convicted for havittycom¬ 
mitted a crime.Felonious Homicide,the 
killiny of a person without justification 
or excuse. Felony, every species of crime 
which occasions.t-he forfeiture of land 
and yoods; a crime punishable by im¬ 
prisonment in a State prison. 

F^OFplV\E^T.—A conveyance oryfft 
in fee of corporeal hereditaments accom¬ 
panied by actual delivery of possession. 
Feoffment to Uses, the conveyance of 
land to a person for the use of a third 
party. 

FRRRY.—The riyht, yranted by act of 
leyislature, to maintain a vessel forcar- 
ryiny passenyers orfreiyht across a 
river, bay, etc. 

FRUD.— The riyht to use the lands of a 
lord, by renderiny services therefor,the 
property in the land still remaininy in 
the lord.Feudal Law(orSystem),a sys¬ 
tem of tenures common in Western 
Europe duriny the Middle Ayeslfrom 
about 600 A.O. to 1500), by which real 
estate was Held, and which arose from 
the peculiar political conditions of those 
countries. 

FICTITIOUS /\CTICjJ.—An action brouyht 
on a pretended coritroversy,in order 
to yet the opinion of the court on a 
point of*law. Fictitious Quotation s, 
in the stock exchanye, common devices 
of the bucket shops \jv\iarVs or excAesoe.w 

ces w'Y\\Ov\\v\\ie. qrowrx owY wpor\ Y\\t oow\- 
w*\ ovjX \ j 0 Xv; *yy\ \%\ qe,c‘\V\es^, which are 
usually the sending of false teleyrams 
from the main source of information, 
or furnishiny the teleyraph operator 
with the fiyures he is to post up instead 
of those really teleyraphed. 

FI RF.—Land held of a superior on con- 



290 






















































F|\t\JRES.—T hat part of the furnish¬ 
ing of a store, such as chattels or arti¬ 
cles of a personal nature affixed to real 
estate, and which may not be removed 

t \) the party who affixed them. 

AT.— Inactive, depressed, or dull 0 / 
sale; the kYa\ value 0 / bonds or stocks 
is their value without interest. 
FLEEjT.-:—A number of ships in com¬ 
pany; a navy or squadron. Flo den- 
mark, high-water mark; the mark 
which the sea at hiyhest mark makes 
upon the shore. Flotsam, the name of 
goods floating on the sea. 
FOOLSCAP*—The name a /olio wri- 
tiny paper, about 13/4 by I6>4 inches. 
FUfEl\. —A small side operation,not 
employing one’s whole capital. 

FOCAL D/vE _A date to reckon from, 

adopted tor convenience'in computiny 
averages. It is chiefly used in determin- 
iny the aNS/vaucya L'axe, of bills, or their 
•&Nok cacAW,. The earliest or 
the latest date of the several bills aver¬ 
aged is usually employed, the result, be- 
iny the same whatever focal date is taken 
FOL^O. —.A paye in an account book; 
any book of the laryest site,formed by 
once doubliny a sheet of paper; in Yaw 
vmVwq, a paye containing a certain 
number of words, ranyiny from 12 to 
90. 

FOOTING- —The expressed amount of a 
column or columns of figures; the act 
of addiny columns of fiyures. 

FORCE (IN CONTRACTS).—Assent, giv¬ 
en freely and with full knowledge^ nec 
essary to a contract. If it is obtained by 
means of force, as through threats of 
any kind, the party upon whom the force 
is practiced can claim there is no c on- 
tract if he wishes to. The other one can 
not, for it is a rule in law that one cati 
not take advantaye of His own wrong-do- 
iny. Forced Sales, sales ofyoods made 
under necessity or compulsion. Forc- 
1*119 ftuotations, keepiny up the price 
of a stock, and preventing its falling 
out of sight, usually by making a 
small sale. 

FORECLOSURE. —The legal process by 
which a mortgagor is compelled to re¬ 
deem his pledge or property,or lose it; 
an original bill in chancery by a mortga¬ 
gee, for the purpose of shutting out for¬ 
ever the mortgagor from the equity of 
redemption. 


FOREIGN ATTACH^E^T A legal proi 

ces by which the goods of absent debt¬ 
ors are seized, in order to compel an 
appearance, or in default, to pau t he 
claim of the plaintiff. Foreign Bill of 
Exchange, a bill drawn by a person 
residing in one country or State up¬ 
on a person residing in another coun¬ 
try or State.\^>e,e \w\keA ^\\\ Wi W«Jy 
Foreigner, one not a citizen; in the 
United States, one not born Herein, 
and who still owes allegiance to some 
foreign country. 

ORESTALL.— To buy merchandise 
on the way to market, before it reach¬ 
es it, with the intent to sell again at 
a higher price; *0 enhance the price 
of victuals or other provisions,through 
some device. 

FORFEITURE .— Money paid by way 
of penalty fora ctime;-tHe losing of 
some right, privilege, estate,honor, or 
office,etc., by some offensc,crime,or 
neglect.Non-performance or a con¬ 
dition way forfeit an estate. 

FORGERY-—The crime of making or 
altering notes, bills of exchange,or oth¬ 
er instruments, in order to make them 
pass as genuine. Forged Paper, gener¬ 
ally the endorsee obtains a perfect ti¬ 
tle when paper is transferred before ma¬ 
turity; but if the first endorsement be 
forged,no title rests in the holder. If 
the maker’s name be forged, the hold¬ 
er has no recourse against him. Nego¬ 
tiable paper is void when the consider¬ 
ation is either contrary to the general 
principles of common law or is prohib¬ 
ited by statute. 

FORNICATION—The illicit commerce 
between unmarried persons,or between 
unmarried and warrifed. Where both par¬ 
ties are married it is called 

FORSVVEAR. — To swear falsely, or de 
ny or renounce upon oath.lt has not 
the same meaning as perjury. 

foUNd property. — The law of 

finding is that the finder has a clear ti 
tie against every one but the owner. The 
proprietor of a hotel or a store has no 
right to demand property when found 
on his premises. The law of find!ng 
was declared by the king’s bench in a 
case in which the facts were these: A 
person found a wallet containing a sum 
of money on the premises o/a shopkeeper 
and handed it to the proprietor to find 
the owner. After waiting three years, 
the owner did not call for the proper- 
tyjand the finder demanded it. Upon 
being refused, he entered suit,in which 
it was held that against all the world 
but the owner the title of the finder 
is perfect. Receivers of articles found 
are trustees for the owner or finder, 
and have no power, in the absenceot 
special statute, to keep an article against 
the finder, any more tnan the finder has 
to retain an article against the owner. 
\See Yo<& YV\<\\wMe, - 

\w\w^e,x\. 

FRACTIONAL CURRENCY.—Notes is 

sued by the Unitea States Government 
for the fractions of a dollar. 


FRANC. — A silver coin used in France 
and Belgium, and worth \QH cents. 

FRANCRISR-A privilege or right 

granted by government to one or 
more individuals; privilege,right, or 
liberty. Franking Privilege, a priv¬ 
ilege of sending certain matter through 
the mails without payment, as news¬ 
papers published and sent to subscrib¬ 
ers within the same county. 

FRAUD. — Any intentional and suc¬ 
cessful employment of any cunning, de¬ 
ception,or artifice, used to circumvent, 
cheat, or deceive another. In contracts 
fraud may be practiced (I) by one par¬ 
ty upon the other to induce him to 
make the contract, or (>l) the contract 
may be a fraudulent device between 
two parties to cheat some third party. 
If the fraud is practiced between two 
parties, it may be from stating facts 
known to be false, or by concealing 
facts known to be true,and which 
ought to be revealed.The effect is 
that the dishonest partg must carry 
out his contract, if the other party 
wishes to treat it as valid; but the 
party defrauded need not carry out 
his contract with the party who de¬ 
frauded him. \f the fraud is practic¬ 
ed on a third party, if may be by an 
agreement between two parties 1 0 
cheat the third party by an illegal 
agreement,and wholly void, on by 
an act entirely legal in itself, such 
a.s a debtor transferring his remain 
ing property so that his creditors 
shall not get it. l-f an agent should 
act fraudulently, or deceitfully, he 
himself is responsible to the third 
party, and not his principal. 

FR^ORRIC D’OR_A gold coin of Prus¬ 

sia, valued at about $4. 

FREE BOARD -A strip of land out¬ 

side the fence,about 2'/x feet .wide, 
and which may be claimed bytheotfm- 
er. Free Goods, goods which are ad¬ 
mitted into a country without the 
payment of duty. Freeholder, one 
who holds property in his own right, 
or for life. Freehold of Inheritance, 
f hat estate or interest in real proper¬ 
ty which extends beyond the owner’s 
life to his heirs. If not of inheritance, 
the interest endures only during the 
owner’s life. Free Trade, commerce 
uvrestricted by customs duties or 
traffic regulations. It is the opposite 
of woXecvxow. 

FREEDOM OF SPEECH (ano OF THE 

PRESS).-The liberty to speak and 

print whatever we choose, provided 
we do not abuse the tighf.Congress 
is forbidden to pass any law abridg¬ 
ing them. This is intended to prevent 
all use of those means which in for¬ 
mer times had been used to repress 
the people, by forbidding them to speak 
or write on certain subjects unless 
licensed by the government before¬ 
hand. The object of this provision 
in the Constitution was not to allow 
one to go unpunished who uttered 
slander or published libel. 


291 




























FUGITIVE Cf\IN^IN/\LS The officials 

0 / one State have no power in another 
State as officials, but the Constitution 
provides against the escape of criminals 
who flee from one State to another.The 
Governor of the State from which the 
fugitive has fled, sends a to 

the Governor of the State in which he 
is found, demanding his delivery to the 
first State.This requisition is usually 
complied with, but there is no way to 
compel a Governer of any State to deliv¬ 
er up an accused person. If a crimi¬ 
nal escape from one Nation into an¬ 
other, there is no strict obligation up¬ 
on the yovernment to return himj yet 
there is a provision made for this by 
treaties, known as 

Full AGE.— Legally regarded as -mature 
age. At towmcm Va.\N it is the age of twen¬ 
ty-one, for both males and females; in 
the c\nWV 2 i\n it is twenty-five years; ful I 
age is completed on the day preceding 
the anniversary of birth. 

FULL lfJOOF\SEfV|EflT. — One in which 
payment is ordered to be made to a par¬ 
ticular person named. 

Full Insurance, insurance,the total 
amount of which, whether by one or sev¬ 
eral policies,equals the value of the prop 
erty insured. 

Fuf4o.— Money loatied to government 
for a term of'years, on which interest 
is paid; money appropriated as the foun¬ 
dation of some commercial operation. 
Funded, turned into a permanent loan 
pn which an annual interest is paid.Fund- 
ing, the practice of borrowing money 
to defray the expenses of government. 

FU{dGlBLE(S.r— Things that are consum 
e<f by their use, being loaned for that 
purpose,such as corn, wine, or money. 

FUfUF\E EjST/^TE;.—Am estate the 
enjoyment of which is limited to com 
mence at a future day, such as remain 
ders and reversions. Futures,Dealing 
in, a system of stock exchange gambling, 
which is virtually betting on the price 
of a commodity at a future day. 

fr/\oL deLiVeflY^ The -removal ,of 
all the persons confined in a gaol for 
the purpose of trying them, and dis¬ 
charging those whom the grand jury 
fail to indict. Gaol Liberties, certain de 


FREE^ZI^G 0\JT.— In the ’fwdMi&txtap 
a phrase signifying a cunning device 


___,. ,;ing a cunning device 

by which the little margin put up by the 
lamb is jobbed. The commodity falling 
to a certain price, the trade is declared 
closed, and the loss charged up against 
the amateur operator. 

FREIGHT..— A term used to express va¬ 
rious articles shipped either by land or 
water; charge made for the carriage of 
merchandise, the amount of which is 
generally specified in the bill of lading. 


FREICHT OFFICE, Cot. M and Pine Sts. 

St. Paul, Minn.,Oct.l,19... 

The following consignment to your 
address is now ready for delivery,aiid will 
be put in store -at your risk and expense, 
if not removed within twenty-four hours 
after service of this notice, this Company 
being no longer liable as carriers. 


STATION FROM. 


New York. 


CAR NO. 


1273 


CHARGES. 


15 


74 


DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY. 

X boxes Dry Goods. 


Hows 


FREICHT A6ENT. 




jr <s> -» 0-5 
® -» 3 3 

a.- p 3 

■ 0-3 rc> - 

'= TO CL.O- 


r > 


F 
•1 

- =i fd* -» 
^ 55- 
Pg “=■•*§- 
g=ll5 5S- 

2>= a> «, 2 “ 
5" s> 3" m o 
5 'o <n K „ -j 
< s. fa --F- i 



£XJ 


Z.-i 


_ $3 

I^sSSsr 


TO 1 - 2 . 3 , _ 

Ski;? Sis 

<4.1 1 

31 n> <r ; 53 
o o s, > O ^ 
J) 3 -C _ y o 5 
q « -.8 2 , 2 O 

% § “ 3! % | s 

2 §"o 5 . ^‘5 
*4=-° =» - " 3S 


All oils, molasses,syr- 

UPS, OR LiaUORS OF ANY 
KINO, ENTIRELY AT OWN¬ 
ER’S RISK OF leakage; 
ALL MACHINERY AND FURNI¬ 
TURE AT OWNER’S Risk OF 
CHAFING OR BREAKAGE, 


WEIGHT SUBJECT TO GORRECTIOH 


> 
* 
m 

m 
x 

m 

r 

t 

m 

3 

m 
a 

> z 

? -qS 

5 m > 

"3)P 
5 C 


V -I > 

n 


a _j 
o o _ 
0 2 ° 
.< 2 - 2> 
o 

5i> 

i5 2 

W 

X 
H 


fined limits,considered as being a part 
of the prison, and within which pris¬ 
oners are allowed to go at large,upon 
giving security.for their return.Gaoler, 
the legally appointed officer who h as 
the custody of the place where prison¬ 
ers are kept. 

G/\F\BL£S •—The dust,soil,and other 
impurities, which Have been separated 
from good spices,drugs,etc. 
G/^F^NISll.— A name formerly given 
to an unauthorized prison-fee in Eng¬ 
land, demanded by prisoners from 
new-comers; to warn or give notice. 
Garnishee, a process of attachment; 
a person in whose hands the property 
of another is attached till the claims of 
a third paTty be satisfied.Garnishment, 
^ warning,0T legal notice, given to any 
one. for his appearance, in a cause in 
which he.is not interested,for the pur¬ 


pose of giving information on a subject. 
GAyEL-KIf'ID.—A custom in some parts 
of England,as in Kent, by which land 


descended to all the sons in equal pro 
portion; if no sons, to the daughters. 
GAUGING.—The art or process of meas 
uting the contents of casks or other 
t'cccpl'zi.clcs* 

GENEALOGY—History of the descent 
of a person or family, showing how 
they are connected together. 

G^NfcjR/\L ASSIGN NlEfJT. —A transfer 
by a failing debtor of all His remaining 
property to some one for the purpose 
of having it distributed among his cred¬ 
itors.!/ it were not for an assignment, 
any creditor may sue,and on obtain¬ 
ing judgment have the sheriff seize 
any of the property and satisfy his 
own claim fully out of it, with out -re 
yard to any other creditor, thus caus 
ing it to be a race between the credit¬ 
ors. An assignment stops this.Gener¬ 
al Average, a contribution to be paid 
by the different owners of a vessel and 
cargo to one of their number, when his 
property has been voluntarily and suc¬ 
cessfully sacrificed to save the rest.&en 
eral Issue, a plea which denies or trav¬ 
erses at once the whole indictment or 
declaration, without offering any spec¬ 
ial matter to evade it. General Order 
Store, a government bonded warehouse 
to which, under a ct General Order,” all 
foreign merchandise is sent that is not 
claimed by the owner or consignee with¬ 
in a certain number of hours or days 
after the arrival of a vessel in port. 
GE(NELATION.—The interval or time 
which elapses between the birth of a 
father and the birth of his son, and 
is consequently of uncertain length; 
it depending on the standard of human 
life, and whether the generations are 
reckoned, by eldest, middle, or youngest 
sons. Thirty-three years have usually 
been allowed as the mean length of a 
generation, or three generations for 
every hundred years. In compiling 
pedigrees, great attention is necessa¬ 
ry to the.number of generations in any 
given period,.as they form a guide to 
the probability of persons having sprung 
from any particular individual. 
GERMAN* — As regards genealogy, it 
means whole or entire; thus brothers 
having the same father and mother are 
“brothers-german; ” children of broth¬ 
ers and sisters are “cousins-german.” 
G'ERRiVlRAND^R--This term signi¬ 

fies the divi sion of a State into districts 
for the, choice of representatives, in an 
unnatural and unfairway,so as to give 
one party the advantage. It came in¬ 
to use in Massachusetts in 18II,when 
the Democrats thus took advantage of 
the Federalists. Elbridge Gerry was the 
instigator of this plan, which was there¬ 
fore called Gc,\Yv>w\'!w\Le.\\'Acy. 

GIFT- — A voluntary conveyance of ei¬ 
ther real or personal property,without 
consideration. Real property can only 
be thus Conveyed by deed, and personal 
property by delivery of possession. 

GIST. —T he main point of a question, 
it being the cause or foundation upon 
which an action lies, and without which 
it cannot be maintained. 

GIVeK NAlyiE.— The first name is 
called the qvxew name in contradistlnc- 
tion to the surname,which is inherited. It 


292 










































































-Vi'Vv 1 \ 



is thought to be a. relic of Puritan scrupu¬ 
lousness: the Pilgrim Fathers objecting 
to apply the term CW\sXva.\v to any per¬ 
son not 'converted, ’ which of co u-rse 
an unconscious infant could not be. 
Jews, in courts of justice, are often ask¬ 
ed ‘What is your Um\sV\aw name?’The 
proper question would be,'What is your 
jcxsowaX name?’ 

GO-B^TVV^Ef/.—An intermediate per¬ 
son who acts as agent for both parties. 

G-OLD COI (q.— Coin made of gold alloyed 
with copper or silver to render it suffi¬ 
ciently Hard. Goldsmiths’Notes, bank¬ 
ers’ notes; so named from the circum¬ 
stance of goldsmiths and bankers for¬ 
merly being joined in the same trade. 

GOODS.-Household furniture,wares, 

and merchandise of whatever kind. 

GOOD WILL.—The benefits,reputatioti, 
and patronaye, which arise from the 
custom of any trade or business,beyond 
the mere stock and capital, and which is 
supposed to inhere in it whoever may 
be its proprietor, It is often as much 
antatter of purchase and sale as any oth¬ 
er commodity. Its value depends upon 
the probability that force of habit or 
other cause will induce its former pa¬ 
trons to continue their patronaye. 

GOVEF\NrvlEt4T. —The principle or sys¬ 
tem under which a State or nation is 
ruled;the ruliny power in a State or 
nation. The principal forms o( govern 
merit Are as follows: Ykav,ma\gviK\_, the 
earliest form of which we have any 
knowledge. It is a kind of tribe or fam¬ 
ily government. Abraham was a patri¬ 
archal mler.'kNwoc.VvtxC't, a government 
by those who are also reliyious rulers;as 
the yovemment of the Hebrews just af¬ 
ter their departure from Egypt. 
gwh, a yovernment in which the chief 
power is in the hands of one person,call¬ 
ed a kiny, emperor, or prince. I * may 
be either absolute or limited. Xbfsvov 
\svn, a name sometimes applied to an 
absolute monarchy, in which the mon- 
arch has entire control over his subjects. 

, a form of government 
in which the power is exercised by a priv¬ 
ileged order of men, distinguished by 
their rank and wealth.^xsNOcv^c.H, a 
yovernment by the people. In such a 
form of government the great body 
of citizens meet in one assembly to 
make and execute the laws.YA.vwa>v\c., 
that kind of democracy in which the 


power to enact and execute the laws is 
exercised by representatives, who are per¬ 
sons elected by the people to act for them. 

GOvEF\NOf\. —The chief executive of¬ 
ficer of a State. The Governor is elect¬ 
ed by direct vote of the people, for 
terms varying from two to four years 
in different States*, but in a few States 
the term is only one year. Governor 
General, a governor who has lieuten¬ 
ant or deputy governors under him. 

GF\A,CE..— In the reign of Henry II.,the 
day first mentioned in each term was 
called «.ssd\c)n. because the court 
then took the e.ssckq'As, or excuses, of 
those who did not appear according 
to the summons of the writs; but as 
by custom, traced to the Germans of 
the aye of Tacitus, three days of grace 
were allowed to every defendant with¬ 
in which to appear, the court not sit¬ 
ting for the transaction of business 
until the fourth day after that time. 
\5><w.'^'a\y= ok QtmxooY 

Gt\/\JN. —The collective name (or all 
kinds of cereals; the smallest weight, 
so named because supposed of equal 
weight with a grain of corn(wheat). 

Gfy\,ND A.SSIZ^. —A jury trial intro¬ 
duced by Henry II., giving the tenant 
or defendant, in a writ of right, the 
alternative of a trial by battel, or by 
his peers. Grand Days, those days in 
the terms, which are solemnly kept in 
the inns and court of chancery. Grand 
Jury, a jury composed of not less than 
twelve, nor more than twenty-four men, 
returned by the sheriff of every county 
to every session of the peace, oyer and 
terminer, and general yaol delivery, 
and to whom indictments are prefer¬ 
red, and which -must be found by them. 
'SG<A\\k\cVw&\\XY&narid Larceny, 
trie stealing of goods or property a- 
bove a certain amount in value, and 
is a state-prison offense. The amount 
varies in the different States. 

&HANT_A term applicable to alltransj 

fers of real estate. 

Gf\/^TUIXOUS. —Given without an equiv¬ 
alent or consideration, claim or merit. 
Gratuitous Services, these give no 
claim to compensation. There is no 
implied contract, because the services 
were not requested. Yet if the benefit 
of anything gratuitously done is retain 
ed when it could have been refused,there 
arises an implied contract to pay. 

&f\EE^B/\CI^S. — A term applied to bills 
originally issued as money by the Uni¬ 
ted States Government during the Re¬ 
bellion,1861-5, the backs of which are 
printed with green ink. 

gHocef\.— One who deals in coffee, 
tea,sugar, spices, and # various other 
commodities. Groceries, a general 
name for household articles, except 
meats and vegetables, as butter, salt, 
cheese, tea,coffee, spices, sugar, etc. 

&F\CSS. —Twelve dozen; -the great gross 
is 12 times* 12 dozen. Gross Av e-rage, 
that average which falls on the ship, 
cargo,and freight,as distinguished 
from ^axV\c.\x\ax aMe/xacy:.. Gross Negli¬ 
gence, that degree of negligence and 
omission of care which even thought¬ 
less and inattentive men never fail to 


take of their ow property.G-roSsWeigHt, 
the total weight of goods and boxes, 
bags or chests, in which they are pack¬ 
ed. 

GROUND REtfT. —An annual payment 
made to another for the privilege- of 
building on his land. 

G\J^F\/\,NT^E. — He to whom a guar¬ 
anty is made; an engagement to see 
that certain stipulations are perform¬ 
ed, as the payment of a debt, in case 
pf the failure of another person,who 
is, in the first instance, liable for such 
payment or performance.Guara-ntor, 
one who makes a guaranty, or engag¬ 
es to secure another in any right or 
possession. Guaranty, an assurance 
made by a second party that his prin¬ 
cipal will perform some specific act. It 
must be (I) in writing, and upon suf¬ 
ficient consideration; (x) where the 
principal is an infant (minor) he is 
bound,though the contract with the 
infant is voidable; (3) the principal par¬ 
ties must not depart in any material 
matter from their contract without 
the consent of the surety,else he will 
be no longer bound;(4) an extension 
of the time of credit beyond the date 
of maturity releases the surety.Guar- 
anty Commission, the commission 
paid to a commission merchant who 
guarantees to his principal the payment 
of the money for which the goods may 
be sold. 

TOYSAN W OY.HY^kV^NdKYkXkYX. 

I hereby guarantee payment to any 
person who shall accept and retain 
this instrument as a guaranty, for 
all goods which he way from time 
to time supply to—bovxu^o'c.....not 
exceeding at any time the amount of 
....Out \\xo\> < =>M'Vo....Dollars, This 
to be a continuing guaranty till spe¬ 
cially revoked. 

... .W, I'M XT .Y\\G\MW& 'JvO t.... 

fcXikYvkXVTX OV k WOTE. 

For value received, I guarantee the 
due payment of a promissory note, 
d ated —Oca ,\,Yb.... whereby... .hovu 
\-K\mo-....promises to pay....\t>Nv=> b. 
^oxtvv....0ne Hundred Dollars in four 
months. 

ATLANTA,...\tt/k v ..l9.... 

...iAcuwXN KOTW..,. 

Form to be Indorsed on a Note. 

For value received, I guarantee the 
payment of the within written note. 

\OaXeS. Vb\<yYV&)WflifcV 

OY -\\VxY.. 

In consideration that....k.O.Ns\uG-. 

gives to... .'OxcvvSa— additional 
time to the extent of two months,for pay¬ 
ment of the indebtedness due him from 
said....O\c,v^AsuK?vC>.... 9 uaranteed by 
me, I hereby continue my guaranty for 
due payment thereof. 

.... kvm. 'b,... 19.Y VK\i^\Cr.... 

kjNikYAWTX &Y Y\^Y\m. 

In consideration of the performance of the apreement 
specified in the within by..XA...with my son...k...Ido 
hereby bind myself to said. ..Xlx.. .for the true and faith 
ful observation and performance of all the matters and 
things by said. ..V,...agreed and covenanted therein,and 
that he shall well and truly serves aid...XK... 

Wittiess^my hand this..fkv&...day of..$«Y..I9... 


293 














































mwmm 


BUSINESS 

FORMS 

AND 

TERMS. 


—When a minor has propJ 
erty of his own, and is unable to take 
the watt ape-merit of it, a tymtivavv i s 
appointed for him (or that purpose.The 
guardian -map use the property for,the 
support and education of the child 
(called his \tmA) during its -minority. 
He-may sell the personal property,but 
the real estate cannot be sold without 
permission from the court. At twenty- 
one the yuardian must transfer all 
the property to his ward, and render 
an account of all his transactions. He 
is responsible for any loss caused b y 
his wrony or neyliyence. 

GUILD.— An association,company,or 
brotherhood organized for commercial 
purposes; a reliyious body, organized 
for charitable purposes, or for assis¬ 


tance in parish work. 

GIrLT. — The cri-me which renders of¬ 
fenders liable to punishment.The law 
presumes every one innocent until prov¬ 
ed guilty. 

GUNNING. —In the stock exchange, a 
term siynifyiny that every art is to be 
used to p.roduce a break,in a stock,when 
it is known that a certain house is heav¬ 
ily supplied and would be unable to re¬ 
sist an attack. 

RABEAS CORPUS -A writ command 

iiiy the body of a prisoner to be produc¬ 
ed^ a certain time and place .\f the 
prisoner thinks tha.t his arrest is ww- 
lawful,he, or any one in his interest, 
may apply to any judge of a higher court 
(or the above writ.This commands the 
sheriff to briny him before the judye, 
not to try him, but simply to exam¬ 
ine the case to see whether the arrest 
is lawful. If he decides that the prison¬ 
ers lawfully held, he remands him to 
prison; if not, he orders him released. 

RAlF TOflG-UE. — A jury equally divid 
ed between two nationalities; as half 
English and half German. 

RAN D. —A measure of the hand’s breadth, 
four inches,-used in measuriny hclyhts 
of horses: the style of any one’s hand- 
writiny. Handbills, advertisements prin¬ 
ted on small sheets for the purpose of 
being distributed by hand,or posted 
in public places. Hand-habend, a thief 
cauyht in the very act. with the stolen 
property in his hand. Hand Money, -mon¬ 
ey paid by the purchaser at the ciosiny 
of a contract or sale. Hand Sale, an an 
cient custom ofshakiny hands to bind 
a bargain or contract. The custom is 
still retained in verbal contracts 


HARBOR.—A port or haven where 

ships can anchor with safety, and al¬ 
so load and unload.Harbor Master, 
an officer whose duty is to execute 
the regulations respectiny harbors. 
RARDWARE.— r f\ general name for 
all wares made from iron or other 
metals; as cutlery,kitchen utensils,etc. 

—A port or shelter for ships; 

: adso the same as harbor. 

RAWRER. — An itinerant trader who 
carries his yoods with him and sells 
them to purchasers. 

REARING-.— An investigation of a 
controversy; the trial of achancery 
suit. Hearsay Evidence,the evidence 
of a witness who relates what was 
toM him by another person. 
REIR— One who succeeds by descent 
to an estate of inheritance. Neither 
one who receives personal property 
in that way, nor one who receives 
any kind of property under a will is 
properly called an heir. Heir Apparent, 
one who has an indefeasible riyht -to 
an ‘ nheritance, provided he outlives 
the ancestor. Heir at Law, after his 
father’s or ancestor’s death, one who- 
hasariyhtto inherit all his lands, ten¬ 
ements, and hereditaments.Heir-doow, 
personal property which descends to 
an heir along with the inheritance, and 
cannot be devised away from the heir 
by will.VsC/e.'?-xe.S)\vxv\^Vsvie N \eiw'\. 
ReptarcRy. — A nation divided into 
seven governments, or one gov ern- 
rnent exercised by seven persons. 
Hereditaments— property of ail 
kinds, which is capable of being in¬ 
herited, whether real or personal,cor¬ 
poreal or incorporeal.Heritable juris¬ 
diction, the grants of criminal j utis- 
diction bestowed on great fawiliesfor 
the better execution of justice. Herita¬ 
ble Rights, all rights connected with 
real estate. Heritage, an estate which 
passes from an ancestor to an h e i r; 
all kinds of immovables which can be 
, the subject of property. 
ReR^PRRODITE'S.— Persons whose 
sex is doubtful, and are accordingly ad¬ 
judged to belong to the sex which pre¬ 
dominates in’them. Hibrid, one whose 
parents are of different nationalities. 
RIgR SERS. —The ocean beyond the 
limit of the waters usually assigned to 
nations— that is, beyond the limit of 
three miles. High-Water Mark, that 
line of the sea-shore to which the wa¬ 
ters usually reach when the tide is at 
the highest. Highway, a road, passage, 
street, or way, either by land or water, 
which every citizen has a riyht to use. 
An owner of property bounded by a 
road or street usually owns the prop¬ 
erty to the center of the road or street 
The public have the riyht to use it as 
a road, but do not own it.The adjoin 
ing owner -— ’ —.— 1 ■- 


er may use it in #ny way that 
does not interfere with that right, 
though there are few ways in which 
he could make use of it without t he 
obstruction,of it, or otherwise inter¬ 
fering with its use by the public.l-f it 
should be abandoned as a roadway, it 
would then revert to the owner. 


RTgLer _A person who carries his 

yoods from door to door, and sells at 
retail,usually small articles of provis- 

% ions, and the like. 

ROGSREAD*—A measure for wine 
or other liquids,containing two bar¬ 
rels or 63 gallons. The English hogs- 

, head usually contains only 54 gallons. 

RoLDiKGOVER. — Holding posses¬ 
sion of land after the tenancy has 
expired, without the landlord’s consent. 

RoLIDA^S.—L egal holidays are those 
appointed by the civil authority for- 
general public observance. As a rule, 
no sect, court, or public body has any 
power to declare a holiday,which can 
bind the public, or the rights of third 
parties.-Only acts of the govern¬ 
ment can do that. 

RoLLoVv WARE-—A commercial 
term for camp and kitchen utensils 
made of cast or wrought iron. 

ROADSTEAD—The ground on which 
a house stands, and the inclosed ground 
surrounding it. 

ROMIClDEj.— Destroying the life of 
any human being. It is either ywsXXYv 
a\Aa,e,*GV,sa\>\e., or Vl\ow\ows. It is jus¬ 
tifiable^) by an officer when necessa¬ 
ry in the execution of his duty to take 
or prevent the escape of,a prisoner; 
(X) by a private person in selfdefence, 
or in preventing any atrocious,crime; 
(3) by any one through unavoidable 
accident without fault on his part. 

RofrfOR.—-To accept and pay when due, 
as a bill of exchange. On One’s Honor, 
on the pledge of one’s reputation for 
integrity. Your Honor, a common and 
familiar title of respect paid to persons 
by many of those in the humbler ranks 
of life. It is also given to judges.Debts 
of Honor, debts contracted in hotse- 
racing, gambling, by verbal promise,etc, 
which cannot be enforced by law. 

ROSTRGE.— A person given upto an en¬ 
emy as a pledge for the performance of 
the terms of an agreement. 

ROJCRPOT.— The confused,mingling 
ofj>ropertu in order to divide it equally. 

ROTEL REAPER.— One engaged i n 
the business of supplying board and 
lodging to travelers. The constituting 
elements are three: (I) he follows the 
work as a business; (i) he offers h i s 
services to the public generally; (3) he 
provides both food and lodging. In gen 
eral, a hotel keeper, is obliged to take all 
who apply for lodging and board, and 
who offer to pay the regular price; 
he is in general responsible for all in¬ 
juries to the goods and baggage of 
His guests,even for thefts. But for 
loss caused by unavoidable accident, 
or by superior force, as robbery,heis 
not liable. He has a lien upon the bag¬ 
gage, or any other property,as a horse, 
of his guests for the payment of their 
charges. A boarding-house is differ¬ 
ent from a,hotel in two particulars: 
(I) it is not intended for transient guests, 
but for permanent boarders;(5t)it is 
not open to the public. Only those 
are received whom the proprietor may 
choose to accept. He has no lien on the board¬ 
er’s property,and is not responsible for its loss. 




294 




































Hi 

BUSINESS 

TERMS 

AND 

FORMS. 

ill 

-n-at l.-l Kil IIV M iKi ,Nl li'.l p-i! |r ,n 


■ww iyijr 


Ho\jsE—a firm, but sometimes applied 
to a commercial establishment carried 
on by a single person. House-bote,an 
allowance of necessary timber out of 
the landlord’s woods /or the repairing and 
support of a hou.se or tenewent.Hou.se 
of Call, a h ouse where journeymen 
of a particular trade assemble when out 
of work, and where they can be Hired 
by employers. House of Commons, the 
lower branch of the English Parliament, 
whose members consist of representa¬ 
tives from towns and counties.Hou.se 
of Lords, the upper branch of Parlia¬ 
ment, whose' members consist of prin¬ 
ces of the blood, peers of the realm,and 
certain bishops of the church.Hou.se of 
Representatives, the lower branch of 
Congress, whose members are elected 
by direct vote of the people of the dif¬ 
ferent States.Hou.se of Correction^ 
house where disorderly persons are con¬ 
fined. House of Ill-fame, a House where 
lewd persons meet for illicit intercourse. 
The White H ouse, the official residence 
of the President of the United States.-So 
called originally from its belny painted whits. 

HUlSSlEfV — An officer whose duty is to 
serve processes; an usher of a court. 

HUNDRED.—An English division ofa 
county, supposed originally. to have 
contained one hundred families. Hun¬ 
dred Court, a court whose jurisdiction 
is over a particular hundred. 

HUsba^d. —One who manages the con¬ 
cerns of a ship in person.V?wAtan'\wyi!y 
Husbandage.an allowance made to the 
managing owner or agent for attending 
to a ship’s business. 

HUsH money. — A bribe given to secure 

Hypothecation. —The pledging ofa 
ship or goods for advances madejthat 
right which acreditor has in and to the 
property of another, and which he way 
cause to be sold, and from the proceeds 
satisfy his claim. 

IDIOT. — An imbecile person who has 
been without understanding.from his 
birth. A contract with an idiot is void, 
from the faet that an agreement is an 
act of the wind, and one who has no 
mind cannot be said to agree. 

IGNofianc^ of L/^v. — Every one is 
presumed to know all the law, Hence, 
the universal principle that\o>w<VAc.<& 
Vwe. Vaow wowser xxo .tywa. The only 
reason for this rule is the impossibil¬ 
ity of having any other. One’s only 


feasible course is to act according to what 
his common sense teaches him is just 
and moral, for in the main law is only 
common justice and morality. 

illegal consideration.— Any con- 
tract,the consideration of which is a 
forbidden act or promise, is illegal and 
void. Thus a promise to pay a bribe, 
or to pay one creditor more than the 
test, would be void. Illegal Contract, 
a contract which, on account of i ts 
nature,the law forbids any oneto-make. 
Vww) sNWOwVas Vox \\s ^\xx- 

^ose \\v& V\xxVVm , 20<\c& awv) d’oy’.cX cow 
Vm^Xo yov*\\c& ox wwworv xmx'&.WXn; 
\s mo\^. Thus an agreement to smug¬ 
gle goods, to bet, gamble, or to bribe, 
Is wholly void. , , 

I MANNAR I ACCOUNT.—A title em¬ 
ployed to represent the person or com¬ 
pany that conducts a business, or to 
supply the want of some personal or 
real title in keeping accounts. Any ac¬ 
count neither personal nor real would 
come under this head, such as Interest, 
Stock, Expense,etc. 

IMMOfVV- CONTRACT.— Any con 

tract founded upon considerations cow 
Vc-kVowos xwoxus (contrary to aood 
manners or morals) is void. 

IMMOVABLES.— Things fastened in 
their places, and which cannot be re¬ 
moved; as, lands, houses,orfixtures. 

IMMUNITY.— A particular privilege; as, 
exemption from serving, or performing 
duties which are generally required of 
other citizens. 

IMPANEL.—To enroll the names of 
a jury in a court of justice in a sched¬ 
ule or piece of parchment. 

impeachment. —The formal act 
of charging a public officer for mal¬ 
feasance or corrupt conduct in office. 
If is not a conviction of the offense, 
but only the accusation. When Feder¬ 
al officers are impeached, it is the du¬ 
ty of the lower house to wake the im¬ 
peachment, and of the upper house to 
try it. Impeachment of Waste, a re¬ 
straint from committing waste upon 
lands or tenements. 

IMPLICATION*—The act of bringing 
into connection with, asa crime or fault; 
a possible inference of something not 
directly declared. Implied Contract, an 
agreement which is implied from a I* 
the circumstances of the transaction 
Implied contracts are quite common. 
They arise in those cases where,though 
there are no words of agreement by ei¬ 
ther party, yet something is said or done 
which in reality amounts to an agree¬ 
ment. One is always considered as Hav 
ing agreed to whatever He knowingly 
leads another to believe he has agreed-to. 

IMPOLITIC.—Contrary to the dictates 
of policy; unwise, imprudent, or indis 
creet. 

IMPORT.— Anything brought from a 
foreign country, or from a province, 
dominion, or colony of the -mother 
country; used chiefly in the plural, 
\xx\^ox\»s. The person who’vxw^oxVs the 
'vwf^oxvs is called the‘vvv\^ox'XV<. 


IMPOSITION —A tax, toll, duty, or ex¬ 
cise, prescribed by authority. Imposts, 
taxes laid upon imported merchandise. 
IMPOSSIBLE CONTRACT.— a con¬ 
tract to. do a thing impossible in its 
nature is void. There are three k’mds 
of impossible contracts^!) that aris¬ 
ing from the nature of the thing; as. 
a contractto sail around the world 
in a week; (51) that depending upon 
certain circumstances which might 
have been foreseen; as,a contract to 
transport goods, when prevented by 
the freezing of the river. (3) that de¬ 
pending upon the personal disabil¬ 
ity of the contractor; as,where one 
agrees to do certain work, and finds 
that he has not the skill. 

IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT— For¬ 
merly this was quite common, but 
now it is confined to cases involv¬ 
ing fraud and dishonesty. 

improvements Upon LaKds.-Ev- 

erything above the land which is af¬ 
fixed to it, such as houses,trees, or 
crops, belong to the owner of the 
land. Even if houses are built upon 
the land, or other additions made to 
it by one not the owner, they become 
the property of the owner of the land. 
But there is an exception to this rule. 
A tenant may remove from rented 
property articles which he has built 
upon it or affixed to it, if they were 
placed there for use in some trade or 
for domestic purposes.The first class 
would include such things assteam-em 
gines, or other machines built into 
the ground or house, or even build¬ 
ings themselves when used for man¬ 
ufacturing purposes.The second class 
might include such things as furnaces, 
gas-fixtures, shelves pier-glasses,etc. 
Improvemenf, advance in prices, 
a brisker demand for goods, or an 
alteration for the better in the quali¬ 
ty of goods. 

INCOME.—The total amount of earn¬ 
ings and receipts of money from all 
sources. Income Tax, a tax laid upon 
the income of a person or corporation 
beyond some prescribed amount which 
the law exempts. 

i Ncorporeal Hereditaments.— 

Anything which is the subject of prop¬ 
erty, but not tangible or visible. 
iNcUmbrrnce.— Any lien or claim 
attached to property, such as a tnort- 

ItJdEMNlfV. —An agreement in the 
form of a bond by which one agrees 
to indemnify anotherfor all loss 
or damage in any matter. 

Tom OT \HTCMVHKX 
Know all men by these presents, 
that I,....^kxa^sNNwsou— of....$o- 
v\jw&\yb,Ow\o....arn held and firm¬ 
ly bound unto....Cj^.ov&tNNNv^?v....of 
the same place, in the sum of...A nn's. 
Tv\Ow=tsxw....Dollars, to be paid to the 
said....Gvov.&x:\NNvv^.v>—,his exec¬ 
utors or administrators, for which 
payment, well and truly to be made, 
I do bind myself,my Heirs,executors, 




295 ] 




































and administrators, firmly by these 
presents. 

Sealed with rny seal. Cited this... 
day of....K'?'?v\v : ...l9....Where 
a5....^\QVv&^NNKvvv^....is about toetti 
ploy K^s>....as cashier in his 

store, for the term of....^utXE.tv?v... 

from....\AKi \w....l9. 

Now the condition of this oblation 
is such that it the said....'AtwvvH Kxavs.. 
shall fuliu perform all the duties of his 
said employment, and promptly and 
correctly account for and pay over al 
the money or property of the said.... 

which may come 
into his hands duriny its course,then 
this obligation shall be void; otherwise 
to remain in full force. 

....^v\^s>NN\wm... 

IJ'IDEfUvJf\E.—A written covenant or 
contract between two or more persons 
in different interests. The top or sides 
were formerly indented or scolloped 
hence the name. 

INDEX .— An alphabetical table of ledy 
er accounts; any table of reference or 
titles in alphabetic order. 
indictment. — A formal accusation 
made by a yrand jury ayainst a per¬ 
son that he has committed a crime. 
The process of indictment is as fol¬ 
lows: Some one, usually the district a 
torney, brings the fact of a crime to their 
notice; the jury then summon the wit 
nesses (none who favor the accused) who 
are named and examine them; if twelve 
of the jurors vote that there is sufficient 
cause for putting him on trial,the in¬ 
dictment is drawn up by the district at 
torney,endorsed“a true bill ” by the 
foreman of the yrand jury, and then 
sent to the court. These proceedings 
are kept secret in order to prevent the 
offender’s escape. A warrant is then 
issued for the arrest of the accused.lf 
arrested,he may yive V£v\,except in 
cases of crimes punishable by death 
like murderAS>M.Xv£\\ -&x\£s‘'Wva\Y 
INDIRECT EVIDENCE. — inferential 
testimony as to the truth of a dispu 
ted fact. Indirect Taxes, taxes levied 
on commodities from the producer 


importer only,the share of the taxes 
to the consumer beiny included, in 
the price he pays for the commodities. 
NdIVIDUA^ NOTE.—A note signed 
by one party, who alone is responsi¬ 
ble for its payrnent,unless indorsed 
bu others. The following is a form: 

8100 . Helena.Oct. 3,19... 

Three months after date I prom¬ 
ise to pay....Xovsx\ v W'esv\M....,or order, 
...Qrv& Do liars, val ue 

received.. ...>N0.. 


or 


NDORSEMENT.-The same as En- 
dorsement, which see. An ov&’w in¬ 
dorsement is the same as a VYaYV. 
endorsement. It may be converted in¬ 
to a f\x,W endorsement by writing the 
usual liwitiny words over the indors¬ 
er’s name. 

NdIICEMENT.—A nythin? that leads 
or influences the mind or will to 
act; an allegation of a motive.—A 
term used in pleading. 
NoUILG-ENCc.— Extension of time 
of payment, or forbearance to press 
for payment. 

NFAJVIY-Public disyrace and con¬ 
viction of a crime. 

Nfrnt.-a person,either a boy or 
a yirl, under the aye of legal -matu 
rity, usually twenty-one years. The 
reason why an infant or minor may 
not make contracts, which may be en¬ 
forced ayainst him is that he has not 
had, as a rule, sufficient experience 
to prevent others from yarning the 
advantaye in his contracts. An infant 
Haviny neither parents or yuardian 
may make bindiny contracts for the 
necessaries of life, as food,clothiny,etc. 
iNfor^tioN.— An accusation 
or complaint ayainst a person for 
some criminal offense. Informer, 
a person who complains of any one 
who breaks a law. 

iNfriNgement.-v^ ^^V- 

The makiny, usiny, or selliny, or a 
patented article without the permis¬ 
sion of the owner of the patent\QV 
T>. .—The printin^publish- 

iny, or selliny, of a copyrighted arti¬ 
cle without the permission of the 
owner of the copyriyht.VCA •av<ato- 
wa-xV^.—The usiny of another-^ trade¬ 
mark, or an imitation of it, without 
his permission. The consequences 
of an infringement are twofold: (I) 
the infringer must pay to the owner of 
the patent, copyriyht, or trade-mark, 
whatever damages the latter suffers 
through the infringement, equivalent 
usually to the profits which the infting 
er has made; (2) the court will com 
pel the infringer to stop. 

IN G-ROSS.— At large,independent of,| 
or not annexed to, or dependent up¬ 
on anything. Ingrossin^the copy¬ 
ing in a fair hand, of a deed or instru 
ment, in order that it may be executed. 
INHERITANCE- — Continual posses¬ 
sions in, or a perpetual right to an 
estate, vested in a person and his heirs. 


NHIBITIoN.— A writ from a high¬ 
er to a lower court forbidding the pro¬ 
ceedings in a cause. 

NJIiNCTION-—T he writ or order 
of a court or judge whereby a. person 
is required to do a certain thing, or 
is restrained from doing it. 
INJIjrY.—W rong or damage done 
to a person, property,riyhts,ititerests, 
etc., of anu one. 

INLAND BILLS.— Drafts or bills of ex 
change drawn on a party In the same 
State as the drawer. Inland Trade, 
trade conducted in the interiorofa 
country. 


iT| 00. Tipton,Ino.,Feb.I,I9.. 

At sight pay to....Xovxw"\Kuu^... 
or order....Ovxx£.Vv\mw^....OollaTS, 
value received, and charge to the ac¬ 
count of ...NXXA.^VsWOV.... 

To. ... 

„>KwAo\g.,\w^ 


INNKJEEPER.—The keeper of a com¬ 

mon inn for the accommodation of 
travelers in general. The terms \ww- 
Ye^ex,\\o\e\V.wqe/<, and V.a'te.-xwVeA'q- 
«a. all mean the same.\^«,^V\X\«.^ 
INNOCENCE.—The absence of guilt. 
In law everyone is presumed to be 
innocent until proved guilty. 
INGEST.— A judicial inquiry;.a, 
body of men appointed by law to in¬ 
quire into certain matters. A grand 
jury is sometimes caljed the tyxa.wYvfv 
<\w&sY. A coroner’s inquiry into the 
death of any one is called a.ctmwex’s 
\\\<\\x* sX.\Ji>0) ox omV\ • I ti q ui s i t i o ti, 
an inquest, or inquiry into certain 
facts by a jury impaneled for the pur¬ 
pose. 

insolvency. — The condition of a 
man not haviny sufficient property 
to pay his debts.The same as bankrupt 
cy.VA^aKs>s\q\\\w«,Y0v a\\^X>ax\Y\'wAY 
Insolvent,not haviny sufficient 
property to pay one’s debts. Insol¬ 
vent Debtor, one unable to pay his debts, 
INSPECTORS OF ELECTION.-Per¬ 
sons designated by law,or chosen 
by the electors of atown for the pur¬ 
pose of conducting an election. It 
is their duty to preserve order, and 
to see that the business is properly 
done.They are also called 
cA eWXNow. Two or more persons al¬ 
so serve as cXexYs,each of whom 
keeps a list of the names of the per¬ 
sons voting, which is called a ^o\\- 
\\s\. 

iNstaLLmeNt-~ a p ar * °f a sum 

money paid or to be paid at a particu 
lar time. 


8700. 0 berlin, 0 hio, Feb. 1,19.. 

For value received, I promise to pay to.. 
YX>£)\)%....or order,...St\i«i'W\wtv...DoI 
lars,in manner following,to wit: Two H und 
red dollars in one month from date;Two Hun¬ 
dred dollars in two months; and Three Hundred 
dollars in three months, with interest on the 
several sums as they become due. K Y&o* 


296 


o 





























V? ***** m| v 

<* * * «-T* * * | > « »| * » *~| -»*» «»-* 

BUSiNESS TERMSi 



lf(STA,NC^. —All kinds of actions and 
judicial demands. Instant, a day of the 
present or current month. 
INSTRUCTIONS- — The orders given 
by a principal to an agent in rela 
tion to the business of the, aoencu. 
INSTRUMENT.— A writing containing 
the terms of a contract; as, a deed or 
mortyapejetc.; a+i agent, often used 
in a baa sense. 

I^SUpFlCIEjNlCY.—A kind of demurrer, 
in chancery,in which the plaintiff has 
six weeks after filinp the defendant’s 
answer, in which to file exceptions to 
it for\Y\s,\>AV\o\e,wc\x. 

I Kslj RABLE I {sfTEF\ESX. —One’s inter¬ 
est in ships or poods without havinp 
any right of control. 

INSURANCE*. —A contract or guaran 
ty of indemnity -or reimbursement 
for any Joss. THeVx&\v\\\x,'VA is the sum 
paid for insurance.TheXYaXe. is t he 
percent, on the amount insured.The 
vo\\o\) is regarded as the contract of 
insurance.The -assweA is the party to 
whom is guaranteed the amount men¬ 
tioned in the policy.He is also called the 
^Xvcv>-\\o\^«A.The Wew\ of insurance 
or of the policy, is the time whlch the 
policy is in force.The \\ / A^axvmX«,x is a 
person or company who issues the pol¬ 
icies, and is responsible for the payment 
of the losses.An\w=>w<awc,i,ac;^wXr is a 
person who acts for the company in 
assuminp risks, collectinp premiums,etc. 

VxoYw is one who ne¬ 
gotiates policies, for which he receives 
a commission. An ‘v'Asv.X'&.wce s,\me\^o\ 
is a person. who examines buildinps and 
classifies risks. An \\vs\wav\oe. co\x\\av\\) 
is a corporation which insures apainst 
loss or damage. <^ee,V\\e\\\s\m.\\ce/, 
Xws.wx-awce, ,V\Vc. \vv s v»y g&, 

'Vx-a.WbxX \\\vw\a. , v\c& ,X> o\\cv> -a\ 

\v\sw< a.'wc.e t o. ,S\ocY Vte\m\\ce ^ o .\. 
INSURRECTION-—An attempt of per¬ 
sons to prevent the execution of a law; 
as, the Whisky Insurrection in west¬ 
ern Pennsylvania. 

insurance; certificate .—a certif¬ 
icate by which the rights under an in¬ 
surance policy may be transferred to 
any one. The following form illustrates: 

NewYork, August 14,19..., 
This is to certify that on the%v*\day 
of VucAysv 19....,this company insured, 
under policy No. made for^>Y 

the amountof \NNo'\'ao\)SKu^ 
dollars on 'XWbQ barrels of flour,valued 
at shipped on board the ship 

Ykwjon, at and from New York to Rio 
Janeiro, and it is hereby understood 
and apreed that in case of loss, such 


loss is payable to the order of 
on surrender of the certificate. 

This certificate represents and takes 
the place of the policy, and conveys all 
the riphts of the oripinal policy-holder, 
so far as the poods above specified are 
concerned. 

. Attorneys. 

I^TE^IDANT.—One who has charpe, 
management, or the superintendance 
of some office or department. 

INTERDICTION*— A prohibitive judi 
cial decree bu which one is prevented 
from exercising his civil riphts. 

INTEREST.—A share in a business 
or its profits; the sum paid for the 
use of money. In an interest or 
discount account, debit interest and 
discount when allowed by. us to oth¬ 
ers; credit them when allowedtfl as 
by others. 1 / the debit side of the ac¬ 
count is the larper, the difference is 
a \ov=>; if the credit side is the larper, 
the difference is aqaxw.The above 
directions will apply to all allowan¬ 
ces, such as erchanpe, premium,col¬ 
lection, storape, commission,etc. 

w nwqniwc. 

to. INTEREST AND OISCOUNT. to 


W* 
n 

•>;i 


Disc.on AXNote 
Int.onB’sNote 
Int.onC’sNote 


1-nt.onP’sNote 

Int.onR’sNote 

18 


12 

10 

Nb 

00 

00 

37 

00 


lNTEREST-BEARlN& KOTE.-A note 
does not bear interest until after 
maturity unless so specified. If no 
rate is mentioned,the lepal rate is un¬ 
derstood. The following form illustrates: 


&I00. Little Rock, Ark.,Feb. 1,19... 

Six months after date...\...promise 
bo pay..>\.Vv.toTViw..., or order,...Om 
to<\vMceA...Dollars, with interest, for 
value received. ...YQiXNwyvkwa. 


INTERLOCUTORY.—Somethinp that 

is not final or definite.but is onluan 
incident and done in the middle of a 
suit, deciding some one point. 

INTERNAL REVENUE.- A form of 
indirect taxation from which a part 
of the revenues of the povernment is 
collected in the form of internal duties. 

international date LiNE.-The 

line at which dates chanpe, beinp la¬ 
ter by one day by those who cross the 
line from east to west, and earlier by 
one day by those who cross it from 
west to east. If a man start at Lon¬ 
don at noon on any day and trav¬ 
el eastward 180°, i.e., half way around 
the world, he will find that the time 
there is 12 hours later than at Lon¬ 
don; i.e., noon conies therein hours 
before it does at London.Now, anoth¬ 
er man starts at London at noon on 
the same day and travels westward 
180°, till he meets the other man; 
he finds that the time at his destina¬ 
tion is 12 hours earlier than at London. 
To one man it is a pain of 12 hours, 
and to the other a loss of 12 Hours.To 
harmonize the time the rule is to 
drop out a day when crossinp the in¬ 
ternational date line poinp westward, 


and to add a day to the week,ordoub 
lethe day when 901119 eastward.Thus 
when a ship reaches the internation¬ 
al date line sailing eastward on Mon¬ 
day, the crew call that day and also 
the next day Monday; sailing west¬ 
ward, instead of calling it Monday, 
they call it Tuesday. The one shipjs 
crew have two Mondays together in 
the same week, while the other ship’s 
crew have a week without a Monday 
in it. The sailors would say that the 
one ship’s crew \os& the Monday,and 
the other’s \\ .\ 5 >ggY ac Y\ 

T\m -Ya . 

INTERNATIONAL LP^A/.—The rules 
recognized by Christian and civilized 
nations to be binding upon them in 
their conduct toward each other,and 
to each other’s subjects.Internation¬ 
al Copyright, the ripht of an author 
to protection in publishing his works 
in different countries, as secured by 
treaties with other nations. 

INTERPLEADER.—The discussion 
of an incidental point, before the 
principal cause can be determined; 
a bill in equity praying for the safe¬ 
ty of the person exhibiting it. 

iNt^STACX.—T he staj:e of dyina with¬ 
out having made a valid wilLTne or¬ 
der and proportion in which the rel¬ 
atives of a deceased person,who leaves 
no will, share in his property, are,as 
a rule, that all brothers and sisters, 
whten entitled, share alike,there be 
ing no preference of the first-born 
over the others, nor of the male over 
the female. Of 'xe/aX o.sXaxe., if there 
are children they take it all, or if any 
are dead their children take their par¬ 
ents’ share. If there be no direct de¬ 
scendants, the father or mother,or 
brothers and sisters, of the intestate 
will be entitled.Of ^xo^ex- 

the rules of distribution differ 
from the above in that those who are 
entitled do not take possession immedi¬ 
ately, but await the distribution of 
the administrator. 

IN TOTO- — Entirely,altopether,or 
in the whole. In transitu, during 
the transit or voyage. 

INTRUSION*—The entry of a stran¬ 
ger, after an estate of freehold js 
determined before him in reversion 
or remainder. 

INVENTORY —A list of goods or-mer¬ 
chandise, and sometimes Including 
debts owing to or by us, usual I y 
made out at certain periods of the 
business year, for the purpose of know¬ 
ing the quantity and value of unsold 
merchandise,in order to ascertain 
the condition of the business. 

TOtoAO* \U\J YYVTOYvX. 







15 

bbls. Lard,3000 

lbs. 0.085 

255 

00 



125 

>» Pork... 

.. 9.00 

1125 

00 



75 

>> Beef... 

..12.00 

900 

00 



40 

1 » Salt... 

.. 1.25 

50 

00 



130 

,, Flour.. 


650 

00 



7 

» Suaar,l875 lbs. 0.06a 

121 

88 



10 

ch. Tea,600 

bs. 0.50 

300 

_i_ 

00 

3401 

88 


297 


























































t^V^STlGAJIOfJ.— The act or process 
of examining and comparing entries 
and vouchers. Investiture, the act or 
right of gi ving possession 0 /lands by 
actual seisin. 

HvVE^STMIEKT.— That in which any 
thing is invested, as money; the act 
of placing out money to interest 0 r 
profit in the public funds,in the pur¬ 
chase of shares or property, etc. 

H^VOIC^.— A full account of goods or 
-merchandise, in which the marks,num- 
bers, contents, and value of each pack 
age are described, together with t he 
charges for commission, insurance, 
packing, etc. lnvoiceBook, a book 
containing invoices of merchandise 
bought. It may be made by c,o^V)\wc) 
invoices received, or by pasting the in 
voices themselves into a book prepared 
for this purpose.The latter method is 
preferable, and is admissible as evidence 
of the accuracy of one’s accounts 
AOVAsK QV \\m\TC.. 

Invoice of Merchandise,marked as 
in the margin, and forwarded by J.C. 
Angell k do., New York, per N . Y. C. 
R.R.,to Messrs. M.C.Elliot &. Co.,Chi 
cago, as per their order and at their risk. 


E&Co 


ElCo. 


ElCo. 


ElCo. 


ElCo 5 CasesSardines, 

500 boxes® 35c. 

10 Bbls. Currants, 266,254, 

236.264.244.243.260, 

260.260.260, 

Total, 2330 

Tare,26 Ibs.perbbl . 260 

22T0@l8c. 

(0 Boxes CastileSoap,406 lbs. 
Tare,8lbs.perbox, 80 

326 @ 14c. 

5 Bags Canary Seed, 
Il84lbs.~l5lbs.tare=ll69net, 

19 *%o bushels, (g 4-.85, 

25 Boxes Valencia Raisins, 

Gross weight, 710 lbs. 

Tare,4/21 bs .per box J12^ 

597^@l5c. 

WxXacyt, 9>.M 

\x\s 

Rec’d Payment, 

J.C.AngellLCo. 

inVoUj^t/\r\. — Under duress; not 
proceeding from choice.Involved, em¬ 
barrassed by debts. 

IF^EGljL/WTY—Neglect of law, form, 
or method; an act done at an unseason¬ 
able time^ or in an improper manner, as 
in omitting to do something that is nec¬ 
essary for the due and orderly conduct 


175 

00 

408 

60 

45 

64 

94 

49 

89 

62 

813 

35 

A 


820 

85 


of a suit at law. Irregular Deposit, a 
deposit such that when made it need 
not be returned.lrrepleviable, t hat 
which cannot be replevied or deliverec 
on sureties. Irrevocable, that which 
cannot be revoked, reversed, or tescim 

ISSti^.— All persons who have descend 
ed from a common ancestor; ascer¬ 
tain material point i-n dispute in a 
suit at law;the giving or sending 
out, as of banknotes. Issuable Plea, 
a plea upon which a plaintiff -may 
take issue and proceed to trial upon 
the merits. 

JETSf\rvUOR JETTISON).—The volun¬ 
tary throwing of goods overboard, or 
cutting away masts, casting away 
sails, etc.,in cases of extreme peril 
that a ship way be lightened, and 
the ship Itself, and the rest of the car¬ 
go preserved, is where goods 

are cast into the sea, and there sink 
and remain under the water; k\oV 
v&xy\ is where they continue to float 
\\<yaw is where they are sunk in the 
sea, but tied to a cork or buoyA^e. 

JOBBER. —A wholesale werehamt 
who buys goods from the manufac 
turers and importers, and sells to 
country or other merchants and to 
retailers. Job Lot, an irregularas- 
sortment of goods, or the goods un 
sold at the end of the season. 
JOINDER, OF /VCTlOtf.—The act of 
uniting two or more persons or mat¬ 
ters in the same suit or proceeding. 
Joinder in Demurrer, the joining 
of an issue in a matter of law. Join¬ 
der 0/ Issue, an issue of fact where 
the fact and not the law is disputed. 
JOIf*Tf\CTlOtf.— An action brought 
by two or more persons as plaintiffs 
against two or more others as de¬ 
fendants. Joint and SeveraJ Bond, 
a bond made by two or more persons, 
who bind themselves jointly and sev¬ 
erally to other persons. Suit -may be 
brought against them either joint¬ 
ly or severally for the whole amount. 
If one obligor pays the whole amount, 
he has a right of contribution in fiis 
favor against the other obligors. Joint 
and Several Note, a note similar 
in jts nature to the preceding bond. 
Joint Contract, a < contract in which 
the contractors are jointly bound.Joint 
Executor, one who is united with 
another in the execution of a will. 
Joint Note, a n ote made by two or 
more persons, who are jointly liable 
for its payment. Joint Ownership, 
the possession of the same property 
at the same time by two or more per¬ 
sons. Each joint owner Has an un¬ 
divided share of the whole, and the 
shares may be either equal or unequal; 
all may use the property together, 
and each is entitled to a proportion¬ 
ate share of the profits. Each may 
sell to any one his individual share. 
Joint owners may divide the proper¬ 


ty among themselves, and thus make 
themselves separate owners of the 
separate parts.Should they be un¬ 
able to agree, any one of them may 
bring a suit ,and the court will make 
the division according to their rela¬ 
tive interests. Joint ownership -may 
arise in several ways; as,when prop¬ 
erty is given by deed as a single piece 
to two or more, or when a person 
dies without a will his heirs become 
joint owners of his real estate.Joint 
Stock, a common fund or stock form¬ 
ed by the contributions or paid-up 
shares of different persons. Joint 
StockCo-mp.atiy, a number j>f in¬ 
dividuals united in partnership for 
the purpose of deriving profitfrotn 
trade, or for carrying on any large 
undertaking, whose capital,when ap¬ 
portioned among its members,and then 
called shares,may bejndividually trans¬ 
ferred to others at will. Joint Ten¬ 
ants, two or more personsto whom 
are granted lands or tenements to 
hold in fee-simple, fee-tail,for life, for 
years, or at will. The right of sur¬ 
vivorship belongs to an estate thus 
held. 


&I000. Annistcn,Ala.,0ct.3,I9. 

One year after date we jointly 
promise to pay....5^A>ox...,or order, 
-yvv Oollars, val u-e 
received, with interest. 

....Kv^x.Wsou... 

....b.N-.^HWONX 


wmw ware 


&200. Tacoma,Wash.,F eb.l,19... 

One year after date we jointly and 
severally promise to pay....Mox 

or order,_3 \no —Dollars, 

value received, with interest at s i x 
per cent, per annum. 

...SS>Ajrw^&ovo<... 


jointure. —An estate settled on a 
married woman for life, to be enjoy¬ 
ed after Her husbands decease. 

JObRNRL.—A book in which the 
transactions first entered in the 
Day Book, Sales Book,or Invoice 
Book, are transferred and so enter¬ 
ed as to make the sum of the amounts 
opposite the Dr. titles equal to thesutn 
of the amounts opposite the Cr,titles, 
and to facilitate their transfer to the 
proper side of their respective accounts 
in the Ledger. Journal Day Book, a 
book combining with the J 0 urnal 
the essential facts commonly record¬ 
ed in a Day Book, so as to make this 
one book serve the double purpose 
of Journal and Day Book. In journal¬ 
izing double-entry transactions, it 
must be observed that whenever one 
ormore persons or things become 
Dr., one or more other persons or 
things become Cr. in like amount. 
Th ere are four forms of Journal 
entries, classified as follows:(l)Where 
there is but one debit and one cred¬ 
it;^) Where there are several debits 


298 


0 


















































and but one credit;(3) Where there is 
but one debit and several credits;(4)Where 
there are several debits and several credits. 

ok ^ovO'oke^Ax'Vxv) ^owYwa\'\. 

._Inoianapo lis, Jan. 10,13 


J.C.Scott, Cr. 

Comrnenced business with the 
following resources: 
Cash,as per Cash Book, 
Store and-fixtures, 

2 


Baker &-Co., Boston 
Bo’tMdse., 60 ds.,' 
14- 


Cr. 


Or. 


A.Borden,Conners, 

Sold onacct.,30ds., 
5pcs.A.Sheetma,256, oi 

3 C.Drills, 125, 

4 >’ Y. Denims 150, 


9 1 

16% 




4000 

00 

1500 

1)0 



2500 

00 





575 

75 

21 

76 



II 

88 



25 

00 




jllDG-RS .— Presiding officers in courts 

of law, who also award punishment to 
offenders. The President and Senate 
appoint the judges of theSupremeCourt, 
and of the Circuit and District Courts. 
Of the State Courts,the judges are 
sometimes elected by the people, some¬ 
times bg the legislature, and sometimes 
appointed by the G-overnor.The terms 
of the National judges are for life, 
and those of the State judges vary, be¬ 
ing generally from six to ten years 
in the higher courts, while in the low¬ 
er the -terms vary from one to two 
years. Judex, a judge who conducts a 
trial from beginnings end. Judge 
Advocate, a person who acts as pros¬ 
ecutor at a court-martial. Judicial 
Decisions, the sentiments or opin¬ 
ions of judges in causes tried before 
thein. Judicial Sale, a sale by an au¬ 
thorized person, by order of a court. 

JUDG-A^EflT.— A decision by a court 
upon a matter appearing from a pre¬ 
vious proceeding in the suit. Ju-dg- 
ment Note, a note given in the 
usual form, but containing in addi¬ 
tion a power of attorney to the payee, 
or other person, to appear and confess 
judgment for the sum therein con¬ 
tained, against the maker. 


mm. 

Detroit,May I, 19.... 


Mdse. Dr. 

To Cash, 
2 - 


Sun dries Dr. to Mdse., 
Cash, 

Caleb Shank, 

3- 


Mdse.Dr.to Sundries, 
To Cash, 

» 5 W.S.Kratz, 

4- 


Sundries Or. to Sundries, 
Cash, 

M.Boles, 

To Mdse., 

*> Real Estate, 


'TOVvVIk W W5CY.. 

Nashville, Oct. 1,19.... 


500 

00 





500 

00 



375 

00 

175 

00 



200 

00 



500 

00 





315 

00 



185 

00 

300 

00 



250 

00 





100 

00 



450 

00 


A.L.Martin w 

150 

00 


To Cash, awswAX. 

n 



150 0 

Bi 1 Is Rec. * KSaxAdY orOvwb 

300 

DO 


To Mdse., wM 3.\2^ta.NN\\Y\ 



300 0 

Vo5wws\, 




VoVs !7 Vj\xx <0 




Carl Bros. 

375 

00 


To Bills Pag., VcOwmsX ,\w kwW 



375 0 

sk a^CONVAkr. 

A 




Expense 

15 

75 


To Cash, VqWk V\\ vy\ v>\\. 

5 



157 

Bills Pay. 

700 

00 


Interest kisox ok^UNkk Vos., 

15 

15 


To Cash, 'NWV\'AVw^,\^c,a.s\\. 

P 



7151 

o 

Etc. 





For value received, I promise to 

pay to....NX'E-nvcs^^v\o...,ofTopeka, 
or order, \nj tNX w-w&ycA -wvv Dollars, 

with interest, on the...kvxs'v...day of 
...W's\e,\YJoex...next. And further, 
do hereby empower any attorney of 
the Court of Common Pleas of Shaw¬ 
nee County, or any Court of Record 
in Kansas, or elsewhere, to appear for 
me, and after a declaration filed there¬ 
for, to confess a judgment against me 
in the above sum,as of last,next,or any 
other subsequent term, with costs 
of suits, release of errors,etc.,with 
stay of execution until said...V\xsV... 
day of...YkcmxY\Ym...next. 

Witness my hand and seal,atTo- 
peka,Kan.,this...Vvx«sV ..day of...Va.w 
\mv>...,l9... 

MwxeAvA'pmraok | John MiLLER.[Seal] 
....John G-eor&e.... 

.... Jas.F. Daily—. _ 

junior partner. —The youngest 

member of a firm, or one who has 
acquired an interest in an establish¬ 
ed business. 

JURISDICTION!.—The class or classes 
of causes in which a court has power 
to pronounce the law. A court is said 
to have OY\cJvYva.\ jurisdiction when the 
case may originate(becommenced)in 
it; it has jurisdiction when it 

may hear the case on appeal from a 
lower court. 

JURIST. —One who is skilled in the 
science of law, especially civil law.Ju¬ 
ry, a certain number of men(usual 
ly twelve) selected and sworn to declare 
the truth according to the evidence 
which placed before them on the trial 


.of the cause.Vxx\x\. 

JUSTICES OF TRE PEACE.— Public 
off leers, having authority to main¬ 
tain the public peace, and punish the 
offenders.There are usually several 
of these officers in each town or 
similar division. Each ju.stice holds 
court, and has power to try civil cas¬ 
es which involve small amounts 
(usually less than 100), and to try 
persons who have committed small 
offenses. 

JUSTIFICATION!.— In pleading,a plea 
of sufficient reason, shown # by the 
defendant. Justifiable Homicide,the 
killing of another in self-defence, or 
to preserve one’s own life.Justify¬ 
ing Ball, proving to the satisfaction 
of the court, the sufficiency of the 
persons putin as bail or sureties,in 
matter of property, etc. 

KjeeLs. —Low flat-bottomed vessels 
employed on rivers for carryingcoal. 

RE\Ace.—T oll paid for loading or 
unloading vessels at a wharf. 

KJDNfRP.- To forcibly abduct and 
carry away a man, woman,or child 
from their own country. It also in¬ 
cludes false imprisonment. 

riLogranl — A French measure of 
weight equal to 7'/s lbs. avoirdupois, 
or 15,442.42 grains. 

KjN^DRED.—Related to each other 
by blood.\5>ee.V\cX'aX\oT\^V\'^\.Kins- 
bote, a compensation paid for kill¬ 
ing a kinsman. 

KITINlO-(OR KITE-FLYING).—Expand¬ 
ing one’s credit beyond wholsome 
limits; exchanging checks on dif¬ 
ferent banks for the purpose of ob¬ 
taining the use of money forasin- 


9 le day. 

RNAVE.-F ormerly meant boy or 
servant, but by long perversion,it 
has become to mean a false,dishon- 
est or deceitful person. 

LABEL.—A small slip of paper or 
parchment attached to anything,on 
which a writing is inscribed to tel I 
its nature or contents,oron which 
an address is written. 

LABOR.—For agreement concern¬ 
ing labor, see Employer. Laboring 
a Jury, the act of tampering with, 
or persuading a juryman to not ap- 
pear. 

LAGAN*.—G-oods found at sea, belong¬ 
ing to the finder. Laity,all persons 
who do not belong to the clergy. 

LAfYlB DuCR.—A stock exchange term 
signifying one who fails to meet his 
engagements. 

LAND.—To disembark; to unload 
a ship’s cargo; any ground,soil, or 
earth. Landcheap, a fine paid in 
certain places, upon the alienation 
of land. Landed, taken from aves 
sel and placed on a wharf or pier. 
Landing, a place on the shore where 
vessels receive or discharge goods 
or passengers. Land-Jobber, one 
who makes it his business to buy 
and sell land. Landlady, a woman 


299 


















































































9 *:jt *:v»v»4#•;*«*»*«* j»«:«*v# »:y» - 


who has tenants holding from hefjthe 
-mistress 0 / an inn or lodging-house.Land 
lord, the waster 0 / a house, or the 
keeper 0 / an inn, tavern, or Hotel; 
♦he proprietor of hoases and lands, 
and who rents them to others.Land 

. tax, a tax laid on land or buildings. 
L/VNbL0f\0 aKD T^MA.tfT.— a^W 
•awV is one to whom the owner 0 / 
real estate (theVa.'wXXoxX) has granted 
the sole and Zu.ll use oZ Zor a time, Zor 
a consideration to be paid by him.This 
relation arises Zrow a 9 reernent,and 
it exists as wuch in letting a single 
room in a house, as when it is oZ the 
whole house and grounds.The dura¬ 
tion Zor which the relation is to last 
depends altogether on the contract, 
which should specify some deZinite 
time, as a month, a year, five years, 
etc.\S«A^ow\\-acV\. IZ no time is spec¬ 
ified and no rent is paid,either par¬ 
ty may end the tenancy at any time; 
but iZrent is to be paid,neither party 
can terminate the tenancy until the 
end oZ the time speciZied in the con¬ 
tract, except Zrow mutual agreement. 
When no time is speciZied, it is gener¬ 
ally understood that the tenant can 
hold possession Zor one year.\S<w,\M\c- 

,7\Q,Y3AX‘b . 

L/\NDSIV\/VN.—A sailor on board a 
ship Zor the first time, and consequent- 
lu without maritime experience. 

L/\PS£ .— Deviation Zrorn the proper 
path; omission to present a beneZice 
in due time, which gives the right to 
another. Lapsed Devise, a devise hav¬ 
ing lost its effect because oZthe death 
oZ the devisee beZore the testator. Laps¬ 
ed Legacy, a legacy having lost its 
effect because oZthe death oZthe leg¬ 
atee before the testator. 

L/^CE(lM\.—Usually called VWeAX, or 
sXeAVwq, is the wrongful taking oZ an¬ 
other’s personal property, with the in¬ 



lands if they escheat Zor want oZ law- 
Zul heirs. Last Will, a document by 
which a person disposes oZ his real es¬ 
tate upon his death. IZ applied to his 
personal property, it is called a 
-vwewV Laud urn, an arbitrament or 
award. 

L/^W .—A rule Zor regulating the so¬ 
cial relatigns oZ men. In its general 
signification, it applies to all kinds of 
actions, whether animate or inanimate, 


rational or irrational.Law borgh,a 
pledge or surety Zor appearance. Law- 
burrows, security given by a party 
that he will behave properly and keep 
the peace. Law Day, a day or days al¬ 
lowed Zor open court; the day desig¬ 
nated in a mortgage when the money 
which it secures isto be paid; acourt 
leet or view of fr ank-pledge. Law 
French, a term relating to the stat¬ 
utes of Henry III. (1574—89),and some 
oZthe subsequent reigns, which were 
partly or wholly written in the French 
language. Law Latin, the late,or low, 
Latin,used in statutes or legal instru¬ 
ments, at various periods until t he 
reign of G-eorge 11. (1127-60). L aw 
Merchant, the body of rules and 
usages in matters relative to commerce. 
Law of Nations, same as Internation¬ 
al Law, which see.Law o/Nature,the 
law prescribed Zor all men by the Cre¬ 
ator, not by formal promulgation, but 
by the dictates of reason. Law o/Pri- 
mogeniture, in cases of descent, a law 
giving atitle to the eldest son, in pref¬ 
erence to the other children.Lawyer, 
a solicitoror attorney, or one skilled 
in the science of law. 

L fty .— To allege or state, as to lay dam¬ 
ages; belonging to the people; per¬ 
taining to the laity as distinct from 
the clergy. Lay Corporations, camW. 
and . The can\\ are es¬ 

tablished Zor a variety of purposes,and 
are intended to facilitate the transac¬ 
tion of business. The 
are constituted Zor the perpetual dis¬ 
tribution of free alms, or bounty, of 
the founder of them, to such persons 
as he has directed; as, hospitals,colleg- 
es,etc.Lay Days, days allowed to a 
merchant or charterer to load or un¬ 
load a cargo. Layman, any one not a 
clergyman or an ecclesiastic, or one 
who does not belong to the learned 
professions. 

L/\Z/y\ETS.-Places wherepersons 
are quarantined who come from in¬ 
fected countries; also where goods 
landed from ships in quarantine are 
fumigated previous to their delivery. 
Called also Vaiar-\\o\vse orVaiaxeXVo. 

L/\T DtfWjyf.— A term expressive of 
the entire cost of a conrttiod^includ¬ 
ing transportation, etc., at a place 
remote from its purchase and pro 
duction. Lay Up, to store away or re¬ 
serve for future use. 

LE/yDlf'IG-C/\SE.—A decision Zrow 
a court oZ last resort, on some par¬ 
ticular matter, and serving as a pre¬ 
cedent. Leading Question, a ques¬ 
tion put to a witness in such a man¬ 
ner as to suggest the answer wanted. 

LE/\KAP-E.—An allowance oZ a-cer¬ 
tain rate percent. Zor the waste of 
liquors by the leaking oZ casks. 

LE/\SE.— A letting of lands or houses 
Zor life, Zor a term of years, or at will, 
or Zor any less interest than the\-B.s- 
sox(or person wholetsjhas in the prop¬ 
erty, for a rent or compensation to 
be paid by the (the person to 


whom the lease is granted).It is es¬ 

sential that a lease contain all the con¬ 
ditions and minor details, as verba, 
promises avail nothing in law.Dupli¬ 
cate copies of a lease should always be 
made, that each party may retain a 
copy. A new lease invalidates an old 
one. A lease Zor three or wore years 
should be signed by the Commission¬ 
er of Deeds, and recorded in the Re¬ 
corder’s office, as a bar to the secret 
or fraudulent conveyance oZthe leas¬ 
ed property, and to obviate the neces¬ 
sity oZ procuring witnesses to authen¬ 
ticate the validity oZthe lease.A lease 
on property that is mortgaged ceases 
to exist when the person holding such 
mortgage forecloses it. Neither a 
guardian nor a minor can give a 
lease,extending beyond the ward’s 
majority, which can be enforced by 
the lessee; yet the latter is bound un¬ 
less the lease is annulled. 

VWftA OV VSA'sV. VOW WO\5*W. 

Th is Instrument, made the.AsV 

... day oZ...'be'}Vew\\)e,\...,l9.,Wit- 

-nesseth , That.. •XoYmXtva.sXexs.... of 
the city of...O'aNCvawX.,.,State 0 Z...O&- 
Vum\YjL...,hath rented from....XA.XA. 
T-sXec..., of the same place,the dwell 
ing and lot No. 177 Market Street,sit¬ 
uated in said town of...O'aiv\3A\X..,ZoT 
five years from the above date,atthe 
yearly rental.. 7XV / xeeW\xwX\e.&...Dol¬ 
lars, payable monthly, on the first 
day of each month, in advance, at 
the residence of the said...XA.\A.^.s- 
\ee... 

At the expiration of the said a- 
bove mentioned term, the said...X<Jww 
VvaA'toxs...agrees to give the said....\A. 
XnK.X-sX peaceable possession of said 
dwelling, In as good condition as when 
taken, ordinary wear and casualties 
excepted. 

In witness whereof, we place our 
hands and seals the day and year a- 
Zoresaid. 

i 235 &J££*- 

...J.W. M ETTLIN... n.S.1 

... H.S.Warman.... ' 

VU^OV VN«*v MXO WO\VO\WSrS. 

This Indenture, made this...\vcs>fr 
...day of...19...., between 
...S>\\ , a. < sXXc-q\<i,\; ...,of the township of 
Cicero,county oZTipton,and State 
of Indiana, oZ the Zirst part, and.... 
O.V.Wo'&.s...,oZthe said township and 
county, oZthe second part, 

Witnesseth,That the said...V\\as> 
Wc,q\e.v>....Zor and in consideration 
oZ the yearly rents and covenants 
hereinafter mentioned, and reserv¬ 
ed on the part and behalf oZthe said 
.. .%\YaA\Xe,o>\e.\)..., his heirs,executors 
and administrators,to be paid, kept 
and performed, hath demised,set and 
to farm let, and by these presents doth 
demise, set and to farm let, unto the 
said...'o.V.Woa. , b. ..,his heirs and as¬ 
signs, all that certain piece, parcel 
or tract of land situate, lying and 
being in the township of Cicero afore 


300 





































said, bounded and described as follows, 

to wit: \2 j\m«, ^e,<scA'\^V\Q-v\ V\«,ve\ 

Together with all and sin 9 ular the 
buildings and improvements, to have 
and to hold the same unto the said...25. 
V.VvO'a.s...,his heirs, executors and as¬ 
signs, from the. AVeiXi...day of... i-vw- 
wMV}...next, tor and during the term 
of .Awe...years thence, next ensuing,and 
fully to be complete and ended,yieldiny 
and payino for the same, u-nto the said 
...SWas\W)\e\)...,his heirs and assigns, 

the yearlu rent, or sum of._Sewe/n 

Wvw\&-<e,b~v™Dollars, on the first day 
of August in each and every year, dur- 
in 9 _the term aforesaid, and at the expi¬ 
ration of said term, or sooner if deter¬ 
mined upon, he, the said. ..O.^AKoas.., 
his heirs or assigns,shall and will quiet 
ly and peaceably surrender and yield 
up the said demised premises, with the 
appurtenances, unto the said ....SWa-s 
^\e.q\e^...,his heirs and assigns, in as 
good order and repair as the same now 
are,reasonable wear, tear and casualties, 
which may happen by fire, or otherwise, 
only excepted. 

Iti witness whereof, we have Here¬ 
unto set our hands and seals the day 
and year first mentioned above. 

Ssepesk , v<\ L i\e,4 

Xvie.nVvw^xess/wce o2 t ...S\v*s^\^&\_vr..[L.S.] 

..Sherlev Walton. ... s. .Q.VA\om> .H-S.l 

...Franklin Teel. > 

This certifies that I have let and rent 
ed, this..A\x<=>\,...day of...^^...19..., 
unto...’$>.VN.^>\o\v-v\X...,my house and 
lot, No. 1731 Sutter Street,in the city 
of San Francisco, State of California, 
and its appurtenances; he to Have the 
free and uninterrupted occupation there¬ 
of for...Owe...year from this date, at 

the yearly rental of—A.\o ) V\_ 

Dollars, to be paid monthly in advance; 
rent to cease if destroyed by fire,or oth¬ 
erwise made untenantable. 

"TOMMY'S . 

This certifies that I have hired and ta¬ 
ken from...A-\v\eA\j>\a.wO\eAie..,his house 
arid lot, No.-XVYV Sw-Vvex ...Street,iti the 
city of San Francisco, State of Californ ia, 
with appurtenances thereto belonyiny,for 
..O'wa.. .year, to commence this day, at a 
yearly rental of—Dol¬ 
lars, to be paid monthly in advance; unless said 
house becomes untenantable from fire or other 
causes, in which case tent ceases; and I further agree 
to give and yield said premises one year from this... 
2\xsV..day.of..\ta.v)...l9...,rn as yood condition as 
now,ordinary wear and casualties excepted. 

.. .Vt\. vo\jW s... 


Ie/\se /vnd i\eLe/\se . —An in stru-1 

ment conveying the riyht or interest 
m lands or tenements, which in law 
amounts to a feofmemt. 

LE^pG-E;^. — A book employed forgath¬ 
ering from the Journal and books of 
original entry, and entering under 
their respective titles, the Dr. andCr. 
sums belonyiny to the several accounts 
arising in one’s business. In a very 
limited business the Ledger may be 
the only book required. 

Dr. M.S.Monsforq. Cr. 


19., 






19... 






Feb. 

3 

To Mdse. 


'21 

10 

Feb. 

4 

By Cash 


10 

00 

*1 

7 

»> v 1 


15 

00j 

n 

n 

11 » * 


20 

00 

1 » 

II 

i> Sundries 


17 

15 

ii 

19 

*t •» 


15 

00 

11 

21 

*> Mdse. 


15 

10 

ii 

21 

*> »> 


10 

00 

11 

n 

11 11 


20 

m 





23 

35 





88 

35 





88 

35 

Mat, 

T 

"lb Balance 


33 

35 








ey, or other movable property. 

L^G-ZVl. ASSETS. — Tha-t portion of the 
property of a deceased person, which 
the common law can reach for the 
purpose of satisfying his creditors. Le- 
9al Holidays, certain days appoint¬ 
ed by law upon which it is recommend¬ 
ed that people refrain from their ordi¬ 
nary business.VSe.&Vvo\\LA.\^%'\.ln prom 
issory notes, whenever the last day of 
grace falls upon a Sunday or legal 
holiday, the note is due the day before 
Legal Rate of Interest, that rate 
established by law applicable to all cas¬ 
es where interest is allowed, but in 
which the parties themselves have 
not specified any rate.VSeeSx.'axixs.- 
Wc.'&X^owxea.W oV\JA.W< Vv\eAw>a\*(a.x.e 
\w eacV'bX&.Xe,.—Vv\be<Y Legal Tender, 
that kind of money which by law can 
be offered in the payment of a debt. 
G-old coins are legal tender for any 
amount. Si Iver coins (dollars) are le¬ 
gal tender for any amount, but the 
fractional coins for sums not exceed¬ 
ing &I0. Copper and nickel pieces for 
sums not exceeding 25 cents.Nation 
al Bank Bills and U.S.Notes are not 
legal tender; neither are any foreign 
gold or silver coins. 

L£oisL/vroF\.-A member of the leg¬ 
islature, who is elected to assist in the 
enactment of laws. Legislature, that 
body of men chosen for the purpose 
of enacting new laws, and revising 
or repeal ing old ones.Legiti-HiateChil 
dren, those who are born in wedlock, 
or in a lawful manner. All others 
are \\\e4^Vvvva3ve. 

LE*SIO(n(.—A hurt or injury suffer¬ 
ed, in consequence of inequality of 
situation, by one who does not receive 
full equivalent for what he gives in 
a commutative contract.Lessee,one 
to whom a lease is made. Lessor, one 
who grants a lease. Let, a hindrance 
or obstruction; to lease. 

Utter. —A written or printedwes- 
sage, folded and sealed, sent by one 
person to an other. Letter Book, a 


book in which letters are copied or 
transcribed.Letter Box, a mail box 
in which letters are deposited. Let 
ter Carrier, a postman who delivers 
letters. Dead Letter, a letter address 
ed to a person who cannot be found, 
or who is dead; that which has lost 
its force or authority. Letter of Ad¬ 
vice, a letter giving -notice of a trans¬ 
action; a book containing informa¬ 
tion of a shipment of goods,of abill 
of exchange being drawn on the par¬ 
ty addressed, or of some act done by 
the writer of the letter in which the 
person to whom it is written has an 
interest. Letter of Attorney, same 
as Power of Attorney, which see.Let- 
ter of Credit, a letter from a cor¬ 
respondent to another,a,uthomin 9 
credit to a certain amount of-mon¬ 
ey to be given to the bearer.'£>ee,\x,x\- 
tav^>wsvx\e.ss VeWe-xs—’Vf'Ae.xAm kwwC\. 
Letter of License, a customs per¬ 
mit; permission or privilege granted. 
Letter of Marque, the license or 
permission given by G-overnment to 
a private ship in time of war to seize 
on the ships of another State, under 
pretense of satisfaction for injuries 
received. Letter of Revocation, an 
instrument revoking some power or 
authority granfed.N^enKxxo'vrvevj 2ox 
V<mxO\. Letter of Substitution, an 
instrument appointing some one else 
to act for one who has been vested by 
a party with legal power to act for 
him.\£>te KucmveA^vw tox-wiy Letters 
of Administration, a legal instru¬ 
ment giving the administrator full 
power to administer the goods,chat¬ 
tels, rights, and credits which belong¬ 
ed to the deceased. Letters Patent, 
a document granted by G-overn¬ 
ment, authorizing a person to do 
some act,or to enjoy some right, 
to the exclusion of others; as,a pat¬ 
ent right. 

UTTEFl COKtAACTS.—W henever 
there has been an offer made by let¬ 
ter, and it is accepted by letter,there 
is a contract. The offer may remain 
open for a number of days unless 
withdrawn, but the contract i s 
complete the instant the letter of 
acceptance is put into the mail,if 
it is properly directed. It matters not 
whether the letter of acceptance ev¬ 
er reaches the f irst party or not,nor 
that the latter has meanwhile with¬ 
drawn his offer. The offer may be 
withdrawn at any time beforeitis 
accepted, but notice of the withdraw¬ 
al must reach the other party before 
he has mailed his acceptance. If an 
order for goods is sent by mail,and 
acted upon, it is a written contract, 
so far as the writer is concerned,but 
not as to the other party; he must ac¬ 
cept by letter, before there is a writ¬ 
ten contract between both parties. 
A telegram, in the same way, may 
be a written contract.Great care 
should be exercised in guarding against 
mistakes; use the telegraph if necessary 


301 









































levy —To raise or collect, said oftax- 
es 6r troops. In general it is raising of 
money by assessment tor which an ex- 
ecution has been issued. 

LIABILITIES.—The pecuniary obli¬ 
gations of any one, including all the 
debts he owes, whether expressed in 
notes, in accounts, or otherwise. Lia¬ 
bility, the state of being bound or o- 
bli^ed by law to take the legal consequen¬ 
ces of a certain thing’s beiny or not 
beino done. 

Ll BEL.— A malicious or defamatory wri- 
tiny, reflectiny on the character of a 
person, and punishable by law;awrit- 
ten statement by a plaintiff of a cause 
of action; -to proceed ayainst byfiliny 
a libel, as ayainst a ship or goods* 

LIBERTY.—Freedom to exercise arid 
enjoy one’s riyhts, and is either 
_\m\,^oWWcA, c\m\\, or\eX\oj\Q\xi),accord- 
iny to the particular class of riyhts re- 
ferredto. The riyhts yuaranteed by the 
constitution or political law is called 
^o\\V\ca\\\\>exVi). Th ose secured by civ¬ 
il or municipal law is called can\\\\\>- 
Freedom ofreliyious opinion and 
worship is called. xeY\q>\ow=>Y\'oftvV\).Free¬ 
dom to enjoy life, pursue happiness,etc. 
is called wjSwmXY\>oe.xX\>. 

LICENSE. —Leyal permission to do a 
pertain act, or pursue a certain bus¬ 
iness; as,to sell a certain article,to e-n- 
yaye in the practice of medicine, etc.Li- 
centiousness, the doing of what one 
pleases, disreyardiny the rights of others. 
Liege, a subject; bound by a feudal 
tenure. 

Ll^N.—Ahold or claim which one per¬ 
son has upon the property of another, 
by way of security for some debt or 
charge. Who Have them?—(I) As><£\- 
ok cyaoXs (unless selliny on credit)until 
the price is paid;(>L) A vmwxow cvyv\«,x, 
until hischaryes are paid.(3)AVoXeX 
Yw^ax,until hischaryes are paid.(4) A 
sow YoVawv^ iqvo'qexX^ as. eye, 

until the debt is paid. (5) A ymow re- 
^a\x\wc> ^xo^e,x\v(, until charyes are 
paid. (6) A ooxxvxxwssXow w\qAo\v&.wX, un 
til all commission, advances, and ex¬ 
pen ses. due are paid. (7) A ^«,x<=>ox\\\o\A- 
’vwo^ , a'X'\>A<)xx\e,wX for money ayainst 
real estate or other property, until the 
judgment is paid. ( 8 ) ~\ax ooXW.Xo'Xs, 
untill all taxes due on personal or 
real property are paid. 


UeIJTENANT-&OVEI\NOI\.—A n of- 

ficer elected in many States to fill the 
vacancy in the office of Governor in 
case the latter should die,resign, be 
removed, or otherwise become incom¬ 
petent. The Lieutenant G-overnor has 
but few duties,other than to preside 
in the senate,in which he has only a 
casting vote. 

LIFE.—The sum. of forces by which 
existence is maintained and death 
resisted. Li/e Annuity, an annual 
income paid during a particular life, 
and terminating with the death of 
the person.WHen limited to a given 
number of years o/such life, jt is 
called aXe\wqovav\^\\k«. , axvww\x^.|/ 
it begin a certain number of years 
hence, it is called a kekexxeX\\koo.xvxox,- 
\xv>.|/ it depend on the joint contin¬ 
uance of two or more lives,it is call¬ 
ed a’^owXNxktt. awrwC\\\)>.Various ta 
bles have been constructed to i 11 us- 
tratethe probabilities of life at vari¬ 
ous ayes. \5>eeWxY\s\eY^ko\^okYKoxX?\- 
Vk<i,as.\vx9, < b s |. 

Lifeboat, a boat of peculiar construc¬ 
tion-made so as not to be possible to be 
sunk, for saving life in case of shipwreck. 
Li/e-buoy, an article constructed from 
cork or other light material for keeping 
a person floating in water. Also called 
Y\ke-Y<es«.x\io\. Li/e Estate, an estate 
to be enjoyed for life only. Li/e l-M- 
SM-rance, a con tract by which the in¬ 
surer agrees, in return for certain ^xe- 
xw\\ms received,to pay a certain sum 
to the heirs or assigns of the insured, 
on the death of a person designated 
in the policy, or when he reaches 
acertain age.The object of life in¬ 
surance is to give those who are de¬ 
pendent upon acertain person,sowe 
means of support if he should sud¬ 
denly die.Life Insurance policies are 
either\N\\o\e-Wke/ or Xww, policies. 
UnderXe,\wx policies the sum assured 
is payable at a certain age, if the party 
live, or at death, if that occur sooner. 
A person may insure his own I ife 
in as many companies as he chooses, 
and to any amount that he chooses, 
provided he is willing to pay the pre¬ 
miums. A person may not only in¬ 
sure his own life, but also that of 
another person,in whom he has a 
pecuniary interest; as, a wife that of 
her husband, ora child that of his 
father; also a creditor may insure 
the life of his debtor. The insurance 
ceases if the premium is not paid 
when due. A policy may be assign¬ 
ed by obtaining the.Company’s con¬ 
sent. 1/ any deception is practiced 
in any way in applying for and in 
obtaining a policy, it renders it void. 
Li/e Ownership, the possession of 
property during one’s life only. It 
differsfrom a Vw\\oxNmxsVw}(I) He 
cannot sell or mortgage the proper¬ 
ty.^) He cannot control the disposi¬ 
tion of it at his death. (3) He can do 
nothing with it which will decrease 
its value, as by taking dow-n buildings. 


A life ownership may arise in the fol¬ 
lowing ways:(I) A full owner may 
give a life ownership to oneforwhom 
He wishes to provide but to whom he 
does not care to give the power to 
dispose of the property; as, a fath¬ 
er to a spendthrift son.(5A) A wid¬ 
ow’s dower, or li/e interestin one- 
third of her deceased husband’s prop¬ 
erty. (3) A widower’s interest in 
his deceased wife’s property, provid¬ 
ed a child has been born. 


No.44,911. 


&5000. 


In Consideration of the represen¬ 
tations made to them in the applica¬ 
tion for this policy, and of the sum 
of^v^r\e\xwv\^\e^~wDollars, and 
the furi-be-r sums of—C>x\t.W\xwXxeX_ 
Dollars to be paid on the..VvxsX...day 
of January and July of each year 
duringthe continuance of this pol¬ 
icy, do insure the lifeof...i>uc.o^Kv- 
'avAOvrs..., of..??e,o\va.,. ..in the coun¬ 
ty of.-T-axeNNeXv...,State of.WY\wo\s.., 
in the amount of~~X\MeAY\o\xs' 3 AxX™ 
Dollars for the term of his natural 
life. And the said Company does prom¬ 
ise and agree to pay the amount of 
the said insurance at its office in 
Boston to...XvwaY vovaovax’s.... legal 
representatives;Jn sixty days, after 
due notice and satisfactory proof of 
his death during the continuance of 
this policy. 

In witness whereof the said Ori¬ 
ent Life Insurance Company has 
by its president and actuary sign¬ 
ed and delivered this contract this 
..XxxsX... day o/...Viuww^.\v>...,l9 — 
AbdelYouno, Martin Wynne, 

. Yres'xLowX. 

Premium & 100, payable semi-annually. 


Li&ajsi. —Goods sunk in the sea,but 
tied to a buoy,that they may be re¬ 
covered again. Lighters, small ves¬ 
sels used in unloading or loading 

. largerxmes. 

Llly\IT/\T(Of/ OF APTlOf/.—A cer¬ 
tain time,regulated by statute, with 
in which an action must be brought. 
The reason for limiting the time in 
which to bring suit is two-fold:(l)0ld 
and stale claims are likely to be ill- 
foundedjfor if just, some attempt 
would have been made to enforce it. 
(X) It is considered best that a per¬ 
son should not be troubled with an 
old claim, though it be just, because 
he has been led to believe that it 
would not be pressed. The time in 
which suit may be brought varies 
in different classes of cases from one 
to twenty years, and differs in differ¬ 
ent States. For ordinary business 
contracts the time allowed in which 
to commence suit is five or six years. 
For oral or open accounts many 
States make six years the limit, but 
on written contracts, especial Iy 
those having a seal attached, such as 
judgments, the time is from ten to 


302 




























twcntu years. In-most of the States 
the tirne on promissory notes is s i X 
y e ar s. SW\\sA\ caN Vuw oV \V\e\S - 
\\X\e& Sxa.x«.s-\\\Ae,\'\. After the time 
Has expired tHe debt is said to be ovOt- 
YaweA,and cannot be enforced.Change 
of ownership does, not affect the time. 
The period of limitation begins to ran 
on the day. when the debt is due; but 
if at arty time after this a part pay- 
ment is made, that renews the claim, 
and the period begins on that day. 
Also if the debtor at any time after it 
is due makes a written promise that 
he will pay the debt, that has the same 
effect as a part payment. Limitation 
of Estates, the settlement of an es¬ 
tate, determining how long it shall 
continue. Limited Divorce, separa¬ 
tion from bed and board.Lim i ted 
Partnership, one formed by special 
law, in which there are one or wore 
partners whose property cannot be 
taken to pay the firm’s debts,-beyond 
the amount they have contributed 

. tojt. 

LI (YE.— The relationship existing be¬ 
tween persons descended in aright 
line. Line of Deposit, the aver a g e 
amount kept by a merchant to h is 
credit in bank.Line of Discount,the 
average amount borrowed by a mer- 
chant.from a bank upon notes and 
bills discounted by such bank for him. 
Lineal, in a direct line. Lineal De¬ 
scent, the.descent of estates from one 
to another in a direct line, as from an 
cestor to Heir. 

LIC\\jlD/\TIOI>l.— The winding up 
or final settlement of the affairs of 
a commercial house, in adjusting 
and settling of all its debts.Liquid¬ 
ated Damages, damages determined 
beforehand, and inserted in av agree 
ment, which would result from a 
breach of the agreement. 

llTH.EFW>E.-The price paid for un¬ 
loading ships by lighters or boats us¬ 
ed to convey the. goods on shore. Lit¬ 
igation, a judicial contest or lawsuit. 

L(VEq P/\PEF(. — Notes,etc.,that have 
not get matured. Overdue or protest¬ 
ed paper is termed Livery, de¬ 

livery of possession of lands to ten¬ 
ants. Livery of Seisin, delivery of pos¬ 
session of lands, tenements, and her¬ 
editaments, unto one who has the 
right to the same. Live Stock,agen- 


eral term for the domestic animals 
of the farm. Livina or livelihood, 
means or income for subsistence.Liv¬ 
ery-stable, a stable where horses and 
carriages are kept for hire. 

Lloyd’s, a marine insurance society 
of London, deriving its name from 
the coffee house where it originated. 
The underwriters,for a premium, 
grant an indemnity to merchants 
against risks at sea. I he records of 
this society contain a complete histo¬ 
ry of the sea so far as concerns the 
number of shipwrecks,collisions,fires, 
piracies, mutinies,etc. Lloyd’s Regis¬ 
ter, an annual register of vessels,giv¬ 
ing the tonnage, age, build,character 
and condition of each ship whose own¬ 
ers conform to their rules. In addi¬ 
tion to the annual issue of avolume, 
there are occasional supplements when 
alterations or additions are necessary. 

LOAD. — An undefined quantity of 
different articles or commodities,as 
a cart-load, boat-load,etc.; a defined 
quantity, as a load of flour is lObar- 

- rels; of bricks,500; of cotton, 3 bales. 

LOAN.—A bailment without reward; 
that which is lent for a temporary 
purpose. Loan Office, a place where 
small sums of money are lent at high 
interest to be repaid bg installments; 
a pawnbroking office.Call Loan, a 
sum of money loaned by a banker or 
other person, secured by the deposit 
of stocks, bonds, or other marketable 
securities, to be paid when called for. 
A failure to make good the loan with¬ 
in a certain time (usually twenty-four 
hours) is regarded as authority to the 
lender to sell the securities in his pos¬ 
session. 

LOCAL ACTIONS.—A term applied 
to actions when all the principal facts 
on which they are founded are of .a 
local.nature. Local Train, a train 
making stops regularly at all thesta- 
tions along a line. 

Log book. — A book used in measur¬ 
ing the rate of a ships velocity,as in¬ 
dicated by the Xoq, with notes on the 
state of the weather, incidents of 
the voyage,etc. TheXoq is a little 
board so fixed as to remain upright 
and motionless in the water while 
the ship moves on, for the purpose of 
ascertaining the rate of sailing. 

Lot^G-. —A stock exchange term. One 
is said to beXo'wq when He carries 
stock or grain for a rise. Long Meas¬ 
ure, measure of length.VSeeXXeXqVxs 
\^eas>\vces.p-'Vw&e*Y Long Price, 
price after the duties are paid. Long- 
Boat, the largest boat belonging to a 
ship of war. Long Dozen, one or two 
more than a dozen Long Hundred.a 
term for six score,or I^O.Lottg Ton, 
in England the ton contains 2 24-0 
pounds,and is sometimes called the 
\or\q 'ton. In the United States t He 
ton contains 2 000 pounds, and some¬ 
times is called the ‘sVor't tow. Long 
shoremen, men employed in unload¬ 
ing and loading vessels about docks. 


Loss .— Destruction, injury, failure, 
waste, leakage, or that which is lost. 
Loss and Gain, a general term us¬ 
ed to express fluctuation in value. 
When applied to an account,it has 
•reference to a collection of particu¬ 
lar losses and gains of a business, 
the result of net.loss or net gain 
being shown by either side. An ac¬ 
count exhibits a Xoss, if that which 
it represents has cost more than it 
has produced. An. account exhibits 
a qa-vw, if that which it represents 
has produced more than it has 
cost. All accounts which show loss¬ 
es or gains is closed into the L oss 
and G-ain account. 

W VftVa W&& fcfcY* NKWNR . 
Dr. LOSS AND G-AIN. Cr. 


19 ... 

Feb. 


K 


Expense, 

Discount, 

Insurance, 


300 

00 

20 

10 

40 

15 

456 

85 

811 

10 




Mdse., 
Interest, 
Real Est., 


817 


10 


Loss of pkopWY. — If one have 
another’s property in his possession, 
and through his carelessness it be 
injured or lost, the careless one is 
not only entitled to no compensa¬ 
tion for what He has done,but must 
compensate the owner for his loss 
or injury; but not if the loss occurs 
in spite of ordinary care. Common 
carriers are responsible for any loss 
or injury occurring to goods which 
they are-transporting.Carriers by 
sea are responsible for loss or inju¬ 
ry to goods, except damages occur¬ 
ring through some extraordinary 
peril of the sea.If the property of a 
guest is lost while He is in the hotel, 
unless through his own carelessness, 
the hotel keeper is responsible for it. 
V^ee,NXoXe\\\e.aqeAY For lost proper¬ 
ty found by any one, see Lost Prop- 
erty under Etiquette,—Index. 

LoW-Vvateh fWK- — That I ine 
on the sea-shore to which the waters 
recede when the tide is lowest. 

Lo'yAL.—True to one’s country,or 
faithful to a prince; legal oraccord- 
mg to law. 

LUNATIC. — The legal designation 
of insanity; also mat state of the 
mind known as yac/'aVxs. 

A contract with a lunatic is void. 
N'be.e,\4s\oV^. Lurgulary,the casting 
of any corrupt thing into the water. 

LyNCH La,w. —Popular vengeance 
inflicted by a mob; -the practice of 
inflicting an injury, or committing 
an outrage, upon a person, fora 
crime or offense, by private per¬ 
sons without the sanction of law, 
l-n England this is called\L\X\o\&\_aw. 
The American system of Lynch Law 
began in Piedmont-county,Va M which 
was in early times the western front¬ 
ier, and having no law of its own, 
and being seven miles from the near¬ 
est court of criminal jurisdiction, 
controversies were constantlg refer 


303 

















































red -men of sound judgment and 

impartiality in the district, whose de¬ 
cisions were regarded as final. Promi¬ 
nent among these was a man whose 
awards exhibited so much justice, 
judgment, and impartiality,that he 
was known throughout the country as 
Judge Lynch. In the course of time 
criminals were brought before him, 
and he awarded such punishment as 
he considered just ana proper. Judge 
Lynch being the most conspicuous 
of these arbitors,the system took 
his name, and was called Lynch Law. 
This was a compliment to his integ¬ 
rity and high character.Subsequent¬ 
ly the term has been regarded as a 
reproach, because violent and unprin¬ 
cipled wen, such as Judge Lynch was 
wont to punish, have.set the law at 
defiance, and while inflamed with 
passion, have usurped the preroga- 
tives ofthe courts of justice.TJie cor¬ 
ruption that has found its way into 
the courts has doubtless made Lynch 
Law seem to be a necessity in many 
<?a.ses. 

IVMG-ISTFVSJE.-A public civil officer 
invested with executive or judicial 
authority; as a justice of the peace, 
or a governor. 

M/\GNA clwrA. —The great char¬ 
ter of English liberty, granted buKing 
John, June 15,1215. If was called Mag¬ 
na Charta on account of its great im 
portance in securing the liberties of 
the people. 

iWM To deprive a man of any 

necessary, part of his body,so as to 
render him less efficient infighting 
or defending himself. 

.—Newspapers, letters,etc.,tratis 
mitted in bags from one post-office 
to an oth er. M ai I - bag, a leathern bag or 
sack in which assorted letters,etc.,are 
placed for a particular destination 
to be there.distributed.Mail-coach,a 
car or vehicle for conveying mail-bags 
from one place to another. Mail-train, 
a fast train by which mails are car¬ 
ried. Mail-carriers, persons employ¬ 
ed by the government to convey the 
mails. 

MAINPRISE.— Deliverance of a pris 
oner, who might otherwise be commit¬ 
ted to prison, upon security being giv¬ 
en for his appearance at a certain time. 

l>4AJt4TE(lHI/\NCI~.—/\id s assistance. 


or means of support; assistance to 

another in a suit at law by one who 
has no interest in it, for the purpose 
of stirring up a quarrel or continuing 
the litigation. 

MAJORS.- Male descendants bevotid 
the sixth degree. Majori$y,the full 
age; more than half, as in the elec¬ 
tion of some officers a xwiymxv) of 
all votes cast is necessary to achoice. 
V$> Y\w'va\\X.X)'\. 

IVIAXEU. — In a note, the person who 
promises is called the The per¬ 

son named in the body of the note is 
the The maker may be respon¬ 

sible to either the payee, or to t he 

R erson to whom he may transfer it. 
flaking his Law, a legal phrase sig¬ 
nifying the act of a person who wa¬ 
ges his law. 

MAL^FAPTOFV — One who has eithe-n 
committed a crime, or been convicted 
of having committed one.Malfeas- 
ance, the act of committing an un¬ 
lawful deed. Malice, an intention¬ 
al mischief done to another without 
cause or excuse. Malice prepense^e- 
liberate, predetermined malice. Mali¬ 
cious Mischief, wanton or reckless 
destruction of property or injury to 
the person. Malicious Prosecution, 
the act of prosecuting any one in a 
criminal or civil suit, without just 
cause. Malversation, fraudulent 
practices in office or employ; as ex¬ 
actions, contortions, and larceny. 
MANBOTE .— In Anglo-Saxon times 
a compensation paid to the relatives 
of a murdered man, by the murder¬ 
er’s friend s. 
lyiANDWus.- 

A writ or command 
issued by a court, and directed to 
any person, corporation, off icer, or 
inferior court, requiring them.to 
do some particular thing.Its chief 
use is to enforce the performance 
of public rights or duties.Mandate, 
a summons, or judicial charge,com¬ 
mand, or commission. 
fVJ/\NlFE^ST.— A particular account 
of a ship, with the list of the names 
of the passengers, a description of 
the cargo, number, and marks of 
the packages, etc., with the ports of 
destination, made out and signed by 
the master before leaving port, to be 
exhibited at the Custom House. Also 
applied to railway shipments, as an 
invoice. 


Manifest No. 976. 

P itts b urg. Pa.. ...19... 

ShipmentCoal vt Boyo,Fox uCo., 

VNw\ex<h KwX\vx'3.c\'ve,£>0'a\. 
For..>Nax^ L^owe,...Oswego^.M. 


DATE. 


17 


CAR. 


NO. 


1918 


LETTERS. 


C.B.LS. 


ANTHRACITE. 


CRATE. 


T. CWT. 


ECO. 


T. CWT. 


NUT. 


16 


CWT. 


58 


STOVE. 


T. CWT. 


M/\ N l F ^ s T 0 *— A public written dec¬ 
laration of motives or intentions, by 
the authorities of a nation, partic¬ 
ularly before commencing a war,as- 
signing reasons for its public acts 

M^NIfOLD VVFyT^R. — A copying 
book, the sheets composing which,be 
ing covered with a preparation ofpluit 
bago, and inserting between them 
blank paper,and writing thereon 
with a style, several copies of the 
writing may be obtained at once. 

MANsLA]U&Htef\.- The unlawful 
killing of _ any person, in sudden 
heat or excitement, and without 
malice. Man-slayer, one who kills 
another unintentionally and with¬ 
out malice. Man Stealing, an ex¬ 
pression sometimes used in place 
of kidnapping. Manu-captor, one 
who stands bail for another. 

MANllFA.CTU^E^.-One who works 
raw materials into articles suitable 
for use. Manufactures, wares and 
articles which have undergone the 
processes which pre pare them for use. 

N\ANUI^IT.—To release from sla¬ 
very, or from the power of another. 

NIA.K&IK- — Money deposited with 
a broker, in stock transactions, to 
protect him against loss by the de¬ 
preciation of stocks held by him for 
another party. Also the difference be¬ 
tween the value of securities depos¬ 
ited as collateral, and the amount loan¬ 
ed upon them. . 

rv\A^I l(isll HAIMC^.— A contract 

to pay the owner of certain property 
a certain proportion of his loss if if 
is damaged or destroyed while on 
the sea. The time of the insurance 
is sometimes specified, as for a year. 
Vessels are often insured in this way. 
Sometimes it is fora particular voy¬ 
age, without reference to time.Both 
vessels and goods may be insured 
in this way. Another way in which 
goods may be insured is to specify 
a time, as a year, the policy to cover 
all goods shipped during the period of 
time.Such a policy is called ano^arv 
^oWcvy.The risks assumed in the 
policy are those of Wva^evWs o<i Wve 
sea, Vv\e,,^vxac\), ca^Xwxe, qe.wexa\ a\i- 
exaqe, and saX'jaqe. Unless otherwise 
provided, the policy is valid, whether 
the premium is or is not paid when 
due. The premium is said to be eax-w 
e& if the vessel or the goods are upon 
the sea during any part of the time 
mentioned in the policy. If not earn¬ 
ed the premium need not be paid. 
If not provided for in the policy, in 
case of change of ownership,the new 
owners should obtain the consent 
of the company, or the policy will be 
void. Except from necessity, if a 
vessel deviate(change its risk) from 
the specified voyage, the policy is 
rendered void.The amount of insur¬ 
ance to be paid in case of damage or 
loss, is that proportion of the loss 
which the amount of the policy 
bears to the value of the property itisur- 


304 ' 



















































ed. Consequently the company docs 
not pay the whole of any loss,unless 
the amount of the policy equals the 
value of the property. Policies may be 
obtained in several companies, but 
then each company pays only its 
proportion. Sometimes the place for 
valuation in a policy is left blank,and 
the value determined at the time of 
the ioss; if the value is inserted,that 
controls, and it is called avaYaoA^oWc^. 
Misrepresentations render a policy 
void. Additional or minor agreements 
are inserted in almost all policies .Sea¬ 
worthiness of the vessel is always an 
implied. conditio-hWo^X or waYAosV,’ 
occurriny in a policy, means thatthe 
company will pay the insurance,even 
if the property is already lost at the 
time the contract is made. fc.\mv&or\- 
wvS/wN/ is the right of the insured to 
give up to the company what remains, 
(provided the loss is more than half 
in value of the property) and claim 
the full amount of the policy. 

No.15,273. 

By the Atlantic Insurance Company,of Boston. 

Geo.C.Howe, on account of whom it 
may concern, in case' of loss to be paid 
‘ Bi ' ' 


in Boston in funds current to him,does 

make insurance and cause.. 

v&w&kvl *° be insured, lost or not lost, 
\wmvfc, at and from Boston to Liver- 

pool.on 1200 bbls. 

vtovwwi, flour...laden, or to 

(, e | a( ) ei1 on board the good 
ship called the...WwA=>ow. 

The said yoods and merchandises 
hereby assured are valued (premium 
included) at &5000. 

Touchiny the adventures and perils 
which the said assurer is contented to 
bear and take upon itself in this voy- 
age,they are of seas,men-of-war,fires, 
enemies, pirates, rovers,thieves, jetti¬ 
sons, letters of mart and countermart, 
reprisals,takinys at sea, restraints,ar¬ 
rests, and detainments of all kings,prin- 
ces, or people of what nation,quality, 
or condition soever, barratry of the 

master and mariners. 

having been paid the consideration 
for this insurance, by the assured at 
and after the rate of one and a quarter 
per cent. 

Provided always, and it is hereby 
further agreed, that if the said assured 


shall have made any other assurance 

upon the premises aforesaid, prior in 
day of date to this policy,then the said 
assurer shall be answerable only for so 
much as the amount of such prior as¬ 
surance may be deficient towards ful¬ 
ly covering the premises hereby assur¬ 
ed.And in case of any insur¬ 

ance upon the said premises subsequent 
in day of date to this policy the said as¬ 
surer shall nevertheless be answerable 
for the full extent of the sum by it sub¬ 
scribed hereto.. ..Other insur¬ 

ance upon the premises aforesaid of 
date the same day as this policy shall 
be deemed simultaneous herewith;and 
the said assurer shall not be liable for 
more than a ratable contribution in 
the proportion of the sum by it in¬ 
sured to the aggregate amount of such 

simultaneous insurance. 

\Wwex wiwwx cXawws 'xswaXV) 

In witness whereof the attorneys 
of the Atlantic Insurance Company have 
subscribed their names and the sum 
insured, at Boston, this...TVxA...day 
of.-AW^Avtoert... 19... 

(&5000). Five thousand dollars. 

... VANNtVV Uo o 'ox,.... 

Art orneys. 

— An allowance or por¬ 
tion given with a daughter in marriage. 
Marital, pertaining to a husband. 

N(/VI\rntyE LA^A/. —Law relating to 
harbors, ships, and seamen. 

* —A device,number,or letter 
put upon boxes or packages shipped, 
or upon manufactured goods,to dis¬ 
tinguish them from others. 

MARKET.—A public place or building 
for buying and selling; exchange, pur¬ 
chase, and sale; as, an acYwie oraiwW 
market.Market-gardener, one who 
raises vegetables and fruits for sale. 
Market-overt, an open or public mar¬ 
ket. Mart, a place of sale or traffic. 

MAKING-GOODS. — It is usual with 
merchants in marking their goods, 
to make use of a private mark,phrase, 
or key-word, to designate the cost and 
selling price, the object being to con¬ 
ceal these points from all except their 
own salesmen. The following words 
and phrases present a choice from 
which to make a selection: 


WsY'oOoxxo. YvhY'Y'jxVV,. 

WNtovAarA. ^\asVs\w\X\\. 

k>as\\ Yxok\\. Ye sYax^. 
YexVYvKn\\jo> YaxxS^oYen. Wo\s\)Ya\Ae. 
YKvskoxXwwe. <L>o YxXewYY). YVvcXLaYox. 
Xw.^oxXawoe. GavxkwY XoY. Ok \\\Yve>Yx\). 

Each word or phrase contains ten 
letters,no two alike,the object being 
to use letters instead of figures in mark¬ 
ing the goods. As an example take the 
phrase GAS FIXTURE. 

I 23 4561 8 90 

In marking the cost and selling price 
on a ticket, we assume that the cost is 
^3.25, and the selling price&4.37; this 
would be represented by the dumb let¬ 
ters =,a\—ksX. The cost price is usually 
placed uppermost on the tag,the selling 
price below it,thus-|fj-. An extra let¬ 


ter, styled a repeater, is used to obvi¬ 
ate the repetition of a letter or figure, 
as well as to prevent the disclosure of 
the private mark; for instance,instead 
of writing 366 by the key-word,which 
would be <b x x, use as a repeater t he 
letter o, and make it read Frac¬ 
tions may be written thus: 45634 = 
VvaV-s. It sometimes happens that 
the selling price contains three fig¬ 
ures, while the buying price contains 
but two. To prevent this difference 
from being noticed, the letter denot¬ 
ing the cipher is prefixed to the buy¬ 
ing price. A sentence containing ten 
words may be used instead of a word 
or phrase, and the initial letters ofthe 
words taken, thus: In walkingdown 
Broadway James sees many very cu¬ 
rious things. Instead of letters, ar¬ 
bitrary signs may. be used, thus: 

JZTlLDXtin 
12345678 9 0 

NlAfteOJ E /\ND F\EPf\l SAl.- Same 
as Letter of Marque, which see. 

MARRIAGE ARTICLES.-An agree¬ 
ment between parties who contem¬ 
plate marriage, and in accordance 
with which the marriage settlement 
is afterwards drawn up. Marriage 
Brokage, the act by which a person, 
for a consideration, negotiates a 
marriage between a man and awo- 
man.\JbM.Vxow\\=>5, ok Ytv'&.'vxvaqe. -vv\& 
2wYaV\MeYAaYV\aqe\. For Marriage 
License, Form of Ceremony,etc.^ee 
under Love Letters,—Index. 



STATE OF.COUNTY. 

—TWYb — 

That.of.in the 

State of.and.of 

.in the State of..... 

were at...in the said County, 

by me joined together in 

— HOLY MATRIMONY,— 

On the.day of.in the 

year of our Lord, One Thousand Nine 

Hundred and. 

YaV<esexvceok 5 


YOY*\A OY VANYvYAMbY. YvtfYVIY.. 

MARRIED. 

, Li ston-Miller .—In this city,at 
the residence ofthe bride’s father, Oc¬ 
tober 17,19...., by the Rev.GeorgeBa¬ 
ker, rector of Christ Church, Mr.John 
Liston and Miss Mary B. Mi Her,daugh¬ 
ter of lsaacMi|ler,Esq.,all of Atlanta. 
IVVWED VVOIVW.N’S KOXE.— 


&2O0. New York, Feb. 13,19... 

One year after date.,.\... promise to pay 
Wood &. Lorin, or order,..T'woWwwWk... 
Dollars, with interest. And I hereby charge 
my individual property and estate with 
the payment of this note. 


305 










































































. ' <T % *0- 'T f. '. -7 >-r ** 


M/vr\f\iED\^orv\E^. — F ormerly mar- 
tied women could make no contracts 
whatever, but now, in most States, 
they may (I) Make any contract con 
nected with property which they own 
separately, but not otherwise,except 
in connection with their separate bus¬ 
iness |Cl) They way carry on a busi¬ 
ness apart .from their husbands, and 
bind themselves by any contracts con¬ 
nected therewith. A woman having 
no Husband, whether married or sin¬ 
gle, can make contracts as freely as 
a man. M arried women way act 
as agents for others, even in -making 
contracts. In buying articles neces¬ 
sary for themselves or the household, 
they may not be sued for payment,but 
their husbands way be. Also when 
ewployed as clerks or otherwise,em¬ 
ployers are bound by their acts. In 
a few States a warried woman can¬ 
not become a member of a partner- 

OF f\SSl(TS. - Such 
an arrangement of the different 
funds under administration,as shall 
enable all persons having equities to 
receive their share, notwithstanding 
any intervening interests or claims. 

rvj/VUTi/vL UvVv. — Military rule exist¬ 
ing in time of war. It supersedes civ¬ 
il proceedings which conflict with it. 

N\ASTEF\ OF CEFIEIVIO^I^S.- An of 
ficer whose duty is to determine the 
forms to be observed, and superintend 
their observance during a public occa¬ 
sion. Master in Chancery, a clerk in 
the court of chancery, who acts as as¬ 
sistant to the chancellor. Master o/the 
Rolls, an officer of chancery who has 
the keeping of the rolls and grants which 
pass the great seal, and the records of 
the chancery. 

rvl/VJXEH OF F/\CT.- In legal actions, 
matter, the truth of which is determ¬ 
ined by the evidence, and left to the 
jury to decide. Matter 0 / Law, matter, 
the truth or falsity of which is deter 
mined by the established rules of law, 
or by reasoning based upon them, the 
decision in these matters is referred to 
the judge. Matter of Record, facts 
which may be proved by the produc¬ 
tion of a record. 

IV^TUHITY- Arrival of the time fix 
ed for the payment of a debt; becom¬ 
ing due; termination of the period 
which a demand has to run; state of 
perfection or completeness, as of age 


or experience. Sometimes the holder 

of paper has a right to demand pay¬ 
ment before maturity, as when a 
draft has been protested for non-ac¬ 
ceptance, and the proper notices serv¬ 
ed, the holder may at once proceed 
against the drawer and endorsers. 
Legal holidays are uniformly excepted 
in the maturity of commercial paper. 
Where grace is not allowed, paper fall¬ 
ing due on a holiday becomes legal¬ 
ly due the day following; but where 
grace is allowed, on the preceding 
day. 

n established principle 
or leading truth. 

Mayhem, unlawfully depriving an¬ 
other of a member proper for fight 
or defense.Mayor, the chief magis¬ 
trate of a city. Mayor’s Coitrt, the 
name of a court, usually heldincit 
ies, consisting of the mayor, record¬ 
er, and aldermen. 

NlE/^llRE. — The contents or dimen¬ 
sions of anything, reckoned accord¬ 
ing to some standard.\S«i 

VNeaswxes,-W&enY Measure of 
Damages, a method or rule by which 
the damage sustained is to be estima¬ 
ted or measured. Measurement Goods, 
goods on which freight is charged by 
measurement. 

l\4EDI/\JOf\ -Up on differences aris¬ 
ing between merchants, a person 
who interposes and assists them in 
adjusting their difficulties. 

KEOIC/0- EVtO^NC^. —Evidence or 
testimony giver; by physicians or sur¬ 
geons as professional experts. Medi¬ 
cal Jurisprudence, the application 
of medical science to the determina¬ 
tion of certain questions in courts of 
law. 

IV\EN10f\/\NDllN\.- A note or record 
of something intended to assist the 
memory, an informal writing of 
some transaction, or an outline of 
some intended action or instrument. 
Memorandum Check, a check given 
as an acknowledgment of a debt,with 
the understanding that it will not 
be presented at the bank unless the 
maker fails to take it up on the day 
the debt becomes due. It usually has 
VAft/vw written on its face. 


F ROM 

Morse L Caylor, 

Columbus,0. 

IT C Street. 


TO 

..Qja,Vvv)s\)\xxq,.. . 
CotuM8us,5e\>.V. 19... 


Gentlemen: — On February 15th we 
pro pose ma kina three days’ sight 
draft on you, favor First Mat ion a I 
Bank, for Six Hundred (3£600)Dollars, 
on account, which please protect 
and oblige, 

Vours very respectfully, 

Morse Caylor. 


N\EA/\OF\IF\L . — A written address of 
solicitation or complaint; a state pa¬ 
per or note in which there is neither 
subscription nor address,—much used 


in negotiations.VSae VexW\ovvV 


To the Senate and House of Rep¬ 

resentatives of the UnitedStates, 
in General Assembly convened: 

The Executive Committee . 

.were charged with the 

duty of preparing and presenting to 
the Congress of the United States a 
memorial. 

vws>eA>, \N\va.Ve,\i«A \x\s \o vvwvw 

aVXreY\X\ori\. 






NlEtyOfft OFrvyVN. —Legally, the 

memory of man is supposed to ex 
tend back to the time of Richard I., 
A.D. I 189; but proof of a regular 
usage for twenty years, not explain¬ 
ed or contradicted, was evidence up¬ 
on which many public and private 
rights were Held, and sufficient for 
a jury in f inding the existence of an 
immemorial custom. — Ye\o\*>oeV. Men¬ 
ace, a threat to injure another. 

M,EFlC/\NTll.E f\ND CO^E^CIAL. 
VAeroanVAe applies to the sale of mer¬ 
chandise and goods when brought 
to market.tow-meAC-vaX is the wider 
term, and relates to the freighting, 
shipping, forwarding, and other bu¬ 
siness connected with the cowwvexce 
of a country, whether internal or 
external. The terms are often used 
interchangeably. Mercantile Agen¬ 
cy, an agency the purpose of which 
is to procure information relating 
to the standing and credit of country 
merchants, for the use of city mer¬ 
chants or others with whom they 
deal. Mercantile Letters, for a va¬ 
riety of forms of these see Busi¬ 
ness Letters,-Index. Mercantile Pa¬ 
per, acceptances or notes given by 
merchants for goods bought or re¬ 
ceived on consignment.This term 
is contradisti-nctfve from accom¬ 
modation paper, which see. 

rv\EIXCVl/VMDlSE. — A general term 
for goods bought and sold by mer¬ 
chants. In the merchandise account, 
merchandise is Dr. for its cost, and 
Cr. for the receipts from sales.When 
the Cr. side of the account is in excess, 
the difference represents profit; i f 
the Dr. side be in excess, a loss. Mer¬ 
chandise Broker, an agent employ 
ed to make contracts in the sale of 
merchandise. 

VOW* W VR&OVrnT . 

Dr. MERCHANDISE. Cr. 


19... 

Feb. 


To A.S.Cox, 
.-Cash, 
..Bills Pay. 
..H.Clirm, 
..Bills Pay. 
>-Vassal 


400 

4 

4400 

125 

50 


631 


By Cash, 
., Bilk Rec. 
..S.Coan, 
..Cash, 
..J.Coats, 
..Cash, 
..Bills Rec. 
..Cash, 


00 


16 
21 
3 
10 
10 
72 00 


21 

8 

410 


631 


00 


306 























































BUSINESS 

FORMS 



Memorandum Given to the Sell er. 


Chica 9 o,Feb. 1,19... 
Messrs.Sontay LEvans, 11 Broadway; 

We have sold to-day on your account 
to L.S. Whitney, 149 West Harrison Street, 
the following goods: 2 000 ounces Sul 
phate of Quinine A.and H. atSb2.15 
per ounce. 

Respectfully, 

Collins L Darby, 

\ oVaxs. 


Memorandum Given to the Buyer, 


Chicago, Feb.1,19... 
Mr. L.S.Whitney, 149 W. Harrison St.: 

We have to-day bouyht for your ac¬ 
count, from Sonta 9 it Evans the fol¬ 
lowing: 2000 ounces Sulphate of Qui¬ 
nine A and H. at &2.75 per ounce. 

Respectfully, 

Collins ic Darby, 
^xoV,e\s. 




^ I 000. Denver, Oct. 3,19... 

For value received, on or before 
the . .VxxsX... day of...\tVa.xc\\... next, 
we promise to pay...X>\5 jw,y\w tiXo... 
or order, m Qwe'Vv\ow < Sa'Y\&_Oollars, 

in 900 c) merchantable White Wheat, 
at our warehouse in this city,at the 
market value on the maturity of this 
note.Yovxva, SlSyvwx vx. 


Merchant. — Generally, any person 

who buys and sells goods. In some 
places the term is not applied to shop¬ 
keepers and small dealers. In some 
countries the term is applied only to 
those enyayed in foreign commerce. 
Merchantable, fit for market;such 
as may be bouyht and sold in market 
at current prices. Merchant Marine, 
a term si 9 nifyin 9 ,collectivcly,tHe ves¬ 
sels, ships and steamers licensed and 
registered by any yovernment to en 
yaye in commerce. Merchant Ser¬ 
vice, t he yeneral manayemerit of 
navigation and shipping employed 
for commercial pur poses. Merchant’s 
Exchange, the place of meeting of the 
merchants of larye cities, where busi¬ 
ness is transacted at certain hours, 
and where the latest information re 
yardiny shippiny prices and news is 
to be obtained. Merchant Ships, trad 
my ships, or those carrying passengers 
or caryoes, or both. 

IV\Ef\trEF\ . - The absorption of a less¬ 
er thing into a greater, as where a 


yreater estate and a less coincide and 
meet in one and the same person. 

IV\ESflE . —Middle or intervening,-ap 
plied to a writ or process issued dur- 
my the proyress of an action.Mesne 
Profits, the prof its of land while 
held by a wtony owner. 

IVl^SSPvG^ .—A formal official com¬ 
munication, as of the President to 
Congress, or a Governor to a State 
Icyislature. In the Governor’s mes- 
sayeisyiven information of the 
condition of the affairs oftheState, 
and such recommendations as the 
Governor judges necessary and ex¬ 
pedient. Tne President’s messaye is 
sent to Gonyress at every session,and 
its chief contents are recommenda¬ 
tions of the passaye of such measures 
as he deems expedient. 

IV[ESSUf\G-E . — A dwelliny-house with 
the adjoining buildings belonyiny to 
it, a tenement. 

f^ET/\LLlC ClJF\RE^C\. — The silver 
and yold coins forminy the circula¬ 
ting medium of a country. 

mileage. — An amount allowed by 
law to officers and witnesses,as a 
compensation for trouble and expense 
when traveling on public business,or 
to attend atrial. . 

MIUTlfV- AH the able-bodied men 
in the nation ( between certain 
ages, and not included in the waxvV 
\wc) and liable to be called in 

to service in time of war or insur¬ 
rection. In the United States the 
ayes are from 18 to 45. Those who 
are exempt are,generally,members 
of the state legislative,executive and 
judicial departments, clergy men, fire¬ 
men, teachers, physicians, and mem¬ 
bers of military companies who have 
served a certain time; and in many 
States those who Have conscientious 
scruples as to whether war is ever 
right, such as the Quakers. Members 
of the national legislative, executive 
and judicial departments, pilots,mar- 
iners, and a few others, are exempt. 
In most of the States there are vol¬ 
unteer companies or regiments,call- 
ed the waX\owa\ c>way&, or,popu.larly, 
the vaxWVva. These organize themselves, 
elect their own members and offi- 
cers^elect their own uniform,and 
the branch of the service to which they 
will attach themselves. The State usu¬ 
ally grants them more or less aid, 
in the way of arms, armories,etc. 
Military Law, rules and regulations 
for the government of an army. 

IVJIThe condition of a 
m i m or.^e.s, Xwia.'wxY, the lesser number. 

A place under governmen¬ 
tal supervision where money Is coin 
ed. Minute Book, a book kept by 
the clerk of a court,or other organ¬ 
ized body, in which minutes of its 
proceedings are entered. Misadvent¬ 
ure, the accidentally injuring of an¬ 
other, when a man is doing a I aw¬ 
ful act. 

MllSC/^f\f\l/VGE. —The act of expell 


ing the ovum from the uterus with 
in the first six weeks from concep¬ 
tion. If between that time and the 
end of the sixth month, it is call¬ 
ed A'oo'vVvcm. If delivery is after the 
sixth month, it is called ^rewavwxe 
Ya'oo'x. In law all are termed yy\\«p- 
o*xVvAfte. 

fV^ISDEM\E/\NOF\. — Any crime less 
than a felony. Mise, expenses used 
in the entries of judgments, in per¬ 
sonal actions; an issue in a writ 
of right. Misfeasance, a trespass 
or misdeed. M is joinder, the improp¬ 
er uniting of parties or causes in 
one su.it.fV1 is ken-Ming, a variance 
in a plea, or a wrongful citation. 
M isnomer, a wrong name. Mis¬ 
pleading, the act of omitting some¬ 
thing essential in a pleading. M is- 
prision, the concealment of a 
crime; ang misdemeanor which 
has not a specific name given it 
by the law. M isreadirty, an incor¬ 
rect reading; as when a deed is in¬ 
correctly read to a blind or illiter¬ 
ate man. Misrecital, in a plea or 
an agreement, the incorrect reci¬ 
tal of a matter of fact. Mistake, an 
unintentional or negligent ertor 
in a record,contract, or deed. In 
contracts,the law does not allow 
for ang mistake of which one or 
the other parties is ignorant. Eve¬ 
ry one must know at his peril the 
language used, its meaning ,atid its 
legal effect. It is a general principle 
that Yvxonev) ^>a\& xxyx&ca •&, vmsvaVe 
vaws>\, W xciuwAei. 

MITIGATION . — Abatement o f 
anything penal, harsh, or painful; 
the lessening of the amount of a 
judgment. 

M!aed auction. — An action com¬ 
bining a real with a personal ac¬ 
tion, as where real property is de¬ 
manded in conjunction with dam¬ 
ages for a wrong sustained. M i x- 
ed Fabrics, those fabrics compos¬ 
ed of two or more kinds of fibers, 
the principal ones being flax, cot¬ 
ton, silk ? wool, alpaca, mohair, and 
jute. Mixed Larceny,compound larceny 

MODIFICATION--The act of changj 
ing, or giving new forms or mean¬ 
ings; as, the modification of a con¬ 
tract. The fundamental rule of law 
is that eve-Tv; owe wwvsv tvAVxW e\i- 
exv> ag'xeevAewX V\c YwaVes. If two 
parties make an agreement, and 
afterward modify it, the first as 
modified by the second must be kept. 

MoNeY — A recognized measure 
of value, as a coin, stamped by the 
yovernment. l-t is the creation of 
law, and born of necessity for some¬ 
thing that will facilitate commerce 
or wholesale barter. Money Market, 
those conditions which regulate the' 
value in which the various moneys 
of account are held. Money of Ac¬ 
count, the denomination in whieH 
accounts are kept, as whether <n 
dollars^in pounds sterli tig. o r in 


mmm 


m 


307 



































































some other denomination; The stand¬ 
ard by which values are measured. - 
Money Order, an order drawn on a 
third party requesting him to pay to 
the person named a certain su-m of 
money.lt is not negotiable. 


Omaha,April "29,19— 

Messrs. Owen,Pixley %. Co., 

Please pay to...''AS). 
Ooswevs..., or order,~XK\ gYwvw&ycA_ 
Dollars, and charge to my account. 
&IO0^i. ..TMX.V.^YvNNNYOYtt.. 


Money Counts, the goyaywow cowyOvs 
in an action of assumpsit at common 
law. Money of Adieu, earnest money. 

Wvw ,Ygo) AAew tax . 

MON/y^HY-, — The Torn of govern¬ 
ment in which the supreme power 
is in the hands of one person called 
a morv&rcV. It is a general name Tor 
a single ruler, whether he is called a 
king, emperor, or prince. 1/ alI the 
power reside in one person, it is call¬ 
ed an a.'osoVvVG monarchy.Y‘be,«,'cm\\\- 
yagwXA. 

MONITION.- Instructions having 
the nature of a summons, used in 
the civil law. Monomania, insanity 
upon one particular subject only. 

MO J^OPOLy. — The sole right to make 
or sell a certain article,’or to deal in 
any species of goods, or to deal with 
a countrig or market, obtained either 
by engrossing the articles in market 
by purchase, or by a license from gov¬ 
ernment. 

Mo^tH- —In business transactions, 
the word Yv\cmY\\ is considered a cal¬ 
endar month, and extends to the same 
day in the following month. A month 
from Feb. 27th extends to March 27th; 
but a month from Feb.28th(or 29th 
in leap years) extends to March 31st; 
always from the last day in any one 
month to the last day in the follow¬ 
ing month, in computing interest 
the month Is considered 30 days, ex¬ 
cept in a.cc\mXe interest. 


MOOT-—To argue or pload on a sup¬ 
posed cause by way of exercise and 
practice. M oot Court, a court where 
moot questions are argued. 

M0P\t 6-/\GE . — A conveyance of re¬ 
al estate by a debtor to his creditor, 
as a pledge or security for the pay¬ 
ment of a sum of borrowed money. 
The person owning the property, 
and givingthe pledge is called the 
xv\oxVcya.«)or. The person lending the 
money, and receiving the pledge is 
called the rnorVc^ee. it is differ¬ 
ent from a pledge (of personal prop¬ 
erty), which see. When a mortgage 
Is given, it is usual for some instru¬ 
ment, as a bond or note, to be given 
to represent the loan. A mortgage 
is good without a bond or note,pro¬ 
vided areal debt exists. The main 
clauses in a mortgage and deed are 
the same; but there is one important 
difference, via., that in the mortgage 
there is an additional clause, provid¬ 
ing that the grant shall be of no ef¬ 
fect if the money is paid.A mortgage 
must contain all the # essentials of a 
deed; if must be delivered,and ought 
to be acknowledged. The ^oxecNoswre 
of a mortgage is the method by which 
the land is appropriated to satisfy the 
debt, and resujts in depriving the wort 
gagor of his ownership.The usual 
method of foreclosing a mortgage js 
for the mortgagee to bring a suit,In 
the course of which it is decreed that 
the property be sold. Mortgages and 
deeds should be recorded in the Coun¬ 
ty Recorder’s Office, in order to prevent 
fraud, by affording a way by which 
any one who intends to buy land 
can ascertain whether the seller has 
the right to sell.\(beu^eGox&v<\oj\ 

This indenture made the. 


MONTHLY STATE MEMT. 

Cincinnati, July 31,19... 
Messrs.C.S.Hal£y &.Co., 

To M. D.Healo fe.Co., O r. 


19... 

Jan. 

4 

To Mdse, as per BUI tenderBd@3mos. 

SP75 

DO 

■» * 

10 

** »* •.« M 3 >» 

132 

00 

i • 

21 

>» »» *r *t 60 da’s. 

318 

00 

1 » 

30 

i* »» i> if 3*no$. 

123 

75 




&648 

75 


H fiWv 

day of...VsVY\e..., 19..., between..M. 
‘o.Vku&nnov.twh... of.. 
of the first part, and..Trtovx&tTox.,. 
of...\Y&sawe^\atG.., of the second 
part,witiiesseth : That the said party 
of the first part, in consideration of 
~vJF we.TYxows'&.wik™D oI lars t o him 
paid, the receipt whereof is hereby ac 
knowledged, hath granted, bargained, 
sold, released, and conveyed, and by 
these presents does grant,bargain,sell, 
release, and convey to the said partyof 
the second part, and his heirs and as¬ 
signs forever, all that\\\e,\e. &GscV\Y>e 
^xo^e/vY^, with all hereditaments and 
appurtenances thereto appertaining. 

To have and to hold the said prem¬ 
ises, with the appurtenances, to said 
party of the second part, his heirs 
and assigns, to his and their use and 
behoof forever. Provided always, and 
these presents are upon conditions, 
that if said party of the first part, his 
heirs or assigns, shall pay to the said 
party of the second part, his executors, 
administrators, or assigns, the sum 
of—Twe’Wvous'a.TX^^^.Dollars, on 
or before thp...'XWY\...dau of...X\xwe 
... i9..,wlth interest, according to 


the condition of a bnnd\o v A.Yvo'veX 

of the said..,Vv. c b.\.aY\^woYYV\\)....to 
the said... Geoxqe,^ ox..., bear ing even 
date herewith, then these presentsshall 
be void. 

But upon any default m the payment 
of the money above mentioned, or of 
the interest thereon,said grantee,his 
executors, administrators or assigns, 
may sell the above granted premises, 
with all improvements thattnay be 
thereon, at public auction in' said 
...Town o4 YutWvxa,...first publishing 
a notice of the time and place of sale 
once each week for three successive 
weeks, in one or more newspapers 
published in said.. .Town o^eXe/nv, 
and in his or their own name or 
names as the attorney of the said 
grantor, may convey the same by 
proper deed or deeds to the purchaser 
or purchasers, absolutely and in fee 
simple; and such sale shall forever 
bar the grantor, and all personsclaim 
ing under him, from all right and 
interest in the granted premises,wheth 
er at law or in eguity. And o ut of 
the money arising from such sale, 
the said grantee or his representatives 
shall be entitled to retain all sums 
then secured by this deed, whether 
then or thereafter payable,including 
all costs, charges and expenses incur¬ 
red or sustained by reason of any 
failure or default, on the part of the 
said grantor or his representatives, 
to perform and fulfill the condition 
of this deed, or any covenants or a- 
greements herein contained; render¬ 
ing the surplus, if any,together with 
an account of such costs,charges,and 
expenses,to the said grantor, h is 
heirs or assigns. 

And it is agreed, that said grantee, 
his administrators, executors, or as¬ 
signs, or any person or persons in 
his or their behalf, may purchase at 
any sale made as aforesaid,and that 
no other purchaser shall be answer¬ 
able for the purchase money ; and 
that, until default in the performance 
of the condition of this deed, the 
grantor and his heirs and assigns 
may hold and enjoy the granted 
premises and receive the rents and 
profits thereof. 

And, for the consideration afore 
said, I.. .WcXgyv .Y&wq>N oxVvw)...w ife 
of the said...Y^.V , a / wc^NoxV\\\) ...do 
hereby release unto the said grantee 
and his heirs and assigns,all right 
of both dower and homestead in the 
granted premises. 

In witness whereof, the parties 
of these presents have hereuntoset 
their hands and seals,the day and 
year above written. 

...W.S .V kugan oyawy .... [L .S.] 
• [L.S.] 

S’vgweX.sea.VA, anX XeW 
exeX\w ^xesence. oi 
...Charles Woolford... 


[Witnessed and acknowledged like any other deed] 


308 































































Si S3 V I 


MQftltftOf o LIVE vVock 








BUS1NESS 

TERMS. 



TfWrtA QV XAGXNNCkKk:^. WQT'E. 


3t1000. Toledo, March 13,19... 

One year a fter date I promise to 
pay.. .^MA^^oxVYvev..., -OAuTWokSivA - 
Dollars, at the First National Bank of 
Toledo, Ohio, with interest at the rate 
o/... ( i\y....per cent per annum, for val¬ 
ue received. This note is secured by a 
mortgage of even date herewith, on a 
certain tract or parcel of land situate 
V\\q,vc Xe.sc. xVoe Vv\e Nsm £A\. 




This debt,secured by the mortgage 
dated the...\^\\\... day of...Xwx\c.,'&..., 
and recorded with mortgage deeds vol¬ 
ume.,.\Q.., paye..X\^.., has been paid 
to me by ...^LwocV'^awwvs.., and in con¬ 
sideration thereof I do discharye the 
mortyayc, and release the mortyayed 
premises to said...'c.wnc\\'i8,w\s...and 
his heirs. 

Witness my hand and seal this..XXkY 
...day of...Vodv\S;...l9... 

...[L.S.] 

X.YCc.\xXe,X ayyX XqN\m-' 
exeXNw ^Yesexvcc ok 
...Calvin Coss... . 

City cfDayton,i 

State of Ohio, ) June 19, A.D. 19... 

The said...\XoYa<Le^aww... acknowl- 
edyed the foreyoiny instrument to be 
his free act and will, 

Xiekoxe w, 

Clarence Bishop, 

_YNexV. ok NayowaX 'v.ewvX. 


mu w w mwtwyL, 


I hereby assiyn the above(or within 
mortyaye to...^\\aY\e.s>'^les>\e\^... 

Witness my hand and seal this..V>x.. 
d a y o f.. AXsmYxAoex ... 19... 

.ANwwma Xon^.i..[L.S. ] 


tomxw? skve. 


By virtue of a pover of sale contain¬ 
ed in a certain mortyaye deed yiven by 
.. .Y\w\ex taxes ...to. ..C.\\)^e\<\\Y0oa\\.., 
dated..ANva.v) \t.., 19..., and recorded 
with mortyaye deeds volume...NX...page 
...TAt.., will be sold at public auction up¬ 
on the premises ( or at the office of..£>. 
t.V\c.\)es..,No...Vbt VNa^VeX...Street..., 
Cleveland, Ohio,) on...^onta\)...the...tY\\.. 
day of...Xw\v}... 19...at..AN...o’clock in the 
forenoon, all and sinyular the prem ises 
conveyed by said mortyayc deed,name¬ 
ly :\\\ere Xesc/vVoe. • 

. . ,V>s\gw«,e. ok sa\X vMiYXqaqe.. 


Moxiotf.- A proposal made at an as¬ 

sembly or meeting; an application 
made to a court by one of the parties, 
or his counsel, in order to obtain 
some rule or order, which bethinks 
necessary in the proyress of a suit. 

I^GV/\BLES.—That property,of what¬ 
ever kind, which attends atari’s 
person wherever he yoes, in con¬ 
tradistinction to things immovable. 
Mulct;, a fine of money,or penalty. 
Mufier, a wife; a viryin; a wo man 
in yeneral. M ulti-tu.de, the precise 
number has never been fixed by 
law, but according to some author¬ 
ities all above ten persons. Mult¬ 
ure, the toll that a miller takes for 
grind imocorn. 

mUnicip/vL. — Of or pertaining to 
a city. Municipal Courts, courts 
established in the larger cities 
and villages, having jurisdiction 
of offenses committed in viola¬ 
tion of city ordinances. They way 
also try civil and criminal cases. 
These courts usually consist of one 
judge elected by the people of the city. 

lYlVUDEFt.- The killing of a human 
being deliberately and maliciously, 
and with the intent to effect the 
death of the individual; or the kill¬ 
ing of a person in committing some 
other crime, and not with a design 
to effect death. The former is des¬ 
ignated murder in theVvxsXXeqxee, 
and the latter,seco-wX Xet)\ee. Ml ur- 
drutn, the killing of another in a 
secret manner. 

MbXE* —When a prisoner,while be-| 
ing arraigned, either cannotspeak, 
or refuses to do so, he is said to 
stand mute. Mutiny, a sedition, 
revolt, or insurrection against a 
constituted authority, es pecial I y 

military or naval authority. 

MUTUAL IfJsbRANC^ CONlPW-A 

company in which the proffts,after 
deducting the expense of the. busi¬ 
ness, are divided among the insured, 
or so applied in renewal of insur¬ 
ance,^ reduction of premiums, 
that the insured pays only for the 
amount of his actual risk,in theory. 
Mutuality, acting in return, or 
a reciprocity. Mutuum, a loan of 
such nature as to be consumed by 
the borrower, and to be returned 
to the lender in the same kind 
and quantity. 

NAME. — The designation of atner- 
cantile house or firm. The firm 
name under which a business has 
grown up being valuable, it is oft¬ 
en continued for years after the 
individuals who composed thefirm 
have ceased to have any pecuniary 
interest in the business. 

b ody of persons living 
within a certain territory under a 
sovereign government.organjzed 
for the purpose of admmisterin g 
universal justice.National Banks, 
banking institutions established un¬ 


der the provisions of an act of Con¬ 
gress, the object of which is to uni¬ 
fy the currency. When banks are or¬ 
ganized, under this act, they can is¬ 
sue their individual notes only up¬ 
on the basis of United States bonds 
deposited in the archives oftheUni- 
ted States G-overnment.The chief 
officer of the department of theUni- 
ted States Treasury has yeneral su¬ 
pervision over all National Banks, 
attends to the printing,registering 
and issuing to them, of their cir¬ 
culating notes and orders, and 
receives their periodical reports. 
National Guard, see under Militia. 

NAjllHAl CHlbD^EN. — Children 
born out of lawful wedlock;those 
by procreation as distinguished from 
children by adoption. Natural Law, 
see Law of Nature.Naturaliza¬ 
tion, the act by which an alien is 
made a citizen. The process of nat¬ 
uralization consists of two steps: 
(I) The declaration of intention to 
become a citizen bf the United States. 
This must be made on oath before 
a circuit or district court of theUni- 
ted States; or before a State court 
of record having common law ju¬ 
risdiction, a clerk, and a seal;when 
a certif icate is given to the person. 
(X) At least two years must elapse 
before the second step,—the oath 
of allegiance. The person must prove 
by witness upon oath, that he has re¬ 
sided in the United States at least 
five years, and in the State in which 
he wishes to be natural ized at least 
one year; and that during this time 
He has borne a good moral character, 
and has been well disposed toward 
the Constitution and government. 
He then makes a written declara¬ 
tion, and supports it by oath, that 
he renounces allegiance to all for¬ 
eign powers, and that he will sup¬ 
port the Constitution of the United 
States. A certificate of citizenship 
is then given him by the court.— 
Natural Liberty, the freedom to 
exercise our natural rights with¬ 
out any restraint.Natural Rights, 
freedom to gratify one’s inclina¬ 
tions to the fullest extent, is suppos¬ 
ed to represent the condition of men 
without society. It exists only in 
theory. 

N/tylGAT10^. — Navigable waters 
are all those capable of floating ves¬ 
sels, boats, logs, rafts,or any prod¬ 
ucts of the country through which 
they fiow. They.are subject to the 
use of the public, as navigablehigh- 
ways, the soil beneath them remain 
ing the property of the riparian pro¬ 
prietors, or the State. Navigation 
Laws, those laws which provide 
for light-houses, buoys,signal sta¬ 
tions, and life-saving stations along 
the coast; improving harbors, p re- 
scribing the number of passengers 
to be carried, quarantine, etc. 


309 











































ms 



N/\V\. — The whole 0 / the ships of war 
belonging bo a ruler or nation, con¬ 
sidered collectively. In time of peace. 
0 / the United States Navy, a part of 
the vessels are at the navy-yards, and 
the others are stationed in the differ- 
ent waters of the ylobe,to protect 
the interests o/the United States, and 
the persons and property 0 / her citi¬ 
zens. Ocean surveys are also made, to 
aid in the construction of charts. 

NE(CE(SS/\f\!ES. — Such things as are 
proper and essential for the s uste- 
nance of a person. The necessaries 
for which a minor may bind himself 
by contract, are all things essential 
or appropriate for the sustenance or 
convenience of the minorin His way 
of life.Wete.ssawe.s include food,cloth¬ 
ing, lodging, medicime,and education. 

N^ATIVE aver¬ 

ment in the pleadings of some cases, 
in which a negative is asserted. Neg¬ 
ative Pregnant, the negation of one 
thiny which implies the affirmation 
of another. Neyl iyence, the habit of 
omibtiny to do things which ouyht 
to be done.The question of negligence 
isyenerally one of fact for ajury.\$>ee, 
Negl iyent Escape, 
the escape of a prisoner from the cus¬ 
tody of a sheriff or other officer, with¬ 
out consent. 

n^got^bLe.—a term applied to a 
contract, the right of action or which 
is capable of being transferred by deliv¬ 
ery, or indorsement and delivery. Ne- 
yotiable Paper, notes, drafts, and 
other written obligations which are 
transferable and pass readily from 
hand to hand. Negotiable Note, an 
ordinary promissory note, on which 
a riyht of action passes by its assign¬ 
ment by mere endorsement. negotia¬ 
ble Securities, all kinds of instrumerts 
which are evidences of indebtedness, 
besides commercial paper, neyotiable 
in form. Neyotiable Words, the words 
oxker and Waxex are called negotia¬ 
ble words, because the use of one of 
them is necessary to confer negotia¬ 
bility. Negotiate, to transact or ar¬ 
range business;to treat with others 
in regard to public affairs or private 
watters. Negotiability , the quality of 
being salable in the market without 
difficulty; the quality in commercial 
paper of being enforceable by one per¬ 


son who receives it under certain 
circumstances, even though not en¬ 
forceable by the one from whom he 
receives it. The following aretheww 
&\V\ows ok weqcV\aN>\Y\X>>) *. I— As to 
Form: (I) Certainty of Date of Pay¬ 
ment.^) The words Order or Bearer. 
(3) Payable Unconditionally.^) Pay¬ 
ment in Money. (5)Certainty of A- 
mount. It —As to Manner of trans- 
fer:(l) If payable to bearer,either 
originally,or by blank endorsement, 
no condition.(X) If payable to or¬ 
der, must be endorse d by one to 
whose order payable. JLliL —As to 
Time of transfer: Must be before 
maturity. IV.— As to Consideration 
for transfer: There must be consid¬ 
eration.V.—As to Knowledge of de¬ 
fect: There must be no knowledge, 
except in accommodation paper. 


S400. New York, Nov.3,19... 

Three months after date...\... 
promise to pay...^tniKXA\x\ < bxA\'t\\.., 
or order,——..Dollars, 
value received. 

. ■ .VfcNN \ . 


N^Tl or NEAT).—Clear of all charges; 

the exact weight or amount after all 
deductions are counted out. Net Pro¬ 
ceeds, the amount or sum which 
goods produce after every charge is 
paid. Net Profit, the profit after de¬ 
ducting all expenses. Net Sum, the 
sum remaining afterall proper de¬ 
ductions are made.NetVVeight,the 
weight of merchandise after allow¬ 
ance has been made for the casks,bags, 
or any enclosing material. 

^EbTAAUTY.- The state of being 
neutral,or not taking any part 
with either side; as, wheri two na¬ 
tions are at war. 

HEW ASSI&HNISHT.-ln alegal ac¬ 
tion, the new statement of a cause, 
in which the plaintiff assigns a- 
fresh his ground of complaint,with 
more certainty and particularity than 
he had previously done inthe decla- 
ration. New Style, the Gregorian or 
present method of reckoning time, 
as distinguished from Julian method, 
or Old Style. New Trial, in a suit at 
law, the rehearing of the parties, up 
on disputed facts, before another ju¬ 
ry, granted by the court,on motion 
of the dissatisfied party. 

NE>(T OF KJN — The nearest in re¬ 
lationship, whether of consanguin¬ 
ity or affinity; and to whom,by the 
statute of distribution,the personal 
estate of the deceased would descend. 

HOMIN^i.-Existing in name on¬ 
ly.Nominal Damages, when a loss 
or injury is not serious, or where 
rights have been invaded, but no 
loss shown, a small sum awarded the 
plaintif. Nominal Plaintiff, one 
who is named as plaintiff in an ac¬ 
tion, but who has no interest in it. 

HPM*NATIONS.-The constitu¬ 
tion and laws of the several States 
prescribe minutely the mode of e¬ 


lecting the various officers; but the 
selection of candidates is left to be de 
termined by political parties into which 
the people are divided, and by them the 
whole matter is systematized.Each 
party Has a State committee to look 
after the general interests of the par¬ 
ty and to promote its success.There 
is also a committee in each county;in 
each township, city and ward in the 
county ; and in each representative 
and senatorial district. The State 
committee issues a call for a con¬ 
vention to nominate candidates for 
the State offices.Upoti receiving this 
notice, the local committees issuecalls 
for ernowws. These are meetings of 
the voters of a party in a township 
or ward, for the purpose of choosing 
delegates to the convention, or of 
nominating candidates for local of- 
f ices.Sometimes the delegates to the 
State convention are chosen at a 
county convention, which may be 
a Awass convention of all the voters 
in the party in the county, or compos¬ 
ed of delegates from the wards and 
townships. The delegates from alj the 
counties meet at the appointed time 
and choose candidates for all the 
State off ices that are to become va¬ 
cant at the end of the official year. 
National and most judicial andcoun¬ 
ty officials are similarly nominated. 
V'W WaWovoA. 

HoH-Acc£pt\nc^. — The refusal 
of the drawee to accept a draft, which 
is then said to be &\%WY\OYeb. It should 
be at once protested, and notice sent 
to all the parties who are liable.The 
protest should be made by a notary 
public; but in his absence,any respect¬ 
able citizen can make the protest.^ee. 
VYoXesXYNori'Age, in some ~ases 
under twenty-one years of age, and 
in others fourteen or twelve years. 
Non-Claim, the neglect or omission 
to-make a claim by one entitled to it, 
within the -time limited by law.Non- 
Combatants, citizens of belligerent 
nations who take no part directly in 
carrying on the war. They are not 
subject to capture or molestation, 
and their property cannot be legally 
taken, though sometimes when nec¬ 
essary for the support of an arm y, 
the inhabitants may be compelled to 
give up the property wanted atafair 
value, and in extreme cases without 
compensation.Non-feasance, the 
non-performance of some act which 
ought to be done. Non-Interest-Bear¬ 
ing Note, a note which does not bear 
interest until after maturity, or in 
case of a demand note after demand. 
Non-joinder, a plea in abatement,for 
the omission of one or more persons 
as co-plaintiff or co-defendant. Non- 
jurors, all persons refusing to take 
the oaths required by law, for the 
support of the government. N on- 
speculative Accounts, accounts that, 
from their nature, have neither 
nor <yal\w connected with them.unless 


310 






































it arises incidentally; as. Cash, Bills Re¬ 
ceivable,Bills Payable, Personal Accounts,etc. 
Notisu.il, a judgment given against a 
plaintiff, when he is unable, or refuses 
or neglects to 90 on with his suit after 
issue has been taken. 

wmwm-wwxMAS. wove. 


*200. Harrisburg,Mav 10,19... 

Sixty days after date I promise to 
pay... ..., w 0 

Do liars, value received. 


re wow-vKxmwT wm 

To Messrs.&.H.Cory,S.F.Lado,R.T.Mo- 

line, and each of them: 

—You will please take 
notice that a note for * * 500, signed 
by Martin &.G-oodrich, dated August 
3, 19..., due December 1,19..., an d 
endorsed by you, was duly presented 
by me,the holder, to the makers for 
payment and was not paid,and that I 
shall look to you for payment thereof. 
Respectfully, 

Vox ox x\ow-a.t«,^Y 

a.x\c«, \<\\xA\Y)e \o\Y\e, exv^oxsexs. Vtoe, 

W\e t\ow, csk \V«, s«,ow& uVXax Vm xeAws- 
a\\o ox \s -vx-aYe., e\se \X\zv, wz 
xeVasxA kxoxx x wYxYTYOi/A. 

m Vi \s c Aa w 


*400. Chica&o, Nov. 17,19. 

Six months after date, I, the sub¬ 
scriber, residing in...Xe-ma,\'N’\'SL-vx\\ 
...County, and State of...\wkVa.xv*.., 
promise to pay to the order of Young-, 
Carter %. Co....^o\vx A\v\\A\cA... Dollars, 
for value received, negotiable and pay¬ 
able without defalcation or discount,and 
without relief from any valuation orap- 
praisement law, with current rate of 
exchange on Chicago, III. 

No..AW... 

...YAe.vxn\u S>twuvx... 




* 100 . Nashville, Sept. 7 , 19 ... 

Thirty days after date I promise 
to pay... v N.N£Xvt*ANo 3 U<s...,or order, 
~— 0 -v\e'Awv\&xe&~w.Dollars, payable 
at the First National Bank, value received. 


\ CAVbVoxn y<e'm\s\w We -wxexo- il-yXaV tw,- 
x*\\»(\Vq oi V<’a.'NW\q x\o\e,s \wys\i\z \o xVe w- 
Vm's o\nx\ ox^ex,NN\\Vv V\s\\\^oxs.wa4va,Vo\ 
We oVta6X\\^\V<\q \Y«ax Yra.Y&te'i WAV 


^nxX XEC\\C\x'\x\a YYeYq\^ex ’voW^oxseWew.. 

-how- 


mHiW’ 




* 1000 . St.Louis, April 27,19 

Three months after date, I promise 
to pay to the order of myself^^O we 
T\\o\v=>aw&~^.~Dollars, without defal¬ 
cation. Value received. 

.. .7v,\vw ^0 .Yow^vh... 


VOYvMV W \NV\YQ\y\ 

*500. San Francisco, Oct. 1,19... 

Thirty days after date,withoutyrace, 
I promise to pay to.. 0 .., 
or order, weYwv\im£>~w-~ D 0 1 lars, 

value received. 


fdOTAAY PUBLIC.-A public officer be 

fore whom acknowledyments of deeds 
and other instruments are made, in 
orderto render them available as ev¬ 
idence of the facts therein contained 
in any other country. 

NOTE*— A written obliyation to pay 
money or 90 ods.\ 5 )ttYxoYA\%sox^\\oV«\ 
Kot GUILtY- — In criminal actions,the 
plea by way of traverse, and yetteral issue, 
tip TIC*. T A paper that communicates 
information; a warning. Notice, Aver¬ 
ment of, the statement in a pleading 
that -notice has been given.Notice,Coti- 
structive, that which the law implies; 
as,notice by record. Notice of Dishon¬ 
or, the protest of a bill of exchan ge or 
promissory note for non-payment.No- 
tice to Produce Papers, the giving to 
an adverse party notice to produce a- 
ny written instrument in his posses¬ 
sion, and which Is required inevidence 
on the trial of the cause. Notice-bo 
CXuit, a writiny from a landlord to 
his tenant requesting him to quit 
the premises leased, and to give pos¬ 
session of the same ataday named. 

OV WQ-\Vre.VO QvWV\. 


To Robert Raikes, 

c b'\\\— Please observe that the term 
of one year, for which the house and 
land, situated at' 1249 Mission Street, 
and now occupied by you,were rent¬ 
ed to you, expired on the first day of 
March, 19..., and as I desire to repossess 
said premises, you are Hereby request¬ 
ed and required to vacate the same 
by the IOth inst. 

Respectfully yours, 

< b\)\\ie.S>'VfeX CrOY&OW. 

San Dieg o. March 2,19... _ 

N.OlS/yMC^. —Anything offensiveor 
injurious, and unlawfully worketh in¬ 
convenience, hurt, or damaye. 


And the said...YA-axvsmYoYVs...,for 

himself, his heirs and assigns,doeshe-re- 
by covenant to and with the said...G. 
'A.WovNe\\...,his heirs,executors and 
administrators, that neither the said 
...YAaV\ox\?o'V\.s...,noT his heirs or 
assiyns shall or will at any time here¬ 
after erect or permit upon any part 
of the said lot any slauyhter-house, fur¬ 
nace, forge, smith-shop, steam-engine, 
brass-foundry,nail or other iron fac¬ 
tory, or any manufactory of gunpow¬ 
der, glue, varnish, vitriol,ink,orturpen- 
tine, or for the tanning, dressing or- 


preparing skins,hides,or leather, or 
any brewery, distillery, or any other 
-noxious or dangerous trade or business. 


V\Ve -jYome xvAqVX\>e\x\st\\eW-v> z. 

NULLITY* —The state of being null and 
void, or of no force. 

Ko^c\jpef\ajiVe \wiIL. — An oral 
will, declared by a testator \w ExXxe- 
wivs.,before witnesses, and afterwards 
reduced to writing. 

NUf\Tbr\E. —The act or right of tak¬ 
ing care of children until.the age 
of fourteen years. 

OATH .—A solemn affirmation or 
declaration of truth-telling, made 
with an appeal^to G-od as witness. 
O&bk of Allegience, members of 
all state and national,legislative, 
executive, and judicial departments 
of the government, are required, 
on taking office to take the oath of 
allegience, i.e.,to supporttheCon- 
stitution of the United States.They 
are also required to swear to discharge 
the duties of their offices to the best 
of their ability. 

muoT OKTW. 


do solemnly swear or affirm that 

I will faithfully execute the office 
of President of the United States,and 
will, to the best of my ability, pre¬ 
sere, protect, and de/end the Con- 
stitution of the United States. 


Test Oath, an oath or a declaration 
in favor of or against certain relig¬ 
ious opinions, as a qualification for 
office. Forbidden iti the United States. 
Oath Deciso-ry , an oath which one 
of the parties in an action defers or 
refers back to the other for the de¬ 
cision of the cause. 

OBIT.—A funeral solemnity or office 
for the dead;-the anniversary office. 

OBLIGATION.—Any act which binds 
one to do, or forbearto do,something 
to another, or for him; a bond con¬ 
taining a penalty, with a condition 
annexed, binding a person to some 
performance.Obligee, the person 
in whose favor an obligation is con¬ 
tracted. Obligor, the person who en¬ 
ters into an obligation. 

OCCUPANCY. —The act of taking pos¬ 
session of those things which before 
did not belong to any one. Occu¬ 
pant, one who first possesses a. 
thing; he who has actual possession 
to the exclusion of others. Occupa¬ 
tion, the act or state of occupy ing; 
use or tenure; business or trade. 

OpFE;NSE(. — A misdemeanor ora 
crime; a crime not indictable,but 
punishable summarily, or by the for¬ 
feiture of a penalty. 

OpFJCE.—A department, as of 
state; a house or apartment where 
commercial -men,etc., transact their 
business; a right to exercise a public 
or private employment, and to take 
the fees and emoluments belonging 
thereto. OfficeCopy, an authentic 
transcript of a proceeding filed in 
the proper office of a court. Officer, 
one legally invested with an office, 


311 

























































and authorized to perforin some pri¬ 
vate or public du-ty. Official, one who 
holds an office; done by virtue of au¬ 
thority; an ecclesiastical judge appoint¬ 
ed by a bishop, with charge over a spir¬ 
itual .Jurisdiction. Official Matia9er,a 
managing officer appointed to oversee 
the winding up of the affairs of a joint- 
stock company. 

Opp-SE^T (or SET-OFF).—A claim which 
one party has against another who has 
a claim against him; a counter-debt.In 
ordinary cases debts owed by two par¬ 
ties to each other offset and destroy 
one another, but this is not always so 
with negotiable paper before it is due. 

OLD /\CC6lj^TS.-0 pen ledger balances 
of long standing,or unsettled bills. 

OLERON L/tyVS — Laws pertaining to 
maritime affairs; so called because sup¬ 
posed to have been made by Richard I., 
when at the island of Oleron. 

OUG-f\f\CHY.— A form of government 
wherein the power of administration 
is in the hands of a few persons self- 
appointed. \See& ove.Y'wxwewXY. 

OLOGR/\PR. — A writ or document whol 
ly written by the person making it. 

OwllSS(0(\f .— Neglect of that which duty 
requires, which renders void -marry pro¬ 
ceedings, and sometimes is placed a- 
mong crimes and offenses.Ommiu-w, 
a term signifying the aggregate value 
of the different stocks in which a loan 
is funded. Onerous Cause, a legal con 
sideration. Onerous Contract, one-made 
for agiven consideration. Onomastic, 
a signature made in a different h and- 
writing from that in the body of the 
instrument. 

Of* srLe.— a term signifying that 
goods or merchandise' has been left 
with another person than the owner 
for sale. 

OPEN, — To vacate; as,to open ajudg- 
ment, or open an order of the court; 
-£o begin; as, to open a case. Open Ac 
count, a running account on a mer¬ 
chant’s books, of debits or credits,with 
an individual or firm. Open Court, a 
court during the time in which it is en¬ 
gaged in the transaction of business. 
Opening, a term used for the day on 
which dry-goods merchants, m i 11 i- 
ners,etc., display new goods; the first 
address of a counsel iti a cause.Opening 
Books, in Book-keeping,is making the 
necessary entries for indicating the ex¬ 
act condition of affairs at the time of 
beginning business. In the Journal,the 
severalkinds of property carried into 
the business, or devoted to i t, should 


each be made Dr., under its proper 
title, for its value; and Stock should 
be made Cr. for the amount of t he 
whole. In case of existing liabilities 
at the time, Stock should be made Dr. 
for their amount to the several titles 
of account representing them. Open 
Policy., an insurance policy intended 
to cover all goods shipped by a certain 
person within a specified time; each 
special shipment and the amounts of 
insurance to be indorsed upon the pol¬ 
icy, as the shipments are made. 

opif*ioK*— Settled judgment or be¬ 
lief of the mind;-the formal decis¬ 
ion of a judge pronounced upon a 
case. If there be several judges, and 
they fail to agree, the opinion of the 
majority is called the ^revaxVvvv; o^wv 
\o-*\, ana of the-minority is called 
the ocJyv\\ow. 

OPPHES310H_The imposition of un¬ 

reasonable burdens or exactions upon 
a person, under pretense of law. 

OPTlOtf— A term used in the stoek-| 
exchange for taking or delivering at 
a f uture day a certain number of shares 
of agiven stock at a price agreed upon 
Optional Writ, an alternative writ, 
commanding the defendant to do the 
thing required, or show cause why 
he has not done if. 

ORA)..-Spoken, as opposed to written; 
as, oral tesfimonyjcr oral law. Oral 
Contract, a contract made by word 
of mouth, and may be either vwjKveA 
or stress. An express contract is one 
definitely expressed in words: and an 
implied contract is one implied from 
all the circumstances of the transaction 
Orator, an advocate, or the party 
who files a bill in chancery. Ordeal, 
an ancient manner of trial in crim¬ 
inal cases to determine guilt or inno¬ 
cence by causing the accused to pass 
through fire or water, or by the wager 
of battle. 

ORDER.— A mandatory act; a writ¬ 
ten request to deliver goods or money 
to some person mentioned, or to his 
order, or to the bearer, on account of 
the person signing the request. It i s 
used by the person receiving it as a 
voucher that the person signing it 
is responsible, and that the thing or 
things mentioned have been deliver¬ 
ed. O rders may be made negotiable; 
but the persons on whom t hey are 
drawn are not under obligation to pay 
them unless they have been accepted. 
TOYvVk O'? OTOYfe YOYv . 


Raleigh, N.C., Sept. 10,19... 

Mr.C.L.Kinley: 

Please pay to...'&. < b.NNN\_v.., 
or ordei^~~^oxXr\}.^xDollars, due on 
my account, and oblige 
Yours,respectfully, 

SVos'WC iowtxsou... 




Washington,May 2 9,19... 
Mr. Wm. Crowe: 

Please pay to...>>r\.^<3-x..., 
or bearer,——dollars in goods 
from your store, and place to account 
of .,.T .YA.NN AVTon... 


Baltimore,Feb.I9.... 
Messrs.Chloe,Marsh LCo.: 

Please deliver t o 
the bearer,.. .9ww\v Yvoaqs such goods 


as he may desire from your store,not 
exceeding in value the sum of~~Xws\- 
Dollars,and charge the same to my ac¬ 
count. ..A..\k.V'NKn\u*... 


La Fayette, March 3,19... 

Messrs.Whewell ?lCo.: . 

Please deliver to...V. 
TS.Yvoss.., or order—Qswe VvwvxisxeL— 
Barrels of Flour, stored by me in 
your warehouse. ...C>.W v N\\<=>cm 


Union City, June 1,19... 

Mr.W.W. Parsons, 

Please send me, per bear¬ 
er YwTtYXA •vw Barrels of Flour, Ex¬ 
tra Drifted Snow, and oblige 
Yours truly. 


Buffalo, Jan.7, 19... 

Messrs.Hayward, Cox L Co., 

New York. 

^e-axSvxs*. 

Please send 
immediately-vvSw^A^v Half-Chests 
Imperial Tea, Hugo L. Otto, if 10,as per 
sample sent us, and oblige 
Yours truly. 


©50.40. Spring-Valley, Oct.l,19... 

Messrs. A.B.Searls &-Co., 
Philadelphia. 

Please send to 
...K.\.too\.si><..., Richmond, Va.,~3\i\io 
copies of Wolford’s Inter¬ 
nation Law at introduction price, 
(©2.10), and charge to my account. 


ORDER BOOK. — A book containing a 

record of all sales of merchandise on 
account or for cash. 

YOkkVA OY OTCKSk V,. 

St.Louis,March 1,19... 


A 


A 


S.S.Bauer, Travers, 

30 da.,2% lOda., U.S.Ex. 
lOdoz.Hose 10.00 

5«» •> 7.00 

Case it 7 50. B /i 3 /io 

2 


Bard &. Co., Xenia. 

Cash,2°fo, Mer. Dis. 
30 yds.Sheeting, 20$. 
50 •< A.Orilling^^/iSf. 


Case it 751. 


Less2“% 
b /l 3 /io 


M.S.Metts, Tipton. 

30 da. U.S.Ex. 

50yds. DressGoods, gg«?. 

50 doz. Buttons, 30 

Case if 152. B /i 3/io 

T oVA, 


18 


L 00 


135 00 


40 


115 


00 


00 


TVs. wxxVsy’ -a-xq, xwbAa, wYwv\ Vte 
•axe s>Y\\^«a L V\_ V\o” *vY\&\c,aVts XYva\ \V\c 
'LAW okVaA\wc/\=> taYeLYtmcVALi. TVc 
Vxopms wwLoy Vac xvy&.-yV«> -axe 

We cVecYs. 

The above represents copies of orders 
sent out. A book similarly ruled also 
contains copies of orders received. 

ORDER t*OXE . — There are two kinds 
of notes, those payable (I) to order, 
and (2) to bearer. So also, there are 
the same two kinds of drafts or checks. 
A note, draft, or check, not contain¬ 
ing one of the wo rds“order” or‘*bear- 
er” i s not negotiable. It is useless to 
every one except to Him whose name 
is mentioned as payee. 


312 



























































OFlDIftf/yMCS. —A law, statute, decree,orj 
regulation; usually applied to the laws 
passed by a city council. Ordinary, a 
dismantled ship laid up in harbor; of a 
medium quality; an officer- who has 
authority to take cognizance of causes 
in his own riyht, and not by deputation. 
Ordnance, all kinds of large guns.Otf- 
9 ild,a payment for, or restitution of 
cattle. 

OF\l&lN/\V. — A first or primitive au¬ 
thentic instrument, or that which pre¬ 
cedes all others of its kind, and serves 
as a model from which copies way be 
made. When documents are printed, 
all the impressions are considered as 
originals, and can be used as evidence, 
Original Entry, in Book-keeping, the 
first entry of a transaction.Such en¬ 
try, to be admissible as evidence,-must 
be made in a proper book. Original Ju¬ 
risdiction, that which is given to a 
court in the first in stance. Orphan’s 
Court, a probate court. 

osTE^sifcU PWKEH- -One who is 
a real partner, and whose name ap¬ 
pears as a.mcmber of the firm. Ous¬ 
ter, an ejectment or dispossession; 
over and more. 

OUTpIT. —Equipments or supplies;as, 
of a ship for a voyage. Outhouses, build¬ 
ings belonyiny to,and adjoining dwell¬ 
ing-houses. Outlaw, one who is depriv¬ 
ed of the benefits of the law, or put out 
of its protection. Outlawed, to have 
existed ( as a debt) for a certain length 
of time, after which, on that ground 
alone, the law prevents its being en- 
forced.\^eeV\Yc\wV\<y'<\ oV kc.V\ow’\.OM.t 
-rage, open and wanton violence ei¬ 
ther to a person or thing; a wanton abuse, 
Outstanding Accounts, book debts and 
claims which are yet to be collected. 
Outward Bound., ships departing for 
a foreign port. 

OVEF^. — Surplus; -money not required 
for the day’s payment;cash on hand 
not accounted for. Overdraw,to draw 
a greater sum than one has to his 
credit in a bank. 

vowvv ere wmrere. ore on rewrekkrere. 


THIRD NATIONALBANK. 

ST.Louis,Mo.,..Te,\>.\..l9... 
Mr.. C,oM... 

Your account appears to be over- 

drawn^v-’^WV.’SQ--Please bring in your 

book to be written up and depositthe amount 
O/tHe overdraft. ..\..S.Com*..,Gashi c s. 


. — A charge at a higher 
rate than what is customary, or that 
implied.or agreed upon.Overdue, an 
obligation, or note remaining unpaid 
after the time agreed upon. Overload¬ 
ed, a stock exchange term signifying 
that the "bulls”cannot take and pay 
for the stock they have purchased. Over¬ 
rule, to disregard, make void, or annul. 
Overseers, persons appointed to pro¬ 
vide for the support of paupers who 
have no near relatives to support them. 
Overstock, a supply beyond what is 
demanded. Overtrading, the purchase 
of goods beyond the demand,or beyond 
the means of payment. Overt, appar¬ 
ent, public, or open to view. 

OWE. — To be indebted to. Owelty, 
the difference paid by one coparcen¬ 
er to another, to equalize partition be¬ 
tween them. Owlers, a term used 
to designate persons.who carried wool 
or sheep to the sea side,by night, in 
order to be shipped off contrary to law. 

OVVf4EE\Sr|l!P.—R ightful o^justclai-m 
or title. Ownership of real estate ex¬ 
ists in different degrees, the most com¬ 
plete of which is^wW o\N\\e\sVC\i}, or 
to use the legal term—it is owned in 
4ee-<\w\^\e.. One may do what he choos¬ 
es with property he owns infull,pro- 
pided he does not use it in such a man¬ 
ner as to injure others or their property. 
VJxze.V'Ae Q'n\\ex<s\\\^,^wV\vxe, Y'bVa.Vo, 
Ww\X '0\NWC,\<b\\\^ , '&.w$s'’Ww«,V\. 

Q\G-ANO.— As much land as an ox can 
plow during the proper season, reckon 
ed from 15 to 20 acres. Oyer, to hear. 
Oyer and Terminer, to hear and deter¬ 
mine; a criminal court constituted 
by commission to hear and determine 
causes. Oyez,the introtuctory cry 
of an official connected with a court 
of law, or any public crier, requiring 
silence or attention, which is thrice 
repeated. 

P/\CI^. — To delude, or deceive by false 
appearances; as, to a."yooc\). Pack¬ 

age, a bundle or bale of goods. Palace 
Court, a court having jurisdfctionjn 
personal actions, held in England once 
a week before the steward of the house 
Hold and knight marshal. Pandects, 
the Justinian books of the civil law. 

Pf\J4 EL.-A schedule or roll containing 
the names of certain persons sum¬ 
moned by a sheriff to act as jurymen. 
Panic, a monetary crisis; as,among 
business men, the result of overtra¬ 
ding or speculation. 

P^PEf\ BiOC^DE. — A decree or or¬ 
der declaring a certain coast or coun¬ 
try in a state of blockade, without.a 
force stationed there to maintain it. 
Paper Currency, bank-notes and bills 
of exchange, which represent money 

Pf^5\.— Equality in nominal and act 
ual exchange. When a security will 
bring its full value in the market,it 
is said to be tOv < When it will not 
bring as much, it is said to be \>e\ow 
When it is worth more than its 
face value, it is said to be atoove, 
or to command a premium. Par of 


Exchange, the established value of 
the coin or standard value of one coun¬ 
try expressed in the coin or standard 
of another. Parage, equality of blood, 
name,or dignity, especially of land 
in the partition of an inheritance 
between co-heirs,. 

PAJ^PV^EFiNA,.—The goods brought 
by a wife to a husband, over and a- 
bove her dower. Paraphernalia, the 
clothing, jewelry,ornaments,etc^of 
a wife.which she possesses,and which 
are suitable to her rank and condi¬ 
tion of life. 

PA!1-• — One who is the imme¬ 
diate tenant to one who Holds of an¬ 
other, or who is the lowest tenant of 
the fee. Parcel, a package. Pardon, a 
remission of a penalty or punishment. 
The President may grant pardons, 
but only in cases of convictions by 
the United States courts. A Govern¬ 
or also has power to grant pardons, 
except in cases of impeachment,and, 
in some States, of treason. He may 
also gowwvuOw- a sentence, which is 
to exchange one penalty or punish¬ 
ment for another of less severity. 
P^c^T A,ND cHlUJ. -Parents are 
obliged to provide for the support and 
education of their children during 
their minority, or while they are 
under twenty-one years. Even if 
the children have property of their 
own, the father is. so bound,but not 
the mother. If a parent neglects to 
provide necessaries for his child,oth¬ 
ers, may do so and sue the parent for 
their value. The parent has the right 
to the custody of his child,and may 
legally punish if for good cause, but 
not cruelly. The father has a right 
to the labor and services of his chi I- 
dren,and may recover their wages 
from any person employing them 
without his consent.ChiIdren who 
are able are in general bound to sup¬ 
port indigent parents.K^xew- 
v\cg, ■a.-vA Parenticide, 

one who murders a parent; or the 
crime itself. 

PAAisX- — An ecclesiastical division 
of a town or county,subject to the 
oversight and ministry of one pastor; 
a division of country. Park, an en¬ 
closed portion of grass- and decorat¬ 
ed-land in or near a town or city for 
amusement or exercise; an inclosed 
chase extending only over a man’s 
own grounds. 

PAHiiA^Et/T. — The general and 
supreme legislative body of Great 
Britain,comprising the Houses of 
lords and the house of commons. 
PAAOl.. —Verbal, or by word of-mouth; 
also applied to written contracts not 
under seal. Parol Con*racts,verbal 
contracts; those not under seal at 
common law. Parol Demurrer, a 
plea to stay or stop the pleadings in 
an action. Parol Evidence, oral ev 
idence as opposed to written. Parol 
Lease, an oral agreement by.one per¬ 
son to let to another a certain estate, 


■pi 


313 







































p/V\oLe .— The word of honor 0 / a 
prisoner of war, that he will not take 
u.p arms against those who captured 
him,until regularly exchanged. Parri¬ 
cide, one who murders his mother, 
father, or children; or the crime it¬ 
self. Part Owners, those who own a 
thing in common. 

P/SftTIC\jL/\j\ I^EWE. — That dam- 
aye less than the whole, falling up¬ 
on a particular property; a loss to 
be borne by the particular owner or 
His insurer. Parties, persons who 
are named in a deed or other instru¬ 
ment; -those engaged in an action at 
law. 

p^titiocI. — A division into distinct 
parts; applied especially to the dividing 
of lands, tenements or hereditaments, 
which have descended by common law, 
or by custom, among co-heirs or par¬ 
ceners, where there are at least two. 

P/^F\T{'fEf\.—A member of a part¬ 
nership, or an associate in any bus¬ 
iness or occupation. Partnerships 
voluntary contract, whereby two or 
more persons ayree to combine their 
money, property, labor, or skill in some 
lawful business,and to share its profits. 
A V\rm,\\owse, or co^a.xX'v\e'XsVi\^,each 
has a similar meaniny to partnership 
No one can be made a partner against 
his will. A partnership is formed sim¬ 
ply and only by ayreement. The du¬ 
ration of a partnership may be for a- 
specified time (as two years), or, as is 
yemerally the case, no time may be a- 
9 reed upon. Where no time is speci¬ 
fied, any partner may dissolve a part 
nership at will. 1/ the partnership is 
for no definite time, a partner-may sell 
his interest in the common property to 
any one at any time. A transfer of in¬ 
terest dissolves the firm.The death of 
any partner dissolves the firm.Upom 
dissolution, each partner may demand 
that there shall be an accountiny »(the 
affairs of the firm, that the commen 
property be sold, and that he be paid 
His proportionate share of what is left 
after payiny its debts. A common course 
is for a retiring partner to sell his in¬ 
terest to some of the old partners, or 
to some one else whom they will re 
ceive as a partner, and have the bus 
iness continue as before.The part 
ners have,-as Vo <m\\ oXV\ex,only such 


tiyhts and duties as they ayree upon. 
It is implied (if not expressed)that each 
partner, who is to contribute his time 
or labor, shall exercise all skill, care, 
and diligence in the business, and 
without other compensation than 
his agreed share of the profits.Each 
partner has full authority to act for 
the firm, in any matter connected, 
with its appropriate business. This is 
a legal consequent of the relation, 
whatever the agreement provides. 
Each partner is liable for the whole 
indebtedness of the firm, and not 
only the common property, but al¬ 
so all the private property of each 
partner may be taken to satisfy 
the debts of the firm.\Jbee<Wx\\vx&Y 
As to debts, a dissolution makes no 
change; but as to authority, each 
partner’s act binds the firm only 
for the purpose of winding up the 
affairs, and not in any new trans¬ 
action.Upon a dissolution,the 0 Id 
partners are responsible, for new 
debts, unless they have given notice 
of the dissolution.VSwVxssoNwVxox^. 
A person lending hi^ name to a 
f irm, or allowing the same.to be us¬ 
ed after he his withdrawn, is still 
responsible to third persons as a 
partner. 



VMLXTVW>V>.\V. 


TorwaX\or\... 

By agreement. 

By Legislature. 

tV&xAOeex ... 

A collection of 
natural persons. 

A fictitious 
person. 

Yovncxs . 

Has powers of the 
-natural persons 
composing it. 

Has only the pow¬ 
ers conferred 
by law. 

^eY>Xs. 

All partners lia¬ 
ble for all debts. 

In some,stock¬ 
holders liable 
to a limited 
extentjinoth- 
ers.not liable. 


"XxaxvsVex oV 
\x\Xq,x«,sX ... 

By partners,dis¬ 
solves partner¬ 
ship. 

By stockholders, 
new stockhold¬ 
er takes his 
place. 

’Csea.Vw. 

Of partner, dis¬ 
solves the part¬ 
nership. 

Of stockholder, 
those obtain¬ 
ing his stock be 
come stockhold¬ 
ers. 




This Agreement, made this...V\xsX. 
dgy of...WAe.., 19..., between. 

TX\\_sou ...of.. .\-o\x\sv\We,.., and.. .\N. 

W .Su w\we.VsS ...of.. .xY\e sawm ^Ya.ce.., 

witnesseth: 

I.-The said parties hereby ayree to 
become co-partners, under the firm 
name of...V\lw_s>ou &.SwM*,vM>..,and 
as such partners, to carry on together 
the business of buying and selling all 
sorts of dry goods, at N 0 ...NW Y\w«. 
Svxee-X... in the city of.. .V<aw\<b\i\\\e.. 

IE.— The said... bov.xi'M'ws.ou ...agrees 
to contribute-v~3\vxe.<2. 

Dollars (&3000), to the capital of said 
firm; and the said.. .W.XX.Sxsnwww,... 


agrees to contribute-^wo'Wowba.wJs 

^Dollars (3*2000),to the same; the 
sum of S3500 of said capital to be ex¬ 
pended in the purchase of a stock in 
tr ade. 

HE. -All the net profits arising 
out of the business shall be divided in 
the following proportions; vii.,three- 
fifths to the said . ..N'd\\_ < sori...and two- 
fifths to the said .. .‘swvwxvxtsss,... 

TSf. — Each partner will devote all 
his time to the said business,and will 
use his best efforts to make the busi¬ 
ness successful, and promote the in¬ 
terests of the firm in every way. 

IE-If on the closing out of said 
business there shall have been a ret 
loss, it shall be borne in the same pro- 
portions as the profits. _ 

\AN\t -sbaoxie. \s. ov\v) -a. owxWwe Vwx 

a. covVes-tX ,X\\e,xe \>e\x\c; a qxeaX xa*w$ oxWx 
cYiwses nnV\cY\ -wi\o)v\\. \>e, 

Vox &\VVexev\X cs>x\X\'v\q«,\\c’\e.s xn\\\cV\ w\\c;V\X 
w\«*\. VSee Vjcm\,xac.X,-&A\\ A<yxmv\ex\X\ 

VOVvWv OV Y AY^HY-YdbYAY HOTY.. 


N 0 ..IVV... BosroN,..Ye\).\,..l9... 

One month after date, without 
grace, we promise to pay to the order 
0 f.. .CiwyseVies... ,~~JY\no 
YoxX^^^vDollars, at any bank in 
Boston. &vto... 

^ 240 - _ 19 union sauMU. 

paHm-waLL. — A partition wall, or 

a wall erected on the line of two ad- 
joirting estates, half on each, for the 
use of both parties. In a party-wall 
each party owns that part which is 
on his own land,and also owns the 
right to have the rest of the wall stand 
though it is not on his land. Neither 
has the righfto.take down even that 
part which is his own, without the 
consent of the other. Par Value, 
a nominal value placed upon the 
stock of a corporation by its organis¬ 
ers at its organization. 

PA.SS.-A free journey-ticket on a 
railway; -to be transferred; as,to pass 
as the fixtures with the sale ofa house; 
to decide upon; as, the jury have pass¬ 
ed upon the case; to be entered; as, 
let the judgment pass for the plain¬ 
tiff. Passage Motley, the money paid 
for conveyance at sea. Pass Book, 
a smaJI book furnished by bankers to 
their customers, in which are entered 
all payments and receipts of cash. 

YOWNX W YASS *OOVk. 


THIRD NATIONAL 8ANK IN VK. 

WITH 

...CS.NUSW.. 

Cx. 

19.... 

Feb. 3 

To Cash. 

800000 

19 ... 

Feb.l 

By Cash.. 

80010 

»• 10 

> 1 

1400 00 

»> 9 

» * 

40015 

Mar. 1 

» * 

300001 

nil 

»♦ 

560 00 

>• TO 

» • 

150 00 

Mar. 1 

) • 

1010 00 

27 

> t 

5000 00 

» 6 

» » 

3000:00 




„3I 


9079:75 
[14850 00 



1485000 



Apr. 1 

Balance 

9019j75 






p/\sse(nge^. -A traveler, or one jour¬ 
neying by railway, steam boat or coach. 
Passive, all the sums of which one 
is debtor. Passport, a document car¬ 
ried by neutral merchant vessels in 


314 





















































































» *tV <■••. Iv .••.Iv «• ♦ 2 


* A * i y»r a ' 

lime 0 / wario certify their national¬ 
ity, and protect them from belligerents; 
a government license tor the safe pas¬ 
sage of any one from one place to an¬ 
other. Passports are Issued by the United 
States only to its own citizens, upon 
application, supported by proof of cit¬ 
izenship. When the applicant is a na¬ 
tive citizen of the United States he is 
required to transmit his own affida¬ 
vit of this fact, stating his age and place 
of birth, with the certificate of one oth¬ 
er citizen of the United States to whom 
he is personally known,statingthatthe 
declaration made by the applicant is 
true. The affi davit must be attested by 
a notary public,under his signature and 
seal of office. U the applicant be a nat¬ 
uralized citizen, his certificate of nat¬ 
uralization must be transmitted for 
inspection. The application should be 
accompanied by a description of the 
person, stating the following particu¬ 
lars, viz.: Age:—years. Stature:—feet, 
— inchesfEnglish measure). Forehead: 
—. Eyes: —. Nose:—.Mouth:—.Chin: 
—. Hair:—. Complexion:—.Face:—. 
1/ the applicant is to be accompanied 
by his wife,minor children,or servants, 
it will be sufficient to state the names 
and ages of such persons, and their re¬ 
lationship to the applicant, when a sin¬ 
gle passport for the whole will suffice. 
A fee of one.dollar must accompany 
each application, made payable to the 
^XsWxsvnq CXexV. of the Department 
of State. The application should bead- 
dressed to the 'vXe.^-a.xVxwenX o4 ‘bx.aXe,, 
\NasV.\\\qVor\,^ .C>. A passport is good 
for only two years. Persons desiring 
to obtain passports for themselves,will 
be furnished blank forms.by applying 
to the Department of State, indorsed 
“Passport Division.” In applying for 
forms, state if for mVwe or x\-avwxa.V 
citizens. 

P/VJE^T. — The grant by the govern¬ 
ment to some person of an exclusive 
right to manufacture,sell, and use 
an invention made by him.Patentee, 
one to whom a patent is granted.Pat 
erit Office, the office through which 
applications for patents are made,and 
from which they are given. Pa-tent 
Med icine, medicine the composition 
of which is a secret, and the right of 
sale limited by the government to the 
proprietor.— Any person, whether 
a citizen o-r alien, may obtain a pat¬ 
ent for any new invention or discov¬ 
ery, or any improvement made by Him 


and not before known, or used by a- 
ny one else in this country, and not 
atthe time patented, or described by 
any printed publication in this,oranu 
foreign country. Patents may be sold: 
(I) By Territorial Rights, which concede 
to. the purchaser the same exclusive 
right as of the owner, to sell the pat¬ 
ented article within a specified terri¬ 
tory, and sometimes may include 
the right to- manufacture; (2) By 
Shop Rights, which give the privilege 
to manufacture or use the patented 
article in a specified shop or estab- 
lrshmen£,and at no other place; ( 3 ) 
By. Royalty, which is a certain sum 
paid the inventor by the manufac¬ 
turer, on every article made or sold. 
The duration of a patent is seven¬ 
teen years.The application for a pat 
ent must be made in the name of 
the inventor, who can alone sign 
the papers. It is almost impossible 
for one not thoroughly acquainted 
with the patent office proceedings, 
to obtain a patent without employ¬ 
ing a patent attorney to prepare 
the papers and conduct the corre¬ 
spondence. Joint inventors are en¬ 
titled to ajoint patent. An inventor 
can assign his entire right either be¬ 
fore or after the issue of the patent. 
A caveat runs for one year, and pre¬ 
vents the issue of a patent without 
the knowledge of the caveator,to any 
person for a similar device. Caveats 
may be renewed at the expiration of 
each year. The fees required for ob¬ 
taining patents vary according to the 
nature of the article, whether it be 
a design, an original patent, a cave¬ 
at, etc. For a caveat the fee is 10; 
with application for an original pat¬ 
ent,SI5; and when the patent is 
issued, 0 more.\^w\\ ‘\x\4oxx<\aX\<yv\ 
to Xo ^x\ce.s, (m-ws , xw\e.s, eXc. ,wa.\^Va 
oVua!\weA 4xox\\ xWVvwV/S o4 ^xacVvce. 
Yv\ Vr\e,V>x\\Ve& ‘bvaXes ^-aXe.x\X 0 4 V\ce,” 
a ^axn^VXeX vnVucYv xv\a\}\>e o'oXa\x\e& 
\>\) a&&xess\x\c) We**Coxnxw\ss\ox\«,x o4 
?AWnXs,\NasY\VnqXox\,^.0.'” V 

P/yTEfdT \Afl\IT. — A writ not closed 
or sealed up. Paternal Property, an 
estate or other property which descends 
from the father and other ascendants 
of the paternal stock. Patriarch a I 
&overnme«t, a form of govern¬ 
ment in which the father and ruler 
is the head of a family; as was com¬ 
mon in the early ages of the world. 

PATRIN^ONY* —A right or estate in¬ 
herited from a father; any kind of 
property. Patricide, one guilty of mur¬ 
dering his father, or the crime itself. 
Patriot, one who loves his country, 
and exhibits great zeal in its interests, 
Patron, one who countenances and 
protects either a person or a work; a 
person who has the gift and disposal 
of church preferment. Patronage,spe- 
cial countenance or supportjthe right 
of appointing to office;the right of 
presentation to a church or ecclesias¬ 
tical benefice. 

PA.bPEFt. — One who is so poor that he 
has to be supported at the public ex¬ 
pense. In some States there is in each 
county a poor-house, to which the pau¬ 
pers of the several towns are sent to be 


provided for. P aviate, taxes or money 
paid for paving streets or highways. 

PA^A/N. —Any movable property depos¬ 
ited as security for -the repayment of 
a loan of money. Pawnbroker, one 
whose business is to lend or advance 
money on the security of movable prop¬ 
erty deposited. A pawnbroker cannot 
retain goods illegally pawned, as in the 
case of stolen property. Pawnee, one 
who. receives a pawn or pledge as se¬ 
curity. Pawnor, one who pawns or 
pledges property as security for money 
borrowed. 

P/vC. — To discharge a debt, or make suit¬ 
able return for expense or trouble.Pay- 
able, that may be paid, or justly due. 
Payee, the one in whose favor a 
note or bill of exchange is drawn,or 
who is to receive the-money. Payer, 
the one who pays, or is under obli¬ 
gations to pay. Payment, the dis¬ 
charge of a debt or obligation. Pay¬ 
ment, Equation of, f inding the av¬ 
erage time for the payment of an 
entire debt, where several sums be¬ 
come due at different times,so that 
neither party shall sustain loss.This 
average time is intermediate among 
the several times or dates,for par¬ 
tial payments, and so fixed that the 
o>awxbothe debtor from retaining 
one or more sums a4vcx they become 
due,shall exactly equal the\ossby him 
from paying one or more other sums 
Xseioxe they become due. Payment 
into Court, upon admitting either 
the whole,or a part of the plaintiff’s 
claim, a deposit by the defendantsf 
a sum of money with the court for 
the benefit of the plaintiff, and in 
answer to his claim. This generally 
relieves the defendant from payment 
of costs, unless judgment is obtained 
for a larger sum than that paid iti.Pay 
Roll, the same as Time Book,which see. 

peculation* —The applying to one’s 
own private use of public money or 
goods, or of property intrusted to his 
care. Ped ayiuw, money paidforthe 
passing of foot or horse through any 
country. 

PEERS. — Those of the same rank or 
station; members of the House.of 
Lords;those who are impaneled in 
an inquest upon any man, for the 
convicting or clearing him of any 
offense for which he is called in ques¬ 
tion; this is called trial by one’s peers. 
Penal Action , an action for the 
recovery of a statute penal by. Penal 
ty, punishment inflicted by law, ei¬ 
ther on the person, or by a fine. 

PENITENTIARY.-A prison for the 
punishment of convicted criminals. 

pEnsioN- — An allowance-made to 
any one, without an equivalent,for 
valuable services performed by him. 
In this country pensions are grant¬ 
ed by the government to those who 
have been disabled in war. 1/ a sol¬ 
dier.was killed, a pension is granted 
to his widow and children.State and 
city governments sometimes allow 
pensions for valuable services,as in 
the case of f iremen. Pensioner, otic 
who is supported by an allowance at 
the will of another; a discharged sol 
dier who receives a pension. 


315 




































p^opLe. —A 'nation or state taken col¬ 
lectively;-the body 0 / persons who com¬ 
pose a community. Peppercorn Rent, the 
reservation of only a nominal rent is 
■frequently confined to "one peppercorn.” 

P£f*EIVlPTOf\IO\jS — The quality of be¬ 
ing peremptory; -that which takes away 
or destroys forever. Perernptory,final, 
positive, absolute,or determinate.Peremp¬ 
tory Challenge, an authoritative chal¬ 
lenge given to jurors without cause. Per¬ 
emptory Exception, a defense which 
denies the ground of action. Peremp- 
tory Mandamus, a mandamus demand¬ 
ing that athing be done absolutely. Per¬ 
emptory Plea, a plea so founded that it 
tends to destroy the right of action. 

P^f\FOS\fy^f\NCfe.— The normal and 
natural mode of discharging an obli¬ 
gation; the carrying out or completion 
of a thing. Perils 0 /the Sea, extraordi¬ 
nary risks attendant upon a sea-voyage,and 
which cannot -reasonably be foreseen and 
provided against. PerishabieGoods.mer- 
chandise,such as ice,fruits,etc., wfiich 
loses its value and becomes worse from 
being kept. 

PE(RJUf\X. — Willfully swearing oraffirw- 
ing falsely to any material matter, upon 
an oath legally administered. To insti¬ 
gate another to swear falsely,is e>wY)ox- 
o\wa.V\ow ok ^e/xyortvy. Both are punish¬ 
able offenses.Pcr-mit, a written license 
from the Excise Office to permit the re¬ 
moval of excisable goods upon which duty 
Has been paid, from one place to another. 

PE^SO{tf/\t- PypcOUMXS*—Accounts kept 
with persons. Each such account bears 
the name of the person with whom it 
is kept. 1 -m case of firms or com pan ies, 
the titles employed are the names under 
which they transact business. If aname 
is not sufficient to identify a firm or per¬ 
son, add the location.^e\>\V a person when 
he gets into o ur debt, or we get out of h is 
debt.C>*eA\V him when he gets out of our 
debt, or we get into his debt. If one buy 
goods without paying for them, the trans¬ 
action is on acoownV. If the debit side is 
the larger, he owes us; if the smaller, we 
owe him. 

re TOvSOWfc. ftRAOWT. 

'xSx._L.S. M ARSHFI ELD._ C,x. 


13.., 

May 


June 


To Mdse., 

91 9 9 

>> Plaster, 
To Balance, 




By Cash, 

99 9 9 

”\>aWoe., 




96 


4?. 


P^HSOtfAL ^pTIOtf. 

—In case of breach 

of contract, or other injuries, a suit 
brought for the recovery of chattels 
and goods. Personal Chattels, goods, 
movables, wearing apparel, and oth¬ 
er personal effects which can be car¬ 
ried about the person. Personal Lib 
erty, primarily,the right to go and 
come without restraint; but its 
meaning has been extended to cover 
freedom of speech and of the press, 
the right to assemble peaceably for 
discussion,the right to petition the 
government, and freedom from un¬ 
reasonable search of property and 
papers. Personalty, personal prop¬ 
erty, as opposed to realty. Personal 
Property, every species of property 
except real estate; the right or in¬ 
terest which one- has in things per¬ 
sonal. Personal Security, theright 
to enjoy life, body, health, and repu¬ 
tation. It means not merely the 
right to live, butto live in safety and 
tranquillity, without fear and with¬ 
out the necessity of self-defence. No 
greater reproach can be brought 
against a state than to say that hu 
man life is not secure within its ter¬ 
ritory. 

PE*TI't'IQJ''(.—A paper or document 
containing a written request or sup 
plication. In the enactment of laws, 
it is common for the people to bring 
a measure to the notice of the leg¬ 
islature by petition. Petitions are 
usually sent to those members who 
represent the counties or districts 
in which the petitioners live, and 
are by these members presented to 
the legislature.V5>u<k\MxwoV\a\V 

vsm re ■ 


To President of the United States: 

The petitioners undersigned respect¬ 
fully solicit of‘you..\Vvexe; 

VwsexV w\va.V\s ^e.VWvone.A'^. 

We refer to accompanying papers, 
A, B, C, D, etc. 

With the greatest respect, 

Atlanta,0ct.l,l9.... 


.mure VEwaHTn 


,Governorof the State of 


To. 

Your petitioners respectfully rep¬ 
resent .^Ywxe \wse\V w\\aV 

\<a \e\\\AoweAy 

Respectfully, 

-,1 Justices o/the 

_J County Court. 

, Sheriff. 

, Minister . 


mure 


To the Honorable, the Senate and 

House of Representatives of the 
State of_, in Legislature assembled: 

The undersigned petitioners,-res¬ 
idents and taxpayers of the city of 

---,respectfully represent that 

they..A^vm'wvsevXf wVvaV ^a- 


V\V‘\one&Y 


Signed 


mu re TvcrewovjvXvou 

To the Board of Directors of the 

Spring Valley Water Company: 
CrenvWnreYv \ — As the vacant lot 
adjoining, your works, etc. 
Respectfully, 


mure 

To the Hon. Justices of the—.County Court 
The undersigned, residents of__ 

__Township, respectfully peti 

tion, etc. 

S igned 

County of........ 

State of.. 

Date. 




To theMauoV and Common Counci I 

of the City of-: 

CrewVVeAwew.—Your petitioners, 
citizens and taxpayers of the first, 
second,and third wards of this 
city, respectfully petition your hon¬ 
orable body, etc. . 

Signed < • 

City of. ( - - 

State of.. 

Date 


\,\v \s a. opewex a\ xw\e. ,\xv We case 0 V 
\sXvV\ox\s ^xesenVeA Vo C>owxVs vY\aV an 
akk\fc.a\j\V aVvovAA acc.ox*\^ an\; V\vm, sev- 
V\nq koxVYx W\aV We. sVaVewenV* VWce- 
\n xxvaAe., so kax as V-wov+n Vo VV\e ^eV\- 
V\ow«,x, axe Vxae, ax\& VYvaV VY\fise> kaoVs, 
Y>\)\\\w\ sVaVeit as vAVYCvvv Vv» Vn o\n\ - 
eLqe. ank WaV ok oV\\exs,Ve Noe\\e\ies 
VoVe VvweA. 

P^TlT(or PETTY).—Small,dimin¬ 
utive, or little in figure. Petit Jury, 
an ordinaryjury,as opposed to the 
grand jury. Petit Larceny, stealing 
of goods below acertain amount.lt 
is punishable by a fine or imprison¬ 
ment in jail or both. The amount va¬ 
ries in the different states. Pettifog¬ 
ger, one pretending to be a lawyer, 
without the necessary qualifications; 
a tricky lawyer. 

P^TTT CASH*—Money keptinhand 
to meet current expenses. Petty Cash 
Book, a book for entering small 
receipts and payments. Its form 
is the same as the ordinary cash book, 
Petty Expense Book, a small book 
in which trifling expenditures are 
entered, before being transferred to 
the cash book. Petty Ledger, an aux 
iliary ledger in which all accounts 
are opened that are not likely to be 
permanent, active accounts. An ac¬ 
count called Petty Accounts is open¬ 
ed in the main ledger, to represent 
these transient accounts, and to keep 
it in balance. The Petty Ledger does 
not balance, but may be proved by 
finding the difference between the 
sides ofthe Petty Ledger,and compar¬ 
ing it with the difference between 
the sides of the account with Petty 
Accounts in the Main Ledger, which 
differences should agree. The form 
of the Petty Ledger is the same as the 
Main Ledger. 


MAY 


0,19.., 


May 


Ink, 10^; Pe-ns,25£; Holder,250, 
Laundry,750; Paper,500, 

WxWfc a* casV, 
Wrapping Paper, 

Soap,250; Pencils,350, 

toaaViA as ca=\\. 
Charity,75 0; Postage, 500, 

Total for week, 

Entered inC. B., fol. 24. 


JM 









































































































































,i -v 



pHVsici^n’s diar\- —A physician’s book 

of sufficient size for recording his dai¬ 
ly visits to patients, so arranged as to be 
convenient /or the pocket, serving as a 
reliable book 0 / original entry, and as 
an auxiliary to his complete set of 
account books. 

YSflkVK OY ^Yv\s>\C.\mC* mW. 


ACCOUNTS. 

AMT. 

PAID. 

REMARKS. 

S. 

M. 

T. 

w. 

T. 

F. 

s. 

A.Cox 

17 


iO 


17 BEALE STREET 

V. 

V.V. 

V.R 

V. 

V. 

P. 

V. 




*L 


3 


X 

a 

X 

S.S.Dix 

9 




419 I0TH STREET 



m 

p. 

LUCY 

M. 

V. 







X 

\ 

a 

X 

\ 

C.Motf 

8 


8 


FARMER.CROSS RDS. 



V. 

P.M. 








s 

a 

\ 





34 


18 











PICKPOCKET. — One who cunningly 

steals /row another by picking his pock¬ 
et wliile in a crowd or public place.Pig- 
tms, a pledge, pawn, or security, P 19 - 
wetd, any substance used /or paints 
or colors; generally applied to materi¬ 
als/or oil painting. Pillory, a wooden 
machine, in which the head and hands 
0 / a criminal are placed, as a weans of 
punishment. 
piK iwio^eY- —Money allowed a wife 
by her husband for private expenses.?! 
racy, robbery or forcible depredation 
on the high seas, without law/ul au¬ 
thority,^ the spirit 0 /universal hostil¬ 
ity, and which i/ committed upon land 
would amountto /elony.Piscary,the 
right to /ish in the waters of another. 
pLAiKtiff. — In both civil and crim¬ 
inal cases,the party who commences 
a suit ayainst another. Plaintiff in 
Error, the party who sues out a writ 
0 / error. 

PLAT FOAM-—political nominating 
conventions, a series 0 /resolutions, 
adopted be/ore ora/ter the nomina¬ 
tions are made, setting forth the prin¬ 
ciples 0 /the party which the nominees 
are supposed to represent;. 

PLEA- —In a legal action, the answer 
given by the defendant to the declara¬ 
tion and demand of the plainti//,set- 
tiny forth his defence, by giving t he 
reasons why he thinks he should not 
be compelled to do what the plainti// 
demands. Plea in Abatement, a plea 
which tends only to delay an action. 
Plea in Avoidance, a plea admittiny 
a matter as a /act, but showiny some 
new-matter to destroy its leyal e/Zect. 
Plea in Bar, a plea denying that the 
plainti// has any cause of action. 


pEeaoiK&. —The proceedings in a suit,! 

consisting of the written statements 
p/the contending parties, If the plead¬ 
ings agree as to the /acts,the matter 
is then presented to the court,and it 
makes its decision, without—what 
is popularly known as—atrial. But 
If the pleadings' do not agree,the dis¬ 
pute must be settled by a trial. Pleas 
of the Crown, the English crimi¬ 
nal law department, in which the king 
is a party, 

PL^DG^.—A warran t g i ven, as one’s 
faith or word; any personal property 
given as security /or a debt or engage¬ 
ment. The word sjawn (q.v.) means 
nearly the same, and both words are 
often used to mean the property pledg¬ 
ed, as well as the agreement. A pledge 
being a contract, three elements are 
essential to it: (I) a debt; (51) an actual 
delivery to the creditor of the property 
pledged; (3) an agreement that if shall 
stand as security. TSie creditorway 
keep theproperty pledged to him until 
the debt is paid; or i/not paid when due, 
he way sell the property.Unlessthere 
is an agreement to the contrary,be/ore 
the pledge can be sold a demand for the 
payment 0 /the debt must be made upon 
the debtor, and notice must be given 
him of the time and place of sale.Ur 
til it is sold the property belongs to 
the debtor, who -may at any time be 
/ore it is sold rc^ecvw his property by 
paying the debt. 

pL<nAA\‘ — Full, entire, or complete 
Plenipotentiary, having -full power; 
as,an ambassador, who is invested with 
full powers to negotiate a particular 
business or a treaty.Plow bote, wood 
for instruments of husbandry. 
pLAj AAj-iTY- — I n elections, the re¬ 
ception by a candidateo/a higher 
number of votes than any other, 
though such number be less than 
half 0 /all the votes given.Pluries,as 
often , or very often. A writ that is¬ 
sues after the first and the ■aVvas>(sec- 
ondlhave been ineffectual. 

POACHING-.—The act of stealing game 
in the night time. Poinding, a pro¬ 
cess by which the property 0 /the debt¬ 
or’s movables is trans/erred tothe cred¬ 
itor; distrangement or distress. 
Point, a question or proposition aris¬ 
ing in a case. Pointer, in the stock 
exchange, a theory or fact regarding 
the market on which one bases an 
intended speculation. 

POLICE^.—The internal regulations 0 / 
a town, city, or district, /or the pres¬ 
ervation of order, clean! iness,health, 
etc.; a body of civil officers employed 
to enforce the laws respecting good or¬ 
der, cleanliness, etc. Police Count, a 
minor court to try persons brought 
be/ore it by the police. Pol ice Commis¬ 
sioner, a civil officer cowwissiorted 
to regulate and control the appoint¬ 
ment, duties, and discipline of the 
police. Police Station,the headquar¬ 
ters of the police, where they assemble 
for orders, and to which they take ar¬ 
rested persons; also of a section 0 / 
them. 


poLicY. A ticket, warrant or writ] 

ten contract for money in a public 
fund or society; the writing or instru¬ 
ment in which a contract of insurance 
is embodied. An 'wOvexesV \o\\c\) shows 
by its form that the assured has a real 
interest in the matter insured.V^ec 
0^ev\ ,M?l\wqA, NNaqex Y o\\c\es, 

'SlVjO ax\X \Armr\e\\v»\vxaxvc6y 

politic .—Pertaining to or promo¬ 
ting a policy; well advised or accord¬ 
ing to pood policy. Political,pertain¬ 
ing to public policy, or the adminis¬ 
tration 0 /State affairs.Political 
Liberty, those who have a voice in 
the conduct of public affairs are said 
to have political liberty. The line 0 / 
division between those having and 
those not having political liberty va¬ 
ries greatly in different states.Col- 
or, poverty, religious belie/, sex,and 
illiteracy, are the chief elements 
that mark the line.Political Du¬ 
ties, the chief 0 / these are:(l) Duty 
to support the government by obey¬ 
ing its laws;(ft) Duty to disobey a 
law which violates His conscience, 
and suffer the penalties of disobe¬ 
dience;^) Outy to support the gov¬ 
ernment financially, and by service 
i/necessary to its defence;(4-) Duty 
to vote,if practicable, at every elec¬ 
tion; ( 5 ) Duty to aid in armed 
revolution as a last resort; only, 
however, if success is probable. Po¬ 
litical Rights, the chief of these 
are:(i) Right of all to establish a 
government; ( 2 ) Right of each to 
share in it, by voting; ( 3 ) Right of 
each to protection by the govern¬ 
ment, unless said right befotfeited. 

POLL.—A head;the entry of the 
names of persons qualified to vote 
for civil officers.To ^o\\ a jury, is to 
examine each one individually as to 
his verdict. Poll-list, a list of t he 
names of the persons voting at an 
election. Polls, the places where the 
votes are cast, and which are gener¬ 
ally open o ne day from sunrise to 
sunset. Poll Tax, a capitation tax, 
which is a certain sum on every 
head. 

POLYAN®KVX—^The state o/a woman 
who has several husbands. Polyga¬ 
my,the state or practice of having 
a plurality 0 /wives or husbands at 
the same time. Pone, a writ where¬ 
by a cause is removed from a county 
or other inferior court to the supe 
rior courts. Pontage, a contri bu¬ 
tton for repairing a bridge.Pool, 
in the stock exchange, a ring,clique, 
or com bination,formed to control 
prices, and carry through a corner; 
also the stock or money contributed 
for such purpose. 

P9OA.- Every township is under ob¬ 
ligation to provide for the support^/ 
those indigent poor who have acquir¬ 
ed a legal residence therein. Those 
needing relief, but having no legal 
residence in any township,are sup¬ 
ported by the county.The township 
trustees or supervisors are empowered 
to oversee the poor.V£>ee.Y-aw^e,V\ 


317 


t 











































































POPbL^FV \CT10tf. —An action allow 
cd by law to any one who will sue for 
the penalty. Popular Will, the voice 
of the people. A constitution is a for¬ 
mal expression of the popular will 
0 / the state, granting authority to 
the government. Every state is di¬ 
vided into two. classes,—those having 
a voice in, public at/airs, and those hav¬ 
ing no voice. A la-rye num ber of people 
seldom beiny unanimous in their o- 
pinions, justice requires that the 
will of (he smaller number s hall 
submit to that of the. larger; hence, 
the rule that the majority decides. 
Of the,whole number o( people, pop¬ 
ular will is the voice o( much less 
than one half. 

POf\TIOK. — A certain part of an es¬ 
tate which isyiven or left to a child. 
Port, a harbor (or vessels. Port o f 
Delivery, a place where vessels may 

- legally discharye their cargoes. Port 
of Entry, a port or harbor where a 
Custom House is established for the 
legal entry o( merchandise. Port- 
sales, auction sales; so called because 
they were held in ports. 

POSITIVE EVIDENCE. — Direct evi¬ 
dence, or proof of the very tact. Pos¬ 
itive Law, a law or rule prescribed 
by the supreme power of a State, de- 
clariny some riyht, prohibiting some 
act, or enforcing some duty.Posse, 
a possibility;, a thing is said to be'vw 
when it may possibly be;the 
civil power of a county that may be call¬ 
ed to attend a sheriff in the execution 
otiustice. 

pp^ssiotf. —State of owning orhavj 
•ng in one’s own power. To give pos¬ 
session,^ put in another’s power or 
occupancy. To take possession, to en 
ter on, or to bring within one’s pow 
er or occupancy. Writ 0 / Possession, 
a written order of a court directing a 
sheriff to put a person into possess¬ 
ion of property recovered by legal pro 
cess. 

post. — After; a station for soldiers, 
also the soldiers stationed at it;, to 
place letters in the post-o.ffice;i-w boolc- 
keepingjto carry the entries from oth¬ 
er books to the ledger. Postage, the 
charge made by the government for 
carrying letters,etc., to different points. 
Postage Stamps, small pieces of pa¬ 


per having certain values impressed 
by the government, used for attach¬ 
ing to letters,newspapers,etc.,inpre- 
paying postage.Postal Communica¬ 
tion, the delivery of the mails, in any 
part of the country. The ordinary 
routs of travel, highways and rail- 
roads^re adopted by the govern¬ 
ment as post-roads. Post-Date, to 
date an instrument later than the 
time on which it is made. Post-Mark, 
the stamp of a post-office showing 
the time of a letter passing through 
the post-office. Postmaster, one who 
has the superintendence and direc¬ 
tion of a post-office.Postmaster-Gen¬ 
eral, the chief executive head of the 
Post-Office Department,who estab¬ 
lishes post-off ices, provides for carry: 
ing the mail, and has general.charge 
of all matters connected with it.Post- 
Office, an office where letters and 
other mail matter are received for 
transmission to various parts, and 
from which letters,etc., are deliver¬ 
ed that have been received.Post-Obit, 
aterm applicable to any obligation, 
promising to pay unusual interest by 
the promiser on the death of.some one 
from whom he has expectations of 
property. Post mortem, after death. 
Post Nuptial, something which takes 
place after warrfage.Postku-wousCliild, 
a child born after its father's death. 
Post-Office Money Order, an order, 
payable at sight, granted by a post- 
office for any small sum of money 
less than ^ 100, and made p.ayab le 
at any post-office wished in the 
United States, on depositing the sum 
named and the payment of a small 
commission. Postscript, a paragraph 
added to a letter below the signature, 
and usually marked P.S. 

Post-office sAjo&^stioKs.- 

Adver-tised Letters.- 1 - In applying for 
advertised letters, the parties should 
mention the place or places whence 
they are expecting correspondence. 

Change of Address. —A subscriber 
to a newspaper or other period leal, 
who changes his post-office address 
should at once notify the publisher, 
and have the publication sent to his 
new address. Postal employes are 
not permitted to change the address 
upon misdirected mail-matter; but 
must return to sender, if known,or 
send to the Dead Letter Qff ice. 

Dead Letter Office.-Inquiries rela¬ 
ting to mail-matter supposed to have 
been sent to this office, should be ad¬ 
dressed to the Superintendent, Dead 
Letter Office. The letter of inquiry 
must state(I) to whom and what 
post-office the article was addressed; 
[%) name and full address of writer or 
sender; (3) date and place of wailing; 
(4-) brief description of contents;]!)) 
if registered, the number must begiven. 

Directing Mail-matter.-Address 
legibly and completely, giving the name 
of the post-office, and, if in a city 
with free-delivery, the street amdnum- 
ber, adding the numberofthe post- 
office box of the person addressed, if he 


have one. It is well also to give the 
name of the county, and Vo ^sXWVe. 
w&wve. cA Wo, 'bXa.W Vv\ IwW.To secure 
return to the sender in case of mis¬ 
direction, or if not called for at its 
destination, his name and address 
should be placed upon the upper left- 
hand corner of all mail-matter. 

Envelopes.—Thin envelopes, or 
those made of unsubstantial paper, 
should not be used; as being-frequent- 
ly handled, and in the mail-oags sub¬ 
jected to pressure and friction,they 
are frequently torn open or burst. 

General Delivery.—Letters address¬ 
ed to persons temporarily sojourning 
in a city with free- deli very, sho u Id 
be marked “ Transient ” or" Gen- 
eral Delivery,” if not addressed to 
a street and nunber. 

Hotel Matter. —Matter address¬ 
ed for delivery at hotels, should be 
returned to the post-office as soon 
as it is evident that it will not be claim¬ 
ed. Proprietors should omit the re¬ 
turn request from envelopes gratu¬ 
itously supplied to their guests, and 
guests using such envelopes should 
designate what disposition should be 
made of letters sent by them incase 
they cannot be delivered.Proprietors 
should have all such envelopes-mark¬ 
ed "Guests’ Envelope,” using for 
their own use a different envelope. 

Identification.-ln the case of 
money-orders and registered letters, 
the parties applying for them, if not 
known, should prove their identity 
in the same manner as in ban k ing 
institutions. 

Letter Boxes. —In cities of free-de¬ 
livery, patrons should provide letter 
boxes at their places of business or pri¬ 
vate residences, in order to save de 
lay in the delivery of mail-matter. 

Lost Mail-matter. —Inquriries 
relative to lost or missing wail-mat- 
ter, should be addressed to the 
?osV OU\ce Vv\s^ecXox,?o%V 0H\c«.^e- 
V-vnent,NNasvCvvxqVox\,^.'o. 1 to whom 
all losses or irregularities should be 
reported as soon as possible after the 
loss. Give the specifications named 
under^Dead Letter Office. 

Mailing Boxes.—When dropping 
packages.into mailing boxes,see that 
they fall into the box, and do not stick 
in the passage. Mail-matter deposit¬ 
ed in mailing boxes and receptacles 
cannot be reclaimed by any one un¬ 
der any circumstances. 

Mailing Letters,etc. — Mail ear¬ 
ly, especially when large numbers of 
letters,circulars, etc., are mailed at 
once.When large numbers of let¬ 
ters or circulars are mailed togeth 
cr, addressed to the same destination, 
tie them in bundles with the address¬ 
es facing the same side.In address¬ 
ing matter to foreign countries,give 
the name of the post-office and coun 
try \-v\ t w\\. \Jbe.e ^>\xe,cX.Vv\c) VtaW- xaaWefy 

Postage.- On first-class matter 
the postage is to be prepaid by affix¬ 
ing stamps; but one full rate may 
be aff ixed, and the residue collected 


318 




















of the addressee before delivery. On 
second-class itiaUer, such as -newspa¬ 
pers and other periodicals, when sent 
by the pound rate,the postage is pre¬ 
paid In -money. On third- and fourth- 
class matter, such as books, the post¬ 
age must be prepaid by stamps attired. 

Registration.— All valuable-matter 
should be registered. The name and ad¬ 
dress of the sender must beyiven on 
the outside of the envelope or wrapper. 
Money should be sent by a money-o r¬ 
der orreyistered letter"; otherwise it 
is liable to loss. 

Stamps.—Postaye stamps should be 
placed on the upper riyht-hand corner 
ot the addressed side ot all mail-mat¬ 
ter, care being taken that they are sa- 
cwoAx; ■a.kk\xe\. * 

Transients. —For the manner of ad¬ 
dressing mail-matter to transients, see 
General Delivery. 

Unmailable Matter.— This includes 
all matter which is by law,reyulatio-n 
or treaty stipulation, prohibited from 
beiny transmitted in the mails,orwhich, 
by reason of illeyible, incorrect, or in¬ 
sufficient address of person or office, 
cannot be forwarded to destination or 
delivered to the person for whom it is 
intended. Unmailable matter is thus 
classified ; (i) WaW kox Or 

matter insufficiently prepaid to enti¬ 
tle it to be forward.(2) VAss.&V'tecVeA.- 
That is, matter without address, or 
so incorrectly, insufficiently orilleyi- 
bly addressed that it cannot be forward¬ 
ed. (3) That which from 

its harmful nature is forbidden to be 
in the mails. Among these are: Pois¬ 
ons, explosive or inflammable articles, 
live or dead animals, insects or reptiles, 
fruits or vegetable matter liable to de¬ 
composition, comb honey,yuano, or 
any article exhaling a bad odor, malt, 
vinous, or spirituous liquors, and liq¬ 
uids liable to explosion,spontaneous 
combustion or ignition by shock or 
jar. ( 4 -) <L>o‘w\ a-wA tamVw).— Coin,jew- 
elry, or other precious articles which 
are prohi bited from beiny sent in the 
mails to foreign countries.(5)Q\isceA\& 
VkaVtor.—This embraces: Lewd, las¬ 
civious, or obscene books or other pub 
locations of an indecent character; ar¬ 
ticles designed to prevent conception 
or procure abortion; articles intended 


for indecent or immoral uses; and 
advertisements or-notices relating to 
any of the preceding. ( 6 ) VoVw/o^aV 
Va\.— Letters and circulars Vww to 
be concerning lotteries, gift concerts 
or other similar enterprises,offeriny 
prizes, ot concerning schemes devised 
and intended to deceive and defraud 
the public for the purpose of obtaining 
money under false p retense9.(7)\Wv\- 
NaVeA.-Matter so damaged in wrecks 
of mail cars or vessels, or other -means, 
that it cannot be forwarded to its des¬ 
tination; matter found! loose in the 
mails, as when separated from the en¬ 
velope or wrapper, or which has been 
recovered from depredations onfftemails. 
(8j Excess ok NN&qVft a.w& F>Vz.&.— Pack¬ 
ages of the third and fourth class 
matter exceeding four poounds, ex¬ 
cept single books and official-matter 
of the Government. 

POSTER.-A bill or placard intended 
to be posted in public places,calling 
attention to some meeting,perfor¬ 
mance,etc. 

\VRJ ITltfc SCHOOL 


So© Small Bills Oivlng Full (Particulars 
— OF— 

JA.M.ES \v. HwtpH D ’s 

fcUTIft SCtOOl, 

SOON TO BEGIN HERE. 


Specimens of his Penmanship 

MAY BE SEEN 

ATtHe pOST-OfFICE. 


pobfcfD_A public enclosure for the 

safe custody of stray animals,until 
reclaimed. Pound-oreach, breaking 
open a pound in order to release the 
animals confined in if. Pound-mas¬ 
ter, a person chosen to have charge 
of a pound.—Most townships main¬ 
tain one or more pounds. The stat¬ 
utes of the several states prescribe 
the manner of advertising such es- 
trays and the fees of the offioers.ln 
a few states stray animals may be ta¬ 
ken and held by any householder. 
PO\JF\PAS\T\. —The division among 
several persons of lands before held 
in common. Poursuivant, a messen¬ 
ger of the king; a follower or pursuer. 
pOWEf^.— Authority given by one to 
another to act for him. Power of 
Attorney, a written instrument by 
which one person grants authority 
to another to act for him.The. do¬ 
nor of the power is called the principal; 
the donee is called the attorney , or if 


appointed .by a corporation aggregate 
to receive administration,the synic. 
A power only authorizing the attor¬ 
ney to vote is called a proxy; a pow¬ 
er which simply authorizes the at¬ 
torney to appear in an action ? and 
confess the action or suffer j udg- 
menttogo by default, is called a 
warrant of attorney. All others 

k are simply powers of attorney, and 
are either general or special.^ ox 
kemw see KWorweyjV 

PRACTICE. — The particular form 
of conducting suits at law, through 
their various stages, according to 
the principles and rules of the dif- 
ferent courts. Practice Court, a 
court in which points of practice 
are discussed and decided.Practice 
Reports, reports Of cases deciding 
some point of practice. Prayer, 
a request that a court will grant 
that which the petitioner desires. 

PHE/VIVlBl-E.- The introduction to 
a discourse or some writing; the 
introductory part of a constitution 
in which the reasons dre given why 
the constitution is established; also 
similarly applied to a bill or statute. 
Prebend, a stipend granted to an ec¬ 
clesiastic. 

PHECE^QEqNC^.— The right of going 
before; the right to a more honora¬ 
ble place; adjustment of rank. Pre¬ 
cedents, things which may serve 
as examples or rules to be followed 
in future actions of the like kind;de- 
cisions of courts which serve as mod¬ 
els. Precept, a command in wri¬ 
ting by a magistrate or judge; an 
authoritative rule. 

PI\EC10\JS PETALS. — A phrase us¬ 
ually applied to gold and silver. Pre¬ 
emption, act or right of purchas¬ 
ing before others; the right of a 
nation to detain merchandise pass¬ 
ing through her territories,in or- 
dertogive her subjeetsthe prefer¬ 
ence of purchase. 

P^EFE^ED STOCK- —Stock taking 
preference over the ordinary stock 
of a corporation. A dividend is de¬ 
clared and paid on preferred stock 
before any can be declared on com¬ 
mon stock. Preference, in a gen¬ 
eral assignment, a direction that cer¬ 
tain ones of the creditors shall be 
paid their entire claims,though noth¬ 
ing is left for the rest. Premeditation, 
a previous plan or design to commit 
some crime. 

PfTEiyiiSES. —Houses or lands;the 
previously mentioned facts;i« adeed, 
the things, as houses or lands, propos¬ 
ed to be conveyed or granted to anoth¬ 
er. Premium , advance above par 
value; the sum to be paid annual¬ 
ly or otherwise for insurance or in¬ 
demnity. Premium Note, a note 
given In payment of a premium or 
a part of it. Prepense, preconceived 
or premeditated; as,n\a\\oe. 
Prerogative, an exclusive or pecul¬ 
iar right or privilege which one per¬ 
son has over another. 


319 




































PRESCRIPT^. — In medicine,Hie di¬ 
rection 0 / remedies for a disease, and the 
•method 0 / usino them ; in law, a title 
to incorporeal hereditaments, acquired 
by time and use, and allowed by law, 

PRESE^NTfyRE^T.—The written notice 
of an offense taken by a grand j ury, 
from their own knowledge or observa¬ 
tion, without having a bill of indictment 
laid before them; also the writing which 
contains the accusation so presented. Pre¬ 
sentment/or Payment, the present¬ 
ment of a bill of exchange or promisso¬ 
ry note should be made on the day of 
its maturity; i.e., on the last dayofgrace, 
and not before, and must be made per¬ 
sonally, either by the holder or his au¬ 
thorized agent, and cannot be made by 
a written demand \s>eesent to 
him throuyh the post-off ice. ^ro¬ 

te s>\ w\i Vves^onsOoVvVtA^. 

PRESIDENT. — An officer appointed to 
preside over and control the proceedings 
of a number of persons; the highest of¬ 
ficer of a republic. President 0 /United 
States, the chief executive of the-nation. 
In the election of President,the nomi- 
natiny conventions several months be¬ 
fore the date of election nominate cm 
didates for the Presidency. The qualifi¬ 
cations of President are (I) He must be a 
native citizen ;(Ct) He must be at least 35 
years of aye; ( 3 ) He must have been a res¬ 
ident of the United States for at least four¬ 
teen years. I-M choosiny a President, the 
people of each State choose a body of men 
called Electors. The number of these is 
the same as the number of senators and 
representatives which the State sends to 
Congress. The electors are chosen in all 
the States on the Tuesday next after the 
first Monday, in November of each leap 
year (includiny 1900). They -meetonthe 
first Wednesday in December, usually at 
the capital of their respective States, and 
make three lists, each containing the names 
of the persons voted for, and the number of 
votes for each. One list is sent by a mes 
■ senye/r to Washinyton, another is sent 
by mail, and the third is delivered to the 
judge of the U.S.Court for the district in 

I " which the electors meet. O-m the second 

Wednesday in February,the two houses 
of Conyress tneet as one body, and the 


president of the senate opens the 
certificates. The votes are counted, 
and the person haviny the majority 
is declared elected. 1/ there be no ma¬ 
jority, the representatives proceed 
at once to choose a president. A* 
noon on March 4-, the President 
is inaugurated by takiny the oath 
of office \^eeOax\V\,administered by 
the chief justice of the supreme court. 
Presidential Succession, in case 
of the removal, death, resiynation or 
inability of both the President and Vice- 
President, then the Secretary of State 
shall act as President until tbedisabit- 
ity of the President or Vice-President 
is removed or a President is elected.lf 
there be no Secretary of State, then 
the Secretary of the Treasury will act; 
and the remainder of the order of 
succession is: The Secretary of War, 
Attorney-General, Postmaster-General, 
Secretary of the Navy, and Secreta- 
ru of the Interior. 

PRESS. — The art or business of pub- 
lishing ;the whole literature of a. 
country — usually restricted to the 
literature of newspapers. In wr.it- 
iny for the press, the following list 
of subjects will beW advantage to 
the writer: Accidents, Amusements, 
Births, Buryiary, Business Prospects, 
Celebrations, Cemeteries, Change of 
Business Firms, City and Country, 
Churches, Convicts, Crimes,Crops, 
Dissolutions of Partnership, Deaths, 
Discoveries, Distinguished Arrivals, 
Divorces, Elopements, Election In¬ 
tel Iiyence. Enactment of Laws, En¬ 
tertainments, E xcursions, Execu¬ 
tions, Exhibitions, Facts and.Figures, 
Failures, Fairs, Festivals ? Fires, 
Foreign Affai.rs,Fraternities, Im¬ 
portant Statistics, Health of Com¬ 
munity, Improvements, Inventions, 
Lectures, Marine Intelligence, Mar¬ 
riages, Murders, Needed Improve¬ 
ments, New Buildings,New Com¬ 
ers, New Manufactures, Notices, 
Parties, Parties Leaving Town,Pau- 
pors, Personal Mentions,,Presenta- 
tions, Prices of Commodities, Rail¬ 
roads, Sales of Real. Estate,Scandals, 
Schools, Secret Societies,Shows,Siok- 
ness, Society Gossip, State and Nation, 
Strange Phenomena,Suggestions, 
Surgical Operations, Telegrap.hsjel 
ephones, Theaters, Trades, vi 0 1a- 
t ion of Law, Weather. 

Pf\ESU!VlPTlOpl. — A supposition pre¬ 
viously formed, in the absence ofa- 
ny direct evidence bo the contrary ; 
blind or headstrong confidence.Pre¬ 
sumptive Evidence, evidence not di¬ 
rect or positive;that which shows 
the existence of one fact by proof of 
the existence of anothcr,from which 
the first may be in ferred.Presumptive 
Heir, one who would inherit,itthings 
were to remain in their present state, 
but whose succession may be defeat¬ 
ed by the contingency of some near¬ 
er heir being born. Preteritio«,the 
omission of a child’s name in. the 
father’s will, thereby rendering the 
will void. 

PRICE .— The sum of money at which 


5 


a thing, is valued. An agreement 
to pay money is a necessary element 
of a sale, but it is not necessary that 
a price be agreed upon, for in every 
sale where the price is not fixed there 
is an implied agreement that the buy 
er shall pay what the goods are reas¬ 
onably worth. Price Current,a pub 
lished list of the market value of cer¬ 
tain articles of merchandise, stocks, 
bonds, and other securities. Price 
List, a printed or written list of ar¬ 
ticles for sale,with prices attached. 
Price lists are made out by manu¬ 
facturers and dealers, as prices .to 
be charged, subject to the deductions 
0 /certain rates per cent., which fluct¬ 
uate according to the cost of manu¬ 
facturing, demand for goods,etc.By 
changing the rate of discount, the 
prices are changed without alteriny 
the price lists. 

PRIORY EVlD^NC!*. —The. chief 
or best evidence in a case.Primary 
Contract, a contract of guaranty 
implies the existence of some other 
contract-made, which is the ^>V\- 
rwar\) contract, the guaranty be¬ 
ing the s,eGorviva\x).lm a sale, the ^t\- 
rwarv) is the sale, and is between the 
seller and buyer; the s«,coY\&a.T\> is 
between the seller and Surety. In 
a clerkship, the ^Vwwa.'vv; is between 
the employer and clerk; the second 
axu is. bet ween .the employer and sure 
ty.Primogeniture, seniority of 
birth; a law thus designated; a right 
which belongs to the eldest son and 
his heir to succeed to property. 

PRINCIPAL. — An employer; the 
head of a commercial ho use; the 
sum on which interest accrues.Prin- 
cipal Debtor, the one for whom a 
guaranty is made. In a note, it is 
the maker, and his contract is to 
pay, unconditionally.I-H an unac¬ 
cepted draft,.itis the drawer, and 
his contract is conditional,to pay 
if the person drawn upon does not. 
In an accepted draft, it is theaccep-j 
tor, and his contract to pay is un¬ 
conditional.!/ the principal debtor 
fail to pay the obligation when it is 
due, it is said to be fc\sV\cmoxe&.\^oY 
V Y\v\c\^a\ Kyeva.see KgencuS. 


&50(L Chicago, August 13,19... 

Sixty days after date I promise 
to pay...^kwaY&\A'v\w-vT\...,or order, 
^VumT5s\t^~'~Dollars, with 
interest, value received. 

...iown''N tens..,Principal. 
.. H can.. ..Surety. 

PRINCIPLES. — Fundamental truths. 


or settled rules of action. Principles 
of law are rules or axioms founded 
in the nature of the subject; hence, 
courts recognize, but do riot estab¬ 
lish, principles of law. Priority, a 
period of tenure of less time or 
less ancient, in comparison 0 /an¬ 
other; state of being first in time, 
place, or rank. Printing 0//ice,a 
place where the printing 0 / books, 
newspapers,etc., is carried.on.Pris¬ 
on, a building for the punishment 
or safe custody of criminals. Prison- 















































ers of War, members of the opposing 
army or navy captured In war. They 
may be confined, and even fettered, if 
there is reason to apprehend that they 
wi|l rise against their captors,or make 
their escape, but must be treated with 
humanity. 

PRIVATE C/\f\FVIEF\. —One who trars-j 

ports goods or passengers', but only oc¬ 
casionally, or for only particular per¬ 
sons. Private Road, a road which on 
ly the owners of certain property have 
a right to use. A right of way is ap¬ 
purtenant to the land itself; i.e., it 
is a right of one owner to pass over 
the land of another in order to get 
an outlet. Such a way must be used 
only for its original purpose; thus, 
if the right granted be only a foot¬ 
path, it cannot be used for horses. It 
may,however, be used as often and 
by as many as the owner of the right 
chooses to allow. 

Pf\lV/VJEEf\S — Ships or vessels own¬ 
ed by private individuals,authorized 
by a belligerent power to carry on a 
maritime waV against the enemy.To 
encourage privateering,the 9 ov¬ 
errun emt allows the owner arid the 
crew of a privateer to keep theprop 
erty captured as their own.Privies, 
persons who have an interest in an 
action orthirjg,or any relation to 
another. Privileged Communication, 
a confidential communication, ora 
communication between a counselor 
and his client. 

PRlV\ CHAM8EH..-A private apart 
ment in a place or mansion. Privy 
Council, the principal council of a 
State, held by the sovereign. Privy 
Seal, a seal used by sovereigns in sub 
ordinate matters, or prior to the use 
of the gveaX- sea\. Privy Signet, the 
privy seal of the crown,inthe custo 
dy of the Secretary of State. 

prize.-a capture from an enemy- 
applied to taking a vessel at sea; a re¬ 
ward offered to him who shall accom 
plish a certain condition;-the money 
or goods gained by a lottery-ticket; a 
reward or premium. PrixeCourt, a 
fcotyrt of admiralty having jurisdic¬ 
tion in prize cases. 

Probabilities OFbFE.-The like 

lihood of persons attaining certain 
ages in life. Various tables are con¬ 
structed to illustrate the probabili¬ 
ties of life at various ages, 


'va.Vvow, un der N Ni\o>\vys •s.rvb Vkoas.xxwS'i. 
From the tables above referred to,otie 
can perceive at a glance what amount 
of propability there is of a person of 
average health surviving any given 
nunber of years. 

probate. — Official proof, particu¬ 
larly of a will. Pro bate Court, a. 
court presided over by one judge,who 
decides upon the. authenticity of wills, 
the administration of estates, the ap¬ 
pointment of guardians to minors 
and others, and all matters pertain¬ 
ing to the settlement of estates of 
deceased persons and wards.Thc law 
establishes one probate court in each 
county, and fixes the times and 
places of holding the court sessions. 
Probate, of Will, the proof,before a 
•probate judge, that an instrument 
offered to be proved is the last wi II 
and testament of the person alleged 
to have made it. 

PROCEEDING:.—The general form 
in which actions are brought and 
defended. Proceeds, result,or sum 
realized frpm a sale. Process, the 
act of bringing the defendant into 
court to answer; also the name for 
\uA\c\a\ writs. 

PROCLANlAJIOtf.-A public notice 
given by a sovereign or supreme au¬ 
thority of a state to the people; a. 
notice publicly given of anything.P-roc 
tor, one who manages another’s 
affairs; used chiefly in ecclesiastic¬ 
al and admiralty law. Procuration, 
a written document, either a. letter 
or power of attorney, by which a 
person is empowered to transact 
the affairs of another. When the 
representative signs a pa per. he adds 
to his name^eY ^Yoc\mX\o\x. Also 
the money which parish priests pay 
annually to the bishops or archdeacons, 
Procuress, a woman who procures 
females for the purpose of prostitution. 

PRODUCE.— A general name tor farm 
products. Produce Broker, a com¬ 
mission merchant who deals in pro¬ 
duce. Produce Note, a writtenen 
gagement to deliver specific articles 
to a specified amount. It is not as¬ 
signable by mere endorsement.The 
maker of the note must be able to 
prove that he was ready atthe prop¬ 
ertime and pface,and continued rea¬ 
dy, to deliver the articles,orhe may 
be compelled to pay their value in 
money. 

VO^kVA OT VWWifcE.nOTE.. 


#75. Winch ester, Nov. 1,19... 

For value received, we promise to 
pay to... i«/s<i\e.Vo\Vs..., on demand, 
-——.Dollars, in mer¬ 
chandise at our store. 

Vd \ua &X o 


The following form of assign 
ment may be endorsed on the back 
of a produce note; 


For value received, I assign the with 

in Note to...io*u>N\'-v\MAS...,with¬ 
out (or with) recourse, this lOthday 
of November, 19.... 

.. . Vsxcw .‘b w\ k va. ... 


PROF^SSlOff. — Any business orcall 
ing engaged in for subsistence, not 
being mechanical, in trade or in ag- 

* riculture,and the like—opposed to a 
trade: ^he act of becoming a mem¬ 
ber of areligious order;the collect¬ 
ive body of persons engaged in a par¬ 
ticular art or profession; as, the le¬ 
gal or the medical profession. 

PROFIT. —The 9 am after deducting 
ex penses. Profit and Loss, the ti¬ 
tle of a ledger account, which is the 
same as Loss and Gain, which see. 
Variations in value may arise from 
modifications by natural causes, by 
labor and skill, by the variations of 
supply and demand, or by speculation. 
A merchant’s profit is the compen¬ 
sation paid him by his customers for 
his services in furnishing the goods 
they want, and compensation for 
risk assumed, and for skill in do- 
ino business. 

PROHIBITION.—A writ by a supe¬ 
rior to an inferior court to stay 
proceedings in a cause; the act of 
forbidding or interdicting.ProHi- 
bitionist, one who is favorable.to 
the imposition of such heavy duties 
on certain goods as almost to a- 
mount to a prohibition of their 
importation or use. 

PROMISE. —An agreement to do or 
not to do a particular thing at some 
iwVwie tiwe.V'ace kc^YeeYAeAVo 
VracV\. Prom ise of Marriage,a -mu¬ 
tual contract made by a man and wo¬ 
man, agreeing to marry each other 
Promissory Note, a written in¬ 
strument by which one person en¬ 
gages or promises to pay a certain 
sum of money (orgoods)to another 
at a specified time. A note is nego¬ 
tiable when it contains either of 
the words oy&cy or Ve/aYCY, and may 
be transferred to another. In some 
States the words "without defalca¬ 
tion ” must be inserted in the note 
to render it negotiable.The words 
“value.received ” are not necessary 
to render a note negotiable,buttheg 
imply a consideration, which is nec- 
essary to make a promise binding on 
the maker of it. The person who prom 
isesto pay is called the 
Vay, or ^xavje.Y.THe person to whom 
the note is made payable is called the 
^a\;e«..The person who writes his 
name upon the back of a noteiscall- 
ed thexndoYscY: and the person to 
whom it is transferred by indorse¬ 
ment is called theVn&oYsee. A note 
given on Sunday is void, but the 
original consideration will hold. 
A fraudulent or illegal^considera¬ 
tion renders a note void. A noteas 
a gift is void, from want of consid¬ 
eration, unless in the hands of a 
third party.ln most of the States 
notes are not legally due until three 
days after the time cpecified,which 
three days are called &a\>s oi 
Demand for payment must be-made 
upon the last day of grace, except 
it fall upon Sunday ora legal holiday, 


321 










































when it -must be made upon the. day prece- 
iny .\S&e't.w&oxs&Y<x«,wV V\es< 2 ,Y\VY*\e,\\V 
iox ?&jym«YvV^. A person who cannot write, 
in yiviny a note, should Have a person 
to testify to the yenuineness 0 /His-mark. 
Unless so specified, notes do not bear in¬ 
terest until after maturity.A note yiyen 
by a minor cannot be enforced ayainst 
him, unless he ratify it after becominy of 
aye. If a note or bill of exchanye be lost, 
payment must be demanded and notice 
yiven as if the note were still in posses¬ 
sion. If a note be paid before due,andaf-| 
terward come Into the hands of a 'ooxx-a. 
V\&e holder, he can enforce payment from 
the maker at-maturity. If no time is spec¬ 
ified, a note is payable on demand .If it 
is made payable to a k‘\cV\V\ow<s person,it is 
payable to bearer.The amount of a note 
should be written out in words and al¬ 
so in f iyures; in case of disayreement.the 
amount in words takes.precedence. I f a 
note be dishonored or is over-due, it is 
not neyotiable; but is subject to all the eq¬ 
uities which the maker may have ayainst 
the oriyinal payee. If '‘with interest” is 
included in a note, it draws the leaal rate 
from the time it is made. If a note isro draw 
a special rate of interest, the rate must be 
expressed. See W\e ioWoWvvxq Vv\M\e’\x ^xo^ 
ex ox&ex 4ox VYve $oxxy\s*. 


son. This is an essential pre-requi 

site to the riyht to record, and unless 
the instrument is properly acknowl- 
edyed, its record is void. Proof by a 
subscribiny witness will in some 
States supply its place. 

mu qy mmmmsss. 

Q>\xx KuoCovmxx ov.,s>s% 

On th is...\0vY\... day of...iw\\)... 
in the year 19..., before me person 
ally came...VA:\.Tox...,a subscrib¬ 
iny witness to the within instru¬ 
ment, with whom I am personal¬ 
ly acquainted, who beiny by tne du¬ 
ly sworn, said that he resided in 

the city of.....in the State 

of..:. J ..; that he was acquaint 

ed with...down's, and ^.\a.aC>ox.., 
and knew them to be the persons 
described in, and who executed the 
said instrument; and that he«$aw 
them execute and deliver the same, 
and that they acknowledyed to 
him (the said...YA.T.^ox^,that they 
executed and delivered the same, 
and that he (the said...VA7i.^ : ox..}, 
thereupon subscribed his name as 
a witness thereto at their request. 

.. .C. AXV=>WF\\-\-... 

Notary Public 

. _ for the City and County of...... 

PROPERTY*— The HiyHest riyht which 

one can have in anythiny,to the 
exclusion of others. The riyht of 
property is based upon the neces¬ 
sity of haviny to provide for one’s 
self. In Book-keepiny when jour- 
naliziny, property is debited, un¬ 
der an appropriate title, as Mer- 
chandise, Real Estate, Cash, etc., 
when it comes into, our possession, 
and credited when it yoes out from 
our possession. 

OV TOSTOMRWfe mWT. 

PROPRIETOR. t>x. 


Accommodation Note 
Bank Note 
Chattel Note 
Collateral Note 
Demand Note 
Individual Note 
Installment Note 
Interest-Beariny Nofe 
Joint Note 
Joint and Several Note 
Judyment Note * 
Married Woman’s Note 
Merchandise Note 


Mortyaye Note 
Neyotiable Note 
N on -1 n terest-Bear. Note 
NotV Neyotiable Note 
Note of Wholesale House 
Note Payable at Bank 
ftote to One’s Own Order 
Note Without G-race 
Partnership Note 
Principal and Surety Note 
Produce Note 
Sealed Note 
Swindliny Note 


PRQIVIOTF.RS. — Persons who prosecute of¬ 
fenders in their own names, and are en¬ 
titled to a part of the fines and penalties. 
Proinpt,a limit of time yiven for the pay¬ 
ment of an account for produce purchased, 
this limit.varyiny with differentyoods.Pro- 
mulyation, the orderiny of a law publish¬ 
ed, and causiny it to be executed. 

5 ROOF. — The perfection of evidence;*he 
conviction of the reality of an alleyed fact, 
in the minds of judye and jury,throuyh the 
medium of evidence. P-roof of Deed,an ac 
knowledyment of it by an authorized per¬ 


is.. 

Feb. 


Amt. Assum. 
PrivaieVc 
28|TxQa>HttX'{X\ 


30000 
100 Oi 
670 01 


28 


Mai 


Invested 
Net Gain 


Ptes. Worth 


70 00 


670 00 


PROROGATH>t<\-A continuance 
of Parliament from the end of 
one session till the commencement 
of another, by.royal authority.Pm- 
ecution, a criminal suit,intended 
to briny an offender to trial and pun¬ 
ishment by due course of law. Pros¬ 
ecutor, one who prosecutes an¬ 
other in the name of the yovern- 
ment, and may be either public 
or private. Prosecutiny Attorney, 
an officer chosen in each county 
or each judicial circuit, and district, 
to represent the State in the d if- 
ferent courts holdiny terms with 
in the county. His chief duties are 
in prosecutiny violation of the crim¬ 
inal laws of the State. 

PROSTITUTION. — The act or prac¬ 
tice of offeriny for sale that .which 
ouyht not to be sold; as, ability or 
influence;£he act of offerlriy 
the body to an indiscriminate in 
tercourse.sexually,with men. 

PROTECTIVE TARIFF.- Rates of 


duty fixed hiyher than the uniform 

rates, on certain imported commod¬ 
ities, for the protection of Home man 
ufactures. 

PROTEST. — Presentation of an in 
strument to the principal debtor 
for payment or acceptance, and 
sendiny notice of its non-payment 
or non-acceptance to those second¬ 
arily responsible; a written doc¬ 
ument sometimes drawn up by a 
notary public, to be attached to com 
-mereiaI paper. 


Chica&o, March 10,19... 

V\e/&=>e Vo VaVeHoVxc© \ 

That a draft.drawn by yourself 
on Michael Shiel, of Chicayo, for 
the sum of Five Honored Dollars 
dated March 3,19..., was this day 
?xoVes>Vfc& for non-acceptance,and 
that the holder looks to you for the 
payment thereof, acceptance hav- 
iny been duly demanded by me and 
refused. ‘bAAAMxcwtw, 

[Seal] Notary Public. 


An acceptance"supra-protest is 
the acceptance of the draft by some 
other person than the drawee,"for 
the honor of the drawee.” If the 
drawee then refuse to pay it at 
maturity, it is protested, and the 
person makiny the**acceptancesu- 
pra-protest” is liable for the amount. 
A protest is not absolutely -requir¬ 
ed to entitle the holder of an \v\ax\k 
V\W to recover from the drawer or 
indorser when acceptance or pay¬ 
ment has been refused; but iue 
xxoVvce is necessary. V'ae.e. 'Aow'tau- 
xnewVUoVvce Wox\-Kcce^Vax\ctL\ 

PROTOCOL.—In diplomatics,the 
minutes or rouyh draft ofatrea- 
ty, despatch, or other document;a 
record or registry; an oriyinal copy 
of any writlny. Provisions, in the 
prices current under this head are 
included butter,cheese, beef,pork, 
bacon,shoulders, hams, and lard. 
Proviso, a conditional clause or 
stipulation in adeed.or other Ie- 
yal writiny, beoinniny with* pro¬ 
vided that.’ and upon which the 
validity of the instmmentdepends. 

PROVOST. —The chief mayistrate 
of a city or town; a yoverniny 
officer of some corporations or so¬ 
cieties. Proxy , a person appoint¬ 
ed in the stead of another, to rep¬ 
resent him; an annual payment 
■made by the parochial cleryytothe 
bishop. 

OF VTNOXX. 


Know allMen by these Presents, 

That l,..&tov,&c^A?aAtxA...,do Here¬ 
by constitute and appoint.at¬ 
torney and ayent for -me, and in my -name, 
place, and stead, to vote as proxy at the 
annual election for\V\«,xe.\w<je,xV v\\e 
wiwve oi okt\cexs,eVc.^, as fully as I 
miyht or could were I personally pres¬ 
ent. 

In witness whereof, I have here¬ 
unto set my Hand and seal,this..\sv.. 
day of...OcVoWx...l9... 

Witness, H.QrtoWHt^ARuxR..[L.S.] 


322 















































PDBEFVTX. —The age at which persons 

are capable of begetting or beariti 9 chil¬ 
dren; in law,The a 9 e of 14 in wales, 
and 12 in females. 

PliBLlC QGEt/T. — An agent of the 
people; an officer of the NationaLMu- 
nicipal, State, or other Government.Pu.b- 
lic House, a common inn, tavern, or 
hotel. Public Law, the law of nations. 
Pub! ic Works, a name usually applied 
to all preat works that are being con¬ 
structed for public use; as railways, 
telegraphs, docks, and all works con¬ 
structed at public cost. 

PUEQILIT\.— In law, the time from 
the aye of seven years to the aye of 
puberty (q.v.).Pu-pillarity ,that part 
of one’s life which includes infancy 
and puerility. „ 

PVBLlC |\^EEtT(/G-S.— Calls’Vor pub 
lie meetings should be clear, distinct, 
and brief, yet sufficiently explicit 
to convey the purpose of such meet¬ 
ings, also the time and place .The gen¬ 
eral form of the call depends upon the 
nature and purpose of the meeting, 
and must be varied according to 
c i r c urn s tan c e s. av\ owsV 


The friends of Education are re¬ 

quested to meet at the house of L.S. 
Comstock, in Peach Grove, Saturday 
evening, May 10, 19..., at 8 o’clock, 
to take actionrelative to opening a 
public school in this vicinity. The 
meeting will consider the selection 
of directors, the location of the school 
building, and the feasibility of open 
inq a school this fall. 


V^eeV'a.'xWa.rwewVaxv) Va\N—Yvv&exV 

P\jqcHqse. —To buy, or obtain at an 
expense of labor, skill,etc.; anything 
acquired by paying a price in money. 
Purchase Money, the sum which is 
agreed to be paid for the thing purchased. 
Purgation, the act of clearing one’s 
self of a crime charged against h ini. 
Purlieu-, an enclosure; ground on 
the borders of a forest. Purpresture, 
an inclosure by a private individual 
of apart of the public domain. Put, 
a term used in pleading, signifying to 
select or demand. 

5 UTj^TIVE.— Supposed, or reputed.Pu- 
tative Father, a phrase applied to the 
father of an illegitimate chi Id.Putative 
Marriage, a marriage forbidden by 
law, on account of an impediment in 
one of the contracting parties. 


q\jaci^. — An ignorant pretenderto 
medicine; any boastful pretenderto 
skill and knowledge not possessed.To 
call a regular physician a quack is 
actionable. Quadroon, the offspring 
of a white person and a mulatto. 

QllQLlFICQTIOrf.—That whichmakes 
a person or a thing fit or requisite 
for anything. Qualifications /or 
Voting, as a rule,a voter at a gen¬ 
eral election -must be a male citi¬ 
zen of the United States, who has 
attained 21 years of age, who has 
resided in the State from 6 months 
to I year, in the county from 3 
to 6 months, in the town from 
30 to 60 days, and in the precinct 
from 10 to 3 0 days, next preceding 
the election. Women are entitled 
to vote at school elections in sever¬ 
al States, and to full suffrage in 
one or two States. 

G^uALlf\. —The relative condition of 
articles as to kind; used also to denote 
relative value. Quantity, any deter- 
tninate bulk, weight, or number. 

QuQQQNTIf^E. — Restraint of inter¬ 
course to which a ship, dwelling, or 
town is subjected on account or be¬ 
ing infected with some contagious 
disease. Quarantine is required by 
the health laws of the differentiates, 
and by the laws of Cortgre ss vessels 
are to be subjected to the health laws 
of the State at whose ports they ar¬ 
rive. The usual time for persons to 
remain on board of ships coming 
from infected ports is forty days; 
also the space of forty days, during 
which a widow has a right to re¬ 
main in the principal House of which 
her husband died seized. 

G^Vp-EF* D/ftS. T The four days 
of the year on which rent payable 
quarterly becomes due. Quarter 
Seal, the Scotch seal kept by the 
d irector of the chancery .Quarter 
Sessions, a general court which is 
held # quarterly for the purpose of 
trying criminals,and civil actions. 
Quash, to overthrow or annul a 
legal proceedings. Quasi, as if, or 
in a manner.—A term denoting a 
resemblance. Quasi-eontract,an 
implied contract, or one not for¬ 
mal, yet having full force.Quasi¬ 
corpora tion, a corporation or so¬ 
ciety not vested with the general 
powers of a corporation, yetrec- 
ognized as aggregate corporations, 
with duties and privileges which nay 
be maintained at law. Quicksales, 
a demand for and ready sale of com¬ 
modities. 

QUit. — To resign or give up.Quit 
Claim Deed, a deed having thena 
tu~° of a release.\See- Y^oV\ce K-o 
Qw * 

VOVvVK OV O^VT akMm'DL 


This Indenture, made the.. 2 i 
day of...KwcywsV..., 19 ...,between.. 
..V.^.VAooox...of...T\^Vo-*\county 
of...Yx^Vo-w..,State of...Yv\&Wwa, ... ,• 
party of the first part, and...bowuV. 
T v\ ivzx^w..., o f.. .vVe. saxne ^\ace.., par- 
ty of the second part, 


Witnesseth, that the said party of 
the first part, for and in considera¬ 
tion of-v^VwEW\m^s\E\i-~~DollaTs 
in hand, paid by the said party of the 
second part, the receipt whereof is 
hereby acknowledged,and the said 
party of the second part forever re¬ 
leased and discharged therefrom,has 
remised, released, sold,conveyed,and 
quit-claimed, and by these presents 
does remise,-release, sell,convey,and 
quit-claim, unto the said party of 
the second part^ his heirs and assigns, 
forever, all the right,title, interest, 
claim, and demand, which the said 
party of the first part has in and to 
the following described lot, piece, or 
parcel of land, to wit: \V\e-xe c^'we. 
^esoV\^V\on oi . 

To Have and to Hold the same, to¬ 
gether with all and singular the ap¬ 
purtenances and. privileges thereun¬ 
to belonging, or in anywise thereun¬ 
to appertaining, and all the estate, 
right,title, interest, and claim what¬ 
ever, of the said party of the f irst 
part, either in law or equity,to the 
only proper use, benefit,and behoof 
of the said party of the second part, 
his heirs and assigns forever. 

In witness whereof, the said 
party of the first part hereunto set 
His hand and seal the day and year 
above written. 

=. r , 

XvmeAVft cl |..X..v.vtooox..|L.S.J 

.. .V ,\- KSVMA-S... 


QUORUM. — The number of persons 

belonging to a corporation or oth¬ 
er body, required to transact bus¬ 
iness. In Congress, amajority of 

'each House constitutes a quorum 
to do business. In the House of Rep¬ 
resentatives, a quorum for the elec¬ 
tion of President consists of ament- 
ber or members from two-thirds 
of the States, and amajority of all 
the States. In most of the State leg¬ 
islatures a majority constitutes a 
quorum; in some two-thirds or 
three-fifths are required. 

QVlOT/y,.—The share, part, or propor¬ 
tion assigned to each; a. tax to be 
levied in an equal manner. Quota¬ 
tion, the ci tat io n of some law, case, 
or authority,to support or establish 
some desired position.Quotations, 
the published current prices of pro¬ 
duce,stocks, bonds, freight rates, 
rates of exchange, etc.; a state¬ 
ment of the prices of merchandise, 
given for the information of corre¬ 
spondents. 

QUO'WQQQQNTO. — A writ enter¬ 
ed before the proper tribunal, to 
inquire by what warrant a per¬ 
son or corporation exercises cer¬ 
tain powers. 

FVQNSOI^. — Price paid for the free¬ 
dom of a prisoner, for the restitu¬ 
tion of goods taken by an enemy, 
or for pardoning some great offense. 
Ransom Bill , a war contract, val¬ 
id by international law, for the ran 
sofmdf'properfcy captured at sea,and 
its safe conduct into port. 


323 




































|3\jsi^ess Fof\iv\s. 



W E — Sexual inteirourse with a wo 
wati by a man, forcibly and against 
her will. Rapine, the act of plunder¬ 
ing, or taking a thing against the 
owner’s will, openly and by violence. 
Rasure,to scratch or rub out some 
part o( a printed or written instru¬ 
ment, so as to prevent it from beimy 
read. 

WE. — The act of ascertainitiy the a- 
mount of tax one shall pay, by af- 
fixiny a valuation on his estate ac¬ 
cord in y to its value or income.Rat- 
if i cation , the act of confirm iny or 
makiny valid one’s own act,or that 
of another; an adoption by the prin¬ 
cipal,either by words or acts, some 
unauthorized act after it has been 
performed by some one as his agent; 
the consent by a minor, after he 
becomes of aye, to be bound by a pre¬ 
vious act. Ratihabition, agreement, 
consent, or confirmation. 

HE/Vl. /^CCOllffT.—In book-keeping, 
an account kept with rea\W\es,and 
includes all accounts of effects or 
thinys dealt in; as, real estate,cash, 
merchandise, bills receivable, bills 
payable,etc. Real Action, an action 
brought for the recovery of lands, 
tenements, or hereditaments.Real 
Contract, a contract relatiny to re¬ 
al property; a contract which re 
quires the interposition of athiny 
as the subject of it. Real Estate, a 
term siynifyiny land in its most en- 
laryed acceptation, including every¬ 
thing that legally passes with it in 
making conveyance of the land. Real 
Estate Account, in book-keep iny, an 
account kept with real estate,which 
includes all fixed property, and is Dr. 
for its post, and Cr. for what it brings. 
On closing the account at any time, 
for profit or loss, it is Cr. for the ac¬ 
tual worVYv of what remains on hand. 
An outlay for the ^exxYva.x\eA\X improve¬ 
ment of real estate, belongs to the Dr. 
side of this account; but for 
xax\) improvement, to the Dr. side of 
Expense Account. 

mU Off WNlTCIKTC. f&fcQMVK. 

\5x. REAL ESTATE. Ox. 


19 ... 

Dec. 


Jau 


Simt. a /c. 
N.H.C. 
\s» Lvixw 

Balance 



Sund. a /c. 

YrtSwc*. 


700 

km 


5300 00 




— That law relating to re¬ 
al estate; or a law regulating specif¬ 
ic property. Real Estate Broker, one 

. who acts for others in buginy, sell¬ 
ing, mortgaging, and renting property. 
Real Property, t he same asWa\ksA\>». 
Reality , a term signifying landed or 
real property. 

Heb/vte. — An allowance or discount! 
from the stipulated prfce,made in 
consideration of prompt payment, 
or for other reasons. Rebellion, a 
revolt, or attempt to overthrowthe 
government to establish a different 
one. Rebouter, to repel or bar. 

f\EBllTTEf\. —A plaintiff’s answer 
to a defendant’s rejoinder. Rebut¬ 
ting Evidence, evidence given by 
one of the parties in a cause, to re¬ 
pel or disprove facts given in evi¬ 
dence by the other side. Recaption, 
the act of retaking one’s own goods, 
chattels,etc., from one wrongfully 
retaining them. 

J^EC^IPT. — A written acknowledgment 
by one receiving money or other prop¬ 
erty,that it has been received. Upon 
satisfactory proof that a receipt was 
obtained by fraud, or given under er¬ 
ror or mistake as to facts, it may be 
corrected at law or equity .\( pay¬ 
ments of importance are made, or 
disputes apprehended, receipts should 
always betaken. One is not bound by 
law to give a receipt, but courtesy 
and business practices require them. 
A complete receipt states(lj that a 
payment has been received;(2) the 
date of the payment;(3) the amount 
or article received;(4-) from whom: 
and if for another, on whose behalf 
payment ismade;(5} to what debt 
or purpose it is to be applied; ( 6 ) by 
whom received; and If for another, 
on whose behalf it was recelved. 
An agent may either sign H is 
principal’s name,followed by his 
own, using**per,” or he may sign 
his own name, mentioning in the 
body of the receipt the principal’s name 
1/ a payment is made only in part, 
it is stated that the money was'*re 
ceived on account.” A receipt for 
a sum f * in full ” of a debt mention 
ed, is legal evidence of the adjust¬ 
ment of the amount due. A receipt 
ff w\kw\\ ok a\\ acc.ownVs'” does not af¬ 
fect claims which are not properly 
matters of account. A receipt** Vv\ 
kwW ok a\\ Lewawts” prevents any 
further claim for any demand what¬ 
ever, existing or known, or which 
ought to have been known,unless 
some serious or excusable mistake 
can be shown. When money is re¬ 
ceived as a loan or deposit, or to be 
used or paid out for the benefit of 
the party paying it, an admission 
of the purpose tor which it was re¬ 
ceived should be embodied in the 
receipt.On paying a note, draft, 
or other instrument indorsed by 
the payee, a receipt is furnished by 
the return, of the instrumentvVseVk. 
A receipt given by a person making 
his mark instead of writing his name 


Should be witnessed. In drawing 
a receipt involving an agreement, 
care should be taken, as, in case of 
legal controversy, no explanation in¬ 
consistent with its language can be 
given,. 


«H00. Indianapolis, Feb.3,19... 

Received from...^.O>.^s.oss&«AU... 

Dollars on account. 

.. .Vv'S’E.VX VN tSVE*... 

IN SETTLEMENT OF ACCOUNT. 

SIOO. Indianapolis, Feb.3,19. .. 

Received from...VJx&.Srvow>^.M*... 
^^Cm«.Wwx\&xeA,v^~Dollars,in settle¬ 
ment of account to date. 

\Nes\.v<... 

IN FULL OF ALL DEMANDS. 

SfclOO. . Inoianapolis,Feb.3,I9... 

Received from...^K.k>.Sr*.os>Cr%KH... 
^ w Cw\c,Wxvx\Axe^^^Do!lars,in full 
of all demands to date. 

.. .'kv'fc'LSVx W esven... 

FCfTRENT. 

&I00. Indianapolis,Feb.3,19... 

Received from...Nk.k>-Qr^o*&s>.H... 
-v^kSAAdWwvxAxaA^—Dollars, in full 
for six months’ rent of residence 
|at 1737 Sutter Street. 

,. .V\^.svx 'N vsvtx... 

FOR A PARTICULAR BILL. 

SIOO. 1 ndianapolis,Feb.3,I9... 

Received from...\tv£.Qr^.os\o-tAu.. 
^^v/Qne.W\m6xe^-v~vDollars,in pay¬ 
ment for a bill of Broadcloth of this 
date. 

FOR A NOTE. 

&I00. Inoianapolis, Feb.3,19... 

Received from...^.Q>.^%os>v&tt>>xt... 
his note of this date, at six months, 
my favor, for^^OneVvwn^xe^^w 
Dollars, which, when paid, will be 
in full for amount rendered to 1st 
instant. .. .V.'jx.svx \Nes\ex ... 

FOR MONEY ADVANCED ON A CONTRACT. 

^ 100. Indianapolis, Feb. 3,19... 

Received from...\^.^.^oa&^KU... 
~^Ox\e,V\\vx\&xeA~v~Dollars, in ad¬ 
vance, on a contract to bulla for 
him a dwelling house at 17 Noe St. 

.. •VW'&EVX V^l vsx.tx... 

FOR SERVICES. 

&IOO. Inoianapolis,Feb. 3,19... 

Received from.,.Yfw£>&tos»,&EM*... 
Ykww&xeA -v~>/ Doll ars, in fu 11 
for services to date. 

.. MM E.SVEH... 

FOR INTEREST ON A BOND. 

ttlOO. _ Indianapolis, Feb.3,19... 

Received from...\3v.^>&tov.&E.Ku... 

Dollars,in full 
for six months’ interest due this 
day, on his Bond to me, bearing date 
Nov. 3, 19... ''Nesvex... 

FOR PAYMENT BY HAND OF THIRD PARTY. 

^ 100. Inoianapolis, Feb. 3,19... 

Received frotn...Vt\.Q> .Cr^.ov,&E.Kn... 
by the hand of...Sow.n"\^.E\....,-^vO\\«, 
Do liars, in f ull for 
proceeds of sales of Iron, Invoice 
bearing date Sept. 10, 19... 

Vviesv-ex... 


**xf\^yv'\eceA'$V., c 3\\\^\x^ , •vxvL 

'L'v\^oxse\\\e.\\V. 




324 




























































































f\EC<iPT Book. — A book 'ti which receipts 

*re taken for the payment of money. Re¬ 
ceiver, one who receives money to 
the use of another to render to him 
an account; a person appointed to 
take charge of the affairs of a corpora 
tion. on its dissolution ? and to distrib¬ 
ute its property according to law. Re¬ 
ceiver o/ Stolen (roods, one who re¬ 
ceives poods from another, knowing 
them to have been stolen.V'o'wt 'bVo've.w 
Vr©ve* *W\.Recession, a. re-grant, 
f^ECIPI\OClT\ Tf\E/\Tnf. — A com¬ 
mercial treaty between two nations 
which confers equal privileges, an d 
with a view to secure reciprocal trade. 
Recital, the act of stating something 
which has been done before, or the 
repetition of some former instrument. 
Reclaim, to insist upon a right, or de¬ 
mand again. Reclamation, a claim 
made against the seller of goods which 
prove deficient or defective. 
HECOG^IZAtvfCE. —An obligation of 
record which an individual enters in¬ 
to before a court, with a condition 
which requires him to do some spec¬ 
ified act, generally to appear in court 
at a certain time. Recognizee, one 
to. whom another is bound in a recog¬ 
nizance. Recognizor, one who enters 
info a recognizance. Recon ductioti, 
a renewing of a former lease. 
f\ECOF\D.—An authentic or official 
copy of any facts or proceedings, in 
tended to serve as evidence of somethmo 
written, said, or done, and preserved 
in a court of record (q.v.). Recorder, 
a judicial officer in some cities, gen¬ 
erally having the power of a judge; a 
county official, who records in books 
provided for that purpose, all deeds, 
mortgages, and other instruments of 
writing required by law to be recorded. 
Recording (of deeds,etc.), the act of 
Handing the paper to the proper of¬ 
ficer and having him record if. A-f- 
ter a deed or mortgage has bee-nsign¬ 
ed, sealed, and delivered, to make the 
purchaser or mortgagee secure, it 
should be recorded in the properof- 
fice.Recording is not 
necessary as aga/nt the signer of a 
deed or mortgage, as the instrument 
itself is valid as against Him. Third 
parties are the ones protected by the 
act of recording,the record showing 
them all instruments that have been 


recorded, and the law providing that 
all that have not been recorded shall 
be of no. effect as to them. No unre¬ 
corded instrument can affect the 
■nterest of one who holds a recorded 
one from the same party,even though 
the other is prior to his. 

f\ECO\jpN^ENT. — The right, of t He 
defendant, in the same action, to 
claim damages of the plaintiff. Re¬ 
covery, obtaining a right to some¬ 
thing from an opposing party by a 
judgment from the court.Recti.fi- 
cation, separating one liquid from 
another; also a second distillation 
of alcoholic liquors for the purpose 
of purifying them. Reddendu-m, to 
yield, or pay; a clause in a deed,re¬ 
serving something to the grantor. 

F\EDEEwi.—To pay the debt for which 
a pledge is held. \^>e.e.V\eA<;e,V Redemp¬ 
tion, the act of purchasing back from 
the buyer by the seller.)£><>.«. oi 

^\e&e-w\oV\orvYRedhibition, the avoid¬ 
ance of a sale because of a defect in 
the thing sold. Red Ink Entry, in 
book-keeping, red ink should be used 
whenever an entry is made out of 
its proper place. When the Or. and 
Cr. sides of an account are equal there 
will be no red ink entry.In accounts 
showing losses and gains,and which 
have inventories, if .a resource, it is 
entered on the Cr. side in red ink; if 
a liability, on the Dr. side in red ink, 
when the accounts are closed.When 
closing an account, the difference be¬ 
tween the.sides is entered on the 
smaller side in red ink, also, t he 
footing and closing lines are in red 
ink. Red Letter Day, a day whoserec 
ollection brings pleasure; a fortunate 
day.So named from the principal 
samts’days and the chief Church fes¬ 
tivals being marked in the calendars 
in red letters. Red Tape, tape used 
in public offices for tying up doc¬ 
uments, etc.; Hence, official for¬ 
mality. 

HEDUNO/VNC\. —Foreign or super¬ 
fluous matter introduced in a plead¬ 
ing. Re-Entry, the act of retaking 
possession of lands or tenements.which 
one has been deprived ofAJbee Y/a.wAVwA 
awA^ewarOfrY Re-Exchange, the 
expense chargeable on a bill of exchange 
or draft which has been dishonored 
in a foreign country, and returned 
to that country in which it was made 
or indorsed, and then taken up. The 
rate of re-excWnqe is regulated with 
respect to the drawer, at the course of 
exchange between the place where the 
bill of exchange was payable, and the 
place where it was drawn. 

(\EFEf\EE .— One to whom anything 
is.referred for hearing or decision. 
His judgment is called his report.Re- 
gent, a ruler or governor;otie who 
rules in the place of another; a col¬ 
lege professor. Regicide, the killing of 
a king. 

HEGTSTER. —A book kept by public au¬ 
thority, for the purpose of entering 
facts as they occur; also the same as 
recorder (q.v.); a document, iss ued 
by the Custom House,containing 
a description of a vessel, its name,ton 
tiage, country, ownership, etc., which 
is kept on board during a foreign voy¬ 
age as evidence of its nationality.Coast 


ing vessels are enrolled,not regis¬ 
tered. Registrar, the person appoint¬ 
ed by law to keep the register.Regis¬ 
tration of Voters, the making of 
a list of the names, previous to an 
election, of those presenting them¬ 
selves, and showing upon examina¬ 
tion that they are qualified electors. 
Only those whose names have been 
registered are allowed to vote on 
election day. Registry, the registra¬ 
tion or enrollment ot ships at the 
Custom House. 

t\E^E/^ING-. — The second consid¬ 
eration given to a cause by a court. 
Re-Insurance, a contract whereby 
an insurer of property,who has in¬ 
curred too great a liability,or become 
dissatisfied with the nature of the risk 
he has contracted to take upon him¬ 
self,obtains indemnity against loss, 
by His insurance from some other 
insurer. Rejoinder, the defendant’s 
answer to.,the plaintiff’s replication. 

HElJ\T!ONSHlP.-State of being 
connected by birth, marriage, or 
other alliance. Relationship by olood 
exists in three degrees:(I) Right line 
descending; from the father to.His 
children and so on down;(ft) Right 
line ascending; from the son to the 
father and so on up; ( 3 ) The collat¬ 
eral line between brothers and sis¬ 
ters, uncles and. aunts, both ascend¬ 
ing and descending. Its the.foilowing 
list will be found the c.Hief titles, of 
relationship: A-ffi-tii-ty, relation¬ 
ship by marriage. Alma Mater, a. 
fostering mother;-the college or uni¬ 
versity where one has been educated. 
Ancestors, one’s parents, grand- 

S arents,great-grand-parents, etc. 

mtit, the sister of a parent.By cour¬ 
tesy the Vwvs\)av\6 of an aunt is called 
an wwc\e, and the wife of an uncle is 
called an awnV. 8-reed, a stock of an¬ 
imals distinguished by certain quali¬ 
ties and peculiarities from other an¬ 
imals of the same species. Brother,a 
male born of the same parents with 
one’s self. Brotherhood, the relation¬ 
ship of brothers; a number of pers¬ 
ons associated together for the mu¬ 
tual interchange of kind offices. 
Child, offspring of human parents. 
Chino, the offspring of a Mulatto 
with a Chinese. Chino-bianco, the 
offspring of a White father with a 
Chinese. Clan, a number of fam¬ 
ilies bearing the same name,united 
unde-, a common chieftain^ndsup- 
posed to be descended from a common 
ancestor. Consanguinity, relation 
ship by birth.Cousin, the child of 
an uncle or aunt.Cousins-German, 
first cousins.Cuarteron, male off 
spring of a White father with aMu- 
latta.Daw, female parent amgng 
beasts. Daughter, a female chi la. 
Daughter-in-law, the wife of asoti. 
Descendants, those who deri ve 
their origin from a certain ances¬ 
tor; as, the Jews are the Aus.cenA- 
ante of Jacob, family, a pair of 
rents with their own immediaje 
offspring; a. pair of parents, With 
all their descendants. Father^male 
parent of the human species. Fore¬ 
fathers, the same as ancestors (q.vj 
Fourth Cousin, the child either of 
a third cousin, or of a great-great- 


325 

























9 -rand- uncle. Genealogy , an account 
of one’s ancestors. Every person has two 
parents, or ancestors. In the first degree; 
four grand parents, or ancestors, in the 
second degree ; eight grandparents, or 
ancestors, in the third degree; 16 in 
the fourth degree; 32 in the fifth; 
64- in the sixth; etc. Generation, a 
sinple set of descendants related in the 
same degree to a common ancestor.Chil- 
dren constitute the first i^wa^iVxow, 
9 randchildren,the second; etc. Grand¬ 
child, the offspring of a child. Great¬ 
grandchild, the offspring of agrandchild. 
Grand Nephew, the 9 randson of a broth 
er or sister. Grand-parents, the parents 
of parents.Great-grand-parents,the pa¬ 
rents of grand-parents. The term qveaX 
may be repeated any numberof times 
accordin 9 to the. degree of remoteness 
that is to be indicated in the ascending 
ancestral line. Great Aunt, or Grand 
Aunt,the aunt of a parent.Graat Un¬ 
cle, or Grand Uncle, the uncle of a par- 
ent.HaJZ-brother, a brother by one pa 
rent, but not by both. Hal/-sister, a sis¬ 
ter by one parent, but not by both. Issue, 
a term applied to the children of a wan 
that is deceased; as, he died without\s%wt, 
Kin, related by blood; as, we are Vvn or 
a.Vv*\ to each other; relatives; as,allmy 
Vw\ reside in England. Kindred^elat- 
ed by descent from*a ‘common ances¬ 
tor ;congenial; as, they are VAr\&re.& 
souls;-relatives by birth: Kinsman, a 
man of the same race or family. Kins¬ 
woman, a woman of the same race or 
family. Kinsfolk, persons of the same 
race or family. Maternity, mother¬ 
hood. Matron, an elderly married wo¬ 
man. Matrimony, wedlock.Mestiao, 
the male offspring of a White father 
with an Indian. Mother, a female pa¬ 
rent of the human species. Mulatto, 
the male offspring of a White father 
with a Negro. \TVve.^va.-Yv\es ok k«Av\a\e, oM- 
S^Vwvq ok wxvxeb races w. Vw siwe as k or 
XV\e rv\a\e,\N‘\VV\ We \eyrtv\r\a\ “ o” c\\ar\()- 
eA ^o lt a"^ . Nation, a numerous body 
of people speaking the same \anguage,at\d 
descended from the same original stock: 
an independent body of people united 
under the same government. Nephew, 
the son of a brother or sister. Niece, 
the daughter of a brother or sister. 
Offspring, the young either of the hu¬ 
man race, or of the inferior animals. 
Parents, the sources of being to oth¬ 
er animals of the same kind. Patri 


arch, the father of a race; as, Jacob 
was the ^aXr\aroV\ of the Jewish race. 
Patron, one who exercises the care 
of a 4aWe/v over some person or inter¬ 
est. Pedigree, a line of ancestors. Pro¬ 
genitor, a forefather. filuintero,the 
male offspring of a White father with 
a Cua-rterona.Race, a succession 
of generations springing from acom- 
mon parent; a division of the human 
family distinguished from other di¬ 
visions by marked differences of/eat 
ures and complexion. Second Cousin, 
the child either of a cousin or of a 
grand-uncle. Seed, the immediate off¬ 
spring and the remote descendants 
of an individual; as, the Jews are 
the seek of Abraham. Sire, a male 
parent among the inferior animals. 
Sister, a female born of one’s own 
father and mother. Son, a male child- 
Son-in-law, the Husband of a daughter. 
Step-Children, the children of a hus¬ 
band or wife by a previous marriage. 
Step-Father, a Husband married by 
a mother after the death of the fa¬ 
ther. Step-Mother, a wife married 
by a father after the death of the 
mother. Stock, the common par¬ 
ent of a race ; a race; as, the Jews 
were of the s>VocV of A bra ham; a breed; 
as, a good.sVocV. of cattle.Third Cous¬ 
in, the child either of a second cous¬ 
in or of a grand-uncle.Tribe,ase- 
ries of generations descended from 
the same progenitor, as in the case 
of the Israelitish tribes. Uncle, the 
brother of a parent.Zawbo, the 
male offspring of a Negro fatneTwith 
an Indian.\Verv\a\e, =l.am\>\vyZambo- 
Chino, the offspring of a Negro fath 
er with a Chinese. 

F\ElJVTOP t . — A teller or rehearsor;one 
who, by advice from the court, brings 
an information in the nature of a 
wavranVo. 

F\eLe/\se .—A discharge; a renuncia¬ 
tion of the right ofaction.lt is com¬ 
mon for creditors to release their 
debtor on payment of a part of the 
debt. Such release is valid if signed 
and sealed. If a debtor agree to pay 
his creditors a certain proportion of 
their claims in consideration of adis- 
charge of their demands, if he pri 
vately agree to give a better or furthe-r 
security to one than tc others,the con 
tract is void as to all. 


Know all Men by these Presents, 

that l,...io\vw Corves...,of ...Yxos^on., 
for and in consideration of the sum of 
^—V'we Do I lars to me paid 

by... V .Vx .^ervt on..., of..-He\N N oy v..., 
the receipt of which I do hereby acknowl¬ 
edge, Have remised,released, and forev¬ 
er discharged, and I do for myself, my 
heirs, executors, and administrators,re¬ 
mise, release, and forever discharge,the 
said...K.Vx.^cvxVon.., his heirs,execu¬ 
tors. and administrators, of and from 
all debts, demands,actions, and causes of ac¬ 
tions, in law or equity, of every kind, character, 
and nature soever, against him,from the begin¬ 
ning of the world to this day. 

In witness whereof, I have hereunto 
set mg hand and seal,this..TnA..daj|of..to.\q..l9... 
^\<yMA,s>ML\«A,ank to- i 

ok ...n> 0 ww ionts...[Seal] 
...G.W.C-ovaans*.... \ 

...TA.T.VAawefvs... j 


RELEASE op FREIGHT.-A document 
signed by owners of vessels or their 
agents on receiving the payment of 
freight, giving a formal release to the 
dock companies and wharfingers to whom 
they had previously given notice not to 
deliver goods. Relevant, that whichap- 
plles to the matterin question. Relic¬ 
tion, land which is increased by the 
retreating of the sea or a river. 

HeLIGIOVJS LlBEf\T\.— The right of 
every individual to hold such form of 
religious belief as he chooses, or to 
have none at all, and to worship as 
he chooses, or not at all-Religious 
Test, a critical trial or examina¬ 
tion as to one’s religious views.The 
constitution of the United 3tates,art. 
6, s.3, declares that “no religious 
test shall ever be required as a qual¬ 
ification to any office or publictrust 
under the United States.” 

HEtyAJNDEH* — An estate limited to 
lands and tenements afteranother 
estate in the same is determined. Re¬ 
manding a Cause, the act of send¬ 
ing it back to the court from which 
it came, that it may be reconsider¬ 
ed. Remedial, that which tends to 
remedy or remove; as, a remedial 
statute, remedial justice. Remedy, 
a method provided by law of redress¬ 
ing a wrong,or of punishing a wrong 
doer. A cw\\ remedy is.the.method of 
redressing an injury inflicted bgone 
person upon another. A cx\w\rxa\rem¬ 
edy is the method of punishing a wrong 
doer for some wrong commited against 
society. 

(\EN\ISS[ON. — The forgiveness of an 
offense ;-the release ofadebt;the 
sending of money to a distant place. 
Remittance, the act of sending a 
money value from one place to an¬ 
other. Renewal, the act of grant¬ 
ing again or repeating, as an insur¬ 
ance policy. 

YOVx>fxOY 0* TVWEVttmMftE. 


Phi la Delphi A, Nov. 1,19.. 

The German Insurance Company,of Boston. 

Do insure...YixWvYv ikrr\o\&..., in 
consideration of,v~v/YoYt\)-k\ve>—~ 
Dollars, being the premium on 
Y*wi e V\ o wsa-Y\ & < AA/ Dollars: this being 
a renewal of policy No...T\,\\^....it 
being hereby continued in force for 
one year, to wit, from Nov. 1,19... 
to Nov. I, 19..., at noon. 

... *3. V,. H vs uvae. wx,.. ?... C« v V AS .*2). Cj o x,. 
_ Sec’ u.S_ Pres. 

RENOUNCE.—To repudiate or give 
up a right. Renouncing Probate, 
repudiating the right to be executor 
of a will, by refusing to take out pro¬ 
bate. 

HENlOf/STFV\NOE.-A strong repre 
sentation against a measure orpro- 
cedding. 

YOYvWv QY 


To the Mayor and Common Council of... 

Qre,YxV\e,-weY\\— The petition of the 
undersigned citizens and taxpay¬ 
ers of the.wards of this city 

respectfully represents that they 
have learned that a petition is now 
before you praying for the privilege 
o f \Yxe/ve,'wxse/v V wYxaVvs o^ose&V 

City of.| f • - - 

State of.< Sifnedi - -■ ■ : 

Date. \ - : 




326 

















































Re^t. — Amount paid for the privilege 
of occupying another’s premises. Usual¬ 
ly it is in money, periodically paid; but i t 
may be in services, protits,or anything 
else. If there is no agreement as to the 
amount,the tenant must pay what the 
use of the property is reasonably worth. 
When there is no special agreement as 
to the time of payment, the rent is due 
yearly, half-yearly, or quarterly,accord¬ 
ing to th e usage of the country.ln the 
absence of usage.the rent is due at the 
end of the year. If there be an express 
agreement to pay rent, the destruction 
of the property by fire or flood does not 
relieve the fenant.\See.\_'cm&\or& ax\& 
ewavOv, an 6. Ve/ase.^ . 

F^ENllNCI/VTION.—The act of giving up 
a right. Repairs of Rented Property. 

I n the absence of special.agreement, a 
landlord is under no obligation to his 
tenant to make any repairs to the prop 
erty rented. Neither can the tenant 
make the repairs and deduct theamou-nt 
from the rent. On the other hand the 
tenant must deliver up the.premises 
when his lease has expired, in as good 
condition as that in which they were 
when he received them, ordinary wear 
and tear excepted. 

f\EPE/\V.—The act of abrogating a law 
by an act of legislation. Repetition, an 
action which lies to recover money paid 
by mistake. Repleader, to plead again. 
Replevin, an action to recover posses 
sion of property wrongfully taken. Re¬ 
plication, the plaintiff’s answer to the 
defendant’s plea or answer. 

HEPORTEF\. — An officer connected with 
the supreme court, and usually appoint 
ed by the court. He is requird to attend 
court personally at all its terms,. and 
to make true reports of all its decisions, 
together with the facts involved in the 
cases adjudicated, and to publish these 
from time to time. Repor-ts, a written 
or printed collection of judicial opin¬ 
ions and decisions. Repository, the 
name for some kinds of warehouses,as 
a carriage repository. 

F\EPHES^NT/\TlVES.-Members of 
the lower house of Congress,elected 
by the people of the States every second 
year. The y must be at least 25 years 
of age, must have been a citizen seven 
years, and must live in the State from 
which he is chosen. The Congress next 
after the taking of a census determines 
the ratio of representation, and the 
number of Representatives, and appor¬ 
tions them among the States. In the 


first House of Representatives there 
were only 65 members, and the ratio 
was one to about 50,000 inhabitants. 
In order that the House might not 
grow too large, the ratio is increas¬ 
ed as the population increases, 

f\EPHIEVE. — A postponement of a 
criminal’s sentence for an interval 
of time. Reprieves, may be granted 
either by the President or by a Gov¬ 
ernor, after conviction by the United 
States courts. Reprisal, the act of 
seizing ships,or other property, as 
indemnity for unlawful seizure., or 
detention. Congress has.exclusive 
power to issue a commission to a 
private individual,authorizing him 
to seize the property of a foreign na¬ 
tion or its subjects as a reparation 
for some injury. Reprises, deduc¬ 
tions and payments out of lands,an¬ 
nuities, and the like. 

REPUBLIC. -A government in which 
the power to enact and execute the 
laws is exercised by representatives 
elected by the people to act forthew. 
A republic is sometimes called a cow- 
rwow'NeaVtVx, because its object is the 
common happiness of all. Repugnan¬ 
cy, in law, an inconsistency between 
two or more clauses in the same in 
strument. 

l\E£(lllSITION.— The demand of a 
right; the demand by one State or 
government upon another for the 
surrender, of a fugitive from justice, 
A requisition is usually complied with, 
but there is no way to compel aG-o.v- 
ernor of a State to deliver up a crim¬ 
inal. Rescind, to cut off, abrogate, 
or vacate. 

^ESCJSSlOfi. —The act of abrogating 
or annulling contracts by mutual 
consent, or by one party, because of 
the breach of the contract by.the oth¬ 
er. Rescissory Action, an action to 
rescind or set aside a contract or a 
deed. Rescussor, a party who makes 
a rescue. Resetter, one who receives 
stolen goods, knowingly. Reserve 
or Net Value, in Life Insurance, a 
certain sum periodically set aside, 
and compounded, so that, as the age 
of the insured increases, the sums set 
aside will place a policy issued at the 
age of 30 for a premium of&I00 in 
as safe a position as a new policy, 
issued at the age of 50 fora premi 
um of s&ClOO. 

HESID^NCS. — Place where one re 
sides; personal presence in a fixed 
and permanent abode. Residuary 
Clause, a clause inserted in a will, 
by which all the property is disposed 
of which remains after satisfy mg 
devises and bequests. Residuary Leg 
atee, one to whom the residue of an 
estate is left by will. Residue, the 
remainder of an estate, after al I 
liabilities and, bequests are paid. 

KESOUJTIOKS.- Formal and de¬ 
liberate modes of expressing t he 
opinions and sentiments of a soci¬ 
ety, club or public assemblage-They 
should be written tersely and with 
great clearness. The preamble should 
set forth the cause of the resolutions 
which follow. It should always begin 
with the word cc Whereas.” The res 
olutions follow immediate.ly after 
the preamble, each one beg inning 


vim the word "Resolved,” 

vovvVas ©v 

ON THE DEPARTURE OF A CLERGYMAN. 


Whereas, The Reverend George 8 oi- 

ell, D.O., has beer, in the providerce of 
God,called to.labor in another part 
of Christ’s vineyard, and has ir con¬ 
sequence thereof tendered his res¬ 
ignation of the rectorship of this 
parish; and, . ... 

Whereas, We recognize a Divine in¬ 
fluence in the circumstances which 
have induced our beloved pastor to 
sever the ties which have connected 
him with this church and its people; 
therefore,be it 

That the resignation of 

the rectorship of.,in this 

city, by the Rev.G-eorge Bozell,D.D., 
be, and is hereby,accepted, to take ef¬ 
fect on the 1st day of September next. 

^eso\\ie&. That the Rev.George Boz- 
ell has, by courtesy and kindness,by 
purity of life and doctrine, and by 
the faithful discharge of the duties 
pertaining to his holy office^ecur- 
ed the love and confidence of h i s 
people, which will follow and be with 
him in his new field of labor. 

Yvaso\veA,That while theRev.Geotye 
Bozell’s connection with thjs parish 
will close, agreeably to his wishes,on 
the 1st day of. September next,hissal- 
ary will continue until the first 

dau of October next. ___ 

ON THE DEATH OF A MEMBER OF 
ANY ASSOCIATION OR SOCIETY. 


Whereas, In view of the loss we 

have sustained by the decease of our 

friend and associate- ——, and 

of the still heavier loss sustained by 
those who were nearest, and dearest 
to him; therefore, be it 

?ve<bo\\ie&. That it is but a just trib¬ 
ute to the memory of the departed 
to say that in regretting his remov 
al from our midst we mourn for one 
who was, in every way, worthy of ou*- 
respect and regard. 

YvusoYsieA, That we sincerely con¬ 
dole with the family, of the deceas 
ed on the dispensation with which 
it has pleased Divine Providence to 
afflict them,and commend them 
for consolation to Him who orders 
all things for the best, and. whose 
chastisements are meant in mercy 

VvesoXveA, That this heartfelt tes 
timonial of our sympathy and sor 

row be forwarded to the-of 

our departed friend by thesecreta- 

ru of this meeting. _ 

ONTHE DEATH OF A CLERGYMAN. 

Whereas, It has pleased D'vme 

Providence to remove our.beloved 
pastor from the scene of his tempo¬ 
ral labors, and the congregation who 
sat under his ministry,.and profited 
by his example, are desirous of testi¬ 
fying their respect.for his memory, 
and expressing their earnest and af¬ 
fectionate sympathy with the house¬ 
hold deprived by this dispensation of 
its earthly head; therefore, be it 

Vve,*so\veA, That in the death of 
our beloved pastor, this congrega¬ 
tion loses a faithful and affection¬ 
ate shepherd, who was always active 
and zealous in his work as a minis¬ 
ter; ever ready to succor the needy 
and distressed; one who was wise 


327 








































•BUSINESS FORMS- 


in counsel and /earless in action; an 
honest and upright -man whose vir¬ 
tues endeared him not only to the 
members of hiscongregation, but to 
all his fellow-citizens. 

^e.<,o\NeA, That we tenderly condole 
with the family of our deceased min¬ 
ister in their hour of trial and a//lic- 
tion,and devoutly commend them to 
the keeping 0 / Him who looks with a 
pitying eye upon the widowed and 
the fatherless. 

V\e.<=>o\Ne,&, That while we deeply 
sympathize with those who were bound 
to our departed pastor by the.nearest 
and dearest ties, we share with them 
the hope o/a reunion in that better 
world where there are no partings, 
and bliss ineffable forbids a tear. 

VvisoWii, That a copy of these res¬ 
olutions be sent to the family of our 
deceased minister, as a token of our 
ire spect and veneration for the Chris¬ 
tian character of a good man gone to 
His rest, and of the interest felt by 
hi? Hate congregation in those whom 
he loved and cherished 


AD OPTED BY A TEMPERANCE MEETIN&, 

Whereas, The evil of intemperance 
is steadily increasing among us,and 
many who might otherwise become 
good and useful citizens are falling 
victims to this terrible curse, and 
Whereas, One great cause of this 
increase of drunkenness is, in our 
opinion,the open disregard of t he 
laws respecting the sale of intoxicat¬ 
ing beverages on the part of the keep¬ 
ers of the bar-rooms and saloons of 
this place, who continue the sale of 
such liquors afterthe hour of-mid¬ 
night and on Sundays,although for¬ 
bidden by law to do so; therefore, be it 
'?\.eso\\ie&.) That a committee of sev¬ 
en be appointed by this meeting to 
investigate the extent of this viola¬ 
tion of the law, and to lay the result 
of their labor before the CommortCoun- 
cil of this city at its next meeting. 

^ve,so\veA, That we call upon the 
mayor, aldermen, and the police 
force of this city, to z-nforce. the law 
relating *0 the sale of liquors; and 
we hereby remind them that the 
people of this city are becoming a- 
vyakened.and will hold themrespon- 
sibje for allowing the ordinances regu¬ 
lating the sale of I iquors to be vio lat- 
ed by the keepers of saloons, and the 
owners of bar-rooms. 


TO MEMBERS OF THE LEG-lSLATUREu 


Whereas, Owing to the peculiar sit¬ 

uation of this town, the general.road 
law of the State is partlyinapplicable 
to us, and highly inefficient,and the 
circumstances of the case require a 
specific law; therefore, be it 
'?ve.'ao\\ieA,V\> VYve. ^eo o{ We Vovmw 
ok \N WkorA ,‘vxv vowm ■asse-rw 

\>\e&, That the Senators ana Represe-n 
tatives of this district in the Legisla- 
turejbe, and hereby are,instructed 


to 


mg 


procure the passage of a law exettip 
1 this town from the action of th 


general road law, and placing the re¬ 
pair and working of the roads entire¬ 
ly under the control of the local au¬ 
thorities. 


RESOURCES. — Money and property 

of all kinds, together with any and 
all sums owing to us by others in 
notes, accounts, or otherwise. An 
account exhibits a -xesovexce., when 
it represents property on hand, or 
an amount owing to. us.The excess 
in an account showing a resource.or 
a\oss will be on the Dr. side; showing 
a\\a\n\\Vu or a aavu, on the Cr. side. 

RE-SHIPMENT.—The act of transfer¬ 
ring goods from one conveyance to 
another. Respite, forbearance,or con¬ 
tinuation of time; temporary suspen¬ 
sion of capital punishment. Respon¬ 
dent, one against whom an.appeal 
is taken; one who goes secu-rjty for 
another: one who answers in asuit, 
whether for himself or another.Bespon 
dentia, a loan upon the cargo of a 
ship, conditionally that if it be lost 
at sea,the lender loses his money. 

Responsibility— state of being ac- 
countable or answerable; the having 
of sufficient property to pay al l ordi¬ 
nary obligations.The responsibility 
of parties to commercial paper to the 
owner is: I. Those noVres^onsTAAC/ 
to the owner are:(l) The person upon 
whom a draft is drawn,until He Has 
accepted;(51) The bank, in an uncer¬ 
tified check; (3) Sometimes,the draw¬ 
er in a certified check;(4) Any prior 
owner, of any kind of paper,who has 
not indorsed it, or who has indorsed 
without recourse: DEC.Thoseresynv 
sVo\e v'AWowt &eAYvavv<i being made on 
the principal debtor on the day of pay¬ 
ment are:(l) Makerof note ;(H) Ac¬ 
ceptor of draft: HE.Those res^on- 
s\\Ae \wYveA\ V\as> A eew 

xvva&e on the principal debtor,and no¬ 
tice given them within the proper 
time: (I) Indorser of note;(51)Draw¬ 
er of draft; (3) Indorser of draft;(4) 
Drawer of check; (5) Indorser of cVieck. 
The Things Necessary for the own¬ 
er of any of the ordinary kinds of 
commercial paper to do , to render 
the parties upon it responsible to him 
are t I.\k \\ Vie a note \n\VV\owV\ n- 
Loxsevs, nolhmp, the make r is respon¬ 
sible without demand: H. A note 
vf\tV\\n&oxsers'. (I) Present it to the 
maker for payment, on the day it 
is due, and (3) If not paid, send no¬ 
tice of its non-payment, to each in¬ 
dorser, on that day or the next: TEE. 
A not \$eV \xeeenVeA dor aoce^t- 

ance\ A. If due at sight, or a certain 
time after sight, (I) Present it to the 
person drawn upon,for acceptance,as 
soon as possible;(3) If not accepted, 


send notice of its non-acceptance, to 
the drawer and each indorser,onthe 
day or the day following the refusal, 
of acceptance: B. If due at a speci¬ 
fied time, (I) Present it to the person 
drawn upon, for acceptance,anytime 
before if is due, and (51) If not accept 
ed,send notice of its non-accept¬ 
ance, to the drawer and each in 


dorser, on the day or the day follow¬ 
ing the refusal of acceptance.\Uas>- 


ce^c.e^seeY'TVi or(l) Present it to 
the person drawn upon, on the day 
it is due, and (3)1 f not paid,send no 
tice of its non-payment, to the draw¬ 
er and ea ch in dorser, on that day or 
thenext: IV. An 'acc.e^VeA kr-akV. 
(I) Present it to the acceptor,for pay¬ 
ment, on the day it is due, and(3) If 
not paid, send notice of its non-pay¬ 
ment, to the drawer and each indors¬ 
er, on that day or the next. V. A n 
wv\cexV\k\e-k c\\e.cV, A. To make the 
drawer responsible,(I) Present it to 
the bank,for payment, at any ti-me, 
and (3) If not paid, send notice of 
its non-payment to him, ontheday 
or the day following the refusal of 
payment; B. To make anVu&orsex re¬ 
sponsible, (I) Present or send it to the 
bank, for payment, the day It is re¬ 
ceived from the indorser, or the next 
day, and (3) If not paid, send notice of 
its non-payment, to the indorser on 
that day or the next. VE. A c.exV’\4\e& 
c\\ecV. A. To make the drawer re¬ 
sponsible (when not discharged),(I) 
Present it to the bank,for payment, 
at any time, and (3) If not paid, send 
notice of its non-payment, to him, 
on the day payment is refused,orthe 
next; B.To make theV&nV. respon¬ 
sible, Present it to the bank,for pay¬ 
ment, at any time; C.To mak/ an'vw 
fcoxsex responsible, (1) Present or send 
it to the bank,for payment, the day 
it is received from the indorser, or 
the next day, and(3) If not paid, send 
notice of its non-payment, to the in¬ 
dorser, on that day or the nex-t. 
Voee^.r\&o r=>eV 

Resulting TrUst . — A trust aris¬ 
ing from the operation or construc¬ 
tion ofequity, and presumed to exist 
from the intention of the parties. Re¬ 
sulting Use, one raised by equity for 
the benefit of the feoffor who has wade 
a conveyance without a declaration 
of its use. 

resume. — To proceed or take up a- 
gain after interruption; a summa¬ 
ry or abstract. Retail, to sell in a 
small quantity. Retail Ledger, a 
Ied 9 er.ruled.s 0 as to be convenient for 
a retail business. 

©V *E.TPv\\-\Jfc.’©GE.\L. 

S.T.MARSH, No.ITS Market St. 

Dr. Cr. 


19... 

Oct, 


I Ib.Chcese.lSj?; I lb. 
Tea,50/; Soap,30/, 
Sugar,75z; Spices, 
50/; Pickles, 50/, 
Flour,9Q/;Candy, 
20/; Pins 3Of. 
Potatoes70/;Co- 
coanut,50/, 
RaisinsJSOC; Or¬ 
anges, 30/, 


Cash, 

Cash, 


21 


HERRS 


028 

































































FjET/yiN 

. —The act of engaging the 
services of an attorney. Retainer, a 
fee by which a client engages an attor¬ 
ney-at-law to do certain business tor 
him.; the act of withholding what one 
has in his. own hands, by virtue of a 
right daimed. Retention, the right 
of retaining property, or witholding 
a debt, u-ntil a debt due shall be paid. 
f\ETII\E. —To relinquish business;to 
take up one’s notes before dice. 
VOVa* re WgtVWEMl'E.UT HCmCflL. 


Sir, —We beg to acquaint you that 

our late partner,...VAr.^oVvvdo.'NoVK.,, 
has retired from our firm by -mutu¬ 
al agreement, and that we the under- 
signed, and-.. VAr .V^anV VA -VM o\i i .., 
continue to carry on the business 
of...\No\((, WaWon &.V^YusAer..,under 
the firm of. ..WaVton,NNVivs\e.r Ik'WoVU... 

Respectfully referring you to our 
signatures, we are 
Yours truly. 

.■.\Na\»on.NN\\\s\er &SAIo\U... 


imposing a tax or duty. Revenue Of¬ 
ficers, the goveVnment officers em¬ 
ployed in the customs or excise ser¬ 
vice, under the direction and author¬ 
ity of the Secretary of the Treasury. 

•t 4 EVEI\SIOfil.-A payment,or the res¬ 
idue of an estate, which is not to be 
received, or a benefit which dees not 
begin, until the happening of some 
event, as the death of a person. Re¬ 
view, a second examination, as for 
improvement or amendment; a 
public inspection of troops. or ships 
by a superior officer. Revisionary 
Interest, a right to possession of 
property at.the termination of a 
certain period, or upon the death 
of the holder. 

fiEVIV^L.- The act by which a judg¬ 
ment is restored, after lying d or- 
mant for a year and a day, by writ 
of scAre ItacVav, an agreement to re¬ 
new a just debt after it has been bar¬ 
red by lapse of time or I i-m itat i on. 
Revivor, a bill used to revive or re¬ 
new an original bill in equity, which 
Has become inoperative. 

^EVoCATIO^I.— The recall of a power 
conferred, or the vacating of an in¬ 
strument previously wade. A prin¬ 
cipal way take away the authority 
of an agent at any time; but there 
is a distinction between his rightto 
revoke the agent’s authority as to 
third parties and the right to break 
his agreement as to the agent. He 
may exercise the former right free 
|y, but is responsible to the agent 
for any injury in the latter. 
^CiVvVA ^\SOCA-\\On OV VONN^-V, 


I^ETORSIOp. — When a sovereign or 

the head of a nation is not satisfied 
with the manner in which his sub¬ 
jects are treated by the laws and cus¬ 
toms of another nation, he isat lib¬ 
erty to declare that he will treat the 
subjects of that nation in the same 
manner as his are treated-Retract, 
the act of withdrawing an offer or 
proposi tion, before it has been accept¬ 
ed. Return Days, days appointed by 
law for the return of writs. Return 
of Warrant, a short statement by 
an officer having made an arrest, 
of the manner in which the command 
has been executed. It is written on 
the back of the instrument,and sign¬ 
ed by the officer. Returns, bills of 
exchange, or goods bought and trans- 
witted as a medium of returning the 
proceeds of consignments; also the 
amount of goods sold. 

^EVEf/DIC/VTIOK - A Suit brought by 
a party for the return of a thing;as, 
when a man demands the return of 
goods sold on credit. Revenue, t he 
annual income of a State or nation, 
from all sources; the income of an 
individual. Revenue Bills , bills for 
raising money for the government,ei¬ 
ther by direct or indirect taxation. 
Th ese lawsmust be passed by t he 
House of Representatives first, but 
all other laws may originate in either 
House. Revenue Cutters, small ves¬ 
sels employed to aid revenue officers 
in the collection of duties,or to pre 
vent smuggling. Revenue Law, a law 


Whereas, l,...J>ov.vxTttv..,of the 

...CWq... of, ..CAcexo.., in the coun¬ 
ty of...V.awC\\^ow.., and State of...W 
tavwa.., by my certain power of at¬ 
torney, bearing date the..2>^.f.day 
of...YAav>... 19..., did appoint. 

VkoYvxv.., of the. ..C‘\Vq...bf..IV\^Xf©T\.., 
in the county of.. ."Vn^Yow.., and State 
of...\nb\avva...,my true and lawful 
attorney, for me and in my name, 
to \Yveve sYaVe wYvaY Yve. was awYVxor- 
\ie\ Vo Ao,Wp\wq VYve- precise. Xanqua^e 
V\\e ^owex o4 avVomeq oVvqYwaWq q’w- 
e/v\ Yv'vxv\^, as by the said power of at¬ 
torney, reference thereto being had, 
will more fully appear: 

Therefore, Know all Men ev these 
Presents, That l,...i>owuAfct\...,afore 
said, have countermanded and revok 
ed,and by these presents do counter¬ 
mand and revoke the said power of 
attorney and. all power and author¬ 
ity thereby given to the said...kfb.'taY* 
witness whereof, I have hereun¬ 
to set my hand and seal, this...YVvVv. 
day of...Wove/vv\'oe,T.. 1 19.. 
S\qweb,s,o.a\eb,av\A ta- S 

YwimbYnpresence o* $ ..io\»,u\EE\...[L.S.J 

> y>i\.V.'\T\CO\'V\ 


^EvocpyTun.- term signify in 9 

that a judgment has been recalled for 
an error in fact. Revolt, an attempt 
by one or more of the crew of a ves¬ 
sel to overthrow the authority, of 
those in command. Revolution, 
an extensive and sudden change in 
the constitution and government 
of a country. Reward, a remuner¬ 
ation for services; a sum paid or ta¬ 
ken for doing, or forbearing to do a 


certain act; the compensation act¬ 
ually so paid. Rider, a schedule,or 
a small piece of paper, added to some 
part of a record. Rigging , the ropes 
which support the masts and ex¬ 
tend the sails of a ship. 

F\IG-VfT.- A justly founded claim. We 
have aright to do whatever we think 
necessary for our own safety and 
happiness, provided we do not tres¬ 
pass upon the rights of othe rs. 
Right (Writ of I, a writ which lay 
for a man who had the right 0 f 
property against him who had the 
right of possession, and was in 
possession under such right. Right 
of Possession, that right which one 
has to possession, while the actual 
possession is in another, in which 
event he may enter in and turnout 
the actual occupant. An a^-a-xe-wV 
right of possession may be defeated, 
but an aavA\ right will stand the 
tesf. Right of Property, after the 
actual possession is lost, the abstract 
riqht which still remains. Riyht 
of Search, in a belligerent power, 
the right to examine and inspect 
the papers of a neutral vessel at 
sea. Right of Way , the right of 
the owner of one piece of real estate 
to pass over another’s property at 
a certain place. Right of Suffrage, 
the right of voting. When people 
have once enjoyed the privilege of 
voting, they have claimed it as a 
right, basing the claim upon the 
fact that ithas.been given by the 
government. Right to Begin, the 
burden of proof lying upon the par¬ 
ty who asserts the affirmative, of 
an issue, he has.a right to begin 
and to reply. Right to Assemble, 
and to Petition, see Personal Lib¬ 
erty. 

l\IOT.— A disturbance of the peace 
by three or more persons conspir¬ 
ing together to raise a tumult,or 
to commit a wrong, in a violent 
manner. Riparian Proprietors, 
owners of land bounding upon a 
water-course. They also own the bed 
to the central line of the stream. 
Road, see Highway. 

JOBBER.-One who takes the prop¬ 
erty of another, by force, by open 
violence, or by secret theft. Rob¬ 
bery, t he taking of personal.prop- 
erty from another, usually.in his. 
presence and against his will,by vi¬ 
olence, or by. putting him in fear of 
immediate injury to his person. 

f^OLL.-A public writing , register, 
or schedule, containing legal pro¬ 
ceedings ; the records of a court 
or office; a list or register of the 
names of persons, as of aschool, 
or any organized body of persons. 
Roster, a list of persons who are 
in their turn required to perform 
certain duties. 

ROTATION IN OFFIC^.-The lim¬ 
itation of the term of office of 
the members of the government, 
as an effective way of preventing 
the exercise of unconstitutional au 
thority. There being a strong temp¬ 
tation to so use an office for self¬ 
ish ends, the principle of rotation 
in office is one of the most mischiev 
ous that can guide an intelligent people. 


329 















































Ho\/\L fisH . — The whale or sturgeon. 
Rubric, the Inscription or title of any 
law. Ruleo/Court, an order wade by 
a, court having jurisdiction.The prac¬ 
tice rales 0 /the different coarts,and 
which the judges are empowered to 
frame and enforce, as occasion -may 
require, are called rales 0 /court. Rale 
of Law, a general principle 0 / law, so 
recognized by authorities, and which 
aids in deciding doubtful cases. Rule 
0/Practice, an order made by the 
court/or the purpose of regulating 
the practice 0 / the members o/the 
bar and others. Ruta,thingstaken 
from the land; as, sand, coal,chalk, 
stone,etc. 

S/vchiLe&e. — The act 0 /stealing /row 
churches. Safe-conduct, a pass or war¬ 
rant 0 / security given to the captain 
0 / a neutral ship, to enable him to pro¬ 
ceed on a particular voyage 'with safety; 
a passport, or that which gives safe 
passage.Safeguard, a protection to 
one who is a stranger, who fears vio¬ 
lence from some one,for seeking his 
right by course of law. 

SALE.—An agreement between two 
parties for the transfer of property 
from one to the other,for a price 
paid,or to be paid. A con&Wvow&Vsale 
is one dependent upon something un¬ 
known or to be determined. ThevwcA- 
of a sale are: l») Delivery, which 
is not essential to a sale, as between the 
parties, but it is as to third parties; 
\^>eeV>e,Vwer\)\(J) Seller’s Lien, which 
gives the buyer arightto take the prop¬ 
erty when he pays for it, but not un¬ 
til fchen;l£ee\.\e-vv, (3)Rioht of Stop- 
pag-e, which gives the seller the right 
to retake his goods sold on credit,and 
hold them until paid for, when he hears 
of the buyer’s failure,-and the goods 
have not yet been delivered by tliecar- 
rier; (-4-) Warranty of Ownership, giv¬ 
ing the buyer the right to be reimburs¬ 
ed by the seller, if the goods are prov- 


a sale are: I. It must be a 'a.vvwnuo- 
Cioyvwlkcv, to which the fojlow/ing are 
necessary: (I) If the price is under a 
certain amount, the f irst six req¬ 
uisites of a binding contract are ap¬ 
plicable; \j>eeC.onVvacX\, (2) If the price 
is over that amount; A. The first 
six requisites of a binding contract, 
and B. The seventh requisite, viz., 
either (a) A writing; (b) Delivery and 
accepta nce of part, or (c) Part-pay¬ 
ment; H.The property must exist; 
nr The property must be owned 
by the seller, e/xce-^X in the case of 
(8) Money, and (21) Nego tiabl e secu¬ 
rities payable to bearer; JLV. Par¬ 
ticular property -must be contempla¬ 
ted; "VI The consideration must be 
money. The -Ye<\\XA<s\Xes of an agree 
•went to sell are:I. It must be a 
contract, to whichthefol- 
lowing are necessary:(I) If the price 
is under a certain amount, the first 
six requisites of a binding contract; 
(Cl) If over that amount; A.The 
first six requisites, and B.'THe 
seventh, viz., either (a) A.writing; 
(b) Delivery and acceptance of part, 
or (c) Part-payment; It.T he con¬ 
sideration MUST BE MONEY. 

S/\LES; —A term used extensively to 
indicate the volume of businessmans 
acted /on a given period, or to in¬ 
dicate relatively tkegeneral b usl- 
ness of a commercial house.Sales 
Book, a book designed to contain on¬ 
ly the sales of merchandise. The to¬ 
tal footing is posted to the creditof 
merchandise account. 

Wr SKV.'eS ^OOVk . 
JANUARY I, 19... 


em to belong to another party than 
the seller; (5) .Warranty of Quality, 


which gives the buyer the right to 
return the goods to the seller,if on 
the sale, he warrants that thegoods 
are of a certain quality, or are suit¬ 
ed to a certain purpose, and they turn 
out differently. The •xe<\\v\s’\Xe% of 


rai 

3 


L.T.Mason, Utica,N.Y. 

5 Grindstones, 2.-50 
10 B Drills, 7.25 

3 


S.P. Moore, Xenia, 0. 

7 doz.CarpetStret’s,3.O0 
‘ *.s.A - 


10 nC.b. Axes, 

3 ,,C.S.Augers, 
5 ■ 


15.00 

7.25 


J.L.Lewis, Reading,Pa. 
5 G-rindstones, 2.50 
5 B Drills, 7.25 
10 doz.C.S.Axes, 15.00 


Forward, 


12 

50 


72 

50 

85 

21 

00 


150 

00 


21 

75 

192 

12 

50 


3$ 

25 


150 

00 

198 



476 


00 


75 


75 


50 


contain accounts with parties who 
have made purchases on account.lt 
may be kept in any form, but an 
ordinary ledger is the most conve- 
nientform. Salesman, one who 
exhibits goods to customers, takes 

O^dCTS 

Clerk’s No.27. Dep’t Letter, H. 

Date,...Vav\AO , 19.... 


Sales 

N 0 . 


Amount 


18 

24 

00 

20 

18 

50 

17 

75 

|00 

22 

30 

00 

19 

20 

50 


118 

00 


Sales 

No. 


Amount 


Sales 

No. 


Amount 


O'? SNJE&TOVSR. 

Clerk’s No. 17. , Letter,M. 

N awe,.. .VNxs. KsaCrcMvYvq... 
Address.,...Wi...&o\&eY\CraXe IYmc... 
How Oelivered,...^e\.^aqor\... 

Date,...’Fe.\>.\\, 19....’ 


Articles 


yds. Black Lace, 
doz. Jet. Buttons, 
yds. Gross Crain, 


60 *, 

-90*, 

85*, 


Cashrec’d, 
Examined by ...'Aa^e-s. 


Amount. 


6 

I 

II 


18 


20 


85 


00 


Sy\LV/\GE. —The compensation al¬ 
lowed to those who voluntary I y 
save property abandoned, on in 
great peril at sea; -The property 
saved after a disaster. The amount 
of salvage varies according to the 
difficulty, sometimes amounting 
to one-half of the value of the ves¬ 
sel and cargo saved. All who take 
part in the saving have a share of 

the salvage, viz., the master, crew, 
and owners of the saving vessel. 
Salvage Loss, a loss which it is 
presumed would, were it not for 
certain services rendered and ex¬ 
ertions made, have become a to¬ 
tal loss; a mode of settling a loss. 
Salvor, one who saves,property,or 
rescues it from the perils of the sea, 
or other waters. 

SAMPLE.-A small quantity or por¬ 
tion taken from the bulk of any 
kind of merchandise to show the 
quality of the whole. A collection 
of samples or average sample is 
called a rnwsXer. 

S/\NIT/(f\v* — Pertaining to rneas- 1 
ures for preserving health. Sani¬ 
tarium, a hospital or retreat far 
convalescents. Sanc-tuary,a place 
where the process of the law can¬ 
not be executed. No place,howev¬ 
er, affords protection from arrest 
in criminal cases. 

SATISFACTION. — A record entered,! 
by which a party, in whose favor 
a judgment has been rendered,de¬ 
clares Himself satisfied and paid. 
Satisfaction Piece,an instrometi* 
in writing, in which ft.is acknowl¬ 
edged,and declared that satisfac¬ 
tion is had between plaintiff and 
defendant. . 

SAVE A '-ITTLe.- Prudence and 
discretion require that every one 
who is obliged to work for his liv¬ 
ing,should make a point to, lay up 
a little money for that **rainy day” 
which all are liable to encounter 
when least expected. The best way 
to do this is to open an account 
with a savings bank. Accumulatr 
ed money is always safe; it is al¬ 
ways ready for use when needed. 
Scrape together five dollars,wake 
your deposit, receive your deposit 
book, and then resolve to deposit 
a given sum, small though it be, 
once, a month, or once a week, ac¬ 
cording to circumstances.Nobody 
knows without trying it, how easy 
a thing 5t is to save woneg when an 


330 












































































account with a bank Has been opened. 
With such an account one ( eels a de¬ 
sire to enlarge Ws deposit. It gives 
him lessons in .frugality and econo¬ 
my, weans him from habits of extrav- 
ayanee, and is an excellent guard a- 
gainst intemperance, dissipation and 


vice. 


Scales.—a weighing apparatus, in 
which the body to be weighed is sus 
pended from the shorter arm of a 
lever, which turns on a fulcrum,aTid 
a counterpoise is caused to slide upon 
the longer arm to produce equilibri¬ 
um, its place upon this arm, which 
is graduated, indicating the weight. 
The scales used at the United States. As 
say Office are so delicate that a hair 
turns the balance. You can ascer¬ 
tain by them the difference in the 
weight of two eyelashes. They are 
made of aluminium, and might be 
compared to a snow-flake. 

ScV|ED\jLE. —A sheet of paper or parch¬ 
ment containing a written or print¬ 
ed list, inventory, or table,and some¬ 
times attached to deeds,etc. School 
Funds, sums of money or ot h er 
property,the income from which 
is set apart for the support of public 
schools. I-h addition to aboutthir- 
ty millions of dollars distributed a- 
wong the States in 1836, Congress 
has passed acts by which a certain 
proportion of the land in every town¬ 
ship is reserved forthe support of 
schools therein. By these acts, in 
some of the States > in othersj'fg 

of the whole State has been thus ap¬ 
propriated. School Officers, off i- 
cers to whom is entrusted the su¬ 
pervision of the public schools.The 
official titles may differ to a limited 
extent in the different States, but in 
general will accord with those given 
in the following 

%MM»0\.SHSTCtA. 

Officers.—Superintendent Public 
lnstmction,State Board of Education, 
County Superintendents,City and 
Town Trustees (or Directgrs^Town- 
ship Trustees. . 

General Institutions.-Ungraded 
Schools, District or Township Graded 
Schools, Town and City Schools. ># 

University System.-Srate Uni¬ 
versity, State Normal School, Indus¬ 
trial School. 


Charitable Institutions.-School 

for the Blind , School for Deaf Mutes, 
Orphans’ Home. 

Reformatorylnstitutions.-Boys’ 
Reformatory, Girls’ Reformatory. 

Special Institutions.-State Teach¬ 
ers’Association, County and Town- 
ship Institutes. 

SCOT ^ND Lot. -A customary con¬ 
tribution placed upon all subjectsac- 
cording.to their ability. Scrip, d iv- 
idends issued by a stock company 
payable in stock. Scrip dividends are 
simply an increase of the capital of 
the company, as the stock issued to 
meet them is added to the capital, 
and in its turn is entitled to future 
dividends. Script, an original instru 
ment, where there are part andcoitn 
ter part. 

SCf{lVENEFl.-One whose business 
is to place money at interest; one 
who draws up contracts and oth¬ 
er instruments. Scroll, a mark us- 
ed to supply the place of a seal. 

SE l\.~ The*ocean; a wave pr large 
quantity of sea-water, as to ship a 
sea; -thecharacter of the surging 
and swelling of the waves,as a .heavy 
sea. Sea-Breexe, a wind blowing 
from the sea. Seafaring, following 
the occupation of a seaman. Sea 
Laws, laws relating to and govern¬ 
ing maritime affairs.Sea-Level, 
the surface of the open sea taken 
as the point from which to esti¬ 
mate or measure the perpendicu¬ 
lar heights or depression of other 
surfaces, as of hills and mountains. 
Sea-Shore,that space of land lying 
between high and low-water mark. 
Sea-Sickness, the nausea, accompa¬ 
nied by retching and vomiting ex¬ 
perienced on a vessel at sea, and 
caused by the constant rocking of 
the vessel by the waves.Sea-Wall, 
a strong wall built to resist the en¬ 
croachments of the sea .Sea-Weed, 
the plants found growing in the 
sea, and which, when washed ashore 
belongs to the owner of the land 
ad joining. Seaworthy, fit for a voyage. 

SE/^L.-An impression upon any 
yielding substance. A seakisanec- 
essary part of a deed in most States 
It may be a piece of paper wafered ot 
gummed to the instrument,and in 
many States it is sufficient if a 
circle or scrawl is made with the 
pen opposite the signer’s name. 
Any one may attach the seal,pro¬ 
vided it is done before the deed is 
delivered. When a seal, is attached 
to an instrument,jt is called a 
Specialty. Sealed Bids, bids put in 
writing, and placed in an envelope, 
and sealed. Sealed Vendict,a writ- 
ten verdict, inclosed in an envel¬ 
ope and sealed, in the absence of 
the judge, in order to relieve the 
jurors, and allow them to.separate 
for the time. Sealed Writings or 
Instruments, those having seals 
attached, as bonds,deeds,and cer¬ 
tain contracts. All contracts not 
under seal are called oaxo\e/. A seal 
is of twofold.effect: (I) It assumes 
a consideration; hence, unnecessa¬ 
ry to prove one; (7.J By ordinar y 
statutes of limitation, it runs twen¬ 


ty years, instead of si* before the 
right of action ceases. 

&5000, Columbus, 0 ., Nov. 1,19... 

For value received, I promise to 
pay. ..'N.V.Kv.^wecht &Xo..,or order, 
~^V\\ieTV\ows>avv^^ v .Dollars, in 
three years from the date .hereof, 
with interest payable semi-annu¬ 
ally, without defalcation or dis¬ 
count. And in case of my default 
in the payment of the interest or 
principal aforesaid with punctu¬ 
ality, I hereby empower any attor¬ 
ney-at-law, to be appointed by said 
...'N.^AmtcOT &.to.or their as¬ 
signs, to appear in any court which 
said...NN.V.Kv^vdeCNw 2lCo ..,ortheir 
assigns,may select, and commence 
and prosecute a suit against me 
on said note, to confess judgment 
for all and every part of the inter¬ 
est or principal, on said note,iti the 
payment of which I wan be delin¬ 
quent. 

Witness my hand and seal the 
day and year above written. 

.. .C> .W .Awevvx ...[Seal]. 
Attest:. -A .^wwov... 

SEAIVCKT^T seeking or loo king,for 
the purpose of discovering evidence 
in relation to the matter sought 
for. Searcher, a customs officer, 
whose duty isto examine aUships 
outward bound, to ascertain if 
they have any prohibi ted or uncus 
tomed goods on board; also one 
who examines records.Search 
of Title, examining the succes¬ 
sive deeds and records relating to 
reaj estate. Search Warrant,a 
written authority addressed to 
an officer, requiring him to enter 
certain places and search for stol 
en property, etc. 

S^CO(\TD p^UVEH/\NCE.-A sec 

ond writ of rep levin. Second Con¬ 
veyance, one which presupposes 
some other conveyance precedent, 
and only serves-to enlarge, alter, 
confirm, restrain, restore,or to 
transfer the interest granted by 
such original conveyance. Second¬ 
arily, a term applied to the lia¬ 
bility of an endorser of a note, 
orthe drawer of a' bill, signifying 
that he is only I ia- 

ble, the maker o/the bill, or ac¬ 
ceptor being primarily, or first 
liable. Secondary Evidence,that 
evidence which is best, in the ab¬ 
sence of primary evidence. Sec¬ 
ond-hand, that which has been 
used or worn i not original or 
primary. Secofidary Use, b-hat 
use which is limited to take effect 
in derogation of a preceding es¬ 
tate. 

SECHETAHOne entrusted with 
the management of business;o«e 
who writes for another. Secreta¬ 
ry of State, the chief officer at 
the head of the DepartmentofState, 
in the National Government. He 
has charge of all the. business of 
the Nation with foreign nations. 
Secretary of the Treasury, the 
head of the Department of theTras 
ury. He has charge of bhefitiances 
of the Nation. The vast amountof 


331 






























































business in this department: requires 
a great number 0 / assistants. All the 
custom houses,-mints, and subtreas- 
uries/orm part of it. Secretary of 
War, the head of the Departmentof 
War. He has charge 0 / the procuring 
of supplies,equipments, and other 
matters relating to the army.The 
duties are most important in time 
o/war. Secretary o/the Navy, the 
head of the Department- of the Na¬ 
vy. He has charge of the navy, the 
procuring 0 /supplies and equipments 
of vessels of war, etc. Secretary of 
the Interior, the head of the Depart¬ 
ment of the Interior. Hehascharge 
of the taking of the cewsavs every 
ten years, the management and sale 
of the ^a\)\\c Va-w&s., the management 
of the VwWans, the payment of ^ew 
s,'\o'v\s,and the granting of ^aKewVs.. 
Secretary of Agriculture, the head 
of the Department of Agriculture. 
He has charge of the agricultural in¬ 
terests of the Nation, and of the 
signal service. The other two De¬ 
partments in the President’s Cab¬ 
inet are: Attorney G-eneral, who 
attends to all suits in the United 
States courts in which the Nation 
is interested; and Postmaster Gen¬ 
eral, who has charge of all matters 
connected with the Post-Office De 

_ partment. 

Secret P/v\tnei\. — One who is re¬ 
ally a partner, though not adver¬ 
tised as such to outsiders. He is re¬ 
sponsible for the firm’s debts the 
same as any other partner. Secto- 
res, bidders at an auction. 

SECU^IT\.—A right which a credit 
or has to rehg upon, besides the 
mere promise, of the debtor; such 
as guaranty, lien, pledge, and mort¬ 
gage. Security for Costs, in case a 
pjaintiff resides out of the j urisdic- 
tfon of the court, or is trustee,he is 
sometimes required to give security 
for costs. Security of Life, Reput a 
tion,etc., the compelling by the 
government, of corporations to take 
precautions for the safety of their 
own employees, of the public whom 
they serve, and protection from all 
against false and malicious etteran 
ces; also requirement from its of¬ 
ficials to take precautions to pre¬ 
vent the spread 0 /contagious diseases. 


VOYv'WV, OV S\LCVyfr.V\X . 


t,..Aowr* .. do hereby agree 

to be responsible ^ow<.., 

or his assigns, for the true and faith¬ 
ful performance of the above nam¬ 
ed contract on the part of...V\\c,w- 
r.a'j VAgwctou... 

In witness whereof, I have here¬ 
unto set my hand and seal on this 
..AOW... day of...bwv\a.,.. 19.... 

\W.^ 0 *hW...[L.S.] 

\v*<mAv*\v<ese'ttc.e. | L J 


S^DITIO^I.—Any revolt agajnst the 

9 overnment,not amounting to a 
capital crime, nor to treason.Seduc¬ 
tion, the act or crime of persuad¬ 
ing a fema[e to surrender her chas¬ 
tity. Seigni or, the lord of a fee or 
manor. Seisin, in common law, a 
term signifying possession.‘ae'vfwx 
VwTacfc is the actual taking of pos¬ 
session .SeWvwYv\Vaw is where 
lands descend, and one has not act 
ually entered upon them. 

SEIZURE.- The taking possess¬ 
ion of property suspected to have 
been stolen, or property subject to 
duty ; the act of taking possession 
of the property of a judgment debt¬ 
or, by a sheriff or other officer au¬ 
thorized thereto. Selectmen, the 
name of the city council m some 
of the New England States. 

SELL. — To transfer ownership for 
an equivalent. Seller, a vender,or 
one who disposes of a thing in con¬ 
sideration of money. Seller’s Op¬ 
tion, a stock ezchange term,signi¬ 
fying a sale which gives.tothe sell¬ 
er the option of delivering the ar¬ 
ticle sold within a certain time, the 
buyer paying interest up to the de¬ 
livery. Selling Short, a stock ex¬ 
change term, signifying the selling 
for future delivery that which one 
doe9 not possess, in hopes that prices 
will fall. Selling Out, the dispos¬ 
ing of one’s entire stock, y.sually 
to close .the business. 

S^LP OFFENSE.- The act of de¬ 
fending one’s own reputation,per¬ 
son, or property. A man is justified 
in committing a homicide, if nec¬ 
essary, in defending himself from 
personal injury. 

SENATE.— The upper House of Con¬ 
gress. The causes which make the 
Senate a more select body than the 
House of Representatives are:(l) It 
has fewer members ;(9t) They are 
elected by the State legislatures in¬ 
stead of by the people; (3) The term 
of office is longer; (4-) The qualifi¬ 
cations are higher. In the Senate 
the States are equal in power,each 
having two members. The term 
of office for senators is six years; 
one-third of the whole number 
being elected every two years, de¬ 
signedly to avoid too abrupt an al¬ 
teration in the body. A senator 
must be at least 30 years of age, 
must have been nine years a cit¬ 
izen of the United States, and an 
inhabitant of the State for which 
he shall be chosen. 

SENTENCE.— The judgment pronoun¬ 
ced on a criminal by a judge; -the 
decree or judgment of a court. 


SEPARATE ESTATE.-An estate which 

belongs to one only of several; as,the 
separate estate of a married woman. 
Separate Maintenance, a certain 
sum or allowance, provided by the 
husband,for the wife’s separate 
supportand maintenance. Sepa¬ 
ration? the act of living apart by 
a husband and wife, by mutual 
consent. Sequestration, the act 
of taki ng possession of a benefice 
by legal process, in order to satisfy 
the claims of creditors; the setting 
aside of a thing in controvprsy,from 
the possession of both parties that 
contend for it, to. be delivered to the 
one adjudged entitled to it. — ; —It 
may be either voluntary or invol¬ 
untary. 

SEfJF.— One bound to labor or acer- 
tafn estate, for the benefit of h is 
lord. Sergeant-at-arms, a minor 
officer in legislatures, to arrest 
members and other persons guil¬ 
ty of disorderly conduct,to compel 
the attendance of absent members, 
and to do other business of a like 
nature. Sergeants-at-Law, in the 
common law, the highest degree con 
ferred upon advocates. 

SeaV/\nt.-a person employed by 
another for labor, and to be at h is 
command.V5>ee^.-vv\^\o\)exV Ser¬ 
vice, labor, physical or mental, 
performed in course of duty,orfor 
the benefit of another; the execu¬ 
tion of a writ or process; a servi¬ 
tude. Servient, a tenement ores- 
tate in respect of which, a service 
is owing another.Servitu.de, the 
condition of a servant or slave; 
a right which subjects a land to a 
service for the use of other land, be 
longing to another person. 

SESSION.—The time during which 
acourt or other assembly sits for 
the transaction of business.Set A- 
side, to make void or annul.Set Off, 

• one demand placed against anoth¬ 
er. VE>eeQH:$ < oeV\.Settlement, liq¬ 
uidation or payment;adjustment, 
as of differences ora claim; a dis¬ 
position of property for the benefit 
of some person or persons, usually 
made on the prospect of marriage; 
a residence, or settled place of a- 
bode. Severalty, see Estate in Sev¬ 
eralty. 

Severance.—t he act of severing 
two or more that are joined in one 
writ; the putting In separate an¬ 
swers or pleas by two.or more dis¬ 
joint^; the destruction of the un¬ 
ity of interest in a joint estate. 

SAAH PLEA.— A false plea, or one 
entered for the mere purpose of 
delay. Share, the part allotted 0r 
belonging to one, of any property 
or interest owrfed by a number. 
Shareholder, the owner of one or 
more shares of stock in a corporation. 

SHELLEY’S CASE, Rule in.-"When 
the ancestor, by.any gift or convey¬ 
ance,taketh an estatezjf freehold, 
and in the same gift or conveyance 
an estate is limited,either mediate¬ 
ly or immediately, to his heirs in 
tee or jrt tai I, vVe Ways are words 
of limitation of the estate,and not 
words of purchase.” 


332 









































SHERIFF.- a chief officer in every 
county, having the administrat ive 
power of the State for his co unly.it 
is his duty to execute all warrants, 
writs, and other process directed to 
him by-the courts; toapprehend per¬ 
sons charged with crime; and to 
take charge of the jail, and of the 
prisoners therein. It is his duty, al¬ 
so, to preserve the public peace, and 
he may cause.all persons who break 
the peace to give bonds, with sureties, 
for keeping the peace, and for appear¬ 
ing at the next term of court, and 
to commit them to jail if they refuse 
to give such bonds. He is assisted by 
one or more deputies. Sheriff’s 
Jury, a jury summoned by asher- 
iff to Hold an in quest. Shifting Use, 
the same as Secondary Use (q.v.). 

SV(IP. — Any large sea-going vessel; es¬ 
pecially a square-rigged, three-mast¬ 
ed vessel. Ship Broker, one who acts 
for others in the buyingjselli-ng, and 
freighting of vessels. Shipment,the 
act of loading a vessel for a voyage;a 
bill of goods shipped. Shipped, deliv¬ 
ered to a railroad,.vessel, canal boat, 
or any commpn carrier for trans¬ 
portation. Shipping, vessels of nav¬ 
igation In general;*he Collective body 
of ships in one place. Ship’s Husband, 
an agent who looks after the repairs, 
equipment, and other concerns of 
a ship. Ship’s Papers, documents or 
papers with which a vessel is required 
by law to be provided, such as the reg¬ 
ister, passport, bills of lading,invoice, 
logbook, etc.Ship-stares, food.drink, 
and cooking utensils on board aves- 
sel for use during a voyage .Sometimes 
rigging, extra spars, and other neces¬ 
saries are included.Shipping Arti¬ 
cles, articles of agreement between 
the master or captain of a vessel and 
the seaman on board, in respect to 
the amount of wages, length of time 
for which they are shipped, etc.Ship- 
•Mient Account, in book-keeping,an 
account kept with shipments. The 
title of the account usually combines 
Shioment and the name of the per¬ 
son to whom sent, thejdace to which 
sent, or both, thus: < =\\\^ / vx\«,r\V VoW. 
War or SV\\yyx\®wv Vo tV\\ca<;o. 

Shipments are Or. for the invoice 
price of property shipped, including 
shipping charges (if any) paid by the 
consignor; and Cr., on receivingan 


account sales from the consignee, 
for their net proceeds, when for loss 
or gain they properly close into the 
Loss and G-ain Account. 

vowv, OT SWWVWACr ■ 


Peru, Oct. 1,19...* Peru., Oct. 1,19... 

Shipped perx. Received from-.^A.^oarv.., 
, , x in good order, on board the 

Bound for $-bound for 
x Boston, the packages matk- 
“ xed and entered as below: 

* VAaxVs. 

x L.S. 5 Sacks ClovetSeed. 

x C. 0. 10 bbls.O. Flour. 

.* _ VSAAos.Tcm . Aa’t. 

YOVvVX OV < bW\VV^.W\ ^oov.. ~ 


Packages 

Marks 


Date 

LF. 

Name and Extensions. 

Extension. 

Total 

Oct.l 

27 

Cox&.KIine, Arcadia. 







50 boxes Oranges, 2.00 

100 

00 





20 »> Lemons, 2.50 
Vtax.^es. Wx \xeqa\A. 

50 

00 

150 

00 

Oct.7 

36 

More &.Co., Tipton. 
50 bbls. Apples, 2.50 

125 

00 





10 Crates Onions 1.25 
V.'E.NN.^v.Vv. 

12 

50 

137 

50 


116 

Shipments 



287 

50 


102 

To Mdse. 






voxww ov S'awtAtw ow c,ou- 

NORTON CO.. Akron. 


19... 






119... 



Oct. 

1 

Lot# 1. 




Oct 

b 

2er. 



10 Cr. Onions 





6 

3 19 





2 

50 


6 

4,. 


6 

td-m.'b/'o 



86 


6 

11> 



CasV\,Wo- 











13 

99 








17 

35 



10 >t 


1.75 

1.75 


3 

50 

5 

25 

7 

OO 

1 

60 

17 

35 


shihe. — A district or division of court 
try . Shoring up, the act of strength 
ening the building adjoining where 
an excavation is being made,by run¬ 
ning large pieces of timber known as 
"needles” through the basement, 
to support the floor and wall of the 
building. 

St^OI^T.— Not having ready money. 
V^ee SeNWwo) F>V\o\V|. Short Exchange, 
bills of exchange made payable. a t 
sight, or at ^VoxVFa^VxV, i.e., in a 
little time, three days or so, after 
being presentedto the payer.Shrink 
age, a reduction in the bulk of meas¬ 
urement. Side-bar Rules, formerly, 
rules which were moved for by attor¬ 
neys on the side-bar of the court, 
but now can be had of the clerk of 
the rules upon a^r®c\^e. 

si&ht. — Usually the time of present 
ing a bill to the drawee.Sight Draft, 
a draft made payable at sight, or 
on presentation to the drawee.For 
form see Draft. 

SI&NA.L Service.-a bureau o f 

the government,connected with 
the Department of Agriculture, or¬ 
ganized to collect from the whole 
cour\^rg simultaneous reports of 
local meteorological conditions,up¬ 
on comparison of which atthecen 
tral office in Washington, predic¬ 
tions concerning.the weather are 
telegraphed to various sections of 
the country.where they are made 
known by signals publ tcly display¬ 
ed. The places where the observa 
tions are made, and the signals 
displayed, are called svywaX sVaWxxs. 


Y.*YVMVKT\OU OV YX.U& <a\GTAA\_S. 

. No.l. No.2. No.3. No.4. No.5. 

PB-lb-t- 


.No.l, white flag, six feet square^ri- 
dicates clear or falrweather. No.Jl, 
blue flag., six feet square, indicates raiti 
or snow. No. 3, white and blue flag, 
six feet square, indicates that local 
rains or showers will occur,and the 
rain will not be general. No.-4-, black 
triangular flag, four feet atbase,and 
six feet in length, always refers to 
temperature; when placed above 
Nos. 1, 2, or 3, it indicates warmer 
weather; when placed below Nos.I, 
2, or 3, it indicates colder weather; 
when not displayed,the i-ndica- 
tions^are that the temperature will 
remain stationary, or that the 
change will not be more than 4-° 
from that of the same hour of the 
preceding day from March to Octo¬ 
ber, and not more than 6° for the 
remaining months of the year. 
No. S, white flag, six feet square, hav¬ 
ing black square in center, indicates 
the approach of a swL&e/A and &ec\b- 
ek fall in temperature. It is not to 
be displayed unless it is expected 
that the fall will be to 42° or low¬ 
er, and is usually ordered at least 
24 hours in advance of the expect¬ 
ed cold wave.When No.5 is display¬ 
ed,-No. 4 is always omitted.When 
displayed on poles, the signals read, 
downward; if displayed from hori¬ 
zontal supports, a small streamer 
should indicate the point from which 
to read the signals. 

. COMBINATIONS. 

No. l, with No.4 above= fair, warmer. 
No.l, with No.4 below=fair,colder. • 
No.2,wi.th4 above=ra;ri or snow,wanner. 
No.2, with4 below=rain or snow,colder. 
No.3, with 4 above=local rains,warmer. 
No.3, with 4 below=local rains,colder. 
No. I, with 5 above=cold wave, fair. 
No.2,with 5 above=cold wave, wet. 

atwva, ch\n\o k kw nhx* wmo- 

No.l. No.2. No.3. No.4.' 





No. I, red flag, black center. No.3, 
yellow flag, with white center. No. 
3, red pennant. No. -4-, white pen- 
nan^. The square flags indicate the 
character of the storm, whether se¬ 
vere or moderate. No. 3L indicates 
that the wind9 will not be so severe. 
No. I indicates marked violence in 
the expected storm. No. 3 displayed 
with No. I or 2, indicates easterly 
wind ( from northeast to south).No. 
4- displayed with No. I or 2, wester¬ 
ly wind (from southwest to north). 
The pennant above the flag, i n d i- 
cates that the wind is to be expected 
from the northerly quadrant; below, 
from the southerly quadrant. A-t 
night a red light indicates easter¬ 
ly winds, and awhite light above 
a red, westerlu winds. The " Infor¬ 
mation signal’^ yellow pennant) in¬ 
dicates that the local observer has 
received information of interest to 
vessels about to sail to certain points. 


333 




























































































BUSINESS 

forms 

and 

Terms. 



Sl&N/\TbflE Oise’s name writ 
ken by Hi-vusel/. Sign Manual, the 
signature of one’s name in his own 
handwriting; ■the royal signature. 
Signing Judgment, act of enter¬ 
ing the judgment, wh ich either 
the plaintiff or defendant has ob¬ 
tained in an action. 

SlLE(4T PRRTKER. -One who in¬ 
vests his capital in a business, but 
whose name does not appear in 
the firm. His liability is limited 
to the extent of his contribution, 
except when he fails to make the 
proper publication of his correction 
with the concern,in which case 
his liability is the same as that of 
a secret partner.Siwony, an un¬ 
lawful contract for presenting a 
clergyman to a benefice. 

SltyPLE Cor/TF\/\CT. —A contract, 
either verbal or written, but not 
under seal or of record. Simple In 
terest, i.nterest on the principal 
only. Simple Larceny, plain lar¬ 
ceny, without violence. Sinecure, 
an office having a salary attach¬ 
ed, without the requirement of 
services; a rector without cure of 
souls. 

S(N 1^. — To lower in amount or 
value. Sinking Concerns, a busi¬ 
ness establishment or firm con¬ 
tinually losing money. Sinking 
Fund, a fund created for the pay¬ 
ment of the interest, and gradual¬ 
ly the principal, of a public debt, 
or that of a corporation. Skele¬ 
ton Ledger, a trial form of t he 
ledger, showing only the debits 
and credits. 

T-OYvYA OV SY&VJETUm NX&TCA. 

^x. Stock. Ox. ^x. Mdse. Ox. 



6057.40 

35. 

' bTAS'h 


1945. 

899.93 



8002.40 

934.93 

934.93 


8002.40 

934.93 



skill . — Great readiness and ability 
in the practical application of an y 
art, science,or handicraft. Any ore 
by engaging in any kind of busi¬ 
ness represents that he and h Is 
clerks or workmen have the degree 
of skill ordinarily required in that 


business. He does not therefore a- 
gree to use all possible skill, but on¬ 
ly such as is ordinarily possessed. 

sL/\ndei\. -Words spoken with the 
intent to injure the character of 
another. It is actionable the same 
as I! be I jq.v.). Slander of Title, a 
statement of something tending 
to injure or cut down the extent 
of title to some estate vested i n 
another. Slavery, the state of 
being absolutely the property of 
another, usually for life. Slave 
Trade, the traffic in slaves for prof¬ 
it. Sleeping Partner, one who in¬ 
vests his capital in a business,and 
shares the profits, but takes no 
part in the active management 
of it. Slop Shop, a shop where cheap 
ready-made clothing is sold. 

SNl/\K T sum of mon¬ 

ey given beyond the actual dam¬ 
ages, in case of misconduct on 
the defendant’s part, by way of 
example and punishment.Sm 1 u. 9 - 
gling, the act of importing or ex¬ 
porting goods, without paying the 
duties imposed thereon. Socage, a 
tenure by any certain or determi¬ 
nate service. Socer, the father of 
one’s wife. 

Sodomite. -One who has been 
guilty of sodomy.Sodomy, the 
crime of having unnatural in¬ 
tercourse with a male human be¬ 
ing, or ‘bewv'o\e, a female person; 
or, with a brute. Solar Day, the 
interval of time between sunrise 
and sunset. Solar Month, a cal¬ 
endar month. Sole, single, not 
married. Sol icitor, one who so¬ 
licits, or asks with earnestness, 
for another; an off icer in a court 
of chancery, who is retained by 
clients to defend and sue in their 
behalf; an attorney. 

SOLVENCY.-The condition of a 
person who is able to pay all h is 
debts in full. S014.9H, a drain or 
watercourse. Sovereignty, the un¬ 
ion and exercise of all human pow 
er possessed in a state. It means 
the full right to govern its sub¬ 
jects without interference or di¬ 
rection from any other power, 
and the right to enter into rela¬ 
tions with other states. 

SPRDOffES.- Those who are una¬ 
ble to procreate. Speaker, a mem¬ 
ber of a legislative body, who is chos¬ 
en to preside over their delibera¬ 
tions. Speaking Demurrer, one 
introducing new facts, which do 
not appear upon the face of the 
bill in equity. 

SPECIAL.-Pertaining to a partic¬ 
ular kind; opposed to qex\exa\.Spe¬ 
cial Assumpsit, an action of as¬ 
sumpsit brought on an express 
promise or special contract. Spe¬ 
cial bail, one who undertakes to 
be answerable for.the appearance 
of another. Special Books,in book¬ 
keeping, extra books, employed for 
convenience in particular cases;as, 


books of original entry, and aux¬ 
iliary to the Day Book or Journal. 
Special Columns, columns addi¬ 
tional to those usually.employed in 
keeping accounts, and introduced 
generally for saving time, sp.ace, 
or work.Special columns in jour¬ 
nalizing saves work in posting, 
and accommodates ledger accounts 
in less space, in a journal for a re¬ 
tail business, a special column for 
xwbse. ex. may be introduced to 
ad vantage, thus constituting a 
v\\xe,e-c.o\wwm journal. 1 / expense 
items occur often, a special col¬ 
umn for expense. &x. may be add¬ 
ed, making a kovw-co\\wrvv\ ‘^owx- 
wa\. By introducing additional 
debit and credit columns for c.as\\, 
a s\x- co\ww\x\ jowxwa\ is provided.In 
a cash book,special columns may 
be in troduced for merchand i se, 
both debit and credit, t hereby sav¬ 
ing -tirne and space in posting.— 
Special Damages, damages arising 
directly from the act or fault com¬ 
plained of. Special Demurrer, a 
pleading because of some defect in 
the form of the opposite patty’s 
pleading. Special Jury,a jury se 
lected in a particular way by t he 
partie.s.Special Partner, one in 
a limited partnership whose prop¬ 
erty cannot be taken to pay the 
firm’sdebts, beyond the money 
he has contri buted to the f i r m. 
Special Plea in Bar, a plea which 
advances new matter.Special Plead 
ing, the allegation of new mat¬ 
ter, as distinguished from a direct 
denial 0 / matter previously alley 
ed on the other side; also the sci¬ 
ence of pleading. Special Property, 
limited or qualified property. Spe¬ 
cialty, a writing sealed and deliv¬ 
ered under some agreement. S pe- 
cial Verdict, a verdict by which the 
facts of the case are put on the rec¬ 
ord, and the law is submitted to the 
judges. 

SPECIE Metallic money, as gold, 
silver,etc., coined by authority* 
and used as a circulating medium 
of commerce. Specification,a writ 
ten statement.containing a mi¬ 
nute description or enumeration 
of particulars; the charge prefer¬ 
red against a person accused of a 
military offense. Specifio Perfor¬ 
mance, an actual performance of 
a contract, by the party bound to 
perform it. 

SPECIiLRTE. - To purchase with 
the expectation of a contingent ad 
vance in value, and a subsequent 
sale at a prof i t. Speculation, t he 
act of buying goods, lands, stocks, 
etc., in expectation of an advance 
in price, as distinguished from a 
regular trade in which the profit 
expected is the difference between 
the wholesale and retail price.Spec¬ 
ulative Accounts, in book-keep¬ 
ing, accounts that indicate the 
source of qa\rv or\oss; as, mercha-n 


334 






























cal medium of exchange. 


VAN^NM*. 
Australia. 
Brazil. - 
Brit. Col. i-n Af. 
Brit. N. A wet. 
Den-mark. 
Egypt. 
G-erman y 


‘bWM'L^ 
SAKYtfOKYAO. 
Austria. 
Bolivia. 
China. 


w\t 02\ 
NIKYvMVSVS., 
Argentine Rep 
Belgium. 
Chili 


Gt. Brit.L Ire. Hungary. 


Cochin-China. Cuba. 
Colombia. France. 
Ecuador. Greece. 
East India Is. Hayti. 


dise, real estate, interest,eArpense,etc. 
Speculator, one who buys real es¬ 
tate, stocks, or goods, expecting t o 
hold them until they advance I w 
price; an irregular dealer. 

SPIfiSTEH.—A term applied to a 
maiden, or a woman who was nev¬ 
er married.Sponsion,a solemn 
act or engagement on behalf of 
another; an act on behalf of t he 
State, by an agent not authorized, 
or one who exceeds his authority. 
Sponsor, one who undertakes to 
answerfor another; a surety. 
Springing Use, a # vested or. contin¬ 
gent future use,limited toarjse 
without any preceding limitations. 

SPULZIE. —The act of taking away 
movables without the owner’s con 
Sent, orthat of the law. Spy, one 
who secretly watches the conduct, 
condition, actions,etc., of anoth¬ 
er, or of an enemy, i n order tore- 
port them to. another party.Spies 
may be shot in time of war, the same 
as deserters.Squatter, one who 
settles on the land of an ot her 
without legal authority. 

ST/WP TAX--Charge for stamps 
required by law to be placed oncer- 
tain legal documents and various 
manufactured articles. Standard, 
that which is established by author¬ 
ity or custom, as a rule or meas¬ 
ure of quantity; as, a pound, gal¬ 
lon, or weight; the proportion of 
weight of fine metal and alloy es¬ 
tablished by authority for coinage. 
Stannary Courts, English record 
courts,for the administration of 
justice among the tinners of some 
countries.Standard of Moneta¬ 
ry Value, the standard of mon¬ 
etary value js eithergold orsilver 
in all the civilized countries. The 
following is a list of the most im¬ 
portant countries in the world, 
divided into three groups, those 
using (I) a gold standard, (2) a si I- 
ver standard, (3Ja double or vari¬ 
able standard. The tetm “varia¬ 
ble is preferable to that of "doub¬ 
le,” inasmuch as the double stand¬ 
ard never exists at one and t h e 
same time, gold or silver becoming 
alternately the standard,asthestaie 
of the exchange makes the one or the 
other more desirable as the practi 


Italy. 
Netherlands. 
Roumania. 
Spain. 
Switzerland. 
Venezuela. 
United States. 


Liberia. India. 

New Zealand. Japan. 

Norway. Mexico. 

Portugal. Peru. 

Sweden. Russia. 

Turkey. T-ripoli. _ 

STA\TE.-A community of persons 
living within certain limits of ter¬ 
ritory, under a permanent organ? 
izatfon, which aims to secure the 
prevalence of just ice, and other¬ 
wise promote the common weal, 
by self-imposed laws. The sover¬ 
eignty of a state consists in the 
absolute right to control its own 
members, and in the absolute right 
to resist any interference in its 
affairs by any other state. The 
individual states of the An'ieri- 
can Union are not sovereign, but 
the nation itself is. The state is 
the whole body of people organiz- 
ed for the purpose of control; the 
government in that part of the 
whole body through which the 
control is exercised.THere is no 
way for a private individual to sue 
a state, as it has been thought best 
to leave each state free to settle us 
obligations in its own way and in 
its own time.VJbeeCowW o4CAams\ 
State Circuit Courts, courts next 
in. grade to the supreme court. Protn 
ten to thirty are established in ev¬ 
ery state, one for each district in 
to which the state is divided.In a 
few states they correspond to the 
‘sw^exxox courts; in . others they 
are called. covwVs. They 

have original jurisdiction, in gener¬ 
al, of all classes of cases, both civil 
and criminal, and are the courts 
in which the great body of trials 
are had. They also hear appeals 
from the lower court s.VpM'&owxiiy 
State Prisons, prisons maintain¬ 
ed bythe state, in.which criminals 
convicted of the higher crimes are 
confined. Convicts areforced to 
workTtyhile confined, thereby ren¬ 
dering the prison to a certain ex¬ 
tent self-supporting.State Law, 
the laws.of the individual states as 
distinguishedfrom the laws passed 
by Congress. Whenever they con¬ 
flict, the former must give way 
to the latter. State Rights,those 
rights peculiar to the individual 
states as opposed to those of the 
nation. Among the rights of the 
states are: (l)No new.state.m.ay 
be formed within the jurisdiction 
of another state, nor any state 
be formed by the junction of two 


or more states or parts of states, 
without the consent of the legis¬ 
latures of the states concerned,as 
well as of Congress; (51) The swal I 
states, have equal power in the sen¬ 
ate with the large ones, and this 
right is perpetuated by the consti¬ 
tution; (3) To prevent the inequal¬ 
ity in the treatment of the states 
by the general government, it is 
provided, that no tax or duty may 
be laid on articles exported from 
any.state; (4-) Mo preference-may 
be given by any regulation of com¬ 
merce or revenue to the ports of 
one state over those.of another; 
( 5) Vessels engaged in commerce 
between the states, may not be 
made to pay the usual charges for 
entrance and departure to which 
vessels engaged in foreign trade 
or commerce are subject. 

STATE NIEf/T.- A list of .resources 
and liabilities; a report of an a- 
gent’s transactions.sent to His 
principal; a synopsis of an account, 
or a brief enumeration of bills which 
have been purchased within a cer¬ 
tain time. Some mercantile hous¬ 
es send statements at regular in¬ 
tervals, as monthly, to their cus¬ 
tomers who purchase on credit, 
that a com parison of account may 
be made, and, that if any error ex¬ 
ists, it may be rectified. 

VOYWVS OT SAKVc.UvE.H"\S. 

MONTHLY STATEMENT. 


St. Louis, Oct. 31,19... 

Messrs.A.H.Bowls &.Co., 

Ao C. D. Brown &. Co. 


Oct 

9 9 
9 9 


To Mdse, as per Bill,@3 mos., 

»3 >5 

»60 days, 


n 1 1 


99 

99 


*75 00 
95l00 
80 00 


250 00 


R ESOURCES ANO LIABILITIES. 

Statement, Jan.3 1,19... 


V»esowvoes.. 

Per. Accts. Rec., as pet Ledger, 
Bill Rec.,as per Bill Book, 
Cash, as per Cash Book, 
Mdse.,as per Inventory, 
Store and Fixtures, 
Furniture,. 

MuVxYvVves . 
Per.Accts. Pay.,as per Ledger, 
Bill Pay.,as per Bill Book, 
Pres. Worth, 
Invested, 
Withdrawals, 
Net Credit, 
Net G-ain, 


581 

717 

9522: 

13000 

1917 

3000 


717 

81X8: 


14370 0 
151 


5768 


1530 


4238 


4219 


Ji 


00 


STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT, 


Boston, March 25,19.. 

Messrs.Cue & Jones, 

In acct. with Small BiCox. Dr. 


Mar 

June 

July 

May 

July 


Mdse., 2 mos., 

» 1 3 M 

it 4 i » 

Ox. 

Cash, 

9 9 

Averagedue Sept.n, 


170 
160 
150 

00 

00 

00 

460 

00 

150 

100 

00 

00 

250 

00 



230 

00 



335 






































































\ 



STATEMENT FOR OBTAINING CREDIT. 


To Wells, Munk El Co., 

Cincinnati, 0. 

G entlemen: — For the purpose 
of obtaining credit,we hereby submit 
the following statement, showing the 
total amount of resources and li¬ 
abilities of whatever kind, and af¬ 
firm that said statement represents 
the entire and complete condition 
of oitr business, and that the facts 
stated therein are true and_correct 
as shown by our books and inventory. 


^e^ov-xces 

Mdse.,Schedule A,9170.00 
Accts.Rec.,., B,7100.00 
Bills Rec., »» C, 710.50 
Furniture,,* D, 600.00 
Horses, ,» E, 250.00 
Wagons, >* F, 170.00 
Cash on hand, 150.00 
Total Resour., 18350.50 

,T\aan ,\n\.. 
Uo\i.W,VS.... 


\Jva.V\Y\X\es. 

Bills Pay.Sched.G.810.00 
Accts.Pay. ,, H.670.00 


Total Liabil., 1480.1 
Pres.Worth, L6870.50 


18350.50 


; ivt»»{tiS5Sr- 


StatVs .—The condition of persons. 
Statute, an act of the legislature or 
supreme power of a state commanding 
or prohibiting a thing. Statutes of 
Limitation, see Limitation of Ac¬ 
tion. Stay of Execution, a period 
of time during which no execution 
can issue on a judgment. Stay of 
Proceedings, suspension of an ac¬ 
tion, either conditionally or absolute¬ 
ly. Steelbow G-oods, implements of 
HusbJ ndry, cattle, corn,straw, etc., 
delivered by a landlord to a tenant, 
on condition that on the ex pi ra¬ 
tion of the lease, he will return the 
like number of goods of I ike quantity. 

ST^LLlON/\TE.~The act of sell imp 
the same property to two different 
parties; arty fraud.which has tio def¬ 
inite name. Sterling, the current 
money of G-reat Britain. The Pound 
Sterling is represented by a gold 
coin called a ‘bovexexqxs coined at 
& 4.8 6 5-3. The Farthing is not coin¬ 
ed^ the Penny is qopper; the Crown, 
Shilling,and Sixpenceare silver; 
the Sovereign and G-uinea are gold. 
Stint,that proportion of a man’s 
cattle which he is allowed to keep 
upon the common. 


STIPES.— Stock, or source of descent 
or title. Stipulation, an agree¬ 
ment or bargain; in admiralty, 
a recognizance in the nature of 
bail for the appearance of the de¬ 
fendant. Stirpes, root, stock, lin¬ 
eage, or stem. 

STOCI^.—Race, lineage,or fam ily; 
capital in trade; the title of t he 
proprietor of the business. Stock 
is also synonymous with Capital 
Stock, jt is also used to denote the 
shares into which the capital, stock 
is divided, as where one is said to 
own so much stock,meaning so 
many shares. Stock Account,an 
account employed to represent the 
person or company doing business. 
In opening the books for a busi- 
ness^heseveral kinds of property 
belonging to the business are each 
Dr., under its propertitle,toStock 
for the amount of the whole; and, 
if there beany debts to be paid,Stock 
is Dr. for the amount of them to 
the persons owed, or to bills pay¬ 
able, or to whatever represents the 
claim. The Stock Account is Cr. 
for the assets of the firm , an d 
Dr. for its liabilities.Stock Bro¬ 
ker, an agent who buys and sells 
stock for others on commission. 
Stock Certificate, a certificate en¬ 
titling its owner to one or more 
shares in a stock company.Stock 
Exchange, an association or com¬ 
pany of stockbrokers; the building 
where brokers and bankers meet to 
buy and sell stock, bonds,etc.Stock 
Farmer, a farmer who confines 
his attention chiefly to the rais¬ 
ing of live-stock.Stockholder, one 
who holds shares inthe capital 
stock of a joint-stock company.Stock 
Insurance Company, one in which 
thecapital stock is owned by per¬ 
sons who compose the company, 
and who are called stockholders — 
the losses being paid from the pre 
miums received, or if these are in¬ 
sufficient, from the capital stock. 
Stock-in-trade, the goods of a mer¬ 
chant, which are employed in his 
business. Stock Jobber, one who 
speculates in stocks.Stock Market, 
the state of demand for stocks. 
Stock on Hand, unsold merchandise. 
Stocks, shares in the capital stock 
of ajoint-stock company.Stock¬ 
taking, an inventory of the quan¬ 
tity and cost-value of the goods on 
hand, and of fixtures and furni¬ 
ture, taken periodically by a mer¬ 
chant or tradesman. Dead-stock, 
goo ds for which a market cannot 
be found. ''Watered ” Stock.-At 
times the charter of a corporation 
forbidsthe declaring of a dividend 
exceeding a certain percent of 
the par value of its stock. In this 
case the directors may find it de¬ 
sirable to “water” the stock, i.e., 
to issue additional shares.This in¬ 
crease in the number of shares 


reduces the percentage ofdfvidend, 
yet the same profit in the aggregate 
is secured to the stockholders. 


X 

o 

<r 

UJ 


No. 175. 


) Shares. 


This certifies that...lowxL 
NN.VAnvlkx... is entitled to~F\4- 
Shares in the Capital 
Stock of the 
DRYTOWN MINING COMPANY, 
Transferable only on the 
Books oftheCompany,itiper 
son, or by Attorney, up on 
the surrender of this Cer¬ 
tificate. 

In witness whereof, t he 

Seal of said Company has 
been hereunto affixed,this 
...'1x4. ..day of...OcY...I9.. 



A. L.WARO,TreasV. M.T.Sm£L,Pres’t. 


STOLeK PHQPEI^TY.— If one at 

tempt to sell what he does not own, 
there is no sale; i.e., no one can 
claim a thing be cause he bought 
and paid for It, unless he bought it 
from the owner. The true owner 
of property can claim it atany time, 
and in whosever possession he may 
find it. There are two important 
exceptions to the foregoing rule, 
viz., xY\ 0 Yve\> and x\e.qoX\a>o\e sec.w- 
v*\V\es ^av)a\>\e Vo\)&avex* n such as 
promissory notes, drafts,bills of 
exchange, checks, bonds,etc.WHo- 
ever obtains money, or negotiable 
securities payable to bearer(l) be¬ 
fore they become due, and(7)gives 
something in consideration, and 
(3) has no reason to suspect that 
the one from whom he o b tain s 
them has not the fuU rig ht to 
transfer them, obtains the same 
right to them that he would if the 
other party were the real owner. 

Voss, ok ^'xo^e.'xV^V 

STOPP^&E IN TIWNSITO .—The re-! 
calling and taking possession of a 
bill of goods sold on credit, while 
they are still on their way to t he 
buyer, and. before he has taken pos¬ 
session of them.V=e-e' t =a\e/V^ ^.— 
Stop Payment (of a check), to no¬ 
tify the bank, before the check has 
been presented,notto pay it.Stop¬ 
ped Payment, an expression equiv¬ 
alent to failure; as, when amerchant 
fails, or ceases to pay his notes or 
liabilities. 

STO^G-E.—Amount paid for the 
privilege of storing goods in an¬ 
other’s warehouse. The charges 
are a certain price per barre!,bale, 
box,etc. All goods stored,thoughfor 
only a day, are subject to at least 
one month’s storage. To com¬ 
pute storage, multiply the num¬ 
ber of barrels, or other articles 


























































first entered, by the num ber of days 
between the time of entrance and 
the time, of first delivery, or sec¬ 
ond entrance.Then multiply each 
balance by the number of days it 
continues unchanged. The sum 
of all the products will equal the 
number of articles in store for 
one day. To find, the number stor¬ 
ed for one month, divide the sum 
of the products by 30. 


Philadelphia, July 3,18.... 

Received on storage account at our 
Water Front warehouse, from 
...VvaxNNeW^Yowm &.O0.. • <vw^T \ve 
barrels Shenandoah Val-| 
ley Headlight Oil,“Crescent”brand. 
The same are to be returned t o 
them on the payment of storage and 
the return of this receipt,endorsed 
by them. Storage and charges five 
cents per barrel a month. Insured 
bu owners._ ..>Ne.vvs, 


STOf\E.-A place where yoods are sold,] 

or a warehouse. Store Goods, those 
bouyht at a store as distinguished 
from home-made goods.Storehouse, 
a depository for merchandise. Store¬ 
keeper, a retail dealer, generally one 
who keeps a miscellaneous assort¬ 
ment of goods; an off icer who has 
charge of the United States b omded 
warehouse. Stores, a ship’s supplies, 
or those of a family; as, various ar¬ 
ticles of provfsions.Stowage, t h.e 
arrangement of the goods in a 
warehouse; the arrangement of a 
ship’s i cargo, so as to prevent injury 
by friction or leakage. 

Stk/\odLe .—In the stoffk exchange, 
a combination of the^put” and 
the "pall.” It gives the purchaser 
the right to get the difference wheth 
erthe grain goes up or down.The 
man selling the straddle bets that, 
within the specified time, grain 
will not fluctuate, while the buy- 
e-f bets that it will.Stranding,the 
voluntary or accidental running 
of a ship or other vessel on shore. 

ST^/yNG-ERS.— Legally,third parties; 
as.the persons bound by afine are 
parties, privies,and strangers; the 
person who is not privy to an act 
or action; one born out of the 
United States. Stratagem, a plan 
or scheme for gaining some ad 
vantage, or of deceiving an enemy, 


especially in war. Stratagems and 
deceit are allowable in war, but not 
so far as to constitute a breach of 
faith. When an enemy surrenders 
or is captured,the right to kill is 
gone. Stratocracy, a military gov¬ 
ernment. 

STf^E/\f\^S.—Streams of water rum- 
ning through one’s land, confer 
the right on the owner to their 
use, so far as. that use does not per¬ 
ceptibly diminish their volume,or 
change their course,or in any 
way prevent a similar use by oth¬ 
er owners. An owner may build 
a dam upon his own land,but not 
so High as to cause the water 1 0 
set back upon his neighbor’s land, 
unless with the latter’s permis¬ 
sion. ySec. YY^aYxaw x\ eV 0 r<£\. 

Street, see Highway. 

STRIDING--The select¬ 
ing indiscriminately by asheriff 
of forty-eight of the principal free¬ 
holders, and the striking off twen¬ 
ty-four of them, twelve by. each side, 
and -returning the remaining 
twenty-four for duty. Stupruw, 
criminal sexual intercourse .accord¬ 
ing to Roman law, between a man 
and an unmarried woman,maid, 
or widow, who before lived honestly. 
SUb-A&ent. — The agent of an a- 
gent. All the rules of agency are, 
applicable to the relation between 
the agent and the sub-agent, for 
as to each other they are princi¬ 
pal and agent.\5>e«.Kgewc\iY Sub¬ 
jection, state of being under the 
power,control, of government of 
another. Sub-Lease, a lease from 
a tenant to another person of the 
whole ora part of the property,for 
a part of the time. If a tenant de¬ 
sire to transfer his right entirely 
to another party, he may do so,in 
which case.he is said to •as.svgw h fs 
lease. In this case the sub-tenant is 
not responsible to the original land 
lord for the rent, the tenant being 
his only landlord. If a tenant tra-ns 
fer only a part of his right, he is said 
to s.vOo\eV it, and the new tenant 
becomes a tenant of the original 
landlord,to whom he must pay. the 
rent. . , 

SU8I^lSS(0[d.—The act of putting 
one’s property or person under the 
control of another; an agreement 
by which parties consent to submit 
their differences for arbitration. 
Subornation 0 /Perjury, see Per 
jury. Subpoena, a writ from a 
court commanding the attendance 
of witnesses, under heavy penalties 
if they do not. Sub-rogation, the 
act of substituting one person in 
the place of another, who is acred- 
itor, and to whose r ights in rela¬ 
tion to the debt he succeeds. 

SUBSCRIBINGVVITNESS.-A pers¬ 
on who subscribes his name 
to an instrument, eo that he can 
at a future day prove its execution. 


YWWv CY tY.’KWYWCtY. OY YYStoY 
VdWHESS. 


SlJBSCHIPXIOt/ P/yPEI\. —The head 
ing should be as briefly and plain¬ 
ly written as is consistent with 
a clear expression of the purpose 
‘for which the money issubscribed. 
YOYAJV OY YNSYSCYXEYVOW V . 


City and County of NewYork,Vd". 

On this...V5W... day of.’.-YeVev 
ax\)...in the year 19...,before we 
personally ca , me...W.%.twYf\s.., 
a subscribing witness to the with¬ 
in instrument, with whom I am 
personally acquainted, who being 
by me duly sworn, said that he re¬ 
sided in the city of Brooklyn, in the 
Stateof New York; that He was ac 
quainted with...N.W. and YAvwme 
V\l\yvwcY.., and knew them to be the 
persons described in, and who ex¬ 
ecuted the said instrument; and 
that he saw them execute and 
deliver the same, and that they 
acknowledged to him (the said Cur¬ 
tis), that they executed and deliv¬ 
ered the same, and that He(thesaid 
Curtis), thereupon subscribed his 
name as a witness thereto, at 
their requests 

...D.P.Thompson.. 

'HOYKY.X YU%\\C. 


Washington,Sept. 10, i9 

We,the undersigned, agree to 
pay the sums- set opposite pur re¬ 
spective names, for the purpose 
of defraying the expenses necessa¬ 
ry to the appropriate celebration, 
in this city, of our National Inde¬ 
pendence, on the corning Fourth 
of July. 


Names. 


10.00 

I5.C0 

6.00 


No. 


N awes. 




25.0 

1.0 

8.0 


SUbsid\. — Money furnished for 
a particular purpose; assistance 
granted by one state to another by 
treaty for aid in war. Substitute, 
one put to occupy the place or posi¬ 
tion of another; one sent to the 
army in place of another, when 
drafted. Substitution, the act of 
placing one person in the place of 
another, that he may act for. him. 
Substitution of Attorney,see At¬ 
torney. Subtraction, In jaw, the 
withdrawing or withholding of 
some rig ht. Sub-Tenant, the ten¬ 
ant of atenantA^eeSwVVeaseV 
$lJCCE(SSiG£f.-The act,right,orthe 
power of succeeding to the inherit¬ 
ance of another. Successor, one 
who follows or succeeds to the po¬ 
sition of another. Site, to commerce 
or continue legal proceedings against 
a party.Suffrage, theright orpriv- 
ilege of voting. 

\Iov\wqV Suicide, the act of deliber¬ 
ately taking one’s own life,while 
in the possession and.enjoyment 
o f his mental faculties. 



















































































SUIT.-A prosecution; an action at law 
or in equity. The proceedings in an 
ordinary civil case are: (I) the sum¬ 
mons, ( 2 ) the pleadings, or prepar¬ 
ing the necessary papers,(3) the se¬ 
lection of a jury, (4-) the ttial, 
(5) the verdict,_ ( 6 ) the judgment, 
(lj the appeal, it the defeated par¬ 
ty thinks justice has not been done. 
The proceedings in a criminal case 
are: (I) the indictment,( 2 ) the ar¬ 
rest, and giving of bail, it bailable, 
(3) the exam ination,(4-) the appl i¬ 
cation tor habeas corpus, it the pris¬ 
oner thinks his arrest is unlawful, 
(5) the trial, ( 6 ) the charge to the 
jury,(7) the verdict, ( 8 j the sen¬ 
tence or d?scharge.\Vv\e, oowvse. oi 
W\e, Wva\ \s \\\o, same as \y\ cm\ cas¬ 
es^. 

S\j rv\MARY-~ An abstract or abridg¬ 
ment. Summary Proceedings, a 
methud given by statute, by which 
a landlord regains possession ot his 
premises, in case the tenant retus- 
es, upon demand, to pay the rent, or 
when he wrongfully holds over.This 
method is jess expensive than an ac¬ 
tion for ejectment. Sum-turn 9 Up, 
a review made in favor of one of the 
parties in a cause, before a court and 
jury, after the evidence has all been 
given. The judge usually sums up the 
evidence,in his charge. 

SUIV\N\ONS. — A writ issued by a 
court at the-instance of the plain¬ 
tiff, and served upon the defendant, 
summoning him to appear in court. 
Generally this appearance is made 
by the defendant’s attorney fil¬ 
ing a notice in the clerk’s office. 
Sumptuary Laws, those relating to 
the expenses of thepeople,and made 
to restrain excess in apparel,furni¬ 
ture, foo d, etc. 

SU^D/Of.-The first day of the week. 
It begins at IX o’clock midnight on Sat 
urday,and continues for 24- hours, 
except in some of the New England 
States, where it begins at sunset on 
Saturday,and continues 24-hours. 
In many of the States a contract 
made on Sunday, or an agreement 
to do anything on Sunday, except 
such as relate to works of necessity 
and mercy, is illegal and void. _ 


ERCRRGO. —An officer or other 
person engaged to proceed in a mer¬ 
chant ship, to have charge of the car¬ 
go, and sell it to the best advantage,and 
to superintend returning cargoes,and 
receive freight, as far as he way have 
authority. Superficies, buildings and 
other things that have been erected 
on the soil. Superintendent of Pub¬ 
lic Instruction, an officer whose du¬ 
ty is to examine into the condition 
of the’public schools of the State, 
and report thereon to the legisla¬ 
ture; to attend institutes and eth¬ 
er meetings of teachers; to pre¬ 
pare blanks for, and to preservesia- 
tistics from, the local school offi¬ 
cers; to supervise the school funds, 
and to distribute the school laws 
and other documents for the use 
of school officers. 

Superior C9URT. —A court of in¬ 
termediate jurisdiction between 
the inferior courts and those of last 
resort. Superstitious Use, the use 
of land for areligious purpose, or 
by an ecclesiastical corporation.Su- 
pervisor, an officer appointed to 
superintend and care for the high¬ 
ways. V=ee'?>oax& o£ Sw^eWv<x>ors,a\\& 
C>ow*\V\$ £ow-mwcAcme/vs^ .Supplemen¬ 
tal Bill, a.supplement or addition 
to an original bill in equity,made 
to supply some defect. Supplementa¬ 
ry Proceedings, those supplementa¬ 
ry to execution under the Code, de¬ 
signed to furnish the judgment debt¬ 
or witha cheap and summary mode 
of reaching such property of his 
debtor as could not be reached by 
execution at law, and to compel him 
to make discovery of his property. 

SUPPORT. — The necessaries of life; 
an easement; the right of a man to 
rest the timbers of his house upon or 
in the adjoining wall belonging to 
another man. Support o/the Gov¬ 
ernment, this means not only pe¬ 
cuniary support which one is bound 
to contribute to meet the necessa¬ 
ry expenses, but also moral sup¬ 
port which comes from respect 
and obedience. 

SUPREISRE.— Holding the highest po¬ 
sition or place in government or 
power. Supreme Court, the high¬ 
est court in the land, and was es¬ 
tablished by the Constitution it¬ 
self. It consists of nine judges,and 
its jurisdiction is almost wholly ap¬ 
pellate, having original jurisdiction 
in only a few cases. Surcharge, an 
overcharge; a disallowed item in 
an account which those who pre¬ 
sent it have personally to pay; put¬ 
ting more cattle on a common than 
the herbage will sustain. 

SURETY.—A person who binds him¬ 
self to pay a sum of money,or per¬ 
form some act in case of the failure 
of another to do so.Sjbe.e&w'jLY'aw- 
V\),WoV’\ce ot ^YoVesXf,'&Y\& ^.x\&oY%e- 
Suretyship, the obligation 
of being bound to answer for the 
debt, default, or miscarriage ofanothet 


SURNRiy\ES.—In ancient times pa 

rents in nam ing their offspring,us¬ 
ed names descriptive of some pecul¬ 
iarity already existing,or which it 
was hoped might become character 
istic.Thus Eve means Iife-givin 9 , 
Jacob, a supplanter, etc.These names 
were all ^exsowaN names, Having 
nothing in common with the 
names of others. In this respect 
they correspond to the # English Chris¬ 
tian names-of modern tfmes.As pop¬ 
ulation increased it was discovered 
that something more was requir¬ 
ed to distinguish between two or 
more persons named alike or sim¬ 
ilarly. Hence, arose the practice of 
giving a supplementary name, or 
adding something to the proper 
name. These additions were called 
swqex- or ■swx-navnes, the first syl¬ 
lable being spelled with the letter 
w. These surnames were not 
transmissible from father to son, 
and were changeable at will. Af¬ 
ter a time, as population contin¬ 
ued to increase, additions some¬ 
what analogous to these omcy- or 
s>wy -names, came to be adopted,to 
fix more completely and accurate- 
! j the identity of any particular per¬ 
son. To obviate to some extent the 
inconvenience of this system of 
nomenclature, which gave no clue 
to the family or connection, men 
began to add their father’s n ame 
to their own. With this custom 
came in the now universal use of 
<b\x-names, spelled with the letter 
\ . It is no longer a swr- or omcy- 
name, but a svy- or s\Ye-name, 
that is, the name derived from the 
s'vYe or iaVWY. 

SURPLUSAGE. —That which is left 
over; in law, matter foreign and 
impertinent to the case.Surrebut 
ter, answer of the plaintiff^to the 
defend ant’s re b utt a I. Surrejoinder, 
a plaintiff’s reply to the defend¬ 
ant’s rejoinder. Surrender, the 
act of resigning or yielding up a 
smaller estate to him who has a 
largerestate in the same land?,in 
remainder or reversion, by which 
the smaller estate is merged jn to 
the larger. 

SURROGATE. -A judge having juris ] 
diction of the probate of wills. He 
is sometimes called surrogate, reg¬ 
ister, judge of probate, judge of 
the orphans’s court.Survey,an 
examination into the condition 
of a ship or its cargo. Surveyor, 
an officer chosen to make the 
surveys of any lands in the coun¬ 
ty, when applied to for the purpose 
by parties interested, or by any of 
the courts; a person employed by 
marine insurance companies to 
inspect ships; an officer of a 
fire insurance company who ex¬ 
amines and reports on applica¬ 
tions for insurance on merchan 
dise and buildings.Survivo-r,the 
longest liver of two or more persons. 


338 











































SUSPEND — To stop payment. _ S us- 
pe-MSe Account, in book-keeping, an 
account containing balances of per¬ 
sonal accounts considered to be doubt¬ 
ful. To keep such an account, place 
upon the credit side the separate 
amounts which appear upon the 
debit side of the doubtful accounts, 
debiting the same to Loss and Gain 
at once, thus perwittjny the doubt¬ 
ful accounts to remain upon the 
Ledger without the corresponding 
gain which such resource,!/gen¬ 
uine, would, imply. Suspension, the 
act 0 / delaying or withholding /or 
a time a man’s rights; as, when 
the rents or other profits of land 
cease by unity of possession of land 
and rent, they are then said to be 
in Suspension 0 / Payment, 

the act of a firm or trader declin¬ 
ing to pay any one debt, upon find¬ 
ing that they,are unable to meet 
all their liabilities; also, when a 
bank stops cashing its checks or notes. 

SUTLER.-An authorised vendor of 
provisions,etc., to soldiers in camp 
or garrison. Swindling Note, a. 
note so worded and formulated as 
to lead farmers or others to believe 
that they agree to pay onlyasmall 
amount, as twenty or thirty dol¬ 
lars, when they have sold goods 
to a given amount. By tearing off 
the right-hand end of the note,what 
is apparently an agreement for a 
small amount, becomes a promis¬ 
sory note /or a large sum. When 
the note is sold at a bank.it becomes 
the proper^i) 0 /a third and innocent 
party,who can by law en/orce its 
payment. VbeeSVo\e.\\ , ?YO'aeYVu\. 

VOWVA CV SNNXWTA-NWCt HOTt. 


syndicate -a number of capitalists 
who unite together to dispose of a 
large loan, or to conduct some great 
financial enterprise. Sy-H graph, a 
writing, bond, or deed,under the 
hand and seal 0 /all the parties. 

T/^BELLlOfl. —A notary public. Tac 
•free, free from payment. Tacit, 
that which is understood or im¬ 
plied from the nature of the thing, 
or from the provision, of the law. 
Tacking, the act of uniting secu¬ 
rities given at different times,all 
of which must be redeemed before 
an intermediate purchaser art in¬ 
terpose his claim. Taking Stock, 
see. Stock-taking. Tales, a number 
0 / jurors added to a deficient pan¬ 
el. if the number is selected from 
the bystanders, the order 0 / the 
judge is called VaXes <Le, caycwm- 
sXan&NWs, Tale GLuale, a term 
used in contracts where grain is 
sold off the coast, by a sample 
drawnatthe port at which the 
ship has touched; and signifying 
that the cargo is Held to be t He 
same in quality as the sam p le, 
and that the buyer takes the risk 
of any damage the cargo may af¬ 
terwards sustain. 

tally — Any method 0 /marking 
or checking enumeration;astick 
cut in two parts, on each o/which 
is marked what is due between debt¬ 
or and creditor. Tally-man, one 
who receives payment/or goods 
in weekly installments. Tare, an 
allowance in the purchase of-mer¬ 
chandise, for the weight 0 / boxes, 
etc.,in which it is packed; an al¬ 
lowance to purchasers /or waste, 
of 4 lbs. on every 104 lbs. 0 /weight 
after the above tare is deducted is 
called VxeV. 

TARIFF.- A rate 0 / duty fixed by 
law on imports and exports.The 
tariff taxes, commonly called du¬ 
ties,or customs, belong to the class 
of indirect taxes. They are made 
up of <b^ec.’\fc\c tswXves. and siaXox- 
«ay\ &wV\es.\See^wV\e‘iy A rc\j«x\ae 
Vax\44 is one laid for the sole purpose 
of collecting revenue for the uses 
of government, and is made up of 
duties on goods not produced at 
home, as the tax on these will be 
paid without interfering in any way 
with the prices of domestic goods, 
V^ee X’ / YO've,cV\\je,'X'aV\<i<i, aAso 


Danville,Ino., May 1,19. 

0re yearafter date,I promise to pay...'k.VosE.Y...or bearer~f\eY\™.Dollars,whenlsellbg 
order- w V\\ie'A\vY\&Y£& -vy\& -wDollars(&550) worth of Patent Wheat Screens, 
for value received, at ten per cent per annum, said ^JTen^Dollars whendueis 
payable at Danville, Ind. 

„.W .*b.N\l\ vv\kvas... Agent for H. Losey 
Witness, ..C.B .G-ibson... _ 7 

symbolic deLiv Ei\y. — A delivery of 


property sold by delivering something 
else, as a sym bol, token, or represen¬ 
tative of it; as, of lands, aVvaMi^ew 
x\q or a little of the eaxVA and sWwes; 
of houses, aWs^ and 


TAVERN-KEEPER. —The keeper of 
an inn or inferior hotel.VbeeXXo- 
VeY-Vee-^exY Tax, a certain trib¬ 
ute imposed upon individuals for 
the support of the.State or govern 
went. Taxes are either YxecV or 


kw&wecV. Direct taxes include poll- 
taxes, and taxes on land, houses, 
and other real estate and person¬ 
al property. Indirect taxes include 
duties,imposts,and excises. Proper¬ 
ty exempted from taxation,includes 
the property of the United States, of 
the State, counties, townships,cit¬ 
ies, literary and charitable institu¬ 
tions, schools and other education¬ 
al institutions, religious societies, 
scientific and agricultural societies, 
public libraries, burial grounds,and 
a certain portion of the property 
of private individuals, as of wid¬ 
ows, orphans, and some others. 
An apportionment of the whole a- 
woutit of faxes raised, is made for 
the various State, county,andtown 
ship purposes. From the complete 
tax list,containing a description 
of all the items of property taxed, 
the county treasurer collects the 
faxes according to law. If the tax 
is not paid within a specified time, 
the treasurer may take the property, 
or such portion of it as he deems 
necessary, and, after public notice, 
may sell it at public sale .Taxation, 
adjustment, or-f fxing the amount 
of costs; also the process of taxing 
orimposing a tax. Tax Deed,a doc 
ument by which the title of the 
rightful owner is conveyed to the 
purchaser at a tax sale of property 
for the non-payment of taxes. Tax 
Sale, the sale of property for the 
non-payment of taxes. Taxation 
of Costs, the act of fixing or adjust¬ 
ing the amount of costs to which 
a party is entitled. 

TELEPRO^I E.- A mechanismfor 
the reproduction of sounds, partic¬ 
ularly articulate speech, at a dis¬ 
tance. Telegram, a dispatch ormes 
sage received or transmitted by the 
electric telegraph. Telegraph Com- 
pany, a company or corporation 
who own and control a line of tel¬ 
egraph wires. In the sending of a 
dispatch, the two parties concerned 
are the sender of the message and 
the company. The message must 
be sent as it is given, the operator 
not being permitted to correct ev¬ 
ident mistakes, such as errors in 
grammar, nor add, nor omit any 
thing, nor make any change in if. 
A message must be sent as soon as 
it can be, and in its proper order as 
received. An hour’s unnecessary de 
lay might make the company re 
sponsible. A telegraph company is 
a confidential messenger, and is 
responsible if it reveal the message 
to any one except the person ad¬ 
dressed. Tele graphic correspondence 
being somewhat expensive, it is de¬ 
sirable to express in the very few¬ 
est words, cTearly and unmistakably, 
our ex-acV meaning. In writing a 
telegram,(I) write out in full 
what you desire to commun icate 
[7.) read the message carefully, and 
strike out all the unnecessary words 


339 
















































J3) copu it as corrected, s ign your name, 
mcludFtig street and rnurber; 14) keep 
the first corrected draft for reference in 
case 0 / trouble. (There is no charge for ei¬ 
ther the address of+he sender.or that of 
the person addressed. 

V05WS OV tYVWrVvWAS. 

NOTICE OF SAFE ARRIVAL. _ _ 
Mr. A.C.Mansheld, CY\\ca.qs,QOF.\,'ft... 
716 Market St., Fresno,Cal.. 

Arrived safe. Like place. Will visit FairTo 
morrow. Letter to-day. 

Henry. 

"**• 187 Dearborn St. 




AN ORDER FOR BOOKS. 


N. R. Ose-ooo, 

161 Rose St., New York. 

Send first express C.O.D. fifty ?Ye\v\sXor 
\oNNor\te. J. R. Lytle, Agent. 

Vp<). __ 73 Treat Ave, 

TO A LADY FRIEND. 


Yan^o-w iNvav} T,Yi... . 
Miss Emily Barnet, 

793 Broadway,New York. 

Your father very ill. Is very low. Come 
on immediately. 

Mamie Frank. 


TeLLer. — One who receives or counts; a 

bank officer who receives or pays ou.t mon¬ 
ey. Tenant, one who holds or possesses 
lands or tenements by any kind of title, 
either in fee, for life, for years, or at wi 11. 
Tenantsi-fiCommon, tenants holding 
land and tenements by several and dis¬ 
tinct titles and not by a joint title, but 
occupied in common, the only unity rec¬ 
ognized between them being that of pos¬ 
sess ion. \See, Yaw Aoy & awLYewawV ,Y«as«, 
aw& 'bwYA&aseV 

TO YWV OV TOtNKV* KTOGE OF 

St.Paul, March 21, 19... 

0 EAR Sir: 

The premises I now occupy as your 
tenant, at No 717 Fourth street, I shall 
vacate on the fifteenth day of April,19.., 
You will please take notice accordingly. 

I -YY VX.'b.NN\vv.\u<bcm. 

LTo Abdel Youno. Esq. 

TENDER . — The act of offering money or 
anything in settlement, by a debtor or 
some one authorizEo; an offer in writ¬ 
ing to supply certain articles,goods,ships, 
or anything that may be required,at pri¬ 
ces and conditions specified in the Xew&ex. 
\Jbee Ye.tyaX’Xe.w&e.'vly. Tenement^ prop¬ 
erty occupied for a limited time on cer- 
tain conditions; as, lands or houses. 


TEf*END\jNl.-A clause in adeed, 
limiting and creating the tenure 
of the land. Tenet, a term used 
in stating the tenure in an action 
for waste done during tenancy. Ten- 
Forties,- one of the first loans of 
the government during the Civil 
War,1861-5, socalled because of 
the privilege of the government 
to take it up in Very years,or to 
let it remain (orV\) years, at its 
own option. Interest at 5%. 
Teno-r, general drift or course 
of thought; also implying that 
a correct copy has been set o ut. 
Tenu-iF, a term used in stating 
the tenure in an action for t he 
waste done after t he expiration 
of the tenancy. 

TENURE.- Mannerof holding; 
especially the manner in which 
an estate in lands is he Id. Term, 
the limitation of an estate;$he 
space of time in which a court 
or other organized body is open. 
Term" of Credit, the time that 
is allowed for the payment of 
merchandise bought on account, 
and varies according to the kind 
of goods dealt in, and local usage. 
Some firms do only acash bus 
iness, while others allow a uni¬ 
form term of credit for 30,60, 
or 90 days. Terms, the cond i- 
tions of a sale or agreement. 

TERROR.- One who holds lands 
or tenements for a term of years, 
or for life. Terrc-Temant, one 
who is in actual possession of the 
land. Terrier, a roll,catalogue, 
or survey of lands. Territory, 
a district of country not yet or¬ 
ganized and admitted as aState. 
Until a Territory becomes aState, 
it is under the control of the 
United StatesG-overnmefit,which 
grants it, to a certain extent,self- 
government, on the plan of the 
State governments. Each Ter¬ 
ritory has a right to send a del¬ 
egate to Congress, who may take 
part in the debates of the House, 
but cannot vote. 

test. — Any critical trial or ex¬ 
amination; that with which 
anything is compared, for the 
purpose of ascertaining the truth 
of another thing. Test Oath, an 
oath relating to religious opin- 
ions-V^e-c- OaVV-Y Testame«t,a 
written document, properly at 
tested, in which a person declares 
his pleasure as to the disposal of 
his property after his deathAS^ 
W\\\y Testate, having made a 
will. Testator, one who makes 
a testament or will. Testatrix 
a woman who makes a will or 
testament. Teste, the witness 
ing part of a document,as the 
date, etc. Testify , to give testimo 
ny or evidence according to law, 
Testimony, evidence given by 
a witness under oath. Standing, 
he raises his right hand,and swears 


to tell the truth, the whole truth, 
and nothing but the truth. 

TEXTILE FABRICS.-.AH kinds 
of woven goods, especially ^ece 
goods. Theft, the general name 
for larceny (q.v.).Theft bote, 
the act of compounding afelong; 
the act of receiving a.man’s stol 
en goods from the thief, with 
the intent not to prosecute him. 
Theocracy, a government by 
the immediate direction or ad¬ 
ministration of Ood. Thi-Mys, 
a term extended to all objects 
subject to.dominion or property, 
except man. Things are xe-a\ or 

TRIRD PARTIES- A term used 
in connection with transactions 
between two parties,to denote 
other persons whom the trans¬ 
actions may affect at the time 
or afterwards. Thread, the 
central line of a riveV or of a 
stream. Tickler, a book which 
contains a memorandum of 
notes and debts,arranged in 
the order of maturity. TFi e 
L o\\e, oX\ o w "X\cY\e.r contains a 
record of all time paper.left 
with a bank for collection.The 
Y'xs.covvyOv YXcYXe/'t is a book in which 
are entered all discounted notes 
or bills, arranged with reference 
to their maturity. Its object is 
to insure the presentation of 
paper for payment at the prop 
er time. 

TIDE.—The alternate rising 
and fall ing of the waters of 
the ocean, bays,rivers,etc.The 
law recognizes three kinds of 
tides: viz.,Xwc;X\ Spring tides, 
tides, and tides 

Tide Water, water which flows 
and reflows with the tide. Tim 
ber Trees, trees that are com 
monly used for building, pur¬ 
poses, such as. oak, ash, pine,etc. 

TirvjE.-A particular portion of 
duration, past, present, or f ut 
ure. In computing time, the 
first day or month or year 
is excluded, and the last is in 
eluded. When months are con 
sidered, they are construed to 
mean calendar months, by 
which is meant the time from 
one day in one month to the 
same day in anothermonth 
Notes or securities falling due 
on the 30th or 31st of a n y 
month which has only 2.8, 
2.9, or 30 days in it, are con 
sidered to be nominally due on 
the last day of the month,and 
therefore legally due on the 
3rd of the following month 
For instance, a note dated 
Nov. 30th, payable 3 months 
after date, falls due on the 
last dau of Feb., and three 
days of grace make it payable 
on March 3rd. Less than a 
month is reckoned at the rate 




340 






















































i-'r 



1 - 


W v 

Ox 





0 / 30 days to the month. Tor com¬ 
puting interest, 360 days are con¬ 
sidered a year, or 30 days a month.If 
accurate xYOvere'sV is desired, compute 
the interest on a 360 day basis,then 
subtract \/iYo of it.\Jbee VoXeAestAa- 
\>\e-Vv\&exy To -find the difference 
between two dates, see Business Time 
Tables —Index. Time Bargain,an a- 
greement to buy or sell goods at some 
definite time, in the future and at a 
fired price. Time Book, a book in 
which are entered the names of work¬ 
men, their department of work,time 
employed, rate of daily wages,amount 
of wages for the month, and the to¬ 
tal amount of the pay roll for this 
time. A time book is both a pay roll 
and a book of original entry, and as 
such, should be preserved as an essen¬ 
tial part of the records of one’s business. 


es would be contrary to the funda¬ 
mental principle of the government, 
accordingly, the Constitution declares 
that no title of nobility shall begrant- 
ed by the United States or by any State. 

TO-BOOT.— A part of the compensation 
Toft, the site or piece of ground on 
which a house has stood;a messuage. 
Toll, a tar or duty imposed ontrav- 
elers or goods passing along a bridge 
or a public road; a miller’s compen¬ 
sation for grinding corn, wheat,etc, 
Tonnage, the carrying capacity 
of a ship or vessel; a duty or to II 
on vessels, o-*- on goods carried upon 
the water. Tonnage duties are for¬ 
bidden to the States, as they are a 
means, of regulating commerce, 
which is a subject given entirely to 
Congress. Tontine, an annuity 
on survivorship, it being shared 
equally by several individuals, the 
equal share being increased by the 
death of successive annuitants un¬ 
til the whole goes to the last survi 
vor, unless otherwise agreed upon 
by the original parties. Took and 
Carried Away, a necessary phrase 
in an indictment for simple larceny. 
Tort, a wrong or injury. Tortfeas 
er, a wrong doer. To wit,namely, 
or that is to say. . 

TOWN .— A subdivision of a county 
in the.Eastern States. In the West¬ 
ern and.the Southern States, the 
same division is called a Township. 
To wnships are cam\\ or c.o'wqres- 
s\owa\. A congressional township 
contains 36 sections or square miles; 
while a civil township varies insize, 
being sometimes smaller, and at other 
times larger, than a congressional one. 


Names. 

Work. 

1 

16 

X 

11 

3 

IB 

4- 

19 

5 

xo 

6 

21 

7 

XX 

8 

X3 

9 

34 

10 

25 

11 

36 

IX 

XI 

13 

38 

14- 

29 

15 

30 

31 

Time. 

Rate. 

Am’t. 

Total. 

C. Crowe 

Foreman 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

29 


3 

50 

101 

50 



Joe Fox 

Engineer 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

34 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

29 

5 

2 

50 

73 

75 



Eli Dunn 

Porter 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

T 

\ 

\ 

31 


1 

50 

46 

50 



S. Hall 

Laborer 

\ 

\ 

34 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

34 

\ 

\ 

28 


2 

00 

56 

OO 

277 

75 


• »*IC 1 w vU b« M LI miydr I 071 Ot nC' 

t ion. Time Draft, see Draft.Tipstaff, 
an officer of the court, who serves its 
process. Tithes, a right to the tenth 
part of the produce of land, of the 
stocks upon lands, and of the personal 
industry of the people. Title, an in¬ 
scription put over a thing as the name 
by which it is to be known; a claim 
of right; the means whereby an own¬ 
er justly possesses his property; the 
right of action which a plaintiff has. 
Title Deed, a document containing 
the evidence of the title of the owner 
of an estate. Titles of Nobility, the 
titles by which the highest (so-called) 
classes of society are distinyuished.The 
Declaration of American Independence 
states as a self-evident truth,that all 
men are created equal; hence,any ar¬ 
tificial division of the people into class 


The powers of a township are de¬ 
fined by the general laws of the 
State, and are:(l) to sue andbesued; 
(51) to hold and dispose of real and 
personal property for the public 
use of the in habitants: (3) to make 
such contracts and orders as are 
necessary for the eremise of its cor¬ 
porate powers; (4-) to make such 
by-laws as are necessary for man¬ 
aging its affairs, and for preserving 
peace and good order-(5) to raise 
-money by taxation. The chief of¬ 
ficers of a township are the Clerk, 
Assessor, and Trustees orSupervis- 
ors. 

TFJ/^DE.—Any kind of dealing in tbs 
line of sales or exchanges; a gen¬ 
eral term indicating the condition 
of the market.. Trade and Commerce 
a phrase signifying inter-state and 


inter-national commerce- trade 

conveying the idea of home traf¬ 
fic, and commerce,that of anex- 
te.nsive and varied traffic. Trade 
Discount, an allowance from cer 
tain list prices, or from the amount 
of purchases, made to a dealer on 
account of a change in the prices, 
or on account of cash payments. 
Trade-Mark, a name, symbol, let¬ 
ter, figure, form, or device, put up¬ 
on manufactured goods. They are 
acquired simply by use, by any cit¬ 
izen or foreigner. The object of a 
trade mark is to protect both the 
owner and the public against im¬ 
itations of an article which has 
acquired a good reputation.There 
is no application made to either 
the State, or National Government 
for the right to use them, but 
if used in foreign commerce,they 
should be registered in the Patent 
Office at Washington. An infringe¬ 
ment of a trade mark is prevent¬ 
ed by a suit against the infringer 
for damages,and for an injunction 
to compel him to cease using it. 
Trade-Price, the price at which 
goods are sold to those in the same 
trade. Trades-Union, a combina¬ 
tion among workmen,having in 
view the settlement of the propor¬ 
tion which wages should bear to 
the profits of the employers, and 
the redress of grievances. Trade 
Winds, winds in or near t he 
torrid zone which, north of the 
equator, blow from the north-east, 
and, south pf the equator, blow 
from the south-east. So-called be 
cause of their advantages to navi¬ 
gators, and hence to trade. 

TFWDITION. —The transmission 
of events, doctrines, opinions,etc., 
from one to another, especial I y 
from father to son, through suc¬ 
cessive generations, by word of 
mouth. Traitor, one who betrays 
His trust, or is guilty of treason . 
Transaction, the act of buying 
or selling, whether payment is -made 
at the time, or property is bought 
or sold on account. Transcript, 
a copy of an original writing or 
deed. Transit Insurance, insur¬ 
ance on transportations by land 
only. A single policy may cover 
both marine and transit insur¬ 
ance. 

TF\^NSn\E. —A warrant from the 
custom-house to let goods pass.Tran- 
sitory Actions, those which may 
be brought in one place as well as 
in another. Transportation, the 
act of conveying goods from place 
to place. \See Ciowwow C. aw V\e,Y<£y 
Trans-ship, to transfer merchan- 
disefrom one conveyance to an¬ 
other. Transit, a conveyance or 
line of passage through a country. 
Transport, a ship employed to 
carry goods from one place to 
another, especially goods, stores, 
etc., for the government. 


341 













































































































Tf\^VELE^.-A commercial agent whose 
business is to travel for the purpose of re¬ 
ceiving orders.from merchants, col¬ 
lecting -money, and representing their 
interests. Traverse, the act of denying-, 
as, in traversing a return or a pleading, 
a denial of so-me matter of fact is alleg- 
ed.To traverse arv \>\&\gV*'(v«.\\\ is to 
plead not guilty, or to deny the indict¬ 
ment; also to postpone atrial to the 
following session. Treason, a breach 
of f idel i ty; $he crime of a subject at- 
tempting in any way to overthrow the 
government, as by waging war ayaitist 
it, or of adhering to its enemies, giv¬ 
ing them aid and comfort. This crime 
is punishable with death. 

T^E/VSUHE.-A store of money in re¬ 
serve, or a store of anythiny collected 
for future use. Treasure Trove, money, 
or yold, silver, plate, or bullion, found 
hidden in the earth or other private 
place, the owner of which is unknown, 
if the owner Is found, it must be re¬ 
stored to him. # Treasurer, a State of¬ 
ficer who receives all money accruiny 
to the State from taxation or otherwise^ 
keeps all notes, bonds, or other securi¬ 
ties belonyiny to the State, and pays 
out such sums as the auditordraws 
his warrant for. An officer whose du¬ 
ty is similar is elected in each county, 
and in many townships. Treasury, 
the place where the public treasure is 
kept. Treasury Notes, notes of vari¬ 
ous denominations issued bythegov- 
ernment, and received in payment of 
all dues, except for duties on import¬ 
ed goods. The notes have comparative¬ 
ly no intrinsic value, and contain on¬ 
ly a promise to “pay to bearer,” or to 
*'the bearer on demand,” the amount 
for which the note is issued, 

THEATT--A'H agreement between na¬ 
tions, upon any-subject; as, for peace, 
for war ayamst some third power, con¬ 
cern in 9 commerce, the mail,the re¬ 
turn of escaped criminals, etc.The 
power to make treaties for the United 
States rests with the President, two- 
thirds of the Senate concurriny. Treat¬ 
ies are negoV\a*e& ; i.e., the terms are 
agreed upon by the ayents of the two 
governments; and a copy of the arti¬ 


cles of ayreement is sent to each 
government to be raxAixeA. In a 
treaty of peace, terminating a 
war, the contracting parties 
have no right to take up arms 
again in the same cause, .a n d 
the government is bound to-or¬ 
der and enforce the restitution 
of property captured subsequent 
ly to the conclusion of the treaty. 

Tf\ESP/\SS.—Any wrong or dam¬ 
age done,by force or violence,on 
the person, property, or relative 
rights of another; un lawful 
entry on the lands of another; 
a kind of action at law. Tre-t, 
see Tare. Trial, the formal ex¬ 
amination of a cause before a 
judge by means of witnesses 
in a court of law, as to whether 
certain alleged facts or charges 
are true or false. The usual 
course of proceeding in a trial 
is: ( 8 )tke plaintiff’s counsel o- 
pens the trial by brief ly stating 
what the case is, and then exam¬ 
ines such witnesses as he choos¬ 
es, the defendant’s counsel hav¬ 
ing the right to cross-examine 
each one; (X) this examination 
and cross-examination is made 
by the counsel asking questions 
which the witness must answer; 
(3) after the plaintiff has pre¬ 
sented all his witnesses,thedefen¬ 
dant’s counsel, in turn, briefly 
states what his defence is, and 
examines his witnesses,the oth¬ 
er side Having the right to cross- 
examine each one: (4-) the de¬ 
fendant’s counsel then makes an 
argument upon the case,and the 
plaintiff’s counsel closes with 
hisargument. This ends the tri¬ 
al if it is beforethe court alone. 
If it is before a jury, see Suit for 
the remainder of the procedure. 

B^L/VNCE.-ln book-keeping, 
a test to ascertain whether the deb 
it and credit sides of the ledger 
are equal. It does not prove the 
work to be absolutely correct,as 
errors may be made which will 
not affect the equality of t he 
ledger, such as erroneous compu¬ 
tations, errors in journalizing, 
posting to the wrong account,etc 
However, if the footings of the 
Trial Balance are equal, it Is gen¬ 
erally accepted as proof that the 
work upon the ledger is correct. 

TOVrtA OT . 

JANUARY 31 , 19 .... 


L.F. 


1 

2 
4 
6 

7 

8 
8 

9 

10 


Proprietor, 

Cash, 

Merchandise, 

Expense, 

L. S. Mitchell, 

M. L.G-unn, 
Chas. Landers, 
A.P. Parker, 
Alex. Gibson, 


6718 

4775 

£35 


400 
697 
175 
I £5 


13126 


75 


4000 

3735 

3216 


500 

1175 

ZOO 

100 

200 


13126 


75 


TF\IBlJN/\.\.. — A court of justice,orf 
the seat of a judge. Triors, pers¬ 
ons appointed to ascertain wheth- 
er a challenge to a panel of jurors, 
or to a single juror,is just. Tro¬ 
ver, the obtaining possession of 
goods by finding them, or by va¬ 
rious means other than by pur¬ 
chase; art action at law by the 
rightful owner to recover from 
the finder lost or strayed proper¬ 
ty, or to try a disputed ca se of 
property in goods or chattels. 
Truce, an agreement to sus¬ 
pend hostilities temporarily. It 
may be for a few days, months, 
or for years, and for any purpose. 
The government is bound to 
make retribution for priz es 
taken after its commencement. 

THUckF*VRNIING. —The growing 
and marketing, of vegetables . 

It is carried on in favored local¬ 
ities at a distance from market, 
water or rail transportation be¬ 
ing necessary. If carried on near 
local markets, the grower using 
his own team for transporta¬ 
tion, it is called \waxV.e.V 
\wq. True Bill, an indorsement 
which a grand jury makes upon 
a bill when they find it, being 
satisfied of the truth of the ac¬ 
cusation. 

TE^lfST. — An ‘estate or right jield 
by one party for the benefit of 
another. When it is desired to 
give one the income from cer¬ 
tain property, but without the 
right to manage or dispose of 
it, as where a parent is provid¬ 
ing for children too yaung to 
manage for themselves, the 
property is given to a third per- 
sonjwho is called a Yrwstee.The 
powers of a trustee over the prop¬ 
erty are governed by the deed i.r 
will creating the trust, and are 
different in different case's.The 
position is one requiring perfect 
and good faith,the trustee not 
being allowed to do anyth img 
with the estate to benefit him 
self. The person for whose ben¬ 
efit the property is held has no 
power over it. 

TRUSTEE.-A person who holds 
an estate or other property for 
the benefit of another. Trustee- 
Process, a process > by which the 
goods of a debtor, in the Hands 
of a third party, mag be reached 
by an attaching creditor. Tub- 
man, a barrister having a pre¬ 
audience in the exchequer, and 
a particular place in court. Tur¬ 
bary, an easement; a right to 
dig turf. Turf, peat,or the fi¬ 
brous, black, earthy substa-nce us¬ 
ed as fuel; horse-racing.Tutor, 
one who has charge ofthees 
tate and person of a minor. 
Twelve Tables, the earliest code 
of Roman law, cut on twelve 
bronze tablets. 




342 






















































Business Te^s. 




ll L\./\GE.-What a cask lacks of bei ng 
full. Ultimo, the last month preceding 
the present; as, on the tenth ultimo, 
meaning the tenth of last -mo-nth. Ab¬ 
breviated o\X. U-hcI aimed Goods, an y 
-merchandise upon which duty has 
not been paid within the time which 
is prescribed by law, or which has re¬ 
mained in the government stores 
tor three years after importation. 
Such merchandise is appraised, ad¬ 
vertised, and sold at public auction 
as "unclaimed goods.” Uncurrent 
Money, money which does not pass 
tor its tace value. 

UNDERLEASE.- Another word -tor 
Sublease, which see. Under Price, 
below the regular price.Under-Sell, 
to sell at lower prices than those in 
the regular trade. Under-taking, a 
written obligation required by stat 
ute,and without any expression ot 
a consideration. If need not be un¬ 
der seal. Under-tenant, one who 
holds by underlease or sublease(q.v.). 

\JNDERWRITER.— An insurer, espe¬ 
cially one who insures vessels and car¬ 
goes. So-called because he writes his 
name under, and guarantees,the con 
ditions ot insurance. Uniformity 
of Law, a phrase having reference 
to law as based upon general princi¬ 
ples. The laws of the differentStates, 
instead of differing greatly,are com 
paratively unitorm; the differences 
being only in minor matters. The 
chief reasons forthis uniformity 
are:(l) AfI law is supposed to be bas 
ed upon the principles of-right, wheth 
er yc\\x\cd\ , cW\\, ansoNu-Ve twW, or y«\- 
a.V\ue cw\\',(>l) All the law. has the 
same historical origin; viz.,the com 

„ mon law of England. 

\JN(T^D STATES BotfOS.-Bonds is¬ 
sued for the funded loans of the Gov¬ 
ernment. Tkey are known bythe 
rates of interest which they bear, 
and by the dates when they are. pay¬ 
able or redeemable.Ow-vrewcvfc'bvxes 
were made payable thirty years from 
their dates of issue, July h, 1862,and 
July 2, 1864. They were all registered 
bonds of *1000, &5000,and&IO.OOO, 
and bore 6% interest payable Janu¬ 
ary I and July I. Vwje-'Xwe-vwXe-s,re¬ 
deemable in from five to twenty years, 


at 6% interest. Svxes o<i Yy?>\,is 
sued mostly in 1861, payable in 1881, 
at 694 interest.^ev\'^-orV\es, issu¬ 
ed in 1864, redeemable in from ten 
to forty years, at 5 % interest.Sev- 
ewAYvwVxes, redeemable in from 
seven to thirty years, at 7% % 
i n t ere s t. M .$. V ac\ V\c AX. CjWYrewcA) 
Svxes, issued to aid in the construe 
tion of railroads to the PacificCoast, 
redeemable in thirty years,at 6% 
interest. All the above bonds,ex¬ 
cept the currency bonds, were 
made, redeemable in coin, and 
the interest payable semi-annu¬ 
ally in coin 


to another without impairing the 
substance or without alienating it. 
Usufructuary, one who has the 
use and profits of a thing. 

USURP/VTIOtf.- The act of seizing 
and taking possession of another’s 
property or rights. Usurper, t one 
who forcibly assumes the right 
of government, contrary to the 
laws of the country. Usu.ry.the 
taking of more than legal inter¬ 
est for the use of money, l-tt most 
of the States it is illegal to agree 
to pay or take more than a cer¬ 
tain rate of interest, and no such 
an agreement can be enforced;i.e., 




Treasurer’s Department. 

-r<s3>o——— 


809000000 


UP.?®: U is hereby . 

sr^ S 35 



Register’s Office. 

-— o<2>©_ 


eo oooooo 


Certified -that iJOOOJ 

0 ^ j „^R lc 


1864. 


Are indebted unto..or Assigns, 

in the sum of-vwO«e ’W\ow*a.r\<X ^oW^rs-^^payable on the 
first day of January, 1897, with interest from the first dag of Jan 
u-ary, 1879, Six per cent, per annum, payable semi-annually,in law¬ 
ful money, on the first day of January and July in each year. This 
debt is authorized by Act of Congress, approved July I, 1862,and Ju¬ 
ly 2, 1864, and is transferable on the books of the office. 

i.\_. N 'Nas\\'vY\c;V oy\, T - 

V\e.a\sV«/Ye.&, X A.^>. r - 

^ 1 I PAYABLE IN 30 YE ARS. | Assistant Register otthe Treasuty. 


United States Note.-a written 

promise to pay to the bearer on 
demand a certain sum of money, 
issued by the United States Govern¬ 
ment,and used as money .Unity 
of Possession, possession where 
one has several rights or estates 
in his own hand.Unlawful As¬ 
sembly, any meeting of a num¬ 
ber of personSj for the purpose of 
mutually assisting each other in 
creating adisturbance of the pub¬ 
lic peace, or the execution ofso-me 
unlawful ente-tprise,with force 
and violence. Unliquidated Dam¬ 
ages, open damages, or those not 
yet ascertained. 

UnNIERCHRNTRBLE.-U nsalable 
from any cause. Unseaworthy, 
riot fit for a voyage.Unsound,any 
merchandise^ he value of which is 
impaired. Usage, long and uniform 
practice. Usance, business custom 
which is generally conceded and act¬ 
ed upon; the time allowed by cus¬ 
tom for the payment of bills of 
exchange. Use, a confidence re¬ 
posed in another, who was ten¬ 
ant, or terre-tenant, that he would 
dispose of the land according to the 
wishes of the oes.Vw\ <\w& w<se,orto 
whose use it was gran ted, and suf 
fer him to take the prof its. 

USllCRPTIOff.—The title or right 
to property acquired by the uninter¬ 
rupted and undisputed possession 
of it for a certain time. Usufruct, 
the-fight of using and enjoying 
the profits of a thing belonging 


a borrower cannot be compelled 
to pay more than a certain rate, 
even though he promises it.The 
theory with regard to usury has 
been that it injures the commu¬ 
nity as a whole. A penalty is in- 
f I icted upon the one who takes us¬ 
ury, the penalty varying in the 
different States, but generall y 
is.one of these three kinds:(I)the 
forfeiture of the usurious interest, 
i.e., all above the lawful rate; l*) 
the forfeiture of all the interest; 

(3) the forfeiture of both princi¬ 
pal and interest. Uterine, born 
of the same mother. Utter, to of¬ 
fer; -feo publish. Uxor, a woman 
lawfully married. 

VRCRTE.—To annul,or render void; 
as, to vacate an order of the court. 
Vagabond, a vagrgnt, or an idle 
fellow without a settled home.Va¬ 
grant, one who refuses to.work, 
or goes around begging. Valid, of 
binding force; a term applied to 
a contract that is properly execu¬ 
ted. Value, the amount of money 
people in general would pay for the 
property. Valuation, the estimat¬ 
ed worth of a thing. ValueReceiv 
cd, a phrase itsed in the body of a 
promissory note, or bill of exchange, 
to denote that a consideration has 

' been given for it. The v^/ords are 
not generally nece.ssary.Vaiued 
Policy, one which fixes the value 
of the property insured. 

VRRIRNCE.—D isagreement Between 
two parts of the same legal proceed- 




343 



















































itig,which ought to agree.Vassal, a 
tenant, or dependent; one who owes 
servitu.de to a superior lord. Vendee, 
one who purchases a thirty,or to whom 
it is sold. Vendition, a sale, or the act 
of selling. Vendor, otte who trans 
fers the exclusive right of" a thing 
tor a price or pecuniary equivalent. 
Memii is applicable only to wares,mer¬ 
chandise, or other small articles,not 
to. lands and tenements- Vendor’s 
Lien, in equity, a lien which the ven¬ 
dor has upon.property sold.The lien 
remains until the purchase-money 
is paid. 

VEfdTUF^E.— A term used by seamen 
tor ad venture.Ve-nu-e, in a legal pro¬ 
ceeding the county in which the 
tacts are.alleged to have occurred, and 
•trow which the jury .are to come to 
try the issue.Verbatim, a term sig¬ 
nifying word tor word. Verdict, the 
decision of a jury reported to a judge, 
on the matters brought before them. 
If the jury cannot aoree,t.hey are 
discharged, and another trial way be 
had; but if they agree, they return to 
the court and announce their verdict. 
Im most of the States all the mem¬ 
bers of a jury must agree before aver- 
diet can be rendered. 

VE^IFIC^TIO^ —The act of proving 
to be true, applied to a writing; an a- 
verment under oath by the party mak¬ 
ing the pleading, that he is prepared 
to establish the truth of the facts 
•yvh ich he has pleaded. Vessel, a sh i p 
in general.\S>ee SM*'VVVest, to place 
in possession; *0 invest, as wi^h au 
thorify or right. Vested Remainder, 
after a particular estate is spent, an 
estate which is fixed to remain to a 
&eW\m\’\'w&Ve person. Vesture, prof¬ 
it, or productio.n of land. 

VETO,—The right possessed by the 
executive power of a governmentto 
reject the laws or propositions pass¬ 
ed or promoted by the legislative de¬ 
partment. As the two houses of a 
legislature may concur in adopting 
an unwise measure, this additional 
safeguard is provided against the en¬ 
actment of bad laws, by requiring 
all bills to be sent to the executive, 
as the. President or a G-overnor,for 
examination and approval. If he ap¬ 
prove a bill, he signs it,and itisalaw; 
if he does not approve, he must re¬ 
turn the bill to the house in which 


\> originated, Stating his objections to 
i»; and if it shall be again, passed by both 
houses, it will be a law without the ex¬ 
ecutive’s assent. In Congress arid 
most of the State Legislatures,a vote 
of two-thirds of the members is nec¬ 
essary to pass a bill the second time. 

VE\.— To view or see .Via, by way of; 
a cart way, including a foot-way and 
a horse-way. Vicar, one who performs 
the functions of another: the in¬ 
cumbent of a bcnefice.vicarage, 
the living or benefice of a vicar. 

VlCE-PHESlOEffT.- The officer next 
in rank below the President. Me is 
elected at the same tfme.and itithe 
same manner as the .President, but 
by distinct ballots. His qualifications 
arc required to be the same as those 
for President, and he is chosen for 
the same term. He is not strictly 
connected with the e>fecu^i\/e de¬ 
partment of the government, Hav¬ 
ing no executive functions, except 
he succeed to the presidency.. He is 
more closely connected with the 
legislative department, being presi¬ 
dent of the senate, though.he has 
no vote except in case of a tie-vote. 

VlC|N/^GE.— The venue; the neigh¬ 
borhood. Vif-gage, live pledge. Vil¬ 
lage, a small inhabited place less 
than a town or city, but larger 
than a hamlet. Villein, a servant 
or bondsman; a feudal tenant of 
the lowest class; one who Holds 
lands by a base or servile, tenure. 
Vis, f orce, violence, or disturbance 
to a man’s person or property.Vis 
major, an inevitable accident; a su¬ 
perior force. Void, having no legal 
or binding force, voidable,that which 
has some binding force.oreffect,but 
which way eitherbe avoided or rati¬ 
fied by the party who has a right to 
annul it. Woidamce, vacancy, as of 
a benefice; the act of emptying. . 

vqm BIS$E.-A preliminary examina 
tion of witnesses, for the purpose of 
ascertaining their competency to 
testify.Voluntary Conveyance,the 
conveyance of an estate without any 
adequate consideration of value.Vote, 
suffrage; the number of voices giv¬ 
en at an election.k^beeQeuA\V\cax\o-«\.s 
ior \Jot\ncf\. Vouchee, one called in¬ 
to court to make good his warranty 
of title. Voucher, a paper or docu¬ 
ment proving that some transac¬ 
tion occurred; as, a receipt ora can¬ 
celed note is a voucher for the pay¬ 
ment of money. 

W7\GE.-To give security for the per¬ 
formance of anything. Wager,a 
bet. Wager of Battel, the waging 
battle by the plaintiff with the chain 
pion of the defendant. Wager of Law, 
the act of discharging adebt by an 
oath taken by the aefendant,that 
he does not owe the claim, in an ac¬ 
tion of debt .supported by the oaths 
of eleven neighbors.Waif, a thing 
found, as goods, but claimed -by no 
one; such as.a thief threw away 
in his flight, in order to effect h is 
escape. 

W/^IVE.— To abandon without right; 
to abandon or forsake a right; * 0 " 
outlaw a woman.Waiver, the 
act of one who waives; one who 
does not insist on some right or 
claim. Wakening, the act of re- 
viving an action. \A/a.r, an armed 


contest between nations or states. 

When two nations are at war all 
commercial intercourse between 
them is prohibited; hence, a con 
tract wade between a citizen of one 
nation and a citizen of an other with 
which it is at war, is i.lle.gal and void. 

WAJ^D.—A certain division of acity 
or town; a person under age com¬ 
mitted to the vmb or care of a. 
guardian. Ward i-M Chancery, a mi¬ 
nor placed under the care of the chan¬ 
cellor. Warden, a guardian or keep 
er.Ward Court, district courts in 
some large cities are so called.Ward 
mote, a ward court in London. 
Wares,merchandise of any kind. 
Warehouse, a store for goods,eithei 
for safe keeping or for sale. Ware¬ 
housing, the act of depositing in 
a warehouse for safe keeping.War¬ 
randice, a warranty, personal or real. 

VVAHHANT* — A writ under seal, is¬ 
sued.by a court to an officer, di¬ 
recting him to arrest an offend¬ 


er. Warrant 0/ Attorney, a 


power given by a client to his at¬ 
torney to appear and plead for 
him, or to suffer judgment.to 
pass against him, by confessing 
the cause of the action to be just. 
Warranty, an engagement or 
undertaking that, a certain fact 
regarding the subject of a contract 
is, or shall be, as it is declared or 
promised to be. Am \v«\g\\ei war¬ 
ranty is one which the law pre¬ 
sumes every grantor or vendor 
to make when he disposes of prop 
erty. Am express warranty is 
one which binds the grantor and 
his heirs. A WweaX warranty i s 
one wherein the heir derived, or 
might have derived, his title from 
or through the warrantor,A eo\- 


Y&XeraX warranty is one wherein 
the heir’s title neither was nor 


couid have been derived from t he 
warrantor. In every sale of per¬ 
sonal property there is an implied 
warranty of ownership. Im a sale 
if the seller warrants that the arti¬ 
cle is of a certain quality, or is.suit- 
ed to a certain purpose, and it does 
no.t prove to be such, he must suf¬ 
fer the loss. 1/ there be no express 
agreement as to quality or fitness, 
the buyer must take the risk, for 
no warranty is implied. Im a sale 
of real estate if the deed contain 
mo covenants of warranty, the buy- 
erm ust stand the loss, if some one 
else prove himself to have a better 
right or a prior claim to the prop¬ 
erty or any part of it. Im insur¬ 
ance law it is a stipulation or en¬ 
gagement by a party, insured, that 
certain things relating to the sub¬ 
ject of insurance, or affect-img 
the risk, exist, or shall exist, or 
have been, or shall.be done; such 
as the stipulation in a policy of 
life assurance that the declaration 
as to health,etc., signed by the as¬ 
sured, shall become part of the pol¬ 
icy; and in marine insurance,the 
periods of the ship’s sailing,or the 
liability jof the insurers for average 
claims. These wamantxes when 
express, should appear in thepol 
icy; but there are also certain 
implied warranties, as in other 
Con tracts ,\5>ee « 




344 
























W/\sH. 

— I n the stock exchange, a pre¬ 
tended sale bi ) special agreement be¬ 
tween buyer and seller, (or the pur¬ 
pose of getting a quotation reported. 
Waste, clippings, rerun ants, etc., of 
manufactures, many of which are 
valuable, and have a recognized place 
in commerce; that destruction or 
devastation of property which arises 
from exceeding, the right of user. 
Wastage? loss in handling;shrltikage 
Waste-Book, a b ook in which rough 
entries of transactions are made. 

B/\lLlPF.-An officerwhose 
duty it is to search ships in port.Wa 
ter Course, a channel for the con¬ 
veyance of water, having special ref¬ 
erence to a running stream.ybee^’v- 
^ax'xaw^xo^x'xeXox^. Water Level, the 
level formed bg the surface of still 
w ater. Water-Logged, lying like a 
log on the water, as a ship, when 
a large quantity of water has en¬ 
tered the hold.Water-Mark, a let¬ 
ter or device wrought into paperdu 
ring the process of its manufacture. 
Water Power, water employed to set 
and keep machinery in motion.The 
riparian proprietor is entitled to the 
fail of a stream,when in its natural 
state, as itpasses through his land, 
or along the boundary of it; that 
is, the wa.Vex ^owex consists in the 
difference of level between the sur 
face where the stream first touches 
his land and the surface where it 
leaves it. V^ee SVxca.w\^.Water Proof, 
so fine and close in texture as not 
to allow water to pass through. 
W/vf. — A route, passage,street,or road 
The re are four kinds of ways, viz.; 
a foot way; a horse and foot way,is 
also called a pack-way; acart way, in¬ 
cluding the two preceding; and a 
drift-way,which is a way for drivinc 
cattle. VSee. W\c>\a wav),W\\ia.W V\ os.i, 
'a'vxfc V>\(^v\x. VNa\)Y Way Bill, a doc¬ 
ument containing a list and a de¬ 
scription of goods sent by a common 
carrier by land; it may also include 
the names of thepasserigers. When 
sent by water it is called a V\W oi\a 
{kw\c>. Ways and Means, anexpres 
sion implying the resourcesof an 
individual or concern applicable for 
certain purposes, and the mode of ap 
plying them. 

WEf^.- Injury or decay by use; a 
dam made across a river, accommo- 
dated for the taking of fish , or to con¬ 
vey a stream to a mill. Wed, an agree¬ 
ment or covenant; whence,a wed 
ded husband. Weight of Evidence, 
an expression signifying that the 
proof on one side of a cause is great 


er than on the other. Whar/, the 
[anding place for loading atid unload¬ 
ing vessels.Wharfage, money paid 
for using a wharf, dock,or quay, for 
joading or unloading goods. Wharf¬ 
inger, one who owns o r keeps a 
wharf for the purpose of receiving 
or shipping merchandise to or from 
itfor hire. 

WVtOLES/\l.E.-To sell goods In quan¬ 
tity; usually in whole or unbroken 
packages. Wholesale Dealer - , one 
who buyes his goods from first 
hands, and sells in large quanti¬ 
ties # to other merchants. Wife’s 
Equity, the claim or right which 
a wife has to a suitable provision 
out of her estate, by settlement up¬ 
on her, for the support of herself 
and children.yibeeVAaxx\e^ N Noxx\evC\. 

WllA.'.- The disposition of one’s 
property,to take effect afterthe 
occurrence of death. As a general 
rule a person may dispose of all 
his property upon His death in 
any way he wishes, even to dis¬ 
inheriting his own children. The 
person making a will is called the 
VesVaVox.. If no vyi 11 is left, the per 
son is said to die\wVestaVe, and the 
propertg is distributed among cer¬ 
tain relatives according to law. As 
a rule every person of full age 
and sound mind may make a will, 
except married women in some 
cases. If upon the probate of a 
will, if is shown that the testa¬ 
tor was.of unsound mind,or was 
unduly influenced by any one, it 
will be declared void. A will must 
be made according to legal require¬ 
ments, or it is void. It must(l)be 
written, except in case of soldiers 
in active service, or sailors at sea, 
and (ft.) it must.be signed bg two 
or more attending witnesses, in 
whose presence the testator must 
sign the will, or acknowledge that 
he signed it, and declare itto be his 
last will and testament. A testator 
may revoke or alter a will in any 
particular before death. It may be 
revoked (i) by burning, tearing, 
or otherwise purposely destroying 
it, or (ft) by making a new will 
with the same formali.ties, ex¬ 
pressly.revoking the prior will. 
Bf a will is.accidentally destroyed, 
and there is no intent to revoke 
it, it still legally exists. If a second 
will does not expressly revoke the 
former, both stand as far as they 
do not contradict each other,but 
the latter prevails where, they are 
antagonistic. A co6\cx\ is an addi¬ 
tion or supplement to a will, and 
must be^executed with the same 
formalities. A will made bg an un¬ 
married woman is legally revoked 
by her marriage.Witnesses are 
not required to know the contents 
of a yvill, but simply to know.that 
the document is a will, and witness 
the signing of the same by the tes¬ 
tator. A testator way appoint his 
executors, but no one can serve 
if he be a minor, a convict, a tuna 
tic, a drunkard, an imbecile,or an 
alien. One who is appointed an.ex- 
ecutor may renounce his.appoint¬ 
ment by le"^al written notice, sign¬ 
ed before two witnesses, which no¬ 
tice must be recorded by the officer 


before whom the will is proved. 
_ VOWTA OT >NW\—■ 

I, James Armstrong, of thecity 

of Indianapolis, i n the county of Ma¬ 
rion, and State of Indiana, being of 
sound.mind and memory and under¬ 
standing, do make my last will and 
testament in manner and form 
fol (owing: 

Tx-xs*.— I give and bequeath unto 
my beloved wife, Jennie, the use,im¬ 
provement and income of my ware 
houses,.dwelling house, and lands, 
situate in White River township, 
Marion county. State of Indiana, 
to have and .to hold the same to her 
for and during her natural life. 

%eco-vx&.—I give and bequeath to 
my daughters, Emily , Jane, and 
Edna, five thousand dollars each 
after they have attained the age 
bf twenty-one years. 

TWwA.-l give and bequeath to 
my son, Henry, two thousand dol¬ 
lars after he attains the age of 
twenty-one years; and I also give, 
devise, and bequeath to my said 
son, Henry, the reversion or remain 
der of my warehouses, dwelling house, 
and lands, situate in White River town 
ship, Marion county,State of Indi¬ 
ana , and al I prof its, income and 
ad vantage that may result there¬ 
from , from and.after thedecease 
of my beloved wife, Jennie. 

ToxvyvYx.— I also give,devise,and 
bequeath to my beloved wife,Jennie, 
all the residue of my estate, real, 
personal, or mixed, of which I shall 
be seized or possessed, or to which I 
shall be entitled at the time of my 
decease; to have and to hold the same 
to her and Her executors and admin¬ 
istrators and assigns forever. 

V\$X\x. — I do nominate and appoint 
my brother, William Armstrong, 
to be the executor 0 / this, my last 
will and testament. 

In witness whereof, I hereun 
to set my hand and seal,this tenth 
day of September, A.0., 19.... 

kxxxAs.xw.ono. [t-.S.J 

Signed, sealed, declared and publ ish- 
ed by the said James Armstrong as 
and for his last will and testament, 
in presence of us, at his request and 
in his presence, and in presence of 
each other, have subscribed our 
names as witnesses hereto. 

residing at Indianapolis. 

,, 1 , _ i± 

o* cexncw.. 


Whereas I, James Armstrong,did, 
on the tenth day of September, 
19..., make my last will and.testa¬ 
ment,.I do now, by this writ iug, 
add this codicil to my said will, to 
be taken as a part thereof. 

Whereas, by the dispensation of 
Providence, my daughter, Edna,hat 
deceased March 11,19....and where¬ 
as a son has been born to me,which 
son has been christened Robert Arm 
strong, I give and bequeath unto 
him five thousand dollars,bequeath 
ed to my deceased daughter, Edna, 
in the body of this will. 

In witness whereof, etc. (as "\x\ 
XVxe lo-m oi a \n‘\W^ . 


Various clauses may be inserted 
in a will; such as relating to the 
cancelling of debts, etc. 


345 






































in 9 any property. Assassi- nation, 
the act of secretly murdering by vi¬ 
olence or surprise. Assent , to a- 
gree. A proposition not assented to 
by both parties is not binding. As¬ 
sent may be given by words,ei¬ 
ther oral or written, by acts,and 
sometimes by silence. Assessor, 
one who is authorized to -fix the 
Value of taxes. Assessment, the 
amount of tax laid on property. 
Assize.-a session or sitting as of 
a court; a sheriff's writ for the 
recovery of immovable property. 
Assuming Mortgage, the act 
of purchasing mortgaged proper¬ 
ty, agreeing to pay the mortgage. 
Asylum, a hospi tai for the insane, 
blind, deaf and dumb, inebriate, 
orphans, and others. EveryState 
establishes and supports some of 
these. Attorney General, see Sec¬ 
retary. 

BACIjv BO^fO.— A bond of indemni¬ 
ty given to a surety. Balance of 
Power, the endeavor not to per¬ 
mit any nation to have such a 
preponderating power as to en¬ 
danger the peace or independence 
of the others. Barrister, one who 
pleads at the bar in a court o f 
law. Bastard, one born 0 /an il¬ 
licit connection. Bene/ice, an ec¬ 
clesiastical living or preferment. 
Bigamy , the state of having two 
or more wives or husbands at the 
same time. 

JlLLOF Sl&HT.-Aform of entry 
made at the Custom House when 
the importer of goods,or the per¬ 
son to whom they are consigned, 
does not know.the exact descrip¬ 
tion or quantity, by which form 
they are permitted to be landed 
for his examination, and then 
he makes a correct form of en¬ 
try for the goods. Bill of Entry, 
s description of goods entered at 
the Custon House, whether im¬ 
ported or intended for exportation. 
Bill and Note Broker, one who 
acts, for others in the buying and 
selling of commercial paper. 
blood Money paid to 

the next of kin of one who met 
with his death at the hands of an¬ 
other, accidentally or.with pre¬ 
meditation. Body Politic, a state 
in its national or political capacity. 
Bond-Creditor, a creditor whose 
debt is secured by a bond. Botid- 
Debt, a debt contracted under the 
obligation of a bond. Booty, the 
spoils taken by an enemy.on the 
land. If taken on the sea itiscall- 
ed a prize. Bote, an allowance or 
recompense . The expression Vo 
' 000 V is derived from this word. 
3R,EVE.. — A letter or writ on pub¬ 
lic affairs, by which anything is 
commanded to be done in the 
king’s name. It Is most frequent 
ly written "brief. ” Brief, a sum 
mary or abbreviated.statement 
of the questions at issue.. Bro¬ 
ker’s Contract, a paper signed by 
a broker, and sent to the person 
for whom he has boughtorsold 
goods, immediately upon com¬ 
pleting the bargain, describing the 
goods and the price, and condi¬ 
tions upon which they were sold 
or bo ug ht. 






wisbuy laws. — A code of marine 

laws,at one time the laws of the sea, 
compiled at Wisbuy, the ancient cap¬ 
ital o.f G-ot hi and. Withdrawing a Ju¬ 
ror, in case it is improper that a 
cause should proceed, at the recom¬ 
mendation of the judge, one of the 
jurors is withdrawn, which ends 
the proceedings for the time. With 
out Recourse, words which are 
sometimes added to an. indorse¬ 
ment by the indorsee, in orderto 
avoid any personal liability,and that 
he may transfer the instrument 
and still .have it retain its negotia- 
bil ity. Without this,that, words 
technically used in a traverse,which 
deny a material fact in the preceding 
pleadings. 

WITNESS.— One who testifies un¬ 
der oath to what he. knows; one 
who. sees the execution of a deed, 
a will, etc., and subscribes his.name 
to it to confirm its authenticity. 
Workh ouse, a house where the 
poor are taken care of and.provid¬ 
ed with employment.Working Day, 
a day on which ordinary labor or bus 
iness is carried on, as distinguished 
from . W-reck , the goods 

cast ashore from a ship that has 
broken up at sea. In England such 
goods belong to the crown.ln the 
United States the various States 
have laws relating to property wreck¬ 
ed on the coast. Wrecked Goods,-mer¬ 
chandise taken from a wreck, or pick¬ 
ed up while floating on the water 
after the wreck of a vessel. 

Wf\IT.— A legal instrument,issued 
by some court, directed to the defen¬ 
dant or an officer of the court,coni- 
manding him to do something there¬ 
in mentioned touching a suit,action 
or proceeding .There are abouttwo 
hundred different kinds, of writs. 

YAHP-~ An enclosure in which a- 
ny work is carried on; an inclosed 
space of ground attached to a dwell¬ 
ing house for the use of its inhabi¬ 
tants. Year, the canW year contains 
365 days, every leap year 366, and 
commences at the completion of 
12 o’clock on the night of December 
31 in each year. The astro nowucaN 
year contains 365 days 5 hours 
48 minutes 46 seconds of mean 
solar time. Year and Day, a term 
much, used and recognized in law, 
meaning, a full year. Yeoman, in En 
glish society, a grade next to that 
of a qonVVe'Wva'w, a man of small 
estate in land. Yielding and Paying, 
ft phrase expressing the reservation 
of rent in a deed or lease. 


Additional Terms. 

Abdication. —The renunciation of an 
office before the expiration of the 
term. Abduction, the act of fraud¬ 
ulently and forcibly taking away or 
detaining a man’s wife or child. Ab¬ 
juration, the act of renouncing by 
oath, of one’s allegiance. Abortion, 
the premature expulsion of the con¬ 
tents of the pregnant uterus. Ab¬ 
sconding Debtor, a debtor who 
goes out of the jurisdiction of the 
courts, in order to avoid their pro¬ 
cesses. Absolutism, that form of 
government in which the power 
is vested in one or more persons 
uncontrolled by any law. 

ACCEPTOR. — The drawee of a bill 
of exchange, after acceptance. He 
is then the principal debtor, and re¬ 
sponsible to all parties. Accessary, 
one who aids privily in.committing 
a crime, when i t is said to. be V>e- 
iiore. XW $acV. If he.knowingly re¬ 
ceives, rel ieves, or aids the felon, it 
is said to be aiiVer VV\e 4acV. Accesso¬ 
ry Contract, a contract made for 
assuring the performance of a for¬ 
mer one. Accumulative Judgment, 
after the expiration of the first 
sentence against a convicted per¬ 
son, the commencement of a sec¬ 
ond. Accusation,.the act of charg¬ 
ing one with a crime. 

Acg^jittaL .—The discharge of one 
accused of a crime. Action, a legal 
demand of one’s rights. Adult, 
a person 21 years of age,according 
to c-orwmorv\avg; or a male 14 or a 
female 12 years of age, according to 
o’w\\ \aw. Adultery, violation of the 
marriage bed, by two persons other 
than.husband and wife. Affinity, 
relationship by marriage. Affirm 
ative, that which declares or.asserts 
a thing to be true. In discussions.the 
burden of proof generally lies with 
the affirmative. see Full Age. 
Aid Prayer, a peti-rion to a court 
asking help from another person, 
who is interested in the matter in 
dispute. Alderman, see Board of Al¬ 
dermen. 

ALIBI .— Being, elsewhere a.t the time 
of the commission of a crime. Ali¬ 


mony, the sum aHowed for the sup 
port of a wife who is.separated from 
her husband. Alluvion, earth or 
other matter gained on a shore or 
bank of the sea or river, to which 
the owner of the land is entitled. 
Ally, a confederate. Alteration, 
any change in the terms of an in¬ 
strument, which renders it void. 
Amnesty, a general pardonofof- 
fenses against a government. An - 
archy,the absence of all political 
authority. Apparent Authority, 
the power which a principal has al¬ 
lowed his. agent to seem to have,to 
act for him. 

ARISTOCfl^C^.- That form of gov¬ 
ernment in which, only a privileg¬ 
ed class of persons is vested wit. 
supreme power. Arrest, to restrain 
a person of his liberty by authority 
0 f law. Arrest of J udgment, the 
staying of judgment, on account of 
some error appearing on the record. 
Arson, the crime of wilfully burn- 


346 







































- * TER M 6 ,i 


BIiLk; . — In a mass or solid state, as 
pork \yvWW, or W\V ^oxV.pork not 
cut up or prepared /or packing.“baXe 
V\) Vw\V is a sale o/ goods as they are, 
without weight or -measure. Yagers 
or stowed vvx \>u\V is having the car¬ 
go loose in the Hold, or not inclosed 
in boxes, casks,etc. Canon Law, ec¬ 
clesiastical law for church discipline. 
Capias, a writ addressed to a sheriff, 
directing him to arrest and hold 
the, defendant. Capture, the act of 
taking or seiaing, by force, of proper 
ty or persons by an enemy .Carrier, 
a person who undertakes to transport 
goods from place to place. 

C/^f\TEL. — An agreement between 
two belligerent powers for the ex¬ 
change of prisoners; a challenge to 
a du-ej, or letter of defiance. Cash 
Credit, the privilege of drawing -mon 
ey from a bank, obtained by deposited 
or personal-security- Cashier, one 
who has charge of money, as the 
clerk who superintends the books, 
payments, and receipts of a bank 
or company. Catching Bargain,an 
agreement with an expectant heir 
for the purchase of his expectancy 
at an inadequate price. Caucus, see 
Nominations. Certiorari, a writ 
from a superior to an inferior court 
commanding the return of certain 
records for the purpose of a review. 
Cr^/^LLEf«GE. —I n elections, the gu.es- 
tioning of an elector upon his oath, 
in respect to his age, term of his res 
idence, and his nationality.!*! law, 
an exception made to the jurors chos 
en to try, a cause. Charge, a judge’s 
instructions to a grand jury ; the ex¬ 
planation by a judge to thejury of 
certain principles which they are 
to consider and apply in determin 
ing their verdict. Civil Service, the 
body of persons employed by the Uni¬ 
ted States, from the Cabinet down 
to the lowest clerks in the Post Of 
fice, except the army and navy. 
l2LEf\l£.— One engaged to,write in 
an office, keep books, wait upon cus¬ 
tomers, etc.; a-M officer in a court 
whose duties are to attend its ses 
sions, to preserve its papers,to keep 
a record of its proceedings, and to 
issue, writs in its name. Close, an 
imaginary fence with which the law 
surrounds a person’s property to pro 
tect his rights therein. Cognation, 
relationship existing between per¬ 


sons descended from the same fath¬ 
er and mother. Cohabit, to live as 
man and wife,in the same house. 

COMMISSIONER OF DEEDS.-An of 
fleer in many States before whom 
deeds are acknowledged. Commit¬ 
tee, a number of persons appointed 
to consider and manage any matter. 
Co*icord ? an agreement between 
parties who intend to levy a fine 
of lands; an agreement between 
two or more upon a trespass com¬ 
mitted. Conditional Sale, an a- 
greement between two,parties that 
certain property belonging to one 
shall at some future time belong 
to the other, provided a certain 
thing does or does no t take place. 
Conditions o/ Sale, the terms up¬ 
on which it is proposed to sell prop¬ 
erty at auction. 

COff DO(Vlf\TIOf*f .— The act of par¬ 
doning, as in divorce actions. Con¬ 
fession q( Judgment, a confes¬ 
sion in writing by a defendant of 
an action brought against him, 
to which he has no defense. Con¬ 
firmation, an agreement which 
renders valid a voidable estate;al- 
so a kind of convey ance. -Conjura¬ 
tion, the using of certain words 
or ceremonies in order to gain 
the^assistance of some supposed su¬ 
perior power ; a compact, made by 
persons under oath, to do some pub¬ 
lic harm. Consent Rule, a docu¬ 
ment in which the defendant con¬ 
fesses the, lease, entry and ouster 
of the plaintiff, in an action of e- 
jectment. 

vO^ISTITVIE f*(T.-One who votes 
to elect a person to an office,with 
authority to act for him. Contract¬ 
or, one who engages to perform any 
work or service for the public, or 
to supply certain quantities of ma¬ 
terials or goods at a certain price. 
Contumacy, refusal to appear in 
court when summoned. Conven¬ 
tion, see Nominations. Convic¬ 
tion, proving the guilt of one 
charged with a crime. Council, 
an executive bodg elected in some 
States to advise the govertior.Gov 
erture, the condition of a married 
woman. 

CULPRIT. — One indicted foracrim 
inal o,ffense. Cumulative Evidence, 
additional evidence confirming that 
already given. Curtilage, the inclos¬ 
ed space surrounding a dwelling house; 
a court yard. Catrtis,.the space about 
a building. Decapitatio** , pun ish- 
merit by cutting of the head. Dec¬ 
laration, at common law,a plaint¬ 
iff’s statement of his cause of ac¬ 
tion. Del Credere,an agreement 
by an agent, in consideration of 
an additional premium or compen¬ 
sation, engages when he sells goods 
on credit, to insure, warrant,or guar¬ 
antee to his principal the solvency 
of the purchaser, the true engage¬ 
ment of the agent being to pay 
the debt himself if it is not prompt¬ 
ly discharged by the buyer. Deni- 
ieii)Oiie born an alien, but Hav¬ 
ing letters-patent,giving Him the 
right of a subject. Deodand, any 


personal chattel which has caused 
the death of a person, an<i Hir that 
reason Is forfeited to the king. De¬ 
partments of Government, the 
three departments of government 
are: (I) E xecutive,\a\N-e.xec.\xV\\M), 
represented by the executive offi 
cers, as the President and his Cab¬ 
inet, Covernors,etc.;(3l) Legisla¬ 
tive, Yaw-wva.Vv'vvq, consisting of 
the Senate, House of Representa 
tives.and the Governor in some 
States; .1?) Judicial, Saw \ wv«x^'<ev- 
\\\t) a.Yv& Yiwi-a'sv^'f'ng, consists of 
all the judges. 

Despot. -A tyrant ot absolute 
prince.. Dictum, an opinion ex¬ 
pressed by a court. Dilapidation, 
decay or waste,.especially when 
applied to ecclesiastical buildings. 
Di latory Plea, a plea which may 
destroy a particular action, but 
not affecting the__right of action 
of the plaintiff. Diplomatics, the 
science of ancient writings, and 
the art of deciphering them,de 
termining their age, etc. Disbar, 
to revoke a lawyer’s license. Dis¬ 
claimer, a.renunclation or dis¬ 
avowal. Dr-rector, an officer or 
trustee of a cor poration ; a mem¬ 
ber of aboard of education. Dis¬ 
counting Bills of Merchandise, 
owing to unsuspected losses, dis¬ 
counts are frequently made in 
addition.to the regular discount. 
If an article is sold at a profit of 
25 %, and 5 % is.deducted from 
the selling price, it is not 20%,but 
1 8% %, because the d iscount i s 
calculated on the .selling price, 
while the profit is calculated on 
the cost. Also if 25 % be added and 
20 % be deducted,the.apparent 
profit is 5 %, when in reality 
the goods are sold for cost. 

DISMISS. — To remove or send out 
of court. Dispensation, the per¬ 
mission to do something forbid¬ 
den ; a relaxation of law. Disseis¬ 
in, an unlawful dispossession of 
a person of his lands or tenements. 
Document Bills, bills with ship¬ 
ping documents for goods attach¬ 
ed to them g Iven as collateral se - 
curity available if the bill should 
not be duly honored. Domici l, 
the place where a person has his 
permanent abode. Dysnomy, the 
act of making bad laws. 

ELEGIT.-A writ directed to the 
sheriff, ordering him to make 
delivery of a moiety of a party’s 
land and all his goods, beasts of 
burden excepted. Elongatajthe 
return made by the sheriff in re¬ 
plevin, that the goods have been 
removed and cannot be found. 
Eminent Do*nain,see Domain. 
Fence VieVvers. — Officers, us 
uajly supervisors or trustees, 
whose duties are to settle dis¬ 
putes between the owners of ad¬ 
joining estates respecting parti¬ 
tion fences. Free Pont, a port where 
the ships of all nations may Joad 
and unload free of duty, provided 
the goods are not carried into 
an adjoining country. 


347 





















i.'0*rktcnr t ,t»93, 6* jAirtA C • O OtK 0 O'* r *- 



AB8AYE.-Military prison,-near St, 
Germain des Pres in Paris. Built, 
1522; demolished, 1854.Abbotsford. 
-Residence of Sir Walter Scott, on 
the banks of the Tweed, near Mel¬ 
rose, Scotland.Abdertee.-Democri¬ 
tus, oriyinaj laughing philoso¬ 
pher; born in Abdera, a Thracian 
city. A scoffer, or^one. given to a 
continual laughing is called an 
K'obeV\X’e.Abraham, Heights or 
Plains of .-Eminence near Que¬ 
bec, Canada. Battle fought here be 
tween the English (victors),com 
wanded by Gen. Wolfe, and the 
French, commanded by fren.Mont¬ 
calm. Both Generals killed. Abra¬ 
ham’s Bosom.-Home or rest of 
the blessed dead.Abrahaw’sHouse. 
-Ruined structure at Ramet-el- 
Khulil, Syria. Abyla and Calpe.- 
Pillars of Hercules at entrance of 
Med iterran e an. 

AC A D EM 5 A. — Gymnasium in an¬ 
cient Athens. Here Plato establish 
ed his/amous school, 338 8 . C. Ac¬ 
ademics. -Plato’s disciples. Acade¬ 
my.-Plato’s school, founded in a 
gymnasium of this name near 
Athens, 368 B.C. Academy, t he 
French. —One of the five acade¬ 
mies embraced in theYwstfOh*#, 
the most important learned so¬ 
ciety of France. Acadia.-Orig¬ 
inal and poetic name of NovaSco- 
tia. Aceldama.-Reputed site of the 
"f iejd of blood,” bought with the 
"thirty pieces of silver,”the price 
of the betrayal of the Savior. A- 
cropolis.-Ancient citadel of Ath¬ 
ens,Greece. 

T-< y<- s\c rsYQA?. 1 ~ " 


ADA5VS S APPLE.-Projecting part 
of the throat, where, it is said, a 
part of the forbidden fruit lodged. 
Admirable Crichton, The.-James 
Crichton, accomplished Scotchman 
of the sixteenth century. Adonis. 
-Statue by Thorwaldsen, at Munich, 
Bavaria./Egsna Marbles.-Collec¬ 
tion of groups of figures on the 
Temple of Jupiter in the Island of 
AEgina.now in the British Muse 
um, London./Eneid.-Epic poem by 
Virgil. Ages.-Hesiod’s five ages of 
the world are,the Golden.theSH- 
ver, the Brazen, the Heroic, and 
the Iron. Agora, The.-The Mar¬ 
ket-place or Forum of Athens, 
Greece. Alabama.-Confederate 
privateer built in England, and 
sunk by the Kearsarge, June 19, 
(864. Alabaster Cave. -Curiosity 
in California, on Kidd’s Ravine 
near its junction with the Amer¬ 
ican River. 

Allaoin’s Window,To Ffnish.- 

Trying complete another’s la¬ 
bors or work. Albany Regeticy.- 
Nante of Democratic organiza¬ 
tion at Albany, N.Y., about 1825. 
Albion .-Name applied to England, 
from its chalky white cliffs. Ald- 
ine Press. -Name given to a press 
established about 1490,at Venice. 
Now applied to some elegant edi¬ 
tions of English works. Alexan¬ 
drian Library. -Founded by Ptol¬ 
emy Philadelphu-s at Alexandria 
in Egypt, and contained 700,000 
volumes. Burnt 47 B.C. Alexan¬ 
drine Age.- From about 323 to 
640 A.D. 


ALK AM BRA .-Palace-fortress of 
the Moorish kings in Granada,Spain. 
Begun in 1248, and finished in 1314. 
AIS-Hallows.-Nov. 1st, All Saints’day. 
Allah.-Arabic name of God.Almack’s 
Club.-Club in Pall Mall, London, was 
founded in 1764. Celebrated for gam¬ 
bling. Almighty Dollar.-This com¬ 
mon^ phrase was first used by Ir¬ 
ving in his Creole V?Ilage.Title of 
a play.Alsatia (or WhitefriarsJ.-A 
district in London where criminals 
take refuge. Alton Towers.-Seat 
of the Earl of Shrewsbury, in the 
parish of Alton, England.Ambrosia. 
-Food of the Gods.Atnbro^(ati Libra¬ 
ry.-Noted library in Milan,Italy, 
founded in 1602. Attterica,The.-No 
ted war-vessel of the American na¬ 
vy, built about 1777. Anacreontics. 
-Poems composed after the manner 
of Anacreon, a lyric poet of Greece, 
about 450 B.C.Anciett Regime.- 
The French Government previous 
to 1798. 

ANDERSONVjLLE PRISON.-Mil¬ 
itary prison in Sumpter Co., Ga., 
in whichdurimg the Civil War of 
1861-5, Union soldiers were confin 
ed and subjeetto great cruelty.To¬ 
tal number of deaths in the prison 
was 12,462.Greatest number con¬ 
fined at one time,33,006. Number 
of escapes,328. Angling, Father of.- 
Izaak Walton. Annie Laurie.-No¬ 
ted ballad, composed by Lady Jane 
Scott. The heroine of the ballad was 
a real character born at Maxwell- 
ton, Dec.6,1682. Apis Mausoleum. 
-Subterranean tomb at Sakkarah in 
Egypt. Known also as S>e.ra^ewm. 


















































































































































































mm 


ANTONIUS, Wall of.-In Scotland, 
between the Clyde and the Firth of 
Forth. Built by Romans 140 A.D.A- 
pollo Belvedere.-Celebrated statue 
of Apollo in the G-allery of the Vat¬ 
ican Palace at Rome. Apotheosis 
of Washington.-Immense f-resco 
on the inferior of the dome of 
the Capitol at Washington.Cosf 
#40,0 00. Painted by Brumidi. Ap- 
p«a-n Way.-Road from Rome to 
Capua.Oldest Roman road.Apples 
of Sodom.-Beautiful fruit, full 
of ashes. Applied to the disappoint 
went of sin. Apple,Golden.-The 
prize for beauty disputed before 
Paris, between Juno, Pallas, and 
Venus; awarded to Venus. 

Arcade,T he. -Well-known build¬ 
ing in Providence, R.I., erected 
in 1828. Arcadian. —A shepherd; 
a Greek grazing country.Archi- 
medes^he.-First vessel propelled 
by a screw. Built in England in 
1838. Ardennes.-Ancient forest 
of vast ertent in Belgium and the 
North of France. Areopagus.-A 
hill in Athens,Greece. Argo.-The 
ship used by Jason and his fifty 
four companions when sailing 
to Colches for the Golden Fleece. 
Argonauts.-Adventurers on the 
Argo. Argus eyed.-Crafty and 
watchful. Argus had a hundred 
eyes. 

Arkansas,T he. -Monstrous ar¬ 
mor-plated "ram” of the Confed¬ 
erate Navi;. Driven ashore onthe 
Mississippi and fired by Union gun 
boats. Armada,The Spanish.— A 
fleet of 130 ships sent by Philip II. 
of Spain, in 1588, for the invasion 
of England. The fleet was complete 
ly wrecked by a storm. Arundel 
Castle.-Ancient baronial mansion, 
property of the Duke of Norf oI k , 
situated on the River Arum, i n 
Sussex-. England. Astor Library 
-Founded by John Jacob Astor in 
New York City. Endowed by h im 
with #400,000. Athenaeum.;A 
temple or gymnasium in ancient 
Athens,where poets, rhetoricians, 
and philosophers were accustom¬ 
ed to recite their works. Atlanta, 
The.-Powerful Confederate raw 
irf the Civil War of 1861-5. 

Augustan age.- Any age where 

in literatureis pre-eminent.So 
called from the flourishing con 
dition of Roman literature dur 
ing the time of Augustus. Auld 
Reekie.-Scotland .Avalon.- Poet 
ical name of Glaston bury,Somer 
setshire, England. Also King Ar¬ 
thur’s burial place.Balmoral 
Castle.-In Scotland on the River 
Dee. Was occupied by G(ueen Vfcto 
ria of England as a highland res¬ 
idence. Banks, The.-Submarine 
table land extending some 300 or 
more miles eastward from New 
foundland. Baconian Philosophy. 
-The inductive systerwof Lord Ba 
con. Bank of England .-Principal 
bank of the world. Founded 1694. 


BARMECIDE’S FEAST. -A sham, 
mockery,or delusion; so called 
f rom Barmecide inviting a starv¬ 
ing beggar to dinner, and seating 
him at a table of empty d ishes. 
Barnburners.-An offshoot of 
the Democratic Party,who were 
opposed to the extension of slavery. 
Bartholdi’s Statue.-Statue of 
liberty in New Vork Harbor. Ex¬ 
treme height 220 feet.Basilisk. 
-A mythical serpent represented 
as having the power to kill by on¬ 
ly looking at its victim. 

BASTILLE.-Noted French prison 
and fortress, in which people were 
incarcerated without notice or 
trial. Destroyed by a mob in 1189. 
Battle of the Books*-Satfre by 
Dean Swift in which he compares 
moderh and ancient literature. 
Battle of the Kegs.-A mock-he¬ 
roic poem by Hopkinson,onthe 
British General Lor ing, written 
during Revolutionary War. Bat¬ 
tery,The.-A park in New York 
City adjoining the river. 




T'T'., y'/ (Htc 


Beacon st. -Well-known residence 
street in Bottom, Mass. Bears of 
Berne.-Armorial device ofthecity 
of Berne,Switzerland. Beauty and 
the Beast.-A fairy tale. To save her 
father’s life, Beauty lives with the 
Beast, who proves to be a great 
Prince. Bee Hive House.-A seragl¬ 
io of the Mormon leaders in Salt 
Lake City, Utah. Bee,The Busy.-Ex- 
ample of communal industry. Beel¬ 
zebub.-A Philistine deity.Begging 
the Question.-The act of assuming 
to be true that which is to be proved. 

BELGRAVIA.-Aristocratic quarter 
in London. Bell Rock Lighthouse.- 
Important lighthouse in the Ger¬ 
man Ocean,north of the Firth of 
Forth, Scotland. Bell the Cat.-The 
mice being annoyed by the persecu¬ 
tions of the cat, resolved unanimous¬ 
ly to put a bell on puss’s neck; but 
no mouse had courage enough to 
perform the formidable task. Bell, 
The Passing.-FormerIy rung when 
persons were dying. Beloved ^Disci- 
ple.-St.John. Beloved Physician.- 
St. Luke. Belvedere Palace.-Celebra¬ 
ted palace in Vienna, Austria. 


BESS,GOOD QUEEN.-Queen Eliz¬ 
abeth. Bill of Abotninations.-The 
Omnibus Bill.Black Death,The.— 
Oriental plague that devastated A- 
sia, Europe, and Africa,during the 
fourteenth century. Black Friday.- 
Sept.26,1869. Gold panic. Immense 
fortunes lost and made the same 
day. Black Hole of Calcutta.— A 
close dungeon in Ft. William, Cal¬ 
cutta, wherein Surajah Dowiah, 
Jung 18, 1156, shut up 146 British 
soldiers—only 23 living till morn- 
ing.Black Monday.-Memorab le 
Easter Monday in 1351, very dark 
and misty in England. 

BLACK PRINCE.-Edward,Prince 
of Wales,son of Edward^ III., of 
England. Black Repu.blicans.-Re- 
publican Party of U.S.,so called 
from its opposing the extension 
of slavery.Blarney Stone.— A 
stone in Blarney Castle, Ireland. 
It is alleged to impart a smooth 
and oily tongue when kissed; 
hence, profusion of compliments 
isfcalled Blarney. Blind Preacher 
-WiJIiam H. Milburn,noted for 
ability and eloquence.Bluebeard. 
A hero,or wife-killing tyra-tit 
in a nursery story .Blue Laws 
-The quaint and severe regulations 
of the early government of New 
Haven Plantation.Connectfcut- 
Blue Stocking.-Literary female 
pedant. So called from a literary 
society at Venice in 1400. whose 
members wore blue stockings. 

BONEY.-Corruption ordiminu- 
tive of ^oxva^axXa. Border Mi-n- 
streljThe.-Sir WalterScotf. Bor¬ 
der States.-Previous to 1861, a 
designation of the Slave States 
of Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, 
Kentucky,and Missouri.Boston 
Tea-party.-Assemblage of citizens 
in Boston, Dec. 16,1173, who, dis¬ 
guised as Indians, went on board 
three English ships and destroyed 
several Hundred chests oftea.Bot- 
tie Riot.-Great disturbance at the 
theater in Dublin, Dec. 14,1822.Bow¬ 
ery,The.-A thoroughfare in New 
Yor k. Boz.-Pseudonym ofChas. 
Dickens. 

BRANDY NOSE.-Queen Anne of 
England. Braves* of the Brave. 
-A title conferred upon Marshal 
Ney by the French troops in 1801. 
Brazen Age.-One of the fouraoes 
into which the ancient poets di¬ 
vided the history of the human 
race. Breeches Bible.-An edition 
in. which "aprons” in Gen/iii. 1 
Is rendered "breeches.” Bride of 
the Sea.-Poetical name of Venice. 
Bridge of Sighs.-Passage way con¬ 
necting Doge’s Palace with the 
State Prison, in Venice .The con¬ 
demned passed over this bridae 
when on their way to execution. 
British .Museum.-Museum and 
library in London. Broadway.— 
Principal business street in New 
York. Brook Farm.-Socialisticcom 
imtrity fetfetlds3 gt W.RoxbuTy,Mass.,l84t. 


349 





































brother Jonathan.-a spor*iv& 

collective name for the people of 
the United States. Bucephalus. 
Name of the celebrated horse of Al¬ 
exander the Great. Bull, John.-Col- 
lective name of the En 9 lish -nation 
Buncombe.-Cant or popular name 
for a body of constituents, or for 
an oratorfcal display intended to 
win popular applause.Cabal,The.- 
Cabinet council formed in 1610, 
composed of five un popular .min¬ 
isters of Charles II.,the initial let 
ters of whose names form the 
word ca\>a\. Caledonia.-Scotland. 
Calumet.-An Indian pipe. For¬ 
merly a treaty with the Indians 
was ratified by smoking the pipe. 

CAMBRIA. -Ancient name of Wales 
Campagna.-Plains around the 
city of Rome.Canal Street.~ 
Principal street in New Orleans. 
Carpet Bagger.-Subsequent to 
the Civil War of 1861-5,one who 
had removed to the South from 
the North, and then sent to Con 
aress. Cartesian Philosophy . — 
From Descartes/'l think,ther<v 
fore I e xist.”Castle Garden.-The 
landing place of emigrants in the 
City of New York. Catacombs.-The 
name given to the vast excavat¬ 
ions about three miles from Rome 
which forwed.the burial places of 
the early Christians. Subterrane 
an cemeteries are also found at 
Alexandria, Paris,and other places. 
Cathay.- Ancient name of China. 
Cedars of LebanonA venera¬ 
ble group of patriarchal cedar- 
trees standing alone upon the 
central ridge of Lebanon in Nor¬ 
thern Palestine. There.are about 
350 trees, some of which are very 
ancient. Celestial Empire.-Chl- 
na, whose first Emperors were 
all divinities.Central Park.-The 
great park of New York City,con 
taining 863 acres. Champs de 
Mars.-A field in Paris for mili¬ 
tary manoeuvres. CharterOak.- 
An oak tree in Hartford,Conn., 
m which the Colonial Charter 
was secreted in 1688. Blowndown 
in 1856.Chauvinism.-Patriot¬ 
ism of the blatant kind.So call¬ 
ed from Chauvin, one of the Scribe’s 
characters. 

CHEAPSIDE.-Leading thorough¬ 
fare in London. Cheese Box on 
a Raft.-.The Monitor, built by 
John Ericsson for the U.S.Gov¬ 
ernment in 1862. Chesapeake.- 
American war vessel, disabled 
bu the British \_w^ar& in 1813.— 
Chestnut Street.-Fashionable street 
in Philadelphia,Pa. Chaitem ofKun 
dreds.-A member.of the English 
Parliament not being allowed to 
resign,may vacate hi9 seat by ac¬ 
cepting the office df Stewara of 
the Chi I tern Hundreds, should he 
wish.to leave. A tract of land be¬ 
longing to the crown. 


CHINAMAN, JOHN.-Popular name 
for the Chinese. ChriskXhurch.- 
Largest college in the University of 
Oxford. Cid,The. Don Rodrigo Lay- 
nez, Spanish noble man of the elev¬ 
enth century. Cincinnati ,The.- 
Society of American Revolution¬ 
ary officers. Circus Maximus.- 
Famous circus of ancient Rowe, 
said to have had a seating capacity 
of 250,000. Cities of the Plain.- 
Sodom and Gomorrah. Citizen 
King;The.-Louis Phillippe offratice 
CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE. Phil 
adelphia.Gsty of Churches.-Brook 
lyn, N.Y. City of David.-Jerusalem. 
City of Elms.-New Haven, Conn. 
City of Magnificent Distances.- 
Washington, D.C. City ofMasts.- 
London.City of Notsons.-Boston, 
Mass. City of Palaces.-Calcutta, 
India.City of Peace.-Jerusalem. 
City of Racks.-Nashville,Ten.n. 
City of Spindles.- Lowell, Mass.City 
of the Great King.-Jerusalem.City 
of the Prophet.- Medina, Arabia. 
City of Straits.-Detroit, Mich. 



CITY OF THE WEST.-Glasgow, 
Scotland. City of Victory .-Cairo, 
Egypt. Clarendon Press .-Noted 
establishment at Oxford,England. 
Cleopatra’s Needle.-Ancient E- 
ayptian obelisk,70 feet high.now 
in Cenvml Park, New York.Cler¬ 
mont.-Steamer built by Robert 
Fulton, and first to be propelled 
by steam. Cockaine, Land of.- 
Imaginary country of ease and 
pleasure: usually applied to London. 

COEUR DE LION.-Ri chard I. of 
England.Colossus of Rhodes.; A 
brass statue which stood astride 
the entrance to the portof Rhodes 
One of the wonders of the world. 
Columbia.-Poetical name of the 
United States.Column of Ven- 
dome.-Stone pillar in Paris erect 
ed by Napoleon, commemorating 
the success of the French armies 
Thrown down in 1871 .Compromise 
Bill.-The Omnibus Bill of l850.Com 
won.-Public park in Boston.Con 
tains 48 acres. Confederate States. 
-The eleven States which seceded 
from the Union in 1861. 


Congressional Li bra ry. - At 

Washington, D.C. Largest in the 
United States.Congressman-at 
Large.-When the excesses from 
all the districts of a State reach 
the required apportionment, the 
State is entitled to a congressman 
at large.Consols.-English public 
securities. Constitution.-No'ted 
frigate of the United. States navy. 
Did brilliant service in the War 
of 1812. Copperheads.-Northern 
sympathizers with the^South dur¬ 
ing the Civil War. Corliss Engine. 
-Tne engine used to run the ma¬ 
chinery at the Centennial,1876. 
Continental System.-The plan 
of Napoleon I. to shut.England 
out from all connection with the 
continent of Europe. 
CORNCRACKERS.-Kent uck Ians. 
Corn Law Rhymer.-Ebenezer 
Elliot. Corso.-Chief thoroughfare 
in Rome. Cradle of Liberty.-Fen- 
feuil Hall, Boston.Crapaud,Jokn- 
ny.-A Frenchman.Credit Mo- 
bilier.-An authorized stock com¬ 
pany. The American Credit Mo¬ 
bil ier for raising money for the 
Pacific Railroad burst in l873.Cres- 
cent City.-New Orleans. Croco¬ 
dile Tears.-False sorrow. A croc¬ 
odile is said to weep as iteats its 
victim. Crystal Palace.-A glass 
building covering 17 acres erect¬ 
ed in Hyde Park, London, during 
the first of the world’s fairs in 
1851. 

Cumberland. -u.s. vessel sunk 
by Confederate ram Merrimac 
in Hampton Roads, March 8,1862. 
Cupid.-Son of Mars and Venus, 
and god of love.Curfew Bell.- 
The bell rung at 8 o’clock in 
olden times in England,forthe 
extinction of all.lights,the rak¬ 
ing up and cohering of the fires, 
and the retiring to bed of all the 
people of the Kingdom. The rule 
was made by William the Conquer 
er, and lasted for a long time. 
Damocles’ Sword.-Commenting 
upon the happiness which the 
tyrant Dionysius must enjoy, 
Damocles was invited by him to 
a feast where, while discussing 
the good things, he looked up and 
discovered a sword hanging oy a 
single hair immediately over his 
head. 

DARBY AND JOAN.-The loving or 
newly married couple. Dark and 
Bloody Ground .-Kentucky. Dark 
Day.-May 19, 1180, extending o- 
ver ail New England.Darwinian 
Theory.-The theory that all the 
different species of animals catne 
from one or a few forms, the 
present differences resulting from 
development and na.tural selection. 
Death Valley .-A sink of the A- 
margosa River,Cal., so cal led 
from the unhealthy quality of 
the air over it. 


350 
















DEARBORN ST.-Prominent Street 
In Chicago. Debatable Land.- A 
tract of land on the western bor¬ 
der of England and Scotland,at 
one time claimed by both king¬ 
doms. Defender o /the Faith.- 
Henry VIII. of England. De Pro- 
fu-ndis.- The 130th Psalm; part 
of the. burial service. Devil.— I n 
the Bible, and in the Jewish and 
Christian theology, the sovereign 
spirit of evil, who is ever in act¬ 
ive opposition to Cod. DevtTsGar- 
d«n.-Natural curiosity in Hardy 
County, W. Va. Devil's Parliament. 
—Parliament assembled by Henry 
VI. at Coventry, 1459. 

DEVIL’S SLIDE.-Natural cu¬ 
riosity in Weber Canon,Utah. 
Directory,French.-By the Con¬ 
stitution of 1705, the executive 
power was vested in five Direc¬ 
tors; if lasted only four years. 
Dixie, Land©/.-The Sou them States. 
Dizzy .-Benjamin Disraeli, Earl 
of Beaconsf ield. Doctors’ Com¬ 
mons.-Place where the Ecclesi- 
asfica-l Court sat in London.Doc 
tri-naire.-Term in French poli¬ 
tics, given to the proposer of an 
impracticable compromise meas 
ure. Doe, John.-Nominal plain¬ 
tiff in actions of ejectment at 
common law; associated with 
the name of YwcVvarbYuie. 

DOGE’S PALACE.-Famous palace 
of the Doges or Dukes of Venice, 
and among the oldest in Europe. 
Doomsday Book.-A book con¬ 
taining a survey and an esti¬ 
mate of the value of all the lands 
in England. Compiled by orderof 
William the Conqueror. Donny- 
brook Fair.-Former celebrated 
annual fair near Dublin. Dot¬ 
ted Bible.-Edition of the Bible 
published in London, in folio, in 
1578. Dottay Bible.-The English 
Bible authorized by the Roman 
Catholic Church; first publish¬ 
ed at Douay, France. Downing 
Street.-The official residence of 
the English Prime Minister since 
the time of Sir Robert Walpole is 
in Downing Street, London. 

DRURY LANE.-Noted street in 
London. Drury Lane Theater.- 
In London; opened in 1688. Dy¬ 
ing Gladiator.-An ancient stat¬ 
ue in the'Capitol-at Rome. East¬ 
ern States.-THe. six New Eng¬ 
land States,-Maine, New Hamp¬ 
shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 
East Room.-Noted apartment 
in the White House at Washing¬ 
ton; used for public receptions. 
Ecce Homo. r Painting by Correg 
gio representing the Savior crown¬ 
ed with thorns. Echo Caiion .- 
Remarkable ravine throughthe 
Wahsatch Mountains in Utah. 
Ecole Polytec-hnique.- A high 
gra.de Parisian school. 


EDOYSTONE LIGHT HOUSE -On 

the perilous reef 14 miles south 
west of the harbor of Plymouth, 
England. 100 feet high. Built, H56. 
Eoict of Nantes.-Decree,dated at 
Nantes, 1598, by which Henry IV. 
of France granted toleration to 
his Protestant subjects.EI Do¬ 
rado.-An imaginary country, 
supposed by the Spaniards, in the 
sixteenth century, to be situated 
in the interior of South America, 
and to abound in gold and precious 
stones. 

Electoral commission.-a 

commission consisting of five 
judges of the Supreme Court, five 
senators, and five representatives, 
appointed to decide the Presiden¬ 
tial election contest of 1876. El¬ 
ephant, Seeing the.- Seeing the 
world. Elgin Marbles.-Collection 
of Greek sculptures, were made by 
Lord Elgin.Now in the British 
Museum. Eliot, George .-Pseu¬ 
donym adopted by Mrs. Mary A. 
(Evans) Lewes, popular novelist. 



ELYSIAN FIELDS.-Reg ion near 
Baiae, Italy, covered with gardens 
and vineyards, thought to corre 
spond with the description of t E- 
lysjum given by Virgil. Elzevir 
Editions.-Elegant editions of the 
works of Latin and Greek authors, 
issued by printers by the name of 
Elzevir in Amsterdam and Ley¬ 
den, Holland, between 1595 and 
168 0. Endowment House.-A 
building in Salt Lake City,Utah, 
in which many of the rites of 
Mormon worship are performed. 
Emerald Isle.-Ireland. Empire 
City.-New York. 

ESCURIAL. -Royal residence of 
Philip II. Largest structure in 
Spain, and one of the most splen 
did in Europe.22 miles from Madrid. 
Eternal City .-Rome. Essex.-No¬ 
ted frigate of the U.S. navy dur¬ 
ing War of 1012. Surrendered to 
the British March 28,1814.Eton 
College. - Famous college in the 
town of Eton, E nyland. Organized 
1440 By Henry VI. Euclid Avenue. 
-Very elegant street in Cleveland,0. 


eugubine Tables. -Bfionze tab 

lets,discovered in 1444, bearing in¬ 
scriptions which have given rise 
to much antiquarian dispute. 
Preserved at Gubbio, Italy.Evan¬ 
gelists, Symbols of.-Matthew has 
a scroll before him, and holds, a pen; 
Mark sits, writing, with a winged 
lion by his side; Luke has a pen 
and a scroll, and near him is an 
ox; John is a young man, behind 
whom is an eagle.Evil One.-The 
Devil. Excelsior State.-NewYork. 
Exclusion, Bill of .— Bill passed by 
the English House of Commons, 
1679, proposing to exclude t he 
Duke of York from the throne be 
cause he was a Roman Catholic. 

EXETER HALL.-Large proprie 
tary establishment in London.in 
tended originally for religious and 
charitable societies. Expounder 
of the Constitution.- Daniel Web 
ster. Fabian Policy.- Delaying;dil¬ 
atory. So called from Quintus Fa- 
bius Maximus, who adopted this 
plan of opposing Hannibal.Fabi- 
us, American. -George Washington. 
Fair-mount Park.-In Philadelphia, 
where the Centennial Exposition 
of 1876 was held. Contains nearly 
3,000 acres. Fair Oaks.- Battle 
ground four miles from Richmond, 
Va., where an indecisive battle 
between the Union and Confed¬ 
erate forces took place May31,1862. 

FALL ClTY.-Louisville,Ky. Fane- 
uil Hall .-In Boston, where the 
Revolutionary, patriots were wont 
to assemble. Built, 1742. Called the 
"cradle of Liberty/’Farwer George. 
-George III. of England; so called 
from his love of agriculture.Fata 
Morgana.-A mirage in the Straits 
of Messina, near Sicily. Father' 
of Angling.-Izaak Walton.Fath¬ 
er of Comedy.-Aristophanes.Fath¬ 
er of English PoetryChaucer.Fa¬ 
ther of English Prose.- R oyer As 

cham. Father of Epic Poetry.-H o- 
tner. Father of hisCountry.-ln 
ancient Rome, Cicero; in America, 
George Washington. Father of 
History .--Herodotus. Father of 
Letters.-(l) Francis I. of France; 
(2) Lorenzo de’ Medici,of Florence. 

FATHER OF LlES.-(l) The Devil; 
(2) Herodotus. Father of Medicine 
-Hippocrates. Father of Monks. 
- Ethelwold, of Winchester.Fath¬ 
er of Moral Philosophy.-Thom 
as Aquinas. Father of Music. 
Giambattista Pietro Aloisio da 
Palestrina, an Italian. Father 
of Orthodoxy.-Athanasius, bish 
op of Alexandria.FatherofPeace. 
Andrea Doria,a Genoese. Fath¬ 
er of Poetry.- Orpheus, a Thra 

chan. Father of Ridicule.- Fran 
f.ols Rabelais, a Frenchman.Fa¬ 
ther of Song .-Homer. Father 
of the Faithful.-Abraham. Fa¬ 
ther of the Poor.- Bernard G i I- 
pin, an English reformer. 


351 








































I! 


FATHER OF TRAGEDY.-ZEschy- 
I us. Fa ther of Waters.-The Mis¬ 
sissippi River. Father Pnout.-A 
-noted English journalist by the 
name of Francis Mahony.Fath¬ 
ers of the Latin Church.—St. 
Ambrose of Milan, St.Augustine, 
St. Bernard, St. Hilary,St. Jerome, 
lactantius. Faubourg St. Antoine. 
-The part of Paris inhabited by 
the working men.Faubourg St. 
Serwain .- The aristocratic part 
of Paris. Fenians.-An organ¬ 
ization of Irishmen in the Uni¬ 
ted States,formed in 1865 for 
the purpose of freeing Ireland. 
Field of Blood.-The battle-field 
of Cannae, on which Hannibal 
defeated the Romans with great 
slaughter, 2 16 B.C. 

field of mournino.- Battle¬ 
field near Aragon, Spain, where 
was j fought a battle between the 
Christians and the Moors, July 
17, 1134. Field of the Cloth of 
Gold.-Plain in # France between 
Ardres and G-uisnes, where Fran¬ 
cis I. and Henry VIII. met in a 
pavilion of golden cloth, on a mu¬ 
tual visit. Fifth Avenue.-Celebra¬ 
ted residence street in New York. 
Fighting Joe.-The AmericanGen- 
eral.Joseph Hooker. Filibusters 
-Adventurous persons who un 
lawfully attempt disturbances 
away from home. 

FINALITY JOHN .-Lord JohnRus 
sell. First Gentleman in Europe. 
-George IV. of England.Flagel¬ 
lants.-Religious fanatics of the 
thirteenth c&nfury. Fleet, The.- 
A London prison.Taken down in 
1845. Fiodden Field.-Battle-field 
in Scotland, where,on the9th of 
September, 1513, was fought the 
famous battle between the En¬ 
glish and the Scotch,described 
in Sir Walter Scott’s "Marmion.” 
Flour City.-Roches ter, N.Y.FIow- 
erCity.-Springfield,III. Flowery 
Kingdom.-China.Flying Dutch¬ 
man.-A spectral ship supposed 
to cruise in storms off the Cape 
of Good Hope, foreboding trouble 
to.all who see it. 

FOOL,TOM.-A fool, or foo I ish 
person.p or< j’ s Theatre.-In Wash 
mgton.p rcS ’^ Lincoln assassinat¬ 
ed in it April 19,1865. It fell 
in 1893 while work was being 
done in the basement, killing 
and wounding more than twen 
ty persons. Forest City.-(l)Cleve- 
land, 0.; (2) Portland, Me.;(3)Savan 
nah,Ga. Forte.-Strong point. 
Fort Sumter.-In the harberof 
Charleston,S.C. Noted as the 
scene of the f irst f iring in the 
Civil War, 1861-5. Fountain of 
Youth .-A miraculous fountain 
whose waters were fabled to have 
the property of renewing youth. 
Fountains of Moses.-Noted col¬ 
lection of springs in Egypt. 


FOURIERISM.-A system of com¬ 
munism proposed by Charles Fou¬ 
rier, a French visionary, in which 
the world Should be divided into 
"phalansteries ” of four hundred 
families who were to live and 
work in common. Fourth St.- 
ill Fashionable promenade of Cin 
cmnati, 0.; (2) fashionable prom¬ 
enade of St. Louis, Mo.Free Soil 
Party.-The party which after¬ 
ward formed the Republican 
party, opposing slavery. 

FREESTONE STATE.-Connec¬ 
ticut. Friends.-The society of 
the Quakers. Frolic. British war- 
sloop,taken by the American war- 
sloop, the \Na<i^, in 1812. Fudge, 
Mr.-Contemptuous name for 
any absurd or lying writer or 
talker. Funk,Pcter.-A person 
employed at petty auctions to 
act as an apparent purchaser, 
and bid up articles for sale.Ga¬ 
briel.-A n angel described in the 
Bible, charged with the ministration 
of comfort and sympathy to man. 



GARDEN CITY.-Chicago. Garden 
of Eng land.-The -county of Wor¬ 
cester. Garden of Europe.-ltaly. 
Garden of Italy .-Island of Sicily. 
Garden of theWest.-Kansas.Gar- 
den of the World.-The Missis¬ 
sippi Valley. Gate City .-Keokuk, 
Iowa. Gate of Tears.-Thestraits 
of Babelmandeb, so called from 
the number of shipwrecks.occur 
ring therein. Genova Arbitra¬ 
tion .-Action taken at Geneva, 
Switzerland, allowing the Uni¬ 
ted States ^>15,000,000, to be paid 
by Great Britain for damages 
growing out of the Civil War. 

GENRE PAINTING.-Represents 
ordinary domestic and rural 
scenes. George, St., and the Drag¬ 
on .-St.George, the patron saint 
of England, is said to have slain 
in Libya a hideous dragon whose 
daily food was a virgin.Gerry- 
rnander.-Geographical appor¬ 
tionment of districts to give 
preponderance to one political 
party. Named from El bridge Ger¬ 
ry,Governor of Massachusetts. 


GHETTO .-The quarter in Rome to 

which the Jews were formerly re 
stricted. Ghibelline.-Faction in 
Italy in the thirteenth century, 
which favored the German Empc 
rors, in opposition to theGuelpns, 
adherents of the Pope. Gibraltar 
of America.- (Quebec, Canada.J&i- 
-rondists.-Moderate "Constitu¬ 
tional ” Republican party in the 
French Revolution of f798.Glew- 
coe.-Noted pass in Argyleshjre, 
Scotland. Godiva, Lady.-W i fe 
of L eofric, Earl of Mercia,who 
offered to remit certain exac¬ 
tions to his tenants if she would 
ride naked through the streetsof 
Coventry. She did so, all the people 
closing their doors and keeping 
within except one,"PeepingTom,” 
who was struck blind for peep¬ 
ing at her. 

&OLCOND A .-Neighborhood of a 
number of rich diamond mines 
in India. Golden Age .-One of 
the four ages into which the 
life of the human race was di¬ 
vided; a period of innocence and 
prosperity .Golden Gate.—The 
entrance to the harbor of San* 
Francisco. Golden Hom.-Estu 
ary of the Bosphorus,upon whose 
banks Constantinople is built. 
Golden State.-California.Gold 
Fever.-1849, when California 
was peopled.Goliath.-Famous 
Philistine giant. 

Good physician.-a title applied 

to the Savior. G-ood Samaritan. 
-Principal character in a well- 
known parable of our Savior. 
Good Shepherd.-The Savior. 
Gordian Knot.-Any inex¬ 
tricable difficulty or problem. 
In ancient times, a knot said 
to have been so skillfully tied 
by the Phrygian kin 9 ,Grox&\vt,s, 
that its ends could not be dis¬ 
covered, and to the # untier of 
it an oracle promised the sov¬ 
ereignty of Asia— K\e-xan£iex vW 
Great cut it through with his 
sword. Gordon Riots.-ln Lon¬ 
don in IT80. Caused by the en¬ 
actment of a bill for the relief 
of the Roman Catholics. 
OOTHAM.-New York City.Goth¬ 
am, Wise Men o/.-Noted for 
their folly. Gotham was an En¬ 
glish village.Granary of Europe.- 
Island of Sicily. So called from its 
fertility. Grand Alliance .-Treaty 
between England, Leopold I.,empe¬ 
ror of Germany, and the States 
General,signed at Vienna, May 
12, 16 89. Grand Army of the 
Republic.-Organization of ex-sol¬ 
diers of the Civil War of 1861-5,for 
the purpose of rendering assist¬ 
ance to needful associates,their 
widows and orphans, and for the 
encouragement of patriotic sen 
timents, social intercourse,etc, 
among its members. 


352 
























grand Corrupter .-sir Robert 

Walpole. Great Cowmoner,The. 
-William Pitt. Great Duke.-Wel¬ 
lington. Great Eastern.-targes* 
vessel ever bw.il*: prior to the 
close of the nineteenth centu 
ry. Capacity, 1000 passengers and 
5000 tons of caryo.Great Mor- 
alist.-Dr.Samuel Johnson.Great 
Pyramid.-At Gheezeh, Egypt; is 
4 84 feet high. Oldest monument 
in the world. Great Seal.-The 
seal of Great Britain. On every 
accession to the throne anew 
seal is struck, and the old one 
is cut into four pieces, and de¬ 
posited in the Tower of London. 
Great Wall of China.- Along 
northern boundary of China. 
1200 miles long, 20 feet high, 
and 25 feet thick at the base. 
Built 200 8.C. as a protection 
against the Tartars. 

GREEN BACKS.-United States 
Treasury notes. So called from 
their color. Green-eyed Monster. 
-Personification of jealousy.The 
expression originated with Shak- 
speare.Green Isle.-I re I and. 
Green Mountain Boys.—Sol¬ 
diers from Vermont during the 
Revolutionary War.Green Moun¬ 
tain State. -Vermont. Green¬ 
wood,Grace.- Mrs. Sarah Jane 
(Clark) Lippincott.Gregoria-n 
Year.-1582, the year in which 
the change was made from Old 
to New Style. 

GRETNA GREEN .-Village in Scot 
land famous for runaway match 
es. Grey Friars.-Noted monas¬ 
tery in London, established in 
the time of He.nry III. Grub 
St.-In London, INfoted formerly 
for its literary denizens.Grun¬ 
dy , Mrs.-Character in Morton’s 
comedy,"Speed the Plough.” H as 
acquired a proverbial curren¬ 
cy. Guelphs.- Ad herents in the 
thirteenth century of the Papa¬ 
cy against the German Empe- 
rors.Guerriere.-British frig¬ 
ate captured during the War 
of 1812 by the United States 
vessel G<msV\Vu.V\o , v\. 

GUILDHALL.-The London town 
hall. Gunpowder Plot.—Plot 
to blow up the Etjglish Parlia¬ 
ment in its House, Nov.5,1605. 
The cellar beneath being stor¬ 
ed with powder, was to have 
been touched off during the 
session by&uy Fawkes, b ut 
discovered in time to prevent 
mischief. Guyges’ Ring.-Ring 
supposed to have, made .its wear¬ 
er invisible. Hair-buying Gen¬ 
eral .-The British General Ham¬ 
ilton at Detroit, who offered 
rewards for scalps. Halcyon 
Days.-Days of peace and tran 
quillity. Handicap.- Apportion¬ 
ment of the weights that must 
be carried in a race by different 
horses.considerifig their strength and 
age, to equalize their chances. 


HANSARD. -Name of the firm that 
prints the debates of the British 
Parliament. Hatise Towns.— In 
the twelfth and succeeding centu¬ 
ries ah association.of many of 
the commercial cities of Germany, 
France, England, Holland, Spain, 
and Italy, for the protection of 
commerce. It commanded the 
respect and defied the power of 
Kings. Ha-nseatic League.-Con¬ 
federation of the Hanse towns, 
consisting of 72 cities. 

HARD CIDER CAMPAIGN. —The 
Presidential campaign of 1840. 
Hare,Mad as a March. -The hare 
is wilder than usual in March. 
Hari-Kari.-J Happy dispatch). A 
Japanese official suicide. Harv¬ 
est Moon. -Full moon, at or 
near the autumnal equinox; it 
rises for several evenings about 
sunset. Haw key e State.— I o wa. 
Hay market.— Very spacious and 
public street in London. Haymar- 
ket Theatre.- Celebrated dramatic 
theatre in London. 



Head of Africa. -c.a P & of 

Good Hope. Heathen Chinee.-Hu¬ 
morous poem by Bret Harte. Hell 
Gate.-Part of East River, New 
York, one mile from Central Park. 
Heidelberg Castle.-Ruins near Hei¬ 
delberg, Germany. Hegira.-Date of 
Mohammed’s flight from Mecca, 
Arabia, July 16, 622‘. Epoch from 
which the Mohammedans reckon 
time. Heir of the Republic.-Napo¬ 
leon Bonaparte. 

Hermitage. -Mansion near the 
city of Nashville,Tenn.,the home 
for many years of PTes’t Andrew 
Jackson.High Bridge .-Across Har¬ 
lem River, New York, to carry Cro¬ 
ton Aqueduct. 114 feet high, 1450 
feet long, and cost s£9O0,OQO.High 
Church.-The more conservative 
poriion of the Episcopal Church. 
High Seas.-The sea beyond three 
miles from the coast. Hiawatha.- 
Mythical personage among North 
American Indians. Hibernia.-lre 
land. History, Father of. - Herodo¬ 
tus. Honest Old Abe.-A name 
applied to Abraham Lincoln. 


HOBSON'S CHOICE .-Taking 
what is offered or go without.To- 
bias Hobson, an English stable 
keeper, made whatever custom¬ 
er came to Hire a horse take 
the one nearest the door. Ho¬ 
ly Alliance.- League of the sov¬ 
ereigns of Europe, proposed by 
Emperor Alexander of Russia, 
Sept.2 '6, 1815, founded upon 
the idea that religion should 
be made the. basis of interna¬ 
tional politics. Holy City .-.A 
designation bestowed by various 
nations upon the city wh.ich 
is regarded as the center o f 
thejr religious worship and tra¬ 
dition. By the Jews and Chris¬ 
tians Jerusalem is so called. 

HOLY COAT.- Fam ous re I i c 
preserved in the church of 
St. Peter and St. Helen in the 
town of Treves, Germany. It 
is believed by Catholics to be 
the coat without seam worn 
by the Savior. Holy Family.- 
Pictures representing in group 
the infant Jesus., St. J o seph, 
the Blessed Virgin,John. the 
Baptist, Anna, and. St.Elizabeth. 
Holy Land. -Palestine. Holy 
League.- Alliance of Pope Jul¬ 
ius II., France,Germany,, a 
part of the Italian Republics, 
and Spain, in 1508, .against 
Venice. Holy of Holies .-Inner¬ 
most apartment in the Tem¬ 
ple at Jerusalem. 

HONORS OF WAR.- Al lowing 
a surrendered enemy to keep 
their arms. H©osier State. - 
Indiana, the inhabitants of 
which are called Hoosiers. 
Hornet.- American warship, 
captured the British ship ?ea- 
coeV. in 1813. Horse Latitudes. 
-Bank or region of calms in 
the Atlantic Ocean, between 
the parallels of 30° and 35° N. 
Horse-Shoe Falls.-At Niaga¬ 
ra, 158 feet in height, and a- 
bouf.2,400 feet wide. Hotel 
de Ville.-The city hall in French 
and Belgian cities. Hotspur.-A 
person of a warm or vehement 
disposition,alluding to a per¬ 
son who rides in hot haste, or 
spurs hotly. 

HOURIS .-Beautiful virgins of 
Paradise; promised.by the Ko¬ 
ran for the delight of true be 
lievers. Hub of the Uni verse.- 
Jocular designation of the state- 
house in Boston, and sometimes 
to the city itself. Huggins and 
Muggins.- Jocular embodiment 
of vulgar pretention. Hugue 
riots. -French protestants in 
the sixteenth century. Hand 
red Days. -From March20,1815, 
when Napoleon escaped from 
Elba,to June 22, when he ab¬ 
dicated, Hyde Park.- A large 
pleasure-ground in London; 
a public pleasure-ground in 
St. Louis, Mo. 


353 

















IBERlA.-G-reek name of Spain, fre¬ 
quently used in poetry. Icono¬ 
clast.- (Image-breaker). A radi¬ 
cal reformer. Iliad.-G-reek epic 
poem by Homer, relating the sto¬ 
ry of the siege of Troy.Illumin- 
atot'.-Surname of St.Gregory 
of Armenia, bishop of theprim- 
itive church, l-tnperial City .- 
A former name of Rome.Inde¬ 
pendence, Declaration of.— Is¬ 
sued July 4,1776. Independence 
Hall.-ln Philadelphia, Pa., in 
which the Declaration of Inde¬ 
pendence was adopted. Index 
Expurgatorius.-Books forbid¬ 
den to be read by the Roman 
Catholic Church. 

INNOCENTS.-The infants whom 
Herod massacred at Bethlehem. 
Inns of Court.-The law soci¬ 
eties of London which have the 
sole right of admitting, app I i- 
cants to the bar. Inspired Ida- 
ot.-A sobriquet applied by Hor¬ 
ace Walpole to Oliver Goldsmith. 
Inv&lides, Hotel des.- One of 
the leading monuments, of Pa¬ 
ris. Begun by Louis XIV. in 1671, 
as an asylum for wounded and 
maimed soldiers. Irish Agitator. 
-Daniel O’Connell, leader of po¬ 
litical movements in Ireland a- 
bout 1800. Iron.Age.-The last 
of the four.ages Into which the 
ancients divided the History of 
the human race. 

IRON ClTY.-Pittsburg,Pa. Iron 
Crown (of Lombardy).-A fa¬ 
mous crown, having been us¬ 
ed for crowning 34 kings, in¬ 
cluding Charles V. and Napo¬ 
leon Bonaparte. Iron Mask. 
A mask of black velvet owing 
its celebrity to the fact that in 
the reign of Louis XIV. it serv¬ 
ed to conceal the features of 
the mysterious state prisoner 
of France, known in consequence 
as the Man.with the Iron Mask, 
and whose identity has never 
been determined. Iron Duke. 
-Duke of Wellington. I no re¬ 
sides.-The United States frig¬ 
ate GoYvs,V'\VaV\orv. 

ISLAND CITY.-Montreal,.Ca-liada. 
Isle of Dogs.-An island in the 
river Thames, and constituting 
a part of London. Isle of Saints. 
-Ireland was so called in the Mid¬ 
dle Ages. Jack and Dili.-Char¬ 
acters in an ancient and popular 
nursery song. Jack the Giant- 
killer.-Fabulous hero in the lit¬ 
erature of the nursery. Jack 
with the Lantern.-Luminous 
meteor seen in summer nights 
over morasses, graveyards, and 
some other places. Jack Ketch.- 
The hangman. The name of an 
English hangman. Jack Robin¬ 
son.-At once. Jack Robirison 
was noted for the shortness 
of his visits. 


JACKSON SQUARE.-Well-known 
public square in New Orleans,La 
Jacobins.-Revolutionary clu-b, 
1789, In Paris. Violent and extreme 
in their proposed measures.Their 
organizations spread throughout 
France. Jacobites.-Adherents of 
James II. of England, and of the 
Stuarts, His descendants. Jacob’s 
Ladder.-Ladder seen in a vision 
by Jacob, the Jewish patriarch. It 
reached from the earth to heav¬ 
en, angels ascending and descend¬ 
ing on it. 

JACOB’S WELL.-Rock-Hewn well, 
9 feet diameter, 75 feet deep, at 
the foot of Mt. Gerizim in Nor¬ 
thern Palestine. Jardirt des Plan¬ 
tes.-Noted botanical and zoolog¬ 
ical garden in Paris. Jardin Ma- 
bille.-Parisian resort of world¬ 
wide notoriety. Suppressed in the 
year 1882. Jericho,Ooweto.-Dis¬ 
appeared; ruined. Jew, The Wan¬ 
dering.- Imaginary personage, ow¬ 
ing his existence to a legend connec¬ 
ted with the history of Christ’s passion 



IINGO, JINGOISM.-In England 
an expression applied to those 
who wanted the English Govern¬ 
ment to assume an aggressive 
foreign policy, 1874-1880.John 
Bull.-England; an Englishman. 
John Chinaman.-The Chinese in 
America. Johnny Cakes.-Made 
of Indian meal baked in ashes. 
Johnny Rebs.-Confederate sol¬ 
diers in the Civil War, l86l-5.Joh« 
O’Groat’s House.-Celebrated as 
having been considered the most 
northerly dwelling in Great Britain. 

Joint High commission, a 

commission which met at Wash 
ington,l87l,and completed nec¬ 
essary preliminaries for settling 
the so called Alabama claims, by 
holding a second meeting at Ge¬ 
neva,Switzerland. Jones, Davy.- 
Sailors’name for Death. Jubilee, 
Year of.-Amongthe Jews every 
fiftieth year, which was the year 
after one week of weeks of years 
(seven times seven) had passed.Ma¬ 
ny reforms were made. 


JUGGERNAUT.-Celebrated temple 

at Juggernaut, India. It is the 
most celebrated place of pilgrim¬ 
age in Hindoostan. Therq is an 
immense car in the service of 
the god of the temple, which is 
dragged about the country by the 
multitude, causing the greatest 
excitement, many in their fanat¬ 
icism throw themselves under 
the wheels and are crushed to 
death. Julian Era.-Method of 
reckoning time from 46 B.C., 
when Julius Caesar reformed the 
calendar. Junius, Letters of.-Re¬ 
markable political letters writ¬ 
ten by some unknown person 
during the reign of George III. 

Kansas, bleeding ; -so called 

by Horace Greely during the Free 
Soil controversy. Kearsarge.- 
Union ship of war. Destroyed 
the Confederateprivateer w\a- 
\>aw\a. off the coast of France, 
June 19, 1864. Kenil worth Cas¬ 
tle.-Magnificent ruined mansion 
of feudal remains at Kenilworth, 
near Leamington, England. Ken¬ 
sington Gardens.-London. Park 
near which G(ueeri Victoria was 
born. Kensington Palace.-Roy¬ 
al residence of the English sov- 
ereigns^wo miles west of Lon¬ 
don. Key of the Gulf.-Island 
of Cuba. Key of the Mediterra- 
nean.-Fortress of Gibraltar. 

KEY-STONE STATE.-Pennsylva- 
nia, so called from its central 
position In early times.Kilken¬ 
ny Cats.-Disputing people.King 
and Cobbler.-King Henry VIII. 
and a certain merry.London 
cobbler, whom the King is rep¬ 
resented as visiting in disguise. 
King Arthur.-Famous king 
of 8ritaln, died in the year 542. 
King can do no wrong,The.- 
Meaning that the Ministers 
and not the King are responsi¬ 
ble for mistakes of government. 
King Cole.-Legendary king 
of Britain, who is represented 
as having ruled in the third 
con fur y after Christ. King 
Cotton.-Popular personifica¬ 
tion of the great staple produc¬ 
tion of the Southern States of 
the American Union. 

KING-MAKER.-Richard Nevil, 
Earl of Warwick. King of Ive- 
tot.-Seigneur of Ivetot, wa£ 
made king of his estate by the 
King of France as a recompense 
for the killing of his father It 
was a kingdom of only eight 
square miles. K ittg Log.— A 
good-for-nothing ruler. King 
of Kings.-A title given to Christ. 
Ktrtg of Preachers.-Louis Bour- 
daloue,noted French preacher, 
died,J704.Knight of Malta.-Mo 
nastic order founded during the 
Crusades about the twelfth cen 
tury. King of Terrors.-Death. 





















<IN& OF WATERS.- Amazon 

River. King Stork.- A tyrant. 
Kit Kat Club, The.- A -nofced Lor 
don club founded in 1688. It had 
-many nofced members. Knicker¬ 
bocker. -A member of any old 
Dutch family in New York. De¬ 
rived from Irving’s immortal 
History. Kaow-nofhitigs.- A 
shortlived political party of "Na¬ 
tive^ Americans ” whicH.spru.n 9 
up. in 1853. To all inqu-iries rel¬ 
ative to the wove wen t,the re¬ 
ply was,**I don’t know.”Koh- 
i-Noor.- A Golconda diamond,the 
largest in the world. Valued at 
*625,000, and belongs to the 
English crown. 

<ORAN.-The Mohammedan Bible. 
Kremlin.- The royal Russian 
residence in Moscow. Kriss 
Kritigle.-A term used both for 
Christ and hk boyhood, and for 
St. Nicholas. Labyrinth.— Cele¬ 
brated structure built by Minos, 
King'of Crete, which consisted 
of a maze out of which no one 
who entered could find the way 
back. Lacrymal Christi.-An I- 
talian wine. Lake Poets, or Lake 
School.- A brotherhood of En¬ 
glish poets, the chief of whom 
were Coleridge, Wordsworth, and 
Southey. Lake State.-Michigan 
Land of Beulah. -A land of rest 
and quiet, symbolizing the Chris¬ 
tian’s peace of mind. 

LAND OF BONDAGE.- A name 
sometimes given to Egypt,ow¬ 
ing “to the ill-treatment of the 
Israelites while sojourning there. 
Land of Cakes. -Scotland. Land 
of Nod. -Sleep; dream land.Land 
of Prom ise.-Canaan. Land of 
Steady Habits .-Connecticut.Land 
of Wisdom.- N ormand y, in France. 
Lang Syne .-Long ago.Langue 
d’Oc. -Provence, a part of France. 
Langue d’CEil.-AII of France ex 
cept Provence. Laocoon .-Cele¬ 
brated statue in the Vatican at 
Rome. Laodicean.— A person 
lukewarm in religion. Lapu- 
ta.-Name of a flying island de¬ 
scribed by Svyift. 

LARBOARD AND STARBOARD.- 
Left-hand and right-hand sides 
of a ship when facing the front. 
Last Judgment.-Theme of ma¬ 
ny frescoes Of the Renaissance pe¬ 
riod of Italy. Last of the Fathers. 
St. Bernard, died, 1153. Last of the 
Greeks. -Philopoemen,died 183 8 .C. 
Last of the Romans.- Aetius, a 
Roman General,and last support 
of’the empire', Died 4 54 A.D. Last 
Supper.-T heme of a number of 
frescoes of the Renaissance period 
of Italy. Lateran Palace.- One of 
the Papal residences at Rome. 
Latter-day Sajnts.-The Mormons. 
Laughing Philosopher. — Demo¬ 
critus of Abdera, who believed that 
life was orjy to be laughed at. 


LAUREL HILLLarge and.beau¬ 

tiful cemetery adjoining Fair-mount 
Park,Philadelphia. Lawrence.- 
Flag-ship of Commodore Perry’s 
squadron on Lake Erie in 1813. 
Law’s Bubble. -Delusive specula¬ 
tion projected by John Law, an 
English financier, in 1716. He 
established a bank in France 
by. royal authority, connected 
with which was a Mississippi 
land company,from which it 
was expected to realize vast sums 
of money. In 1720 the bubble burst 
and nearly wrecked the French 
government. 

LEANING TOWER.-Famousstruc 

ture at Pisa, Italy, leaning thir¬ 
teen feet out of the perpendicu¬ 
lar; 178 feet high; begun, in 1174. 
Learned Blacksmith. -Elihu Bur- 
ritt. Leonine Verses. -Verses which 
rhyme at the middle and the end. 
Leviathan of Literature.-Dr.Sam 
uel Johnson. Libby Prison.-Con- 
federate gaol for prisoners of 
war at Richmond, Va., 1861-5. 



LIBERATOR .-Name given by Pe 

ruvians to Simon Bolivar,who 
established the independence of 
Peru, 1823. Also name given to 
Daniel O’Connell, Irish politician 
Liberty Bell. -Famous bell now 
preserved in*Independence Hall, 
Philadelphia,Pa. Liberty Tree.- 
Large Elm in Boston,Mass., us¬ 
ed to hang effigies of obnoxious 
persons upon at the time of the 
disturbances caused by the Stamp 
Act. 

LlCHT-HORSE H A RRY.- Getiera I 
Henry Lee of the Revolutionary 
War. Lifliput .-The pigmy land 
in Gulliver’s travels. Lincoln 
Park.-Public pleasure ground 
in Chicago, III. Lingua Franca 
-Dialect of French,ltalian, and 
Arabic, spoken on the Mediterra¬ 
nean Sea. Lion and Unicorn . 
Supporters of the British royal 
arms. Lion of the North.-Ous- 
tavus of Sweden, the great lead¬ 
er of the Protestant forces during 
the Thirty Years * War. 


LION’S SHARE.-The larger por¬ 
tion in a division. Little Corporal. 
-Napoleon Bonaparte.Little En¬ 
gland. -The Barbadoes. Little Gi¬ 
ant. -Stephen A Douglass. Little 
Magician. -Martin Van Buren. 
Little Red Riding-hood. -Heroine 
of a well-known nursery tale. 
Little Rhody. -Rhode Island. Lit¬ 
tle Round Top. -Rugged eleva¬ 
tion in vicinity of Gettysburg, 
Pa., where was fought the mem 
orable battle of July 2nd of 1863. 
Lloyd ’s.— Series of rooms in the 
Royal Exchange, London,-the 
rendezvous of the most emi¬ 
nent merchants, shippers,insur¬ 
ance, stock and exchange brok¬ 
ers, etc. 

LOCO-F0COS.- Name given to 
adherents of the Democratic 
party In the United States a- 
bout 1834. Lodore. -Famous wa¬ 
terfall near Keswick, England. 
Lombard Street. -The financial 
street of London. Lone S-ta y 
State. -Texas. Long Pari la¬ 
ment. -Celebrated parliament 
which assembled Nov. 3, 1640, 
and was dissolved by Cromwell, 
April 20, 1653. Lord Harry. 
-The Devil. Lorelei .-A malig¬ 
nant but beautiful water-sprite 
of the Rhine. Lost Colony of 
Awerica.-The colony of Roa¬ 
noke. 

LOTHARSO.-A libertine and a 
seducer . Lotus-Eaters.-ln the 
Odyssey Homer describes the ef¬ 
fect of eating the lotus as making 
the eater forged his home. Loui¬ 
siana,The.- Gunboat of the Uni¬ 
ted States navy during the Re¬ 
bell io-y, 1861-5. Louvre.-The art 
palace of Paris. Low Church.- 
Part of the Episcopal Church op¬ 
posed to ceremonials. Livcif&r. 
- One of the names of the Dev i I. 
Lumber State. -Maine. Lundy’s 
Lane.-Battle scene in the prov¬ 
ince of Ontario,Canada,between 
the United States forces and 
the British in 1814,resulting 
in the defeat of the latter. 
LUSSAD. -Portuguese epic poem, 
written by Camoens,describing 
Vasco da Gama’s ad ventures. La- 
tetia.-Ancient Latin name of 
Paris.Lynch Law.-Mob law, 
Mab, C^ueen.- Queen of the fai¬ 
ries.Nlacaroni c Verse.-A verse 
made by mixing different lan¬ 
guages. Maeehiaveilisw.-Pol it- 
ical trickery. Madam Tussaud’s 
Exhibition.-A famous London 
wax-works show. Mad Anthony. 
-Major-General Anthony-Wayne. 
Madman of Macedonia.-Alex¬ 
ander the Great. Mad Poet.- Na¬ 
thaniel Lee,an insane English 
dramatist. Madman of the 
North.-Charles III. of Sweden. 
Madonna.-A name applied 
to the Blessed Virgin. 


355 



































MAD POET.- (I) Nathaniel Lee,an 
English dramatic poet, died, 1690. 
(2) McDonald Clark, an American 
poet, died, 1842. Maecenas.-No¬ 
ted, patron of poets during the 
reign of Augustus of Rome. 
Magi, The Three.-The v wise 
men from the,East ’’who came 
ho Jerusalem bringing gifts ho 
the infant Jesus. Magna Char- 
ha.- The great charter of En- 
gjish liberty. Mahowet’s Cof¬ 
fin.-The body of Mahomet is 
said,to Hang, in mid-air oven 
Medina. Maiden Q^ueeri.-Naine 
given ho Queen Elizabeth of En¬ 
gland. Maiden TownE d in- 
burgH. 

Maid of Orleans.-Joan of Arc. 
Maid of Saragossa.-Augustina 
Zaragoza,Heroine of the siege 
of Saragossa, l808-9.iyiaineLaw. 
-A prohibahory law first adopt- 
ed,in Maine.Malthusian Doc¬ 
trine.-Theory that the popula¬ 
tion of hhe world is growing fast¬ 
er thanthe food supply. Matner- 
tine Prisons.-Celebrated state 
prison on the slope of the Capito- 
iine in Rome. Mammoth Cave. 
-Largest cave in the world,near 
G-reen River, Kentucky. Man 
in the Moon.- (I) Name popular¬ 
ly given to the dark lines and 
spots upon the surface of the 
moon. (2) According to the leg¬ 
end the man who first broke 
hhe Sabbath. 

MAN OF DESTiNY.-Napoleon 
Bonaparte.Man of Iron.—Bis¬ 
marck. Man of Straw.-An ir¬ 
responsible person.Mare’s Nest. 
-A matter which at first seems 
to be of importance,but turns 
out to be nothing.Marsei II - 
aise.-The French national air, 
composed by Rouget de Lisle. 
Martinet.-A strict disciplina¬ 
rian; so called from a French of¬ 
ficer of the seventeenth,century. 
Mason and Dixon’s Line.— A 
name given to the southern borni 
dary line of Pennsylvania,sepa¬ 
rating it from the former sjave 
States of Maryland and Virginia. 
Mausoleum .-Tomb of Mauso- 
Ius, built by the Queen of Arte 
misia, one of the seven wonders 
of the world. 

MAYFAIR .-The west end of Lon¬ 
don. May Flower.-Famous vessel 
of, 180 tons, in which the *' P il- 
grim Fathers*’sailed, 1620. Mel¬ 
rose Abbey.-Far-famed ruined 
monastery in a town of same 
name in Scotland. Memorial 
Hall.-Imposing collegiate build¬ 
ing connected with Harvard U- 
niversity. Mercator’s Projec¬ 
tion A,projection giving an un¬ 
broken view of hhe whole surface 
of hhe earth, the meridians and 
parallels being straight lines.Mer- 
edith,Owen.-Edward Robert Bui- 
wer Lytton, English poet. Merri¬ 
mack.-Noted Confederate vesseJ 
during the Civil War, 1861-5. _ 


MERRY ANDREW.-A buffoon or 
zany, especially one who attends 
upon a mountebank or quack doc¬ 
tor. Merry England.-En 9 land, 
so called from the pleasant and 
agreeable climate. Merry Mon¬ 
arch.-King Charles II. of England. 
Mezzo Relievo.-Carved or cast 
figures projecting from the tab¬ 
let a little more than basso relie¬ 
vo, and some less than alto relie¬ 
vo. Middle Ages-Period from the 
overthrow of the Western Rowan 
Empire,476 A.D., to the com¬ 
mencement of the Reformation, 
1517. Middle States.- New York, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware. 

MILAN DEC REE.-Decree of Na¬ 
poleon Bonaparte dated Dec. 27, 
1801, declaring the whole,of the 
British dominions to, be in a 
state of blockade. Mall-boy or 
the Slashes.-Henry Clay.Minne¬ 
singers .-Germ an lyric poets of 
hhe twelfth and thirteenth cen¬ 
turies. Miserere.-A term ap¬ 
plied to the fifty-first psalm. 



MISSION DO LORES.-Interesting 
old Spanish mission station ana 
church, in San Francisco, Cal if. 
Mississippi Bubble.-A hollow fi¬ 
nancial scheme. Missouri Com- 
promise.-A measure passed by 
Congress it* 1820 prohibiting sla¬ 
very north of 36° 30'north lat¬ 
itude. Mistress of the SeasA 
name sometimes given to Great 
Britain.Mistress of the World. 
-Ancient Rome. Modern Athens 
-Ed in burgh, Scotland. 

Modern Babylon.-L ondon 
Molly Maguires.-A secret or¬ 
ganization In the United States, 
to,which many crimes were at¬ 
tributed. Monarch, Le Grand. 
-Louis XIV. of France.Monitor. 
-Novel American gunboat, built 
in New York by John Ericsson. 
Put the Merrimack to flight, in 
Hampton Roads, Va., M ar ch 9, 
1862. Monroe Doctrine.-Policy 
not to interfere with European 
affairs,orto permit European 
countries to,interfere with the 
affairs and interests of the New 
World. 


MORLEY, MRS.- Queen Anne of 
England. Monumental City 
-Baltimore,Md. Morey Letter, 
-Forged letter attributed to Gen. 
Garfield anti-Chinese sentiments, 
1880. Morganatic Mam age.- 
Marriage between a man of 
high rank and a woman, of a 
lower rank, she not taking her 
husband’s title. Mortmig Star 

of the Reformation.-John Wy- 

cliffe. Mother Carey's Chickens. 

-The stormy petrel,a small o- 
ceanic bird vulgarl y supposed to 
be seen only before a storm, of 
which it is regarded as a harbm- 

MOTHER Goose.-(I) A feigned 
narrator of a celebrated book 
of fairy tales.(2) Fictitious wri¬ 
ter of a collection of nursery 
rhymes. Mother Hubbard.- 
Subject of a well-known nur¬ 
sery rhyme. Mother of Pres¬ 
idents. -Virginia. Mother of 
States.-Virginia, from its Jbe- 
ing first settled. Mother Ship- 
ton. -Subject of a popular tale 
of ancient date. Mound City.- 
St. Louis, Mo. Mount Vernon. 
-The Home of Washington,m 
Virginia. Murphy Moyement.- 
Noted temperance agitation 
in the United States in 18 77. 
Muscular Christianity.— An 
expression of Charles Kingsley. 
"A sound mirid in a sound body.” 

MUSIC HALL. -Noted edifice in 
Boston, Mass., containing the 
largest organ in the United 
States. Music of the Spheres. 
-Harmony; order. It was the 
teaching of Plato that each plan¬ 
et had a siren whose song har-mo 
nized with the motion of our 
sphere and-with that of the oth 
ers. Naniby-Pamby.-Childish, 
used for poor literary productions. 
Nameless City .-Ancient Rome. 
Nasby, Petroleum V.-David 
R. Locke, of theTcAe&o 
Nation of Shop-keepers. -Name 
given to the English by Napoleon, 
Natural Bridge.-Natural arch 
over Cedar Creek, Va., 200 feet 
High. 

NEGRO PLOT.-A plot by the Ne¬ 
groes,in 1741, to burn and plun¬ 
der New York City. 4 white peo¬ 
ple were hanged, II negroes were 
burned at the stake, 18 Hanged, 
and 50 deported. Newcome, John 
tiy.-Any raw, unpracticed youth 
or person. New France.-An old 
name of Canada.Newgate.—No¬ 
ted London prison.New Jeru¬ 
salem.-Symbolic name of heav¬ 
en, or the abode of the redeemed. 
New Netherlands.-Originally the 
Dutch settlement in New York. 
New Sweden.-Originally the Swed 
ish settlement in Delaware. New 
World.-The \Nestern Hemisphere. 
Nibetungen Lied.-German epic 

S oem of the J3th century. Nickie 
en.-A familiar Scotish name- 
for th'e Devil. 


356 






































♦ 


NIGHTMARE OF EUROPE.-Na 

Poleon 8 onaparte. Nina.- One of 
the three vessels with which Co- 
lumbusset sail for America in 
1492. Nine Worthies.-Joshua, 
David, Hector, Alexander, Judas 
Maccabaeus, Julius Caesar,Char- 
lemagne, Arthur, and Godfrey 
of Bouillon. No&kes, John oV 
Fictitious character made use 
of by lawyers in actions for 
ejectment. Noel. -Christmas day. 
hi on-Cori/ortM ists . - D i sse n ters 
from the Church of Enalatid. 
North Britain .-Scotland. Nor- 
them Athens.-Edinburgh in 
Scotland. 

NORTHERN BEAR,OR GIANT. - 
Russia. North-west Territory. 
-Region north-west, of the 0 - 
hio River, from which were 
formed the States of Ohl o, In¬ 
diana, Michigan,and Illinois. 
Notre Datne.- The Cathedra! 
of Paris. Nutmeg State.-Con- 
necticut. Odyssey .-Narrative 
Roetn of'the adventures of Ul¬ 
ysses on his voyage from Troy, 
by Homer. O-grab-me Act.- 
The Embargo Act, whose oppo 
nents spelled the word backward, 
Ogres. -Giants who fed on hu¬ 
man flesh. Old Abe. -Abraham 
Lincoln. Old Bays.- John Scott, 
Lord Elden, lord chancellor of 
England for 25 years. 

OLD BAILEY.- A London crim¬ 
inal, court. Old Benny.— The 
Devil. Old Bullion.-Thomas, H. 
Benton. Old Colony.-Name giv¬ 
en originally to the eastern part 
of Massachusetts.Old Country.- 
Term applied by people in the Uni¬ 
ted States Having emigrated fro-m 
European countries to the coun¬ 
try from which they came. Old 
Dominion. -Virginia. Old Elm.- 
yenerable tree on the Common 
in Boston, until Feb. 15, I 87G, 
when it was blown down. Old 
.Gentleman.- The Devil. Old 
Glory.-The national flag,-the 
"star spangled banner.” Old 
Harry.-The Devil. OldGuard.- 
Napoleon Bcmaparte.Old Hick¬ 
ory. -General Andrew Jackson. 
Old Hunkers.-Ultra-conserv- 
ative portion of the Democrat¬ 
ic party in the United States. 
OLD IRONSIDES.- The United 
States frigate "Con stitution.” 
Old Man Eloquent. -John Gain 
cy Adams. Old Nick. -The Devil. 
Old Noll. -Oliver Cromwell. Old 
North State.- North Carolina. 
Old Prob$.-(Old Probabil‘ties).The 
U.S.Signal Service. Old Public 
Functionary.- James Buchanan. 
Old Put.- Maj.Gen. Israel Putnam. 
Old Scratch.-The Devil. Oldstyle, 
Jonathan.- Washington Irving. 
Old.South. -Famous and his¬ 
toric church in Boston, Mass. 
Old World .-Eastern Hemisphere. 
Omnibus Bill. -Set of resolu¬ 
tions relating to slavery introduced 
in the Senate, 1850, by Henry Clay. 


ONEIDA COMMUNITY.-Colony 

of persons formed by John H Noyes, 
1837, at Putney, Vt., and removed 
to Oneida Creek, Madison County, 
N.Y., 1847. The principles of belief 
of its members are Reconci I ia- 
tion to God, salvation from sin, 
equality of man and woman,and 
the union of labor and its products. 
Optic, Oliver.-William T. Adams, 
Amer. juvenile writer.Ordinance 
of 1787 . -Act of Congress for the 
government of the North-west 
Territory. 

OSTEND MANIFESTO.- Declara¬ 
tion by James Buchanan, John Y. 
Mason, and Pierre Soule,ministers 
respectively to England,France,and 
Spain, thatCuba must be acquir¬ 
ed by the United States, as noton- 
ly necessary to the political power 
of the Union, but especially indis¬ 
pensable .to the slave-holding por¬ 
tion of it. Orangeman .-A prot- 
estant Irishman.OrarsgePeel.- 
Sir Robert Peel. Orlando Furioso. 
-Italian poem by Ariosto. 



PACIFICATOR, GREAT.-Henry 
Clay. Pall Mall.-Noted street in 
London. Palladium.-Anything af¬ 
fording defence, protection,orsafe 
ty. A statue of Pallas was the pal¬ 
ladium of Troy. Palmetto State.- 
South Carolina. Pan-handle.-Fan 
ciful name given to the northern 
part of West Virginia. Pantheon.- 
Circular building in Rome,erect¬ 
ed in the time of Augustus.Paper 
King.-John Law, the noted finan¬ 
cial projector. 

PARADISE LOST.-Poem by John 
Milton treating of the fall of man. 
Paradise Reg ained. r Poem by Mil- 
ton on the temptation and tri¬ 
umph of Jesus. Paris of America. 
-Cincinnati. Par^theo-M.-Tern pie 
of Minerva in Athens. Was one 
of the finest buildings in the world. 
Partin 9 tonjMrs.-lma 9 i.nary old 
lady whose laughable sayings have 
been recorded by the American hu¬ 
morist, 8 .P. Shillaber.Pasquitiade. 
-A lampoon or satirical writing. 
Pathfinder.-Maj.-Gq.ri. John C. 
Fremont, who conducted four ex¬ 
peditions across the Rocky Mountains. 


PEACOCK. -British warship captur 

ed in 1813 bu the American ship 
NXomefc. Peeler.- A policeman. 
Sir Robert Peel founded the Irish 
constabulary. Peeping Tom of 
Coventry .-A person of ungovern¬ 
able inquisitiveness. Peninsular 
State.— FI or ida .Peninsular War. 
-War bet ween England and 
France in Spain and Portugal, 
1808-1812. Pennsylvania Farmer. 
-John Dickinson, Amer. States¬ 
man and author. Phi Beta Kap¬ 
pa. -Well-known literary society 
founded In 1776 at the College 
of William and Mary in Virginia. 
Philharmonic Hall. -Colossal con¬ 
cert hall in Liverpool, England. 
PEOPLES’ WILLIAM. -William 
E. Gladstone. Philippic.- An in¬ 
vective 4 so called from the ora¬ 
tions of Demosthenes against 
Philip of Macedoti. Philosopher’s 
Stone.-A substance supposed to 
have the property of turn mg 
anything else into gold. Pick¬ 
wick,Samuel. -Hero of Dick- 
en’s "Pickwick Papers.” P i I- 
9 rim Oak. -Venerable tree in 
front of Newstead Park, England. 
Pillars of Hercu.les.-Two moun¬ 
tains on opposite sides of the 
strait connecting the Mediter¬ 
ranean Sea with the ocean. 
Pine-tree State. -Maine. Plon- 
Plon Prince Napoleon J.C. 8 o- 
naparte.Pinta.-One of the 
three vessels in which Colum 
bus set sail for America. 

Plumed knight.- j awes G. 

Blaine. Plymley, Peter.-Sydney 
Smith. Plymouth Rock.-Rock 
at Plymouth, Mass., where the 
Pilgrim Fathers landed in 1620. 
Poet of Poets.-Shelley. Poets’ 
Corner.- (I) Corner in Westmin¬ 
ster Abbey where poets are bur¬ 
ied. (2) Poetical column jm a 
newspaper. Pompey’s Pillar.- 
Fawous historical pillar 9 8 
feet high near Alexandria,Egypt. 
Poor Richardj-Benjamin Frank¬ 
lin. Poor Robin. -Imaginary an 
thor of a celebrated series of 
Almanacs published about 1661, 
said to have originated with Rob¬ 
ert Herrick,the poet. 
PORCELAIN TOWER. -Celebra¬ 
ted tower in Nanking,China, 
built in the ninth century 
before Christ. It was 261 feet 
high, and said to have cost up 
ward of $&35,000,*000.. Destroy¬ 
ed in 1853. Pprfcopolis. -Cincin¬ 
nati, O. Prairie State.-Illinois. 
Prater.-Noted promenade in 
Vienna, Austria.Presidetitial 
Commission.-Same as ^L\eo- 
Vora\ Q>o'w\'m'\s><s\or\. Preacher, 
The.-Solomon. Prince of Li¬ 
ars .-Ferdinand Mendez Pinto, 
Portuguese traveler .of the six¬ 
teenth century.. Prince of 
Peace. -The Savior. Prince of 
Poets.-Edmund Spencer, au¬ 
thor of the "Faery G^ueem.” 
Died in 1598. 


357 





































4 


PROMISED LAND. -Catiaan, or 
that par* of Palestine lying west 
of the river Jordan.Prospect Park. 
-Pleasure ground in Brooklyti,N.Y., 
containing 600 acres. Protestant 
Duke. -Duke of Monmouth,son 
of Charles II. of England. Pud- 
din 9 . Jack.-A zany; Merry-an¬ 
drew. Puff.- Bold and impudent 
literary quack. Puri*an City.- 
Boston. Py rawids.-The sepul¬ 
chral monuments of ancient 
Egypt, about 60 in numberjes- 
pecially applied to those of Gh.ee- 
zeh, about 12 miles from Cairo. 
(Quadruple Alliance.-Alliance 
between G-reat Britain, France, 
the emperor of, Germ any, and 
the United Provinces of Holland, 
in 1718, for the purpose of guar¬ 
anteeing the succession of the 
reigning families of Great Brit¬ 
ain and France, and settling the 
partition of the Spanish -motiarchy. 

QUAKER CITY.- Phi I adelphia,Pa. 
(Quaker Gun. -A log fashioned 
like a cannon and painted to rep¬ 
resent one. Quaker Poet. -John 
G-reenleaf Whittier. G^uasi-War.- 
The threatened war with France 
in 1800. G^ueen City .-Cincinnati. 
Queen City of the Lakes. -Buffa¬ 
lo, N.Y. Queen of Cities.-Rome. 
Queen of the Antilles.- Is I and 
of Cuba. Queen of the East. - 
Zenobia, queen of Palmyra,267 
A.D. . . 

Railroad city. - Indianapo I is, 
Ind. Rail;Splitter. -Abraham Lin¬ 
coln. Railway King. -George Hud¬ 
son, of York, England. Rani des 
Vaches.- The air the Swiss moun¬ 
taineers play on the Alpine horns 
while tending their cattle. Rare 
Ben Jenson. - Ben Jonson, the 
noted English dramatist. Rebell¬ 
ion,The Great. -The war between 
Charles I. of England, and Parlia¬ 
ment. Also the Civil War in 
the United States, 1861-5. Red¬ 
coats.- The British soldiers in 
the American Revolutionary War, 
1775-83. Red Letter Day .-A for¬ 
tunate day. Red M an.-The Amer¬ 
ican Indian. Red Tape.-Official 
routine. Regent’s Park. -Exten¬ 
sive pleasure ground in London. 

Reign of terror.- period of 

anarchy, bloodshed, and confis¬ 
cation, during the French Rev¬ 
olution, between the overthrow 
of the Girondists, May 31, 1793, 
and the fall of Robespierre,July 
27, I794 ; Republicans,Black.-A 

nama-given by the pro-slavery 
or “conservative ” party in the 
United States to the members of 
the “Republican ” party. Reynard 
the Fox.-A romance of the four¬ 
teenth century. Rialto.- Bridge 
over the Grand Canal, Ven ice. 
Rights, Declaration o/.-An instw 
men* securing annual Par I i a- 
•merits, trial by jury,and other 
rights, drawn up and acceptedbu 
William and Mary, 1689. 


ROBIN HOOD. -Famous English out¬ 
law, whose exploits are the subject 
of many old ballads. Rob Roy.-Cel- 
ebrated Scotch Highland freeboot¬ 
er, and hero of one of Sir Walter 
Scott’s novels. Robert the Devjl.- 
First Duke of Normandy. Robin, 
Goodfellcw.-Puck, a celebrated fai¬ 
ry. Rock (and Fortress) of Gibral¬ 
tar.- Strong fortification at the 
southern extremity of Spain, be¬ 
longing to England. 

RQCKET.-L ocomotive engine pro¬ 
duced bg the two Stephensons in 
1829, and the first whiehproved 
a practical success.Roe,Richard. 
-Nominal defendant incasesof 
ejectment; usually coupled with 
the name,of ^oVwx^oe. Roland 
for an Oliver, A.-Tit for tat. Ro¬ 
land and Oliver were two peers 
of Charlemagne. Roost, to Rule 
the.-To take the leading part. Ro¬ 
setta Stone.-Piece of black basalt 
inscribed in Greek and hieroglyph¬ 
ics, and most valuable relic of Egyp 
tian history. Found in 1799. 



^ lA h |0* , 




ROSSIUS, THE BRITISH.-D avid 
Garrick. Ro*unda,The.— Circu 
jar hall in the centre of the Cap 
i to I at Washington, D.C. It is 96 
feet in diameter, 180 feet high, 
and is over-arched by the g-reat 
dome. Rough and Ready. —Gen. 
Zachary Taylor. Round Robin.- 
Written petition or protestjsign- 
ed by the names in a circle,so as 
to conceal who signed it first. 
Round Table.-King Arthur’s 
knights sat at,a round table so 
that any distinction of rank was 
avoided. 

ROUNDHEADS. -The Puritans,who 
wore short Hair. Royal Exchange. 
-Noted building in London for 
merchants and bankers,opened 
by Queen Victoria in 1844. Roy¬ 
al 8V3arty r.- Charles, I. of England. 
Roy al Society .-Society establish¬ 
ed in London about 1645, for 
the study and advancement of 
the natural sciences. Rozinattte. 
-Horse of Don Quixote. Rubicon, 
To Pass the. -To take an irretriev¬ 
able step, as did Caesar when he 
cross the Rub icon (river) in Italy. 


RUGBY. - Famous school in the town 
of the same name in the county 
of Warwick,England. Rule Bri¬ 
tannia .-Noted English song.Ru-nfp 
Parliament. -Remnant of the 
Long Parliament broken up by 
Cromwell in 1659. Rye-house .Plot. 
-Conspiracy in 1683 to assassin¬ 
ate Charles II. and his brother,the 
Duke of York, at a place called 
Rye-house near London .Sabbath 
Day’s Journey.-About of a 

mile. Sack, To Get the. -To be dis¬ 
charged. Sacred Land.- An old 
name of Ireland. Sacred War.- 
Name applied to several ancient 
Grecian wars, the last and most 
noted of which took place inthe 
year 357 8.C. 

SAD DUG EES. -Sect of the ancient 
Jews, who denied the resurrection. 
Sagas. -Name of the Scandina¬ 
vian books containing the Nor¬ 
thern legends. Sage Of Monti- 
cello. -Thomas,Jefferson. Sail¬ 
or King .-William IV. of England. 
Saint Bartholomew, Massacre 
of.- Massacre, on St. 8 artholo- 
mew’s day,1572, of the French 
Huguenots, in the reign of Charles 
IX. Saint Cloud. -Once famous 
French palace,destroyed inthe 
Franco-Prussiarr war. Saint 
Giles’s. -One of the oldest and 
most venerable of the churches 
in London. 

SAINT JAMES,C 9 URT OF. -The 

English court. Saint Mark’s.- 
Cathedral of Venice, Italy. Saint 
Mark’s Square. -The f amous pi¬ 
azza, or square, in Venice, around 
which are grouped all the,more 
celebrated edifices, including the 
Doge’s Patace. Saint Michael’s.- 
Famou.3 church on the hi.ll of the 
Kremlin in Moscow,Russia.Sain* 
Nicholas.-Patron saint of boys. 
He is said to have been bishop of 
Myra, in Lycia,and to Have died 
in the year 326. Saint Patrick’s 
Purgatory .-The subject and lo¬ 
cality of a legend long famous 
throughout Europe. Saint 
Paul’s. -The metropolitan church 
of London; designed bySirChris- 
topher Wren in 1675. 

SAINT PETER’S.- The mostsplen- 
did church building in the world, 
is at Rome, and was dedicated by 
Urban VIII. in 1626. The space 
covered by the building is said to 
be 240,000 square feet, or about 
5J4 English acres. Saint Sophia.- 
A mosque in Constantino pie, Tur¬ 
key, and the principal place of 
Mohammedan worship in the 
world. Sain* Stephen ’s.-Goth- 
ic cathedral in Vienna, A ustria. 
Saint Tammany. -An Indian 
chief, who, in the United States, 
has been ^o^u\ar\\) canonized as 
a saint, and adopted as the tute¬ 
lary genius of one branch of the 
Democratic party. When or by what 
whim he was chosen by theDem- 
ocracy,doet -not appear. 


358 























SALEM WITCHCRAFT.— T h i s 

broke out at Salem, Mass., 1692. 
306 persons were accused, 150 
imprisoned, 2 8 condemned, 19 
handed, and I pressed to death. 
Sal* River. -An imaginary riv¬ 
er, up which defeated political 
parties, are represented as 901119 
to oblivion. Sam.-Popular syn¬ 
onym for the Know-nothing or 
Native-American, party. Sa-mbo.- 
N ickname for the negro race. 
Samian Sa 9 e.~ Pythagoras, one 
of the most celebrated philoso¬ 
phers of antiquity. San Carlo.- 
Famous opera-house in Naples, 
and one of the largest in Europe. 

SANCTUM. -One’s private office. 
Sand,George. -Madame duve- 
nant, distinguished French au¬ 
thoress. Sang Azul.-Of aristo¬ 
cratic descent. Sanhedrim.— 
The Jewish court in the time 
of the Savior, consisting of 70 
mew bers. Sans Culottes. -The 
French revolutionists.Sans Sou- 
ci.-The palace of Frederick the 
Great, at Potsdam,near Berlin. 
Santa Claus. -The Dutch name 
of St. Nicholas.. Santa Croce.- 
Noted church in Florence, Italy, 
where is buried Michael Anqelo, 
Galileo, Machiavelli, and other 
celebrities. Satan.- One of the 
names of the Devil, and that 
by which he is often designated. 

SATANIC SCHOOL. -That class 
of writers whose productions 
are characterized by an impa¬ 
tience of all restraint, and a dts- 
pust atthe whole constitution 
of society. Saunders, Richard.- 
Feigned name under which Dr. 
Franklin, in 1732, commenced 
the publication of an Almanac, 
commonly called “Poor Rich¬ 
ard’s AIm anac’Scarlet Woman. 
-In controversial writings of 
the Protestants, a common des¬ 
ignation of the church .of Rome, 
intended to symbolize its vices 
and corruptions. School-men.- 
The theologi.ans of the Middle 
Apes. Scotia.- Poetic name of 
Scotland. Scotland Yard. —The 

_police headquarters in London. 

SCOURGE OF GOD. -Attila, king 
of the Huns, about 434 A.D.Sea- 
pit* Isle.-Great 8 ritain. Secessia. 
-The secedinp Southern States in 
1861-5. Secular Games. -In ancient 
Rowe games Held once a century. 
Semiramis of the North.-Catha- 
rine II., Empress of Russia. Sep¬ 
tember Massacre.-Slaughter of 
loyalists confined in the Abbaye 
and other prisons, which took 
place in Paris, Septem ber 3 to5, 
1792, on receipt of the news of 
the capture of Verdun.As many 
as 8,000 was said to have been 
killed. Septuapint.- Greek ver¬ 
sion of the Old Testament, pre¬ 
pared by seventy doctors.Seragl- 
10. -Former palace of the Sultan of 
Turkey in Constantinople. 


SERAPHIC SAINT. -St, Francis 
d’Assisi, founder of the order of 
the Franciscans. Died, 1226. Seven 
Champions of Christendom.— 
St, George, patron saint of England; 
St.Denis, of France; St James,of 
Spain; St. Anthony,of Italy ; St. 
Andrew, of Scotland; St. Patrick, 
of Ireland; and St. David,of Wales. 
Seven-hilled City .-Rome. Seven 
Sages. -Same as Seven Wise Men 
of Greece. Seven Pines. -Locali¬ 
ty near Richmond* Va., where, on 
May.31,1862, was fought a severe 
but indecisive battle between the 
Union and Confederate armies. 

SEVEN SLEEPERS.-Accordinp to 
a lepend of early Christianity,sev- 
en noble youths of Ephesus, in 
the time of the Decian persecu¬ 
tion, who, havinp fled to a cer¬ 
tain cavern for refupe, were 
wal|ed in for a cruel death,.and, 
Havinp fallenasleep, were-mirac¬ 
ulously kept in that state for 
nearly two centuries . T h ey 
have been canonized bp the church. 



SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE. 

Famous Greeks of the sierth cen¬ 
tury B.C., d istinguished by their 
practical sagacity and wisemax- 
iws. Their names are; Solon, Chi- 
lo, Pittacus, Bias, Periander, C le- 
obulus, and Thales. Seven Won¬ 
ders of the World. -Seven very 
remarkable objects of the ancient 
world. They are; Pyram.ids of E- 
pypt. Pharos of Alexandria, Walls 
and Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 
Temple of Diana at Ephesus, Statue 
of Jupiter at Olympia, Mausoleum 
at Halicarnassus, and Colossus 
of Rhodes. 

SEVEN WONDERS OF AMERICA. 

Niapara Falls, Yellowstone Park, 
Mammoth Cave, Canons and.Gar- 
den of the Gods in Colorado,Giant 
Trees of California,Natural Bridpe 
in Virginia, and Yosemite Valley 
in California. Seven Years’ War. - 
War of Frederick the Great of 
Prussia apainst France, Russia, 
and Austria, 1756 to 1763. Shak- 
speare of Divines.-Jeremy Tay¬ 
lor, who was one of the greatest 
ornaments of the Enplish pulpit. 


SHAMROCK. Emblem of Ireland. 
St.Patrick is said to. have used i t 
to prove the doctrine of the Trin¬ 
ity. Sharp, Becky. -A few ale sharp¬ 
er, Shepherd Ki-ngs.- A tribe of 
Arabian or Phoenician shepherds 
said to have invaded Lower Epypt 
about 2,000 B.C.,and.to have 
overthrown the reigning dynas¬ 
ty, maintaininp their authority 
for about 260 years.Shepherd 
Lora.-Lord Henry Clifford,of the 
Enplish house of Lancaster.Shep- 
herd of the Ocean.- Sir Walter 
Raleigh. Sibyl,The. -The ancient 
sibyls, or women endowed with 
the gift of prophecy, of whom 
there were reckoned ten. 

Sicilian vespers. -Name giv¬ 
en to a memorable massacre of 
about 12,000 Frenchmen in 
Sicily, March 30, 1282, at the 
Hour of vespers on Easter Mon¬ 
day. Sick Man of the East. -The 
Turkish Empire, which has stead¬ 
ily declined since about 15 60.- 
Silver Ape.- One of the four apes 
into which the history of mankind 
was divided by the ancient proph¬ 
ets. Six Hundred, The. -Name 
applied to the British light cavalry 
(670 in number),at the battle of 
Balaclava, in the Crimea, Oct.25, 
1854. Slick,Sam. -Hero of vari¬ 
ous New-Enpland narratives,by 
Judge Thomas Chandler Haliburton. 

Small-beer poET.-wiiiiam 

Thomas. Fitzgerald. Smithsoni¬ 
an Institution.- An establish¬ 
ment at Washington,!). C., es¬ 
tablished by James Smithson,of 
England, “tor the increase and 
diffusion of knowledge among 
-men,’’for which he left all of 
his property, amounting to over 
4*500,000. Smoky City.— Pitts¬ 
burg, Pa. Son of God. -A des¬ 
ignation of the Savior; as is . 
also S>or\ o$VAan. South Sea.- 
Pacific Ocean. South Sea Bubble. 
-Stupendous stock-jobbing scheme, 
in England, in 1720, characteriz¬ 
ed as “the most enormous fab¬ 
ric of national delusion ever 
raised amonges* an industrious 
and prudent people.’* 

Spanish main. -southwestern 
part of the Gulf of Mexico. Spas¬ 
modic School. -Those authors 
whose productions are o ver- 
strained and unnatural in 
style, and abound in extrava¬ 
gant an<f forced conceits. Speed¬ 
well. -One of the two vessels in 
which the Pilgrims sailed in 
1620. Stalwart.-A member of 
the Republican party who.clings 
to the principles and practices of 
the party. One-Unwilling.to be 
controlled by the party Is call¬ 
ed a '&a\4-'oxeeb.StarChamber.- 
Court of criminal jurisdiction 
in England, having extensive 
powers. If existed from the 
time of Henry VIII. until that 
of Charles I. 


359 












































Stonewall Jackson.- Thomas 

J. Jackson, Confederate general 
in Civil Wat, 1861-5. Stormy 
Cape.- Cape of Good Hope.Stras- 
burg Cathedral. - At Strasbu.ro, 
Germ any, 4-68 feet hig h, is Goth¬ 
ic, and has a wonderful clock. 
Staffed Prophet.-A name some¬ 
times given ta Grover C leveland. 
Sucker State. - Illinois. Swedish 
Nightingale. - Jenny Lind( Ma¬ 
dame Goldschmidt).SweetSi-Mg- 
er of Israel.-King David.Table 
Rock.-Mass of rock at Niaga¬ 
ra Falls, from which the f in- 
est front view of the falls is 
obtained. Taffy.-A Welshman. 

TAMMANY HALL .-Section of 
the Democratic party iri.New 
York City. Tammany Rinj, 
or “Tweed Ring.” — Set of New 
York City off icials, w hg absorb¬ 
ed large sums of the city -mon¬ 
ey. Exposed in 1871. Tarpeian 
Rock.-Rocky eminence on the 
southern summit of the Capi- 
tojine Hill in Rome, from which 
criminals sentenced to death 
were frequently thrown.Tem¬ 
ple Bar.-Noted stone house in Loti 
don, over which the heads of 
traitors used to. be exposed. It 
was torn ^own in 1878. Terma¬ 
gant.-A shrew. According to 
the Crusaders, Termagant was 
the wife of Mohammed. 

THELEME, ABBEY OF.-A cre¬ 
ation of Rabelais in his Gargan- 
tua. "Do as you please ’’was 
its motto. Thirty Tyrants.-A 
designation given to a number 
of adventurers, 260-261 A.D., 
who aspired to the throne in 
Rome, and threatened toproduce 
a dissolution of the empire it¬ 
self. Thirty Years’War.-War 
between,the Catholics and Prot¬ 
estants >n German y, 1618-1648. 
Thistle.-National emblem of 
Scotland. Thread-needle Street, 
Old Lady of.-Bank of England. 
Three Estates of the Realm.- 
In England, the nobility,the 
clergy, and the commonalty; 
represented in the two houses 
of Parliament. 

THUMB,TOM .- Diminutive per¬ 
sonage celebrated in the legend¬ 
ary literature of En 9 land.Thu.-n 
derer.-The London “Times.” 
Tippecanoe.-Gen. Will iam Hen¬ 
ry Harrison.Titcowib,Timothy.- 
J.,G. Holland, American author. 
Tit for Tat.-This for that; an 
equivalent. Tivoli Gardens.-A 
beautiful public resort in the city 
of Mexico. Tombs .-A massive 
stone building of Egyptian ar¬ 
chitecture. in New York/serv¬ 
ing as, a city prison.Tombs of 
the Kings.-Group of sepulchral 
monuments near Jerusalem. 
Tombs of the Prophets.-Series 
of tombs excavated in the side of 
Mt.Olivet near Jerusalem.Tomp¬ 
kins Square.-Resort in New York City. 


TORY. —Name of Englis.h political 
party ; opposite of Whig. To ur, 
The Grand.- From England through 
France, Switzerland, Italy, Ger¬ 
many and home.Tower, The.- 
Ancient and famous citadel of 
London,. Tower of Babel.-Struc¬ 
ture believed to have been built 
in the plain of Shinar,nearthe 
present city of Bagdad in Asiatic 
Turkey, about 214-7 B.C.Trans- 
fijiuyation, The.-One of Raphael’s 
most famous pictures,now in 
the Vatican at Rome. 

TRAJAN’S COLUMN.-Relic of 
ancient Rorrie, and the most 
beautiful historical column in 
the world.. Treaty Elm .-Famous 
tree in Philadelphia,under which 
William Penn made his treaty 
with the Indians. A monument 
marks the place where the tree 
stood. Trinity Church.-Episco¬ 
pal church on Broadway, New 
York. Wealthiest church in Amer¬ 
ica, worth over ^ 10 , 000 , 000 . Its 
spire is 284 feet high. 



TRIPLE ALLIANCE.^ AI liance 
between Great Britain.Holland, 
and Sweden against France,in 
1668. Troubadours.-Provincial 
poets from the llth to the 15th 
century.TroM.vc.res.— Northern 
French poets from 1100 to 1400. 
Tu.ft-hunter.-A toady.Tuileries. 
-Royal palace of France, burn¬ 
ed by the Commune in 1871. It 
was commenced in 1564.Tulip 
Mania.-European craze of the 
17th century for buying tulip 
bulbs, which broughterormous prices. 

TUNE the Old Cow Died of.-A 
worn-out, tiresome tune; words 
instead of alms.TurpentineState. 
-North Carolina. Two Eyes of 
Greece.-Ancient Athens and 
Sparta. UI tramontanes.-The 
-more extreme adherents of the 
Pope in France. UncleSaw.-Joc¬ 
ular name of the United States 
Government. Uncle Torn .-Hero 
of H.B. Stowe’s "Uncje Tom’s Cab¬ 
in. ”Underground Railroad.-Vari¬ 
ous mea-ns used for the escape of run¬ 
away slaves during slave times. 


UNDER THE ROSE.-Conf jden- 
tially. United States.-Frigate 
o* U.S, Navy, captured the Brit- 
isH frig ate TAace.&o'wxavv in 1812. 
Unter den Linden.-Notedstreet 
in Berlin,Germany, adorned by 
four rows of lime trees.Upas 
Tree.-An object that is harm¬ 
ful and should be avoided. So 
called from the poisonous gum 
of the tree of the same name. 
Upper Ten Thousand.-Fashion- 
able society; the aristocracy. 
Utilitarians.-Those whose be¬ 
lief is that the fitness .of any¬ 
thing to promote happiness, is 
the right standard of morality. 

UTOPIA. -An ideal commonwealth; 
the imaginary island, scene 
of Sir Thomas More’S romance 
of Utopia. Valhalla.. -Place of 
immortality,inhabited by the 
souls of heroes slam in battle. 
Vale of the Red Horse. -Locality 
in Warwick county,England, the 
scene of the battle between Charles 

I. and the Parliamentary forces. 
Valley of Humiliation. -This 
and "Valley of the Shad ow of Death" 
represent scenes in John Bunyan’s 
“Pilgrim’s Progress.”Vatican. 
-Palace of the Popes at Rome. 

It is probably the largest palace 
In the world, and has about 

II , 000 different apartments. 
Vatican Library.-In the amount 
of space occupied, this,library is 
said to be the largest in the world, 
but not in the number of volumes. 
Vedas. -The revelations of Brah¬ 
ma in four sacred books. 

VENERABLE BEDE.-Famous En¬ 
glish monk of the eighth, centu¬ 
ry, whose surname, was given him 
in honor of his eminent talents, 
virtues,and learning. Venice of 
the West. - Glasgow, S c ot I an d. 
Venus de Medici.-Famous Greek 
statue at Florence,Italy, and 
one of the most perfect remains 
of ancient art. Venus of Milo.- 
Greek statue found in the Island 
of Melos, 1820; it is now at the 
Louvre. Vermilion Sea.—Gulf 
of California; so called from the 
color of the water. 

VERONICA.-A relic at St. Peter’s, 
Rome. Versailles.-Magnificent 
palace, 10 miles from Pa-ris,built 
by Louis Xl V. in 1661. Via Appia.- 
, 0 ne of the greatest avenues lead¬ 
ing from ancient Rome, to South 
ern Italy, Greece, and the East. 
Via Dolorosa.-A narrow street 
about a mile in length,pursuing 
a zigzag course through Jerusa¬ 
lem, and marking the sorrowful 
way of our Lord from the Mount 
of Olives to Golgotha. Victoria 
BridgeCelebrated bridge across 
the St. Lawrence at Montreal,Can¬ 
ada. It is 9,184 feet long, with 24 
spans, and cost about ;$7, 000 , 000 . 
Vinegar Bible.- Has“vinegar” for 
"vineyard ” in the head line,Luke 
xvii. Published at Oxford in 1717. 


360 






























VINLAND. -Name 9 !ven by Scandi¬ 
navian voyagers,about the close 
of 4 he tenth century,to a part 
of the coast of North America 
discovered by them, thought to 
be a part of Massachusetts. Vir¬ 
gin C^ueen.-G^ueen Elizabeth of 
England. Wabash Avenue.-No- 
ted street in Chicago, III. Wall 
of. An ton in us.- Wall or ram¬ 
part extending from the Forth 
to the Clyde in Great Britain , 
erected duriny the Roman occu¬ 
pation of Britain.Wall Street.- 
The yreat financial street of 
New York. Wallack’s.- N o te d 
theater in New York. 

WAR OF THE ROSES .-English 
civil warjf in the > fourteenth and 
fifteenth centifries,between the 
houses of York and Lancaster. 
Ward, A-rtemus.-C.F. Browne, 
American humorist.Warwick 
Castle. -Maynificent mansion 
of the Earl of Warwick, and one 
of the finest of the EnyliSh Nobil¬ 
ity. Washington Avenue. -Fine 
street in St.Louis, Mo. Washing¬ 
ton Elm. -Well-known tree in 
Cambridge, Mass., under which 
Washington.assumed command 
of the American forces, July 3, 
1775. The tree is said to be 300 
or more years old. Washington 
Monument. -Noted monument¬ 
al structure in Washinyton,D.C., 
begun in 1848, extendingto a 
height of 555 feet. 
Washington STREET.-Noted 
street in Boston,Mass.Washing¬ 
ton’s Tomb. -On the estate of 
Mount Vernon in Fairfax co., 
Va., 15 miles south ^Washing¬ 
ton City. Wasp.-American sjoop- 
of-war, captured the 8 ritish 
sloop VroWc in the War of 1812. 
Ways and Means. -Important 
committee of the U.S. House 
of Representatives, charged 
with the duty of devising ways 
and means for the supply of 
the Government expenses.Way- 
side Inn. -Noted tavern in the 
town of Sudbury, Mass., made 
famous by one of Long fellow’s 
poems. _ ^ 

WEBER CANON. -Stupendous 
ravine throughthe Wahsatch 
range of mountains in Utah. 
Weeping Philosopher. — H era- 
clitus of Ephesus, who flourish¬ 
ed about 500 B.C. Well of St. 
Key we .-Well in Corn wall, Eng¬ 
land. The first of a m arried 
couple to taste its waters will 
“wear the breeches.” Western 
Reserve. -Famous tract of coun¬ 
try reserved by the State of Con¬ 
necticut about 1787,from which 
the State’s magnificent school- 
fund was obtained.Westminster 
Abbey. -Renowned Abbey-church 
of London, commenced by Ed¬ 
ward the Confessor about 1050. 
Many of the illustrious dead of 
England are buried here. 


whiskey Insurrection.-O ut¬ 
break in Western Pennsylvania,in 
1794, resulting from an attempt 
to enforce an excise law passed in 
1791, which imposed duties on domes¬ 
tic distilled liquors. Whispering 
Gallery. -Gallery in St.Paul’s Cathe¬ 
dral, London; so called because the 
slightest whisper is transmitted 
from one side of the room to the 
other. Whistle. -(To pay too dearly 
for the whistle). Cost is greater 
than the benefit. 

WHITECHAPEL. -Wide and spacious 
street in London.White Feather, 
To Show the.- A display of coward¬ 
ice. Whitefriars.-District in Lon¬ 
don which long possessed the priv¬ 
ileges of sanctuary, and hence 
became the asylum of debtors, 
cheats, and gamblers, who were 
here protected from being arrest¬ 
ed. White House. -The President’s 
mansion at Washington. White 
Rose.-The house of York.Wick- 
ed Bible.-Edition in 1632, with no* 
omitted in the seventh commandment. 



WILDERNESS,THE. -Scene of a 
great battle, 15 miles from Fred¬ 
ericksburg, Va., between Grant 
and Lee, May 5 and 6,1864.Wild 
Huntsman.- Spectral huntsman 
in the Black Forest. (German le¬ 
gend). Wilmot Proviso.-Amend- 
ment to a bill introduced in.Con- 
gress Aug. 8 , 1846, for placing 
S£ 2 , 000,000 at the disposal of 
President Polk to negotiate peace 
with Mexico. 

WINDSOR CASTLE.- Royal residence 
and principal seat of the British 
sovereigns, in Winds or,-near London. 
Winkle, Rip Van.-Name of one 
of the Dutch.colonists of Niw 
York, whose adventures are relat¬ 
ed in Washington Irving’s "Sketch 
Book.” Winter Palace. -Gigantic 

6 ile of buildings in St.Petersburg, 
ussia,used by theemperor when 
at home in his capital.Wise Men 
of the East. -The three magi guid¬ 
ed by the star to Bethlehem at the 
birtfi of the Savior. Witch-Haxel.- 
Forked twig formerly used for find¬ 
ing witches, but now for finding water. 


WlTCH OF ENDOR.-A divining 
woman who foretold the death 
of Saul. Wizard of the North.- 
Name given to Sir Walter Scott, 
in allusion tothe.extraordinary 
charm and descriptive power of 
his writings. Wolverine State.- 
Michigan; so palled from its 
abounding with wolverines.Won- 
derful Doctor. -Roger Bacon, cele¬ 
brated philosopher of the 13th cen¬ 
tury. Wonderful Parliament. - 
Parliament which met on the 
3d of February, 1388, which, by 
playing into the hands of the Duke 
of Gloucester,thwarted an at¬ 
tempt made by the king (Richard 
IL) to assume the reigns of gov¬ 
ernment. 

WOODEN HORSE. -A ruse at the 
siege of Troy, in G.reek and Roman 
mythology. Worthies ,The Nine. - 
See Nine Worthies. Wray,Enoch.- 
The "Village Patriarch”in Crabb’s 
poem of that name. Woolsack, 
To Sit on the. -To be Lord Chan¬ 
cellor of England. Writs of As¬ 
sistance. -In the history of the 
American, colonies, warrants 
empowering the British offi¬ 
cers to enter a store or house and 
search for goods upoti_ which the 
duty had not been paid. Wyom¬ 
ing Massacre. - Terri h|o ravage 
and bloodshed in the Valley of 
Wyoming in Penn syIvania, 1778, 
by the Indians. 

XANTHOS. -The prophetic horse 
of Achilles. Xantippe.-Wlfe of 
Socrates, the famous GrecianPhi- 
losophet; so notorious a scold 
that her nam&has passed into 
a proverb. Yahoo. -A ruffian,or 
one having the - form and all the 
vices of a man, though he be of 
the race of brutes. Yankee. -A 
name given by foreigners to all 
Americans. In America itsel f, it 
is confined to natives of New En¬ 
gland. Yardley. Oak.-A venerable 
oak in the parish of Yard ley, England. 
Yarmouth Bloater.-A red herring. 
Yellow Jack. -The yellow fever. 
Yosemite Valley .-Famous valley 
in California;also a picture by 
Albert Bierstadt. 

YOUNG AMERICA. -A collective 
name for American youth, or 
their characteristics. Young 
Chevalier.-Charles Edward Stu¬ 
art, grandson of James II., and 
claimant of the crown of Eng¬ 
land. Young Germany. —Hein¬ 
rich Heine and his followers. 
Yule. -Christmas. Yule-log.- A 
log of wood burnt on the hearth 
at Christmas. Zend-Avesta. -The 
Persian Scriptures, written in 
the Zend language. Zollverom. 
-Association between tbeGerman 
States for the maintenance of 
uniform tariff rates.Zwirgcr.- 
Noted public building in Dresden, 
S.axony,containing a valuable 
collection of work* of art and 
scientific treasures. 


361 















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Sii. 

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B aGEf/DO. L. — From acting ordo 




ng.Ab ante. L.-8efore;previ- 
ously.Ab antiquo. L.-From old¬ 
en time, A bas. Fr. —Down; at the 
Foot; upon the ground. A beau jour 
beau, retour. Fr. —One good term 
deserves another. Ab extra. L.- 
From without. Ab identitatera 
tionis. L.— For the same reason. 
Ab incunabulis. L.-From child¬ 
hood; from the cradle. Ab initio. L. 
-From the beginning.Ab integro. 
L.— Afresh; anew. Ab intestato. L. 
Intestate; without a will. Ab invitio. 
L.- Unwillingly. A bis et a blane.Fr. 
-From brown to white; by fits and 
starts. Abjudicatio.L.— A removal 
from court. Ab-normis sapiens. L. 
Endowed with good sense; wise by 
natural good sense. 

ABORTUS. L.-A child immaturely 
born,and without life. A bon chat 
bon -rat. Fr.-Agood cat good rat, 
tit for tat; they^re well matched. 
A bon tnarche. Fr.-Cheap. Ab o- 
-rigitte. L.—From the beginning. 
Ab ovo. L.-From the egg; from 
the beginning. Ab ovo usque ad ma¬ 
la. L.-From the egg to the apples; 
from beginning to end. 'A bras ou 
verts. Fr.-Wjth open arms. Abs¬ 
ence d’esprit. Fr.- Absence of wind. 
Absens haeres non erit. L.—The 
absent will not be the heir; out of 
sight; out of mind. Absente reo. l. 
The defendant being absent. Absit in- 
vidia. L.-Let there be no ill-will. 

^BSeflJE.HOC-.L.-Without this. 
Absque impetitione vasti . L.-With 
outjmpeachment of waste. Absque 
tali causa. L.— Without such cause. 
Ab uno discs onines. L.- From 
one learn all;-from a single exam 
pie you may have an idea of t he 
whole. Ab urbe condita. L.— From 
the founding of the city—viz.,Rome 
-abbreviated A.U.C.Abusus nontol 
lit usum. L.—Abuse is not an argu¬ 
ment against proper use. Acapite 
ad calcew. L.-From head to foot; 
thoroughly. A cheval. Fr.-On horse¬ 
back. A coeln usque ad centrum. L.- 
From the sky as far as the center 
of the earth. A coeur ouvert. Fr.- 
With heart open; with the most 

nmr t nvf *y r„ r - 


perfect candor. 'A compte.Fr.- On 
account; in part payment. A cotisil- 
iis. L.- A counselor. 'A contne-coeur. 
Fr.-Against the heart; against the 
grain; against one’s _will- 'A corps 
perdu. Fr. —With might and main; 
desperately; Headlong. A coup sur. 
Fr.-With certainty .'A couvert. Fr. 
Under cover; protected. Acti labor- 
es jocundi. L ; -Finished labors are 
pleasant. Actio personalis moritur 
cum persona. L.-A personal action 
dies with the person. Actio realis. 
L.-An action relates to real prop¬ 
erty. Actio stricti juris. L.—An ac¬ 
tion of strict right. 

ActUm l.-a deed; something done. 
Actum et t-ractatuw. L.— Done and 
transacted. Actus.L.-An action. 
Ad absurduw. L.— To an absurdity. 
Ad aperturum libri. L.- At the 
opening of the book; without prep¬ 
aration or study. Ad arbitriuw. 
L.—At pleasure. Ad astra.L.— To 
the stars; to an exalted estate. Ad 
Calendas (rraecas. L. — At the Greek 
Calends, signifying never,as the 
Greeks had no Calends. Ad captan- 
duw vulqus.L.— To catch the rab¬ 
ble; to please the multitude.Ad dam¬ 
num. L.—To the damage. A Deo et 
rege. L.— From God and the king. 
Ad eundem, L . —To the same rank 
or class. 'A deux mai-ns. Fr.-With 
both hands.. Ad fidem. L.- A I leg i- 
ance. Ad finem.L.— At or towards 
the end. Ad finem litis. L.-To the 
conclusion of the suit. Ad gustum. 
L.— To one’s taste. Ad homjnem. L. 
—To the man; i.e., to his interests 
and passions. Adhuc sub judice 
las est. L. —The matter in question 
is still undecided. Ad idem.L. —To 
the same; to the like, intent.— 
Adieu jusqu’au revoir. Fr.-Good- 
bye till we meet again. Adieu pour 
tojours. F.—Farewell forever. 

Ad iKFSNflTbrvl. L.-To infinity; 
without end. Ad inquirendum. L. 
—For inquiry. Ad interim. L.-ln 
the meanwhile. Ad internecionetn. 
L.— To destruction or extermination. 
A discretion. Fr.-At discretion; 
without restriction. Ad largurn. 
L. — At large. Ad libitum. L.— At 


one’s pleasure or taste. Ad lit^m.L. 
-For the suit. Ad literam. L.- To 
the letter; letter for letter. Ad Ion- 
gum. L.— At length. Ad wajoram 
cautelam. L.— For greater caution. 
Ad medium filum. L,— To the mid¬ 
dle line. 

AD fWtODUfVl. L.—After the manner 
of. Ad -nauseam. L.—To disgust;to 
an extent to make one sick. Ad noc- 
ume-Htum. L\—To the hurt or in¬ 
jury. Ad quern. L.—To which. Ad 
quod dat+mum. L. —To what injury. 
Ad referendum . L. - For further 
consideration. Ad rem.L.— To^the 
point or purpose. Ad satisfacien¬ 
dum. L.-To satisfy. Ad sectam.L. 
-At the suit of. Ad sum-maw. L. 
-To sum up the matter; in conclu¬ 
sion. Ad Summum. L.-To the high¬ 
est point or amount. Ad unguem. 
L.-To the nail; with perfect accu¬ 
racy. Ad unum o-mties. L.-AII to 
a man. Ad utrumque paratus. L. 
-Prepared for either event. 

AD V/\\-OF\EIVl. L.-According to the 
value. Ad vitew aut culpam.L.- 
For life, otas long as good conduct 
lasts. Ad vivum. L.-To the life. Ad¬ 
vocate ecclesfae. L.- Advocates of 
the church. Aegrescit -medendo. 
L.-He becomes sick by doctoring; 
the remedy is worse than the dis 
ease. Aequam servare mentem.L. 
-To preserve an equable mind. Ae¬ 
quo aw’wo. L.-With an equable 
mind. Aere pere-nnius. L.-More 
enduring than brass. Aetatissuae. 
L.- Of his or her age. Aethiopem la 
vare.L ; —To wash an fKfrican^ to 
labor in vain. 

Affaire D’aivjoUr. Fr.-A love 
affair. Affaire d’honneur. Fr.-An 
affair of honor; a duel. Affaire du 
coeur. Fr.-An affair of the heart. 
Affidare. I—To pledge one’s faith. 
Aff ines. L.-Connections by marriage. 
Afortiori. L.— By stronger re as 
on. Age quod agis. L.- Do what you 
are doing ; finish what you have in 
hand. Agenda .L.-Things to be done. 
Agnati. L.-Relations by the father’s 
side. A gorge deployed. Fr.-At the 
topof one’s voice; to an immoderate 
degree. 'A grands frais.F-r.-Expensively. 


362 














































































/VGf\ATt/V* L.-FTts-vn favor. A 1’abandon 

Ft.- Unprotected or uncared For. A I’a 
bri. Ft.- Under cover or shelter. 'A l’A~ 
-mericaine. Fr.-After the American 
Fashion. "A I’Arglaise. Fr.-After the 
English Fashion. 'A ran-tiqiie.Fr.- Ac¬ 
cording to the old Fashion . 'A la belle 
etoile. Ft.-I n the open air; under the 
stars.'A la bonne heure. Fr.-Very 
well; as youplease; that’s right; ex¬ 
cellent. 'A la campag-ne. Fr.- In the 
country. 'A la Chinoise. Fr.-After the 
Chinese Fashion. "A la derobee.Fr.-By 
stealth. 'A la Frangaise. Fr.-After 
the French fashion. 'A la lettre.Fr. 
-Literally; word for word; to a ti¬ 
tle.'A la mode. Fr.-In fashion; ac¬ 
cording to the custom. 

A L/V PARISIAN £. Ft.-A fter the 
Parisian fashion. A la portee de 
tout le wonde. Fr.-With in reach 
of every one. A la-tere. L.-Collat¬ 
eral; without right. Aier satis jour. 
Fr.-To go without day. Alere flam 
want. L.-To feed the flame; to nour¬ 
ish the love of learning. A I’extrem- 
ite'. Fr.- At the point of death; at the 
end. Al fresco. It.-In the open air. 
Alibi.L. -Elsewhere. Alibi natus.L. 
Born in another place. Alien! ge¬ 
neris. L.-Of another kind.Alieni 
juris .J-.- Subject to another author¬ 
ity. Alien! temporis f lores. L.-Flow- 
ers of another or past time.Alimen 
ta. L. -Things necessary For life. 

A L’ 1 MPROV1STE .Fr.-Utiaw ares; 
suddenly. Alio intuitu. L. -Under 
a different aspect. Alis volat pro- 
priis. L.-She flies with her own 
wings. (Motto of Oregon). A I’ltal- 
ienne. Fr.- In the Italian mode. Al¬ 
io sub sole. L.-ln another climate; 
under another sun. Aliquid inane. 
L.-Sjlly trifling, especially an in 
describable kind. Aliter. L.- Other¬ 
wise. Aliud et idem. L. -One and 
the same thing, as seen from dif¬ 
ferent aspects. Aliunde. L. -From 
another place. Allevato nella bam- 
bagia. It.-Brought upasan infant, 
or too tenderly. 

AU-EZ-\0\j$ EjN. Fr.-Co you away; 
away with you. Allens. Fr.-Let us 
90 ; come. Alma mater. L. -A fos¬ 
tering mother; the institution of 
which one is a graduate. 'A I’ordi- 
nair®. Fr.-In the ordinary man¬ 
ner. Al piu.. It.-At most. Alfa 
proditio. L.-High treason. Alta 
via.L.-THe highway. Alter ego. L.- 
Another self; a double; a coun¬ 
terpart. Alter idem. L.-Another 
precisely similar. Alter ipse am¬ 
icus. L.-A friend is another self. 

Al-TERNIS VjCJBllS. L.- In turn; 
alternately. Alterum tatitum.L. 
-As much more. Alto et basso.L.- 
High and low; an absolute submis 
sion of all differences. Altu-wi mare. 
L.-The high sea. Atnantium irae. 
L.-^The quarrejs of lovers. A max- 
imis ad minima. L v - From the 
Greatest to the least. A me de boue. 
Fr.- A soul of mud ; a debased creat 
4re. Amende honorable. Fr.-Sat 

isFactory apology For an insult or in¬ 
jury. A mensa et thoro. L.- From 
table and bed; a judicial separation of 
husband and wife short of divorce. 
Amicus curias. L. -A friend of the 
court. Amicus Human! generis.L. 
-A friend of the human race. Amor 
nummi. L.-The love of money. 

AMOR PATRIAE.. L. -The loveofour 
native country. Amour propre.Fr. 
-Self-love; vanity. A multo torti- 
ori. L.- On much stronger grounds. 
Ancienne noblesse. Fr.-The old 
nobility; i.e., before the great French 
Revolution. Ancie-n regime. Fr.-An¬ 
cient order of things; as before 1789 
in France. Ancipitis usus.L.- Use¬ 
ful for various purposes. Andare 
stretto. It.-To go in a narrow line; 
to 90 about anything in a miser¬ 
ly manner. Anglice. Fr.-Accord¬ 
ing to the English manner. An- 
gusllam cauda tene9. L. -You have 
to deal with an active and slip¬ 
pery antagonist. 

AN&I/IS 1 tsl HERBA. L.-A snake 

\in the grass; a lurking foe.Aniles 
^\fabu.lae.L.-Old wives’stories. 
fe<^^\/Vn i-malia do-mitae.-L.-Do- 
Wk ^'\mestic animals. Ani-ttial- 
^\ia ferae naturae. L. - 
h., ^\An inials still wi’J 
pfi t by nature^ An- 

k imal itn- 

L>v 

legged **• 

imal without^\ 

Feathers-Plato’s^\ v ‘* «' 
deFinition oFwanfv -‘•reS 

Animo ct fide. L.-With-"^^ Up 
out courage and^Faith. An 
itno non astutia. L.- by cour-\. 
age not by craft. Animo furan-^ 
di. L.-With intention to steal. An- 
ittio lucratidi, L.-With intention 
to gain. 

ANIMUS. L.-The intention with 
which an act is done. Anno aeta- 
tis suae. L.- In the year of his or 
her age. Anno Christi. L.-ln the 
year oF Christ. Anno Domini. L.- 
ln the year of our Lord. Anno itmn- 
di. L.-ln the year of the world. An¬ 
no urbis conditaa. L.- In the year 
the city (Rome-753 B.C.) was built. 
Annus mirabilis.L.-A wonderful 
year. Ante barbam doces senes. L. 
-You teach old persons before you 
have a beard. 

ANT^ BELiUM. L.- Before the war. 
Ante litem mot am. L.— Before 
suit brought. Ante litcew. L.- Be¬ 
fore light. Ante meridiem. L.-Be 
fore noon. Ante-nuptial.L.-BeFore 
marriage, but intending it. Anti- 
qua custuma. L.-Ancient custom. 
A pas de geant. Fr.-Rapidly; with 
a giant’s stride. 'A perte de vu.e. Fr. 
-Beyond one’s view. Apex juris. L.- 

The summit of the law. 'A pied.Fr, 
-On foot. 'A plomb. Fr.-Perpetidicularlg. 

A POIf4T. Fr.-To a point; exactly 
right; at the right moment. A pos¬ 
se ad esse. L.-From possibility to re¬ 
ality. A posteriori. L.- From the 
effect to the cause. Appenditia. L.- 
The pertinances of an estate. A t 
prendre. L.-To fake or seue.Appui. 
Fr.-Point of support. A priori. L.- 
From the cause to the effect; be¬ 
forehand. A propos. Fr.-To the point; 
pertinently;seasonably. A'propos 
de bottes. Fr.-With respeetto boots; 
not to the purpose; without reason. 
Aqua vitae. -L.-Water of life; bran¬ 
dy and other spirits. A quo. L.-From 
which. Aranearuw telas texere. 
L.-To weave spiders’ webs; to induce 
in sophistry or quibbling. Arbiter 
elegantiaruw. L.-A judge in mat¬ 
ters of taste. 

ARCANA C(Et^STIA-L.- Heavenly 
secrets. Arcana imperii. L.-The 
secrets or mysteries of government. 
Arc-en-ciel. Fr.-The arch in the 
sky; the rainbow. Arctaetsalva 
custodia. L.- I n safe and close keep¬ 
ing. Ardentia verba. L.-Glowin 9 
words. Arge-ntarii. L.- Money lend¬ 
ers. Argent comptant. Fr.-Ready 
money . Argumentuw ab incon¬ 
venient!*. L.-An argument which 
is to prove that a proposition will 
not meet the intended purpose 
and is therefore fruitless. Argu- 
mentum ad absurdum. L.-An ar¬ 
gument to prove the absurdity of 
a thing. . ^ , 

ARCUmentUm ad Cr\jn\enam.l. 

-An argument directed to the pock¬ 
et or purse. Argumentuw ad ho- 
minetn. L.-An argument deriv¬ 
ing its force from its direct per¬ 
sonal application. Argumentum 
ad ignorantiam. L.-An argument 
founded on the ignorance of facts 
shown by an opponent. Argumeti- 
tum ad invidiam .L.-An appeal 
to low passions. Argumentum 
ad verecu-Mdia-m. L.-An appeal to 
modesty. 

ARMA MoUjTA.L - Weapons 
which cut. Armes blanches. Fr.- 
Steel weapons; cold steel. Arriere 
pensee.Fr.-Mental reservation; 
a thought kept to one’s self. Ar- 
riere-garde. Fr.-The rearguard. 

Ars est celare artem. 1-The per 

fection of art is to conceal art. Ars 
longa,vita brevis. L.-Art is Iona, 
life is short. Arts d’agrement.Fr. 
-Accomplishments (in ladies’schools); 
music and dancing. 

ASINllM TO(v/D^S.L.-You are 
shearingan ass; there # is a great 
cry but little wool. Assisa.L.- A 
kind of jury or inquest; a writ; 
an ordinance. A tergo. L.-From 
behind; at one’s back. 'A tort et 
k droit. Fr.-Right or wrong. 'A tout 
es jambes. Fr. - As fast as one’s legs 
can carry. A tout propos. Fr.- At 
every turn; ever and anon. Au 
bout de son Latin. Fr. - At the end 








363 






















of his Latin; having exhausted H i s 
knowledge. 

AV coKtraire. Fr.-Onthe contrary 
Au. courant. Fr.-Acguainted or fa-mil¬ 
iar with. Auctionarius. L.-A seller; 
a retailer. A actor pretiosa facit. L.- 
The 9 ’iveT wakes the gift wore precious. 
Audaces fortu-n a juvat. L.- Fortune 
favors the bold. Au- desespoir.Fr.-ln a 
state of despondency. Au-di alteram 

E artem. L. - Hear the other side^hear 
oth sides before judging. Au/ait.Fr. 
Well instructed;erpert. Au. jour le 
jour. Fr.-Day by day; day in, day out. 
Au maturel. Fr.-To the life' in its 
natural state; simply cooked. Au-pied 
de la lettre. Fr.-Literally. Au pis al¬ 
ien Fr.-Atthe worst. Aurea medi- 
ocritas.L.-The golden wean. 

A,li Fl^ST^. Fr.-To the remainder; 
in addition to; besides. Au revoir. 
Fr.-Good-bye; farewell. Au rez-de- 
chaussee. Fr.-On the ground-floor. 
Auri sacra /awes. L.-The accurs¬ 
ed thirst for gold. Aut Caesar aut 
riuilus . L.-Either Caesar or-nobody. 
Auter droit. Ff.-Another’s right. 
Autre/ois acquit. Fr.-Former I y 
acquitted. Autre/ois attaint .Fr.- 
Formerly attainted. Autroisieme. 
Fr.-On the third floor. Aut viticere 
aut rnori. L.-Either to conquer 
or to die. Aux arwes. Fr.-Toarrnes. 
Avant-coureur. Fr. - One sent be 
fore to announce the coming of 
another. > 

AVANT-GA^DE. Fr.-The vanguard. 
.Avarit-propos. Fr.-The preface or 
preliminary matter. Avec -nantis- 
sement.Fr. -With security. Avec 
permission .Fr.-With permission. 
A verbis ad verb era. L. - From words 
to blows. A vincula -matrimonii. 
L.-From the bonds of matrimony 
-a complete divorce V^e-e- K not-wia. 
eV WvoroV'A volonte. Fr.-At will 
or pleasure. 'A votre sante. Fr.—To 
your health. 

HfvAL ABON^E. Fr.-A subscription 
Jji*baM. Bal chawp 8 tre. Fr.- A ball 
held in the open air. Banco. L.-ln 
bench; days in which the court sits. 
Bancus. L.-The bench upon which 
the judges sat. Banc us -ruptus.L.- 
A broken bank-hence.the word 
'owV.yw^. Baro. L.- A man, slave 
prfree.Bas bleu. Fr.-A blue stock¬ 
ing or literary lady. Basis virtu- 
tu-m constantia. L.-Constancy is 
the foundation of all virtues. Beau 
descrdre - Fr.- Bea utif ul disorder. 
Beau- ideal. Fr.-Beautiful ideal; 
an imaginary standard of abso¬ 
lute perfection; true realizati on. 
Beau A^O^DE. Fr.—Polite people; 
the fashionable world. Beaux es- 
prits. Fr.-Gay spirits; men of wit. 
Beaux yeux. Fr.-Beautiful eyes; 
handsome looks. Bel esprit. Fr.— 
OA brilliant mind; a person ofwit 
or genius. Bella, horrida bella. L.- 
Wars, horrid wars. Bella matribus 
detestata . L. - Wars by mothers de¬ 
tested. Bel paese. It.-A beauti/ul 
land or country. 3 


BEIplE E\EAT. L.-Let him depart 

with a good character. Benigno tiu- 
mitie. L.-By the favor of Providence. 
Bett trovato. It.-Well feigned or 
invented. Bete noire. Fr.-A black 
beast; a bugbear or object of a ver¬ 
sion. Biense'ance. Fr.-CiviIity;de 
c<^ruw; decency. (In the plural 
it«signifies the properties of life) 
Billa cassetur. L.-That the bill be 
made void. Billa vera.L.- A true 
bill. Billet d’awour. Fr.-A love 
letter. Billet doux. Fr.-A love let¬ 
ter. Billets d’e'tat, Fr.-Nofes of 
State; bank notes; Government 
paper. Bis dat, qui cito dat. L.— 
Twice he gives,who quickly gives; 
he who bestows a favor promptly 
and with little flurry greatly en¬ 
hances jts value. Bis vi-ncit, qui 
se vincit in victoria. L. -Twice 
he conquers, who conquers him¬ 
self in victory; he conquers twice 
who conquers himself in the hour 
of victory-that is, his enemy by 
his valor and Himself by moder¬ 
ation. Bizarre. Fr.-Odd; fantas¬ 
tic. Blase". Fr.-Pal I id; surfeit 
\^ed; incapable of continu 
ed enjoyment. Bona, 
L.-Goods; chattels, 
real or personal. 
Bona /ide. L. 
-In good 
^ faith. 



Bo 

■tiages- 
tura. L. - 
Good behavior. 

Bona gratia. L.- 
Voluntarily; by mu¬ 
tual con sent. Bona -no- 
tabilia. L.-Goods worth 
enough to be accounted for. ^ 
BONA PERIT\JRA* L. -Perisha¬ 
ble goods. Bona vacantia. L.—Va¬ 
cant goods. Bon ami. Fr.-Good 
friend. Bon bourgeois. Fr.-Good 
citizen; a citizen of substance. Bon 
9 re" mal 9 re' Fr.-Good will, bad 
will; willing or unwilling; with 
a good or bad grace. Bonhomie. 
Fr.—Good-natured simplicity. Bo- 
ni principii /inis bonus.L.— A 

? ood end ing comes from a g 00 d 
eg inn ing. 

BoN J 9 UR. Fr.-Good day; good 
morning. Bonne.Fr.-A nurse 
or governess. Bonne Bete. Fr.- 
Good beast; good-natured fool. Bon¬ 
ne bouche. Fr.-Good mouth; a 
dainty dish or morsel ; a tit-bit. 
Bonne et belle. Fr. —Good and 
beautiful or Handsome. Bonne 
/oi. Fr.-Good /aith. Bonne .for¬ 
tune. Fr. —Good fortune; a piece 
of good luck. Bonnes gens. Fr.- 
Good people; civilized beingsjmen 
of the right stamp. Bonne table. 
Fr.—A good table. Bonnet de nuit. 
Fr.-A night-cap. 


bonnet ro\jg^. Fr.- The redcap, 

the cap of liberty. Bon soir. Fr.-frood 
evening. Bonus.L. -A good (wan); 
a sum of money paid as a premium 
for benefits received,or for a loan. 
Bonuw. L.-A good ( thing). Bonus 
judex.L.- A good judge. Bon vivawt. 
Fr.-A jolly fejlow; a high feeder or 
liver. Boris vivants. Fr.-Good com¬ 
panions. Bon voyage. Fr.-A pleas¬ 
ant voyage or journey, as the case 
may be. Boulevard. Fr.-A pubjic 
walk or street occupying the site 
of demolished fortifications. Boul- 
eversewent. Fr. - Overturning;sub 
version. Bourgeois- Fr. - A wan of 
middleman k in society .Bourgeoisie. 
Fr.-Middle classes of society; trad¬ 
ers. Q 

BREVE OE r\ECTO. L.-A writ of 
right. Brevet d’invention. Fr.-A 
patent. Brevia judicialia. L.-Ju¬ 
dicial writs. Brevi -tnanu.L.-With 
a short hand; off-hand; without 
delay; summarily. Brochure.Fr. 
-A pamphlet. Brusque. Fr.-Rude; 
blunt. Bmtuw /ulmen. L.— A 
harmless thunderbolt; a loud but 
harmless threat; sound and fury, 
but nothing else. 
/JABAU-EHO. Sp.-A gentleman. 

Cacoethes. L.- Art evil habit. Ca- 
^coethes loquendi. L.-An incur¬ 
able passion for speaking. Cacoe¬ 
thes sc-ribend i. L.-An incurable 
passion for writing. Cadit quaes- 
tio. L.-The question falls; the sub¬ 
ject or matter falls to the ground. 
Caetera desu-n-t. L.-The remain¬ 
der is wanting. Caeteris paribus. 
L.-With other things equal; oth¬ 
er things being equal. Cafe. Fr. - 
A coffee-house. Caleche. Fr.-A ca¬ 
lash or half-coach. Calembour. Fr. 
-A pun. Canailie. Fr.-The rabble. 

Candida pax. L.- White—robed 

peace. Cantate Domino. L.-Sing 
to the Lord. Cantatrice. It.—A fe- 
maje professional singer. Capax 
doli. L.-Capable of committing crltne. 
Capias. L.-A writ addressed to the 
sheriff, directing him to arrest 
and ho(d the defendant. Capias 
ad 1 audietiduw judicum. L.-That 
you take defendant to hear judgment. 
Capias ad computandum. L.-That 
you take to account.Capias ad re¬ 
spondendum. L.-That you take to 
answer—a writ for taking and 
holding the defendant to answer 
the plaintiff in the action. 

Capias ad satisfacieNdIjivi.L.- 

That you take to satisfy - a w rit 
for taking and keeping the party 
named until he gives satisfaction 
to the party by whom it is issued. 
Capias ad valen-tiam. L.-That you 
take to the value. Capias ir» with¬ 
ernam. L.-That you take reprisals. 
Capias pro fine. L.-That you take 
for a fine. Capias utligatum.L.- 
A writ directing the -arrest of an 
outlaw. Capita . L.-By heads. Cap- 
tatio benevolentiae. L.-Favor 
sought by flattery. 


E3 


364 
















C/\P\JT. ..-Head, chapter a book. Ca¬ 
put; morfuum. L.-The dead body; 
the worthless remains; in aNcVve/ww^ 
an exhausted residue. Caput scab 
ere. L.- To scratch one’s head, as a 
preliminary in commendng some 
work. Garbonaro. It.-A charcoal- 
burner; a member of an Italian se 
cret society. Carbonari. It.-The ul¬ 
tra-demo crats; revo I ut i on i sts. C ar- 
pe diem. L. — Enjoy the present day; 
make use of present opportunities. 
Carte blanche.' 'Et-A white card, 
upon the bottom of which is a 
person’s name, and something seal 
ed with.a seal, giving anotherfull 
permission to subscribe what con 
ditions he pleases. 

C/^f\TE Dlj P/CVS. Fr.-A -map of the 
country. Casa de pupilos.Sp.— A 
house of pupils; a boarding school. 
Casus belli. L.-The cause of war, 
or that which justifies it. Casus 
in eventu est. L.-The result is 
in doubt. Casu proviso. L.-ln the 
case provided tor. Casus fortuitus 
L.- An inevitable accident. Casus 
omissus. L.— An omitted case.Ca- 
taMum.L.-A chattel. Catalogue 
raisonne. Fr. -A catalogue ofbooks 
arranged according to their sub¬ 
jects, with illustrations, etc. 
G\\JS\ C/VUS^NS. L. -The moving 
cause; the great First Cause. Cau¬ 
sa proxima. L. The_ iw -tried i ate 
cause. Causa matrimonii prae- 
locuti. L.-A writ lying where a 
woman gives lands to a man in tee 
simple, intending that he shall mar¬ 
ry her, and he retuses to do so in 
a reasonable time, upon suitable re 
quest. Causa sine qua non. L.- 
An indispensable cause.Cause ce- 
lebre. Fr.-A celebrated trial in a 
court ot justice. Caveat. L.-That 
He take heed; a warning ot caution. 
C/\yE/\T CF\EDlTOF\. L.-Let the 
creditor be on his guard.Caveat 
ewptor. L.- Let the purchaser be 
on his guard. Caxa de ccmsolida- 
Cion.Sp.-The sinking tund. Ce¬ 
dant arma topse. L.-Let arms 
y ield_ to the a own; let m i I itary au¬ 
thority yiela to the civil power.Ce- 
la va sans dire. Fr.-That goes 
without^aying; that requiresno 
explanation. Cela viendra. Fr.-That 
will come; all_in good time.Cen’est 
que le premier pas qua coute. Fr.- 
It is only the tirst step which is 
paintul or costs an ettort. Cepi. 
L.-l have taken. Cepi corpus.L.-l 
_have taken the body. 

C^PIT ABDV>XlT.L.-He took 
and led away. Cepit et asportav- 
it. L. -He took and carried away. Ce¬ 
pit in alio loco. L.-He took in an¬ 
other place. Certiorari.L.- An orig¬ 
inal writ From a superiortoan in¬ 
terior court, commanding it to re- 
turn the records of a suit therein 
pending For the purpose of a re¬ 
view. Cessavit per biennium. L.- 
He has ceased tor two years. Ces- 
set executio. L.-Let execution stay. 


C^SS^T PF\OC^SS\JS. L. -Let pro 
cess stay.Cessio botiorum. L.— A 
transfer ot property.C’est a dire. Ft. 
-That is to say; namely. Cestui que 
trust. Ft.-The person who possesses 
the right to a beneficial interest in 
an estate belonging to another. 
Cestui que use. E-t-He tor whose 
benetit land is held by another per¬ 
son or per s on s . Cestui que 
vie. Fr. - The person tor whose lite 
any estate may be held. C’est une 
autre chose. Fr.-That is quite a 
different thing. Ghacun £. son 
gout. Fr.-Every one to his taste. 
Champs Elysees. Fr.— E I y s ian 
Fields. Changer de note. Fr.—To 
turn over a new leat. 

CHanso^. Fr. - A song. Chapeau 
bas. Fr.-Hats ott. Chapeau bras. 
Fr.-A. mi I itary cocked hat.Gharpe 
d’aFfaires. Fr.-An interior diplo¬ 
matic representative at a toreign 
court. Charivari. Fr.-A mock ser¬ 
enade otdiscordantmusic.Char- 
^ ta . L. - A charter or deed.Ghartis 
reddendis. L. -For returning 
charters. Chateaux en 
Espagne. Fr. -Castles 
“n Spain; castles in 
the air. Chet 

IJSSfSth. oeuvre. Ft. - 

IijSVvJnL dtv. ''tLVi. A master¬ 

piece 








Chef' . 

de- b atai l>\ ' • 

Ion. Fr.— A 
chief battalion; 
major. Chet-de-cui 
sine. Fr.-Chiet ot kitch 
e_n; head-cook. Chef-de-ntis- 
sion. Fr. - Chiet ot mission; the' 
head of an embassy. CheF-de-po 
lice. Fr.-Chief of police; the head 
of„the police department. 

CHes\e /\jvue .Fr.-A dear friend; 
a mistress. Che sara,sara. It.-What- 
ever wjll be, will be. Chevalier d’i+i- 
dustrie. Fr.-A knight of industry; 
a swindler or sharper. Chronique 
scandaleuse. Fr. - A_ chronicle of 
crimes and vices. CFdevant. Fr.- 
Forwer; formerly. Ci gTt.Fr.-Here 
lies. Circa, or Circiter. L.-A bout. 
Cito maturum,cito putrfdunt.L. 
-Soon ripe, soon rotten. 

ClTOyEfJ. Fr.-A citizen;a burgher. 
Civilitas successit barbarum.L.- 
Civilization succeeds barbarism. 
Civiliter mortuus. L. -Civillydead; 
deprived of all civil rights. Claus¬ 
um Fregit. L.- He broke the close. 
Clotha virumque cano. L.-l sing 
of clothes and the man—a paro¬ 
dy, by Carlyle, of the first words 
of the /Eneid. Cogito,ergo sunt. L. 
-I think, therefore I am. Cognati.L. 
-Relations by the mother’s side. 
Cognoscenti. It. —Knowing ones; 


the scientific; those who can view 
things in their true light. 

Cognovit actionem-l.-H e has 

confessed the action- CoiFFeur. Fr.- 
A barber and hair dresser. Colum- 
bram in sinu Fovere. L.-To cherish 
a snake in one’s bosom; to have an 
enemy in your confidence. Cotni- 
tas inter gentes. L. -Courtesy ex¬ 
tended from one nation to another. 
Comme it Faut. Fr.-As if should 
be. Commencement de la Fin. Fr. 
-The beginning of the end. Com- 
missaire de police. Fr.-A commis 
sioner of the.police. 
COIVlMITT|TbR.L.-He or she is 
committed. Commune bcnunt.L 
-A common good. Compagnon de 
voyage. Fr.- A traveling compan¬ 
ion. Compensatio criminis.L.-The 
compensation or set-off of ore crime 
against another. Compos mentos 
L.-Ofasound mind. Compteren¬ 
du. Fr. -Account rendered; report. 
Con amore. If.-With love; from 
a love to the work with great and 
earnest zeal. Con ani-ma. It.-With 
airiness and animation. Concessi 
L.-l have granted. 

COf/C^TTO. -It. - A stroke of wit; 
a point or turn. Concio ad de- 
rum. L.-A discourse to the clergy. 
Con commodo. It. -At a conve- 
n ient rate. Concordat. L. -A con 
vent ion; an agreement. Concor¬ 
dia discors. L. -Discordant harmo¬ 
ny. Concgurs comparatiF. Fr.- 
A competitive examination amorg 
selected candidates for G-overnnnent 
appointments. Co^tcowrs utifver- 
sel. Fr.-A competitive examination 
for all comers who aspire for Gov¬ 
ernment appointments. Con dili- 
genza. It.-With diligence. Conditio 
sine qua non. L.-Ari indispensable 
or necessary condition. 
Co(nTff\ere. Fr.-A brother or as 
sociate_of the same society. Con¬ 
ge d’elire. Fr.-A leave or elect; a 
writ by the sovereign granfiiig 
leave to elect a bishop. Connais- 
seur. Fr.-A judge in matters of 
taste or the fine arfs.Connubium. 
L.-A lawful marriage. Consanguin¬ 
eous /rater. L.-A brother by the 
father’s side.Conscia mens recti 
famae mendacia ridet. L. -A mind 
which is conscious of rectitude en¬ 
tertains with contempt lying ru¬ 
mors. Con scienza. It.-With_a 
thorough knowledge of the subject. 
CO^SElL DE F/\tVlfLl.E. Fr.-A con 
sultation of the family. Conseil d’¬ 
etat. Fr.-A council of State;apri- 
vy council. Conseils de pnid’how 
Hies. Fr.- A mixed council of mas¬ 
ters and workmen For the settle¬ 
ment oF trade disputes. Consensus 
Facit legem. L. -Consent makes the 
law. Consideratum esf percuriaw. 
L.-lt is considered by the court. 
Consortium._L._- A lawFul -mar¬ 
riage. Con spirito. It.-In a spir¬ 
ited manner. Constabularius.L.- 
An officer of horse. 


365 










WSTANTI/K ET VlRTUTE. L.-By 
constancy and virtue. Contra. L.— 
Over; against. Contra bonos mores. 
L.-Against good morals. Contrada 
dei -Mobili. It.- The street of the -no¬ 
bles—said of that part of an. Italian 
town where the nobles reside. Con¬ 
tra formant statitti. L.-Against the 
form of the statu.be. Contra paceni. 
L.-Against the peace. Contra qu-os* 
cunque. L.—Against all persons what¬ 
ever. Contre fortune bon coeur. 
Fr.~ Against fortune good Heart; 
in case of misfortune keep up the 
spirits. Contretemps. Fr.-A-n awk¬ 
ward mishap or accident. 

CO(MVERS/\ZIOtfE. It.-A meeting 
of company for conversation. Co- 
pia /andi.L.-Copiousness of speech. 
Copia verborum. L.-Abundance 
of words. Coram domino rcge.L. 
- Before our lord the king.Coram 
nobis. L.-Before us — i.e., before 
the courts of law. Coram non ju¬ 
ft dice. L.-Before a judge having no 

jurisdiction. Coram populo. L.— 
Before the people. Cordon satiitaire. 
Fr.-A line of troops to prevent the 
.spreading of pestilence. Corpora Ce- 
pi.L.-l have taken the bodies. 

CORPS D’A.HNIEE. Fr.-A division 
of a military force. Corps de garde. 
Fr.-A body of men who watch in 
a 9uard-rooni; the room itself. 
Corps d ’observation. Fr.-A body of 
troops detailed to watch the move¬ 
ments of an enemy. Corps dip¬ 
lomatique. Fr.-A body of ambas¬ 
sadors. Corps dramarique. Fr.- 
A company of actors.Corpus Chris- 
ti. L.-The body of Christ. Corpus 
delicti. L.-The body or substance 
of the offense. Corpus exsangue. 
L.-The lifeless bo'Hy. Corpus juris 
civilis. L.-The body of the civil law; 
the name of the Code, etc., of J us- 
tinian. Corpus sine pectore. L.- 
The body without a soul or mind. 

CORRIGE(dD^. L.-Typographical 
errors to be corrected. Cosas de 
Espana. Sp.- Things of Spain; a 
phrase signifying strangeorunin¬ 
telligible actions. Costumier. Fr.- 
One who deals in costumes or dress¬ 
es, especially of a theatrical char¬ 
acter. Cottage orne. Fr.-A cot¬ 
tage-villa. Couleur de rose. Fr..— 
Rose color; an aspect of attractive¬ 
ness; too highly embellished.Coup 
d’etat. Fr.-A stroke of policy in 
public affairs; a sudden and deci¬ 
sive blow, especially when theG-ov- 
ernmenb is supposed to be in danger. 

COllP DE GRACE. Fr.-A finishing 
stroke; the death-stroke which end¬ 
ed the sufferings of criminals brok¬ 
en on the wheel. Coup de main . 
Fr.-A sudden enterprise, effort, 
or attack. Coup de plume. Fr.-An 
attack in writing. Coup desoleil. 
Fr.-A sun-stroke. Coup d’essai.Fr. 
-First trial or essay. Coupdtefl. 
Fr.- A rapid glance of the eye.Coup 
de theater.Fr.-An unforeseen 
and sudden event. 

COUTE GLUE COUTE. Fr.- Let it 
cost what it may; come what may. 
Couf e qu’il coute.-lwvovWf iorw 
oi vW. ^receAxw). Crede quod babes, 
et habes. L.-Believe that you have 
it, and you have it. Credula res 
amor est. L.-Love is a credulous 
thing. Crescite,et wultiplieam- 
ini. L.-Grow, or increase, and 
m u It i p 1 y. V.VA0W0 oS NVax\)Ya.nJi). Cre- 
vasse. Fr.- A deep crevice; a breach. 
Crimen faJsi.. L.- The.crime of 
forgery or perjury. Crimen laesae 
majestatis. L.-The crime of high 
treason. Cruda viridisque sanec- 
-tus. L.-A vigorous and green old 
age. Crux criticorum. L.—The 
puzzle of critics. Cu! bo-no. L. — 
For whose good or benefit is 
ft ? Cu.il ibet in arte suacreden- 
dutn est. L.-Every one should be 
trusted in his own art or profession. 

CUISINE. Fr.-A kitchen. Cul de 
sac. Fr. —The bottom of a bag; 
a street or alley open at only one 
end. Culpa. L.-Fault;negligence. 

\C4tt1 9-ratio sails, L.-With a grain 
\^ofsalt; with some.allowance. 

\Cu«i multis aliis. L.-With 
^\niany other(things).Cum 
■ ^\notis variorum. L.r- 

C\\/rxG\W' ^ Tnbes of va- 

pri v 1 lege><jW#^ V# 

Curae secun>\ 
dae. L.—Addition-^T^^ 
al improvements.as^^ Wp 

in literary work.CuraT'^. « 

tor ad hoe. L.-A guardI 
an for this. special purpose.Gu^\^ 
rator bonis. L.— A guardian or 
trustee over property; literally, 
one who cares for the goods. 

CUHIA A dV,s ARE VllLT. L.-The 
court wishes to consider the matter. 
Curios a felicitas. L.—A happy idea; 
a felicitous tact. Currente ealawo. 
L.-With a running or rapid pen; 
off-hand; with great rapidity .Cur¬ 
tis. L.-A garden; the space about 
a building.Custodes. L.-Keepers; 
guardians. Gustos rotulorum. L. 
-Keeper of the rolls. Cy pres. Ft. 
-As near as. 

^jffA CAPO- It.—From the beg’maitig. 

f 2 j£ Da dextram wisero. L.-Cive 
the right Hand (a helping hand) 
to the unfortunate. Da locum 
melioribus. L.-Give place to your 
betters. Dal segno. It.-Repeat 
from the sign. Dames qugteus- 
es. Fr.-Lady collectors; ladies 
who collect privately for convents, 
or to rel ieve certain poor under 
their care. Damnant quod -non in- 
telligunt. L.-They condemn what 

they do not understand. 

DAMNOSA HEF\EDITAS. L.-A b ur- 

densome inheritance..Damnuin ab¬ 
sque injuria. L.-An injury with¬ 
out wrong. Damnum fatale.L.- 
Fata); damage; inevitable accident. 
Data. L.-Things granted. De ad- 1 
mensuratione. L.-Of admeasure¬ 
ment. De aetate proban.da.L.-For 
proving age. De allocations faci- 
enda. L.-For -making allowance . 

De arbitratione facta. L.-Of arbi¬ 
tration had. De bene esse. L.- For¬ 
merly; conditionally; adeposition. 

Dl^BlT D^TlKET. L.-He de¬ 

tains and owes. Debitum natu¬ 
rae. L.-The debt of nature;death. 

De bonis asportatis. L.-For goods 
carried away. De bonis non.L.- 
Of the goods not yet administered 
on. De bonis propriis.L.-Of his 
own goods. De bonis testatoris.L. 
‘-Of the goods of the testator. De 
bonne grace. Fr.-With good grace; 
willingly. Be bo-no et malo.L.- 
For good or ill. Decaicetorepa- 
rendo. L.-A writ To the sheriff 
directing repairs to a highway . 

De cat alts redd end is. L.- For restor¬ 
ing chattels. De.cautione admit- 
tenda. L.-Admitting bail. 

D^CEFVl TAl^S. L.-Ten such. De 
clauso facto. L.-Of a close broken. 
Decrescendo. L.-G-radually di¬ 
minishing the volume of tone, 
□ecus et tutamen. L.-honor and 
defence. Decus Summum virtus. 

L.-Virtue the highest Honor. De 
die in diem. L.—From day to day. 
Dedi et concessi.. L.-l have given 
and granted. Dedimus potesta- 
tem. L.-We have given power.De 
donss.. L.-Concerning gifts.De es- 
toverfis habendis. L.-To obtain es¬ 
tovers. De excommunicato capien¬ 
do. L.-For taking one who is excom¬ 
municated. 

DE FACTO. L.—From the fact; re¬ 
ally. De fumo in flaw mam. L.- 
From the smgke into the flame; 
out of the frying-pan info the fire. 

De gaiete du coeur. Fr.-Fromgai- 
ety of heart; sportively.Degusti- 
bus non est disputandum. L.-No 
disputing is there about tastes. De 
haute lutte. Fr. - By main force. 

De gratia. L. —By favor. De Hom¬ 
mecapito in withernam. L.-For 
faking a man in withernam. De 
homing replegiando. L.-For re¬ 
plevy [ng a man. 

DEs GRATI A* L.- By the grace of 
God. De inpremento. L.—Of in¬ 
crease. Dei judicium.L.- Judg¬ 
ment of God. Dejeuner a lafour- 
chetfe. Fr.—A meat-breakfast. De- 
geuner dinatoire. Fr.-A breakfast 
serving as a dinner. De jure.L - 
From the law; lawfully. De la 
plus belle. Fr. —Of the fairest* a 
kind of dower. Delectus personae. 
L.-The choice of persons. Delendo 
est Carthago. L.-Carthage must 
be destroyed; used to signify a 
war of extermination. 



366 


















D^UCjUrYl. L. —A crime or offense. De 

lunatico i+iquiretido. L.-A writ is- 
Sw-ed to inquire into the soundness of 
a person’s mind. De meliori bus 
oamms.L.- Of the better damages. 
Dementia. L. —Insanity characteriz¬ 
ed by mental weakness and decrep¬ 
itude. Demi-monde. Ft.—D isreputa¬ 
ble Female society; abandoned women. 
De mortuis nil msi bomtm. L.-Let 
nothing but good be said oFthe dead. 
De m’hilo,nihil Fit. L.-Out of-noth- 
ing, nothing is made. De novo. 
Anew; renewed From the begin- 

D^ OplO £T ATIA.L.-Of hatred 
and i II-wi 11. Deo gratias. L.-Thanks 
to God. Deo ) uvante . L.-God helping. 
De omnibus rebus. L.-Concerning 
all things. Deo,non fortune. L .— 
From G-od,not From Fortune. Deo 
volente. L.-God being willing. De 
partition? Facienda . L.-For mak¬ 
ing partition. De praesetiti.L.-OF 
the present time. De proFundis. L.- 
Out oF the depths. De proprief a.te 
probanda . L. —For proving proper¬ 
ty. Dernier ressort. Fr.-A last re¬ 
sort. Desagrement. Fr.-Anything 
disagreeable or unpleasant. 

G\J4flDIV L.-Ot safeguard. 
Descriptio personae. L.-Description 
of a person. Desipere in loco.L.-To 
jest at the proper time.De son tort. 
Fr.-OFhis own wrong. Desunt cae- 
tera. L.-The remainder is wanting. 
Detenu. Fr.- Detained; a prisoner. 
Detinet. L.-He detains. De trop. Fr. 
-Out oF place; one too many. De- 
tur digniori. L.-Let it be given to 
the more worthy. De ultra mari. 
L.- OF beyond the sea. Deus ex ma- 
china. L.-A god From the machine; 
i.e.. From a theatrical contrivance 
For waking gods appear in the air; 
hence, an unexpected and Fortunate 
occurrence. 

Devastavit, l. -M ismanagement 
and waste by a trustee. De ventre 
inspiciendo a . L.-For inspecting the 
belly. De vicincto. L.-Frotn the neigh¬ 
borhood. Devisavit vel non. L.—Did he 
devise,or not? De vive voix. Fr.-By 
word oFwouth; viva voce. Dicta. L. 
-Sayings; observations. Dictum. L.- 
An opinion expressed by a court, but 
lacking the Force of an adjudication. 
Diem clausit extremum. L.-He clos¬ 
ed his last day-died. Dies. L.-A day; 
days. Dies amoris. L.-A day of favor. 
Dies communes in banco. L.-Regu¬ 
lar days For appearance in court. 
Dl^S DATUS. L.-The day or time 
appointed. Dies Fasti . L.-Auspicious 
days. Dies Fasti et tie Fasti.L.- Busi¬ 
ness days and non-business days. Di¬ 
es gratia. L.-Days oF grace. Dies 
irae.L.-Day of wrath. Dies ne/as- 
ti. L.-Unauspicious days. Dies non. 
L.-A day on which judges do not sit. 
Dies non-jurisdicus. L.-Noti-judicial 
days. Dies utiles.L.- Available days. 
Dieta. L.-A day’s journey; a day’s 
work or expenses. Diet. L.—The day 
Fixed For particular business. 


DIEli DEFEND I.E DF\OIT. Fr.-God 

deFends the right. D ieu et moti droit. 
Fr.-God and my right. Dieu vous 
garde. Fr.-God guard you.Diynus 
vindice nodus. L.-A knot worthy 
to be loosened ; a diFFiculty calling 
For the highest interposition For 
its > unravelment. Dii majores et 
-mill ores. L.-The gods greater and 
less. D »* penates. L.-Householdgods; 
objects oF Ivve or aFFection.Dimin 
uendo. L.-Same as 'OecYescen&o. - 
Diner a la carte. Fr.-To dine by the 
bill oFFare prices.^Dire des Fleur- 
ettes. Fr.-To say pretty things 
Dirigo. L.- Idirecf or guide.(The 
motto oF Maine). Disjecta mem¬ 
bra. L.-Scattered limbs or remains. 

D|STI(*G-\JE. Fr.- Distinguished;) 
eminent. Distrait. Fr.-Absent in 
thought. Distringas. L.—That 
you distrain; a kind oF writ. Dis¬ 
tringas juratores. L.-That you 
distrain jurors. Ditto. L.-T he 
aForesaid; the same. Divertisse¬ 
ment. Fr.-Diversion; amusement. 
Divide et impera . L.-Divide and 
rule. Dolce. It.-Soft—use.d 
^ in music. Dolce Far ni- 
ente. It.-The sweet¬ 
ness oFdoing noth¬ 
ing. Doli capax. 
L.-Capable 
of m is- 
chieF; 



h av 
ing Adis 
cernment 
oF right and 
wrong. Doli itica- 
pax. L.-Incapable ofdis 
tinguishing good From evi 
Dolus malus . L.-Deceit with 
evil intention. Domat omnia, 
virtus. L.-Valor subdues all things. 

DoivtUs/iclJNl. L.- Domain; demam; 
demesne. Dominium. L. 7 Perfect 
ownership in athing. Dominium 
directum. L.-Legal owtiersh i p. 
Dominium utile. L.-The use pF 
the property. Dominu-s litis.L.- 
The client or owner oF a suit. Do- 
minus vobiscum . L.-The Lord be 
with you. Domitise natura.L.— 
OF a tame nature. Donatio. L.-A 
gift or donation. Donatio inter 
vivos. L.-A gift between living persons.. 

DoK/yrio mortis caJM.l.- a 

giFt in prospect oFdeath. Donatio 
propter nuptius. L.-A gift on ac¬ 
count of marriage. Donum.L.-A 
gift. Dorer la pilule. Fr.-To gild 
the pill. Dos. L.-Dowry' a -marriage 
portion. Dos rationabilis. L.— A 
reasonable dower. Double enten¬ 
dre. Fr. - Double meaning; a play 
on words. Douceur. Fr.-Sweet- 
ness; a bribe. Dramatis personae. 
L.-The characters or persons rep¬ 
resented on the stage in a play. 


DFVOIT d^s g^s . Fr.-The law oF 
nations. Duces tecum. L.-That you 
bring with you,-- a subpoena by that 
name to obtain books and papers on 
atrial. Ducit amor patriae. L.-The 
love oFwy country leads me on.Dul 
ce donum. J-.-Sweet home. Dulce 
et decorum est pro patria rnori. 
L.-lt is pleasant and honorable to 
die in behalf oF one’s country. Dul¬ 
ce quod utile. L.-What is useFul 
is agreeable. Dum. L.-While.Dum 
bene se gesserit. L.-While He con¬ 
ducted, himself well. 

DUlVl FlJ|T I^FRA /ETATEIVl. L.- 
While he was within age.Du-m Fu- 
it in prisona. L.-While he was. in 
prison. Dum sola. L.-While sin¬ 
gle; unmarried. Dum spiro,spero. 
L.-While I breathe, I hope. Dum vi¬ 
ta est,spesest. L.-While there is 
I iFe there is hope. Dum vivimus, 
vivamus. L.-While we live,Jef 
us live; let us enjoy liFe as long 
as we can. Duplicatio. L.-The de¬ 
fendant’s second answer; I.e., to 
the plaintiff’s repKcation.Duran- 
te absentia .L.-During absence. 
DDHANT^ PL/VCITO.L.-Du 

ring good pleasure. Durante mi- 
nore aetate. L.-During minority. 
Durante viduitate. L.-D ur ing 
widowhood. Durante v»ta.L.-Du- 
ring life. Durum teluttt neces- 
sitas. L.-Necessity is a^hard wea¬ 
pon. Dux femi-Ha Fact*. L.-A wo¬ 
man was the spirit and soul of 
f lie-enterprise. This phrase is 
often used, as if Frequently hap¬ 
pens that Female spirit fakes } he 
lead in the greatest enterprises. 
««AT IfJDE; SI^E D|^. L.-He may 
go without day; an acquittal. 
c Eau de Cologne. Fr.-Water of 
Cologne—a perfume. Eau <fe vie. 
Fr.-Waterof life; brandy .Eau su- 
cree.Fr.- Sugared or sweetened wa¬ 
ter. Ecce Homo. L.-Behold the 
man;—the title of a picturerep- 
resenf ing the Lord Jesus as giv¬ 
en up. to the Jews by Pilate, and 
wearing a crown of thorns. Ecce. 
sign urn . L.-Behold, the sign?- here 
is the proof. Ecclesia. L.- An assem¬ 
bly; a place of religious worship. 
Eclat derire. Fr.-A burst of laugh¬ 
ter. E converso. L.-On the other 
hand. Editio pri-nceps. L.- First 
,edition. ,, , 

ED(T( 0 ^ DEU;\E. Fr.-,A hand¬ 
some edition of a book.Egalit e. 
Fr.-Equality. Ego et rex me us. L. 
-I and my ki ng. Ego hoc Feci. L.~ 

I did this. Egomet mi ignosco.L. 
-^overlook my own Faults.Ejec- 
tione Firmae. L. -Ejectmentfrom 
a farm. Ejectum. L.-Wreck, j ef- 
sam, that which is cast up by the 
sea. Ejusdem generis. L.- Of the 
same kind. Elixir vitae. L.—T he 
quintessence of life. Elogiuw.L.- 
A w i 11 or f estamen t. E lave . F r. — 

A pupil; a foster child. El ife. Fr.— 

A choice or select body of persons; 
the best part or portion. 


367 























ELOGE;. Fr.-A funeral oration._EI > ogi- 
utn.L.-A testament or wilLEIoigtie. 
Fr.-To put at a distance. Eloigtie- 
ment. Fr.- Estrangement. EEonga- 
ta. L.-A sheriffs return in replevin, 
that the goods have been removed, or 
cannot be found. Embarras de -ri- 
chesse. Fr.-An inexhaustible mine 
of wealth. Emboti point. Fr.-Flesh- 
iness* plumpness. Emenda. L.-Jhat 
whicn is given to make amends. Ewe - 
ute. Fr.-A riot or mob. Emigre. Fr.- 
An emigranta refugee. Employe. 
Fr.-One who is employed by another. 
EN/lPRESSEFVtE^T. Fr.-Alacrity; 
haste. Eti awi.Fr.-As a friend. En- 
arriere. Fr. - In the rear. En atten¬ 
dant. Fr.-ln the meantime. E-m 
autre droit. Fr.- In the rig ht of 
another. E-m avant. Fr.-Forward. 
En beau.. Fr.-ln a favorable light. 
Enbloc. Fr.-ln a. lamp. En boti 
train. Fr.-ln a fair way. En bas¬ 
te. Fr.-ln bust; half length.Enca- 
chette. Fr.-Privately; by stealth. En 
cavalier. Fr.- As a gentleman. Ence¬ 
inte. Fr.-Pregnant. En com man 
dite. Fr.-ln partnership; a limited 
liability company.En deshabille. 
Fr.-ln undress.En Dieacst ma 
fiance. Fr.-ln God is my trust. 

ECV^ELOf4. Fr.-A body of troops 
formed in divisions appearing as the 
Steps of a stair. En famille. Fr.-ln 
a domestic state; by themselves. En- 
fants perdus . Fr.- lost chiIdreryfor¬ 
lorn hope. Enfant terrible.Fr.-A 
terrible child. En fin. Fr.-At last; 
finally. En grand seigneur. Fr.-ln 
lordly style. En grande tenue. Fr.- 
ln full dress. En grande toilette. Fr.- 
ln full dress. Enitia pars. L.-The 
part of the eldest. En masse. Fr.— 
in a body. En mauvaise odeur. Fr. 
-In bad odor, or repute. 
Ef40f\N\lX* L.-Wrongs. En owel 
main. Fr.-ln equal hand. En pa- 
pillotes . Fr.-ln curl-papers. E-n pas¬ 
sant. Fr.-ln passing ; by the way.Ew 
pension. Fr.- At boarding-house; as 
a boarder. En plein jour.Fr.— In 
broad day. En rapport. Fr.-ln har¬ 
mony; in communication.Eti re¬ 
gie. Fr.-ln order; according to rules. 
En re'su-tne. Fr.-To sum up; on the 
whole. En revanche. Fr.-ln revenge. 
En route. Fr.-On the way. Ensem¬ 
ble. Fr.-The whole. Ense petit plac- 
idam sub libertate quietem. L.- 
With the sword she seeks q u-iet 
peace under liberty.\VKoVW<A\Aav 
saoVweseMsy 

Et\f SlJlT£. Fr.-ln company.Etiten 
cion.Fr.-A plaintiff’s declaration. 
Entente cordiale. Fr.-A cordial 
understanding, as'between two or 
more governments. En -titre. Fr.- 
ln title; only in name. Entourage. 
Fr.-Surroundings; attendants of 
a prince; ornaments. En tout.Fr. 
-In all; total. Entree. Fr.-Entry; 
first course at table. Entre nous. 
Fr.-Between ourselves. Entrepot. 
Fr. A bonded warehouse. 

E(yf VeKtf\e sa.ME^E- Ft.— \ n 
its mother’s vvomb.Eri verite. Fr. 
-In truth; verily. Eo nomine. L.- 
By that name; for this reason. E 
pluribus urium. L.- One out of 
many.^YAotoo o£\in\X>eA < bVaVesV 
Eregi-mus. L.-We have erected. Er¬ 
go. L.-Therefore. Eripitur perso¬ 
na, manet res. L.-The person is 
snatched away, the goods remain. 
Errare est hunaauiti.L —T o 
err is human. Eruditus in lege.L. 
-Learnedjn the law. Espieglerie. 
Fr.-Sportive tricks. Esprit da - 
corps. Fr.-The animating spir¬ 
it of a collective body. Esprit 
delicat. Fr.-A person ofrefi'ned 
taste. • , m 

ESPRIT D^S LoiS.Fr.-Spirit of 
the laws. Esprit fort. Fr.-A free¬ 
thinker; a rationalist. Essendi 
quietam de theolo nia . L.-A writ 
to be quit of spoil. Esse quam vi- 
deri.L.-ltis better to possess 
than to seem to do so. Est wo* 
^dus in rebus. L. -There isamid- 
^\dle way or medium inallthings. 

^\Esto perpetua. L.-Mayest 
&si<p NfcHou. endure forever; 
$$£ let if be perpetuated. 

^\Et ad hucdeti- 

ra. L.-N. * St 

And others;\^ 
and other things/\. 

Et cum spiritutuoS^ 

L.-And with thy spirit/''v. 

. Et hoc genus owiie.L.-\. 

And everything of the sawc\ 
kind.Et modo ad kune diem. 
L.-And now at this day. Et non. 
L.-And not: withoutthis. 

ET KOK JVMB|.-L.-And oth¬ 

er place. Et sequentes. L.-And those 
that folJow. Et sic. L.- And so. Et 
S«c desimilibus. L.-And so of the 
like. Etre un melon. Fr.-To be 
a. melon; !.e.,without understan¬ 
ding. Et sic de caeteris. L.-And so 
of the rest. Et tu. Brute. L.-And 
thou too, Brutus ? Said of one 
from whom the conduct of a 
friend and not of an enemy would 
be expected. 

E\JF\EI^\* G-r.-l have found it. 
V^NoWo oictaWomaY Ex. L.-By; 
from; out of. Ex ad verso. L.-In 
opposition; from the oppositeside. 
Ex aequo et bo-no. L.-ln justice 
and good dealing. Ex animo.L.- 
Heartily. Ex capite. L.-From the 
head; from memory. Ex cathedra. 
L.-From the chair or bench;with 
high authority. Excelsior. L.-High- 
er. o4 Wcan \o-x\ 0 \. 

EXC^PTIO. L.-An exception. Ex- 
cepfio probatregulam.L.-Th ex¬ 
ception proves the rule. Exceptis 
excipiendis. L.- The requisite ex¬ 
ceptions being made. Excerpta.L.- 
extracts. Ex comwodo.L.- Con¬ 
veniently; at one’s leisure. Ex 
Concesso. L.-From what has been 
granted. Ex confesso. L.— From 
one’s own confession. Ex con* 
tracto. L.- From contracf.Ex cu¬ 
ria. L.- Out of court. Ex debi-to 
justitiae. L.-As a matter of legal 
right.. 

EX DELICTO. L.-FVom a tort or 
otfense. Ex dole walo. L.— Out 
of fraud or deceit. Ex dono Dei. 
L.-By. the gift of God. Exeat. L.— 
Let him 90 out, or depart for a 
time. Executor deson tort. Fr. 
-One who attempts to act as ex¬ 
ecutor without legal authority. 
Exempli gratia. L.-For example; 
abbreviated e.g. Exewplu-m.L.- 
A written authorized copy. Exe¬ 
unt. L.- They go out. Exeunt om- 
nes.L.-They all depart. Ex facie. 
L.- On the surface, or face of if. 
Ex facto. L.-From the deed. 

E\ G-RAXI/V* L.-Of favor; of grace. 
Ex hgpothesi. L.-Frotn supposi¬ 
tion; Hypothetically* Exigi facias. 
L.-That you cause to be required; 
a writ in outlawry proceedings. 
Ex industria. L.-Intentionally. 
Exit. L.-He goes out, or de parts. 
Ex justa causa. L.-For a good 
reason. Ex lege. L.-An outlaw. 
Ex rtialeficio. L.-On account of 
misconduct. Ex niero motu.L. 

- Of one’s own freewill.Ex mo- 
ra. L.-From delay. Ex necessita¬ 
te legis. L.-From the necessity 
of law. . ... 

ex tfiHit-o, KiHil. fit. L.-out 

of nothing,nothing is made.Ex 
occulto.L. -Secretly; by way of 
surprise. Ex officio. L.-By virtue 
of h is office; officially.Ex parte. 
L ; -Of the one part or side; one¬ 
sided. Ex parte, waterna. L.— On 
the mother’s side. Ex parte pa- 
terna. L.-On the part of the fath¬ 
er. Ex parte quaeretitis.L.— On 
the plaintiff’s part. Ex pede Her- 
Culem. L.-From the foot of Her¬ 
cules; we can judge the whole 
from the specimen. Expensae 
litis. L.-Costs of the suit. 

EXPEFVEtfTI/V DOCET. L.-We 
are taught by experience.Exper- 
i men turn .' crucis . L.- Experiment 
of the cross; a decisive experiment. 
Experto crede. L.-Trust one who 
has had experience. Expose. Fr.-An 
e x position. Ex post facto.L.- Af¬ 
ter the deed is done. Ex proprio 
wotu. L.-Of his own accord. Ex 
proprio vigore. L.-By its own 
force. Ex relatione. L.-At the in¬ 
formation of; by the relation. 
Ex tempore. L.-From the time; 
without preparation. Extra ju¬ 
dicium . L.-Out of the proper cause. 



368 














--— 

EXTH>\ tyb^OS. L.-Beyond >he walls. 
Extra viatti. L.-Out of the way. Ex¬ 
tremis. L.-The end; at the last mo¬ 
ment. Ex u-no, disce omnes. L.-Frcmi 
one,learn all; From one you- may 
judge ofthe whole. Ex vano.L.-Fool- 
ishly; without cause. Ex visceribus. 
L.-From the bowels. Ex visitations 
dei. L.-From or by the visitation of 
(rod. Ex vi termini. L.-From the 
Force of the expression. Extrema. 
9audii iuctus occupat. L.- Often 
does sorrow succeed,or take the place 
of, intense joy; no joy without annoy. 
•jft/VB/VCI/^. L. — Bean broth o r por- 
Jj? ridge. Faber quisque suae for- 
tunae.L.-Every man is the ar¬ 
chitect of his own for tune.Facias. 
L.-That you. cause. Facile est in¬ 
vert tis adders. L.-If is an easy thing 
to improve on things already invented. 
Facile princeps.L.- Evidently pre- 
emimerit; the admitted chief. Fa- 
cilis est descensus Averni. L.—The 
descent to the lower world is easy; 
the road to evil is an easy one. Fa- 
cillime princeps. L.-The most dis¬ 
tinguished chief. Facio utdes.L.-^ 

1 perforin that you way give. Facio 
ut facias. L.-i do that you perform.^ 
FAP 0 (NT DE( PAHbEF(. Ft.-F orm or 
manner of speaking. Factum.L.- 
A person’s own act or deed.Factum 
probandum ; L.-The fact to be prov¬ 
ed. Fac simile. L.-Do the same; a 
close imitation. Faex populi.L.-The 
dregs of the people; the very lowest 
classes of the people. Faire da l ’esp¬ 
rit. Fr.- To be witty . Faire sans 
dire. Fr.-To act without parade or 
show. Fait accompli.Fr.-A thing 
or act already completed. Falsare 
curiam. L.- To deceive the co urt. 
Falsi crimens. L.-A Fraudulent sub 
ordination or concealment of truth. 
F/^LSIjlJRlUS. L.-Swearing False¬ 
ly; perjured. False retor-no brevi- 
um. L.-A writ against a sheriff, 
Who Had execution of process, For 
a False re^ur-ti. Falsum in uno,fal- 
sum in omnibus. L.-False in one. 
False in all; one who Falsifies on one 
point,may be doubted on ali. Faina. 
L.- A rumor. Fama. clawosa.L.- A 
public or currRrt^ rumor, concern¬ 
ing one ormore persons, and yen 
erally of a scandalous nature.Far- 
rago libelli. L.-A hotchpotch orjum 
bleofabook. Fas et netas.L.-Law 
Ful and unlawful. 

FATA OBSTANT. L.-The Fates op¬ 
pose, or order that the matter be 
otherwise settled. Fatua mulie-r. 
L.-A whore. Fatuous Person. ~ 
One entirely devoid of reason. Fau- 
bourg. Fr.-A suburb. Fauces te-r- 
rae. L.-Jaws of the land. Fauteuil. 
Fr.-An easy chair. Faux pas.Fr.- 
A False step. Fecit. L.- He or she wade 
it—on a painting, put afterthe ar¬ 
tist’s name. Feliciter. L.-Happily; 
successfully. Felo de se. Fr.-A sui¬ 
cide. Femme. Fr.-A woman. Fetttme 
couverte. Fr.-A married woman. 

FEMME Dlq C\iAM BF \ E * Fr.-A 
chambermaid; tiring-woman.Fem¬ 
me defait. Fr.-A wife de facto.Fetti- 
we sole. Fr.-An unmarried woman. 
Femme sole sub-modo. Fr.-A sin¬ 
gle woman to a certain extenf.Feof- 
Fare. L.-To enfeoff, or grant in Fee. 
Ferae bestiae. L.—Wild beasts.Ferae. 
naturae. L.-OFa wild or savage na¬ 
ture. Fervet opus. L.-The work 
prospers greatly. Festinalente. 
L.-Hasten slowly.Festinatio tar¬ 
da est. L.-Too much haste Fa i I s 
to accomplish its object. Festiti- 
it«H remedium.L.- A speedy rem¬ 
edy. Fete chawpetre.Fr.-Amral 
Festivity . 

F^T^-Dl^l/. Ft.-T he CorpusChris- 
ti Festival ofthe Romish Church. 
Feuda. L.-Fees. Feu de joie.Fr.- 
A bonfire, or Firing of guns in to¬ 
ken of joy. Feudum. L.-A Feud, 
fief or fee. Feuilletotl. Fr.—The 
bottom part of a French news¬ 
paper, separated by a rule from the- 
vrest, and devote'd to criticism,light 
^\Jiterature,etc.Fiacre. Fr.-A 
^\hack. Fiat. L.- Let it be done; 
■i 't short or der of a judge. 

^\Fiat confirmation 
NLet the confirma- 
\tion take place, 
r \ y< Fiat ius- 

\~titia. 

ic done.Fi^\ .• . ^ : 

at justitia,ru-^\ 5, 

atc«lmn.L.-Let s v 

justice be done,thought. ’’tt'Z'fy 

the heavens fall.Fiat luxj\^ 
L.-Let there be light. Fidei 
defensor. L.-Defender of the\ 
Faith. Fides Puttica. L.-Treachery, 
or Punic Faith. 

FlDbS ACHATES. L.-Faithful A- 
chates: a true Friend. Fieri. L.-To 
be made or done. Fieri Facias.L.- 
That youcause to be made; a writ 
of execution directed to the-sheriff. 
Fieri Feci. L.-I have caused to # be 
made; a sheriff’s return. Fill us 
fawilias. L.-A son under the con¬ 
trol of his Father. Filius nullius. 
L.-A son of nobody ; a bastard. Fil- 
ius populi. L.—A son ofthe people. 
FlLlbS TEf\f\/E..L.-One of low 
birth. Fille de chambre.Fr. — A 
chambermaid. Fille de joie.Fr.—A 
prostitute. Filum aquae. L. — The 
middle of a stream of water. Fi- 
nem facere. L.-To make or pay a 
Fine. Fitiis cotrmat opus. L.—The 
end crowns the work; the-merits 
of a work cannot be determined 
before its com pletion. Flagrante 
bello. L.-During hostilities. Fla¬ 
grante delicto. L.-In the act of 
committing the wrong. 

FQ£n\jS N All "nebs. L.-A name 
given to marine interest. Foetus.L.- 
An unborn chijd. Fonda.Sp.-A ho¬ 
tel. Forts et orlgo. L.-The Fountain 
and source; the chief cause.Forma 
legaiis, L.-A legal Form.Fortes for- 
tuna adjuvat. L.-Fortune Favors 
the brave. Fortiter in re. L.-With 
Firmness in acting. Fortunae fil- 
ius. L.-The son, or a Favorite, of 
Fortune. Fortuna favet fatuis.L. 

- Fortune Favors Fools.Fortunedes 

; armes. Fr.-Fortune of war. Fo¬ 
rum. L.-A court of justice. 

FOlU/M COl^SClEKTl/E.L.—The 
Court of conscience. Forum rei 
gestae.L.-The court ofthe place 
of transaction. Forum rei 3itae. 
L.-The court of the place where the 
thing is situated. Fotum seeula-re. 

L.- A secular court.Franc alien. 
Fr.-An absolutely Free inherit¬ 
ance. Franco. It.-Post free. Fra- 
ter con sanguine us. L.-A brother 
by the Father’s side. Frater uteri - 
this. L.-A brother by the mother’s 
side. Freres d’armes. Fr.-Brothers 
in arms. Friseur. Fr.-A barber 
or hair-dresser. 

FRO^Tl NblLA F|D^S. L.-There 
is no trusting to appearances.Fruc- 
tuarius. L.-One entitled to the prof¬ 
its, or yearly increase of a thing. 

* Fructus. L.-The right to use the 
increase or Fruits. Fructuscivil- 
es. L.-All revenues,though not 
Fruits, yet are recognaedassuch 
in law. Fructus industriales.L.- 
The Fruits of industry. Fructus 
naturales. L.-Natural Frit its.Fruc¬ 
tus pendentes. L.-Hanging Fruits. 
Fujiam fecit.L.- He has made Hight. 
Fu.it Ilium. L.-Troy Yvas been;the 
object or source of strife no longer 
an existence. 

FbLMEK BF\bTbM-L- A harm 
less thunderbolt; a blow that 
strikes blindly. Functus offi¬ 
cio. L.-Discharged From duty or 
office. Fundus. L.-Land belonging 
to a person. Furca et Flagellum.L. 
-Gallows and whip.Furiosus.L.- 
A madman or lunatic. Furor ar- 
ma ministrat. L.- Fury supplies 
with weapons. Furor loquendi.L. 

-A rage For speaking. Furor poet- 
icus. L.-The poetic Fire. Furorscri- 
fcendi. L.-A rage For writing. Fu¬ 
rore. It.- Excitement. Furtum.L.- 
Theft. Furtum obfatum. L.- The 
crime ofreceiving stolen property. 
Fusillade. Fr.- A simultaneous 
discharge of fire-arms. 

/ft D’AMObR. Fr.-A pledge or 

token of love; a keepsake.Gaie- 
te' du coeicr. Fr.-Gaiety of heart. 
Galantuomo. It.-An honest man. 
Oallice. L. — In French. G-argon. 
Fr.-A boy; a waiter.G-argo-n de 
bureau. Fr.-An office-boy. G-ar- 
gon d’esprit. Fr.-A clever fellow. 
Garde a. vous. Fr.-The military 
order of M attention’.’Garde-chasse. 
Fr.-A game-keeper. 



3G9 















G/\HD^ 0\j CORPS.Fr.-A bodyguard. 
Garde wobila.pr.-A Force liable For 
genera) service. Gasconnade. Fr.-Brag- 
91119 or boasting, I ike that oFFbeGas¬ 
cons. G-aucke. Fr.-YeVx as opposed 
to V\qY<; clumsy; awkward.Gauche- 
rie.Fr.-Clatnsiness; awkwardness. 
Gcndar+iie.Fr.-An armed police- 
rnan. Getis-d’arnies. Fr.-Armed 
policenien; military police. Gen¬ 
darmerie. Fr.-The armed police 
Force.Genius loci. L.-The genius 
oFthe place; the tutelary deity oF 
a place. Gens. L.-A union oF Roman 
Families,oF ingenuous birth, and 
bearing the same name. 

G^fS D^CO^D|TlOt 4 .Fr.-Persons 
oF rank. Gens de guerre. Fr.-Men 
oF war; military men. Gens de let- 
♦res.Fr.-Men oF letters; literary 
people. Gens de peu. Fr.-The lower 
classes. Gens du- tnonde. Fr.-People 
oF the world; those employed inact¬ 
ive liFe.Gentilhowwe. Fr.-A gen¬ 
tleman. Genus homo. L.-The hitman 
race. Genus irritabile vatutti. L.- 
The irritable race oF poets. Ger- 
rnanice. L.-ln German.Gestio.L- 
The doing or management oF any¬ 
thing. Gilda mere an tori a. L.— A 
mercantile meeting or assembly. 

&U\DlUS.L.-A supreme jurisdiction. 
Glebae ascriptus. L.-A servant be¬ 
longing to the soil. Gloria iti excel- 

sis. I_Glory ^to God in the H ighest. 

Gloria Patri.L.-Glory to the Fa¬ 
ther. rvi*)0L aeavrov (Gnothi seau- 
ton). G-r.— Know thyselF.Gobemou- 
ches. Fr.-Fly-catchers;those hav¬ 
ing no opinions oFtheir own. &vur- 
met. Fr.-A wine-taster, or judge oF 
wine. Gradus. L.-A -measureoF 
space; a degree oF relation s h i p.- 
G-radus ad Pam as sum. L.-A step 
to Parnassus (a mountain sacred 
jn Greece); a book aiding in the writ¬ 
ingoF Greek and Latin verse. 

Gnfecon. L.-To live in Greek Fash¬ 
ion. Grand bien vousFasse. Fr.- 
Much good may it do you. Grand 
Cordon. Fr.-The broad ribon oF the 
Legion oF Honor. G-rand gourmand, 
Fr.-A great glutton.&rand hoimtie, 
Fr.-A great man .Grand siecle. Fr.- 
Great century; a distinguished age. 
Grande parure. Fr.-Full dress.Gra- 
tia gratiam parit. L.~Kindness be¬ 
gets kindness. Gratis. L.-Without 
reward or con si deration. Gratis dic¬ 
tum. L.-A gratuitous assertion.— 
Grave delictum. L.-A grave crime. 
Guerre a mort. Fr.-War to death. 
Guerre a out-ranee. Fr.-War to the 
utmost. 

/\BE/\S COR.PlJS. L.-That you have 
the body; a writ commanding the 
body oF a prisoner to be produced 
at a certain time and place. Habeas 
corpus ad -respondendum.L.-That 
you have the body to answer.Habe¬ 
as corpus ad satlsFaciendu-m . L. - 
That you have the body to satisFy,-a 
kind oF judgment against a person. 
Habeas corpus ad testi/icandum.L.- 
That you havethe body to testiFy,— 
a kind oFsubpoena. 


Habeas cof\p\js cUm caIjsa.L.- 

That you havethe body withthecause. 
Habendum et tenendum.L.-To have 
and to hold. Habentes homines.L.- 
Rich men. Habere Facias possessio¬ 
nem . L.-That, you cause to have 
possession,-a kind oFexecution. 
Habere /acias^visum. L.-That you 
cause to have view,—a kind oF 
writ. Hae-redes extranei. L.- Ex¬ 
traneous or Foreign heirs.Haeredes 
necessarii. L.-Necessary heirs.Hae- 
redes proxi-mi. L.-Descendants oF 
the deceased. Hae-redes remotiores. 
L.-The kinsmen other than chil¬ 
dren or descendants. Haereditas 
iacens. L.-An estate in abeyance. 

H/EF^S FACTbS.L.-An hei-rby 
birth or descent.Hannibal ante 
portas. L.-Hannibal beFore the 
gates; an enemy at the gates. 
Haud passibus aequis. L.-Not with 
equal steps. Hau-t nouveaute.Fr.- 
A great novelty. Hautgout. Fr. - 
High Flavor; Fine or elegant taste. 
Helluo liGrorum.L.-A devour- 
eroF books; a book-worm. 
Herebannum.L.-A Fine 
paid For not attending 
the army when sum¬ 
moned. Heu pie- 
tas! heupris 
ca /ides! 
L.-A 
las 



For 

our pi¬ 
ety! alas 
For our ancient" 

Faith ! Hcureux. 

Fr.-A happy orFor-' 
tutiate chance.Hiat- 
us valde de/lend us. L.- A 
deFiciency much to be re¬ 
gretted. Hie et ubic|ue.L.-Here 
and every vyhere. Hie jacet.L.-Here 

. he or she lies. 

me labour, HocopUs ^st.l- 

This is labor, this is work; it is a 
very diFFicult aFFair. Hie sepul- 
tus.L.-Here is buried.Hinc illae 
lacrimae. L.-Hence those -tears. 
Hoc age. L.-Do this. Hoc tempore 
L.-At this time. Hodie mihi,cras 
■tibi. L.-lt belongs to me to-day,to 
you to-morrow.Hodie nikil,cras 
credo. L.-To-morrow I shall trust, 
not to day. 

Hoi poU.01. Gr.-The many; the 
people; the multitude. Hombre 
deun libro.Sp.-A man oF one 
book. Homme d’esprit. Fr.-A wit 
ty man. Homme d’etat.Fr.— A 
statesman. Homme mediocre.Fr. 
-A man with mediocrity oF tal 
ent. Homo . L.-A human being, 
either male or Female.Homomul- 
tstrum literarum. L.- A man oF 
great lea-rning. Homo nullorurn 
hoTtiitiuni. L.- A man oFnomen; 
a man who is not /it For any 
one’s society. 


H,0N\0 PEftPAlJPO^lJNl HOMIN^M-L 

A man oFvery Few men; one who 
associates with only a select Few. 
Homunculi quanti sunt.L. How 
many little-winded men there are. 
Honi soit qui mal y pense.Fr.- 
Shame on him who evil thinks. 
Honores mutant mores.L.- hon¬ 
ors change manners. Hotiorus re- 
spectum. L.-Challenges \jro^ver. 
Honos habet onus.L.-Honor has 
its load or responsibility. Hora e 
sernpre. It.-lt is always time; nev¬ 
er too late. 

HOF\F\IBlLE DICTll.L.-Horrible to 
tell. Hors de combat. Fr.-Out oF 
condition For Fighting, as by be¬ 
ing demoralized by deFeat, by be 
ing wounded, etc. Hors de la loi. 
Fr.-Out oFthe pale oF the law; 
outlawed. Hors de propoa. Fr.- 
Out oF place; unseasonably. Hors 
de son Fee. Fr.-Out oF h is Fee. 
Hortus sicous. L.-A dry garden; 
a herbarium; a collection oFptants 
dried and arranged. Hotel de ville. 
Fr.-A town-hall. Hotel des Invali- 
des. Fr.-The military hospital in 
Paris. Huissier. Fr.-A door keeper; 
an oFFicer who serves processes. 
Humanum est errare. L^.-To err 
is human. Hysterica passio. L.-Hys- 
teric passion; hysterics. 
VBlDf^rvl or IDErA. L.-The same; 
X same book or place. Ich dieti. Get. 

-I serve, loi on parle Frangais. 
Fr.-Here one speaks French; here 
French is spoken. Idee -Fixe. Fr.- 
A Fixed idea. Idem dies. L.-The same 
days. Idem per idem. L.-Like by like. 
Idem sonans. L.-Sounding alike; 
oF the same sound, as a w o r d . 
Ideorm-s homo. L.-A properman. 
Id est(i.e.). L.-That is. Idoneus 
homo. L.-A proper man; a man 
oF recognised ability. 

IG^/SS JUDICIUM- L.-The judicial 
trial by Fire. Ignobile vulgus.L.- 
The rude multitude. Ignoramus. 
L.-We are .ignorant or uninForm- 
ed. Ignotum per igttotiu-s. L . — 
That which is unknown by some 
thing still wore unknown. II va 
du bl anc au noir. Fr. - He goes From 
the white to the black; he goes in¬ 
to extremes. Imitatores servum 
pecue. L.- Imitators are aservile 
herd. Imperium in imperio. L. - 
One government within another. 
VYKoVVo oi OYko^. 
IMPA«MAT\jf\.l. -Let it be print 
ed;-a license to print a book. Im- 
prim is. L.-In the First place. Iw- 
provisatore.. It.-An impromptu 
poet. Improvisatrice. It.-An im¬ 
promptu poetess. In absolutis- 
sima Forma. L.-ln the most ab¬ 
solute Form. In abstracto. L.—In 
the abstract. In actu. L.- In real- 
ity.ln aeternum . L.-For e v er. 
In alio loco. L.-ln another place. 
In ambiguo. L.-ln uncertainty. 
In ar-mis. L.-ln arms; under arms. 
In articulo mortis. L.-Atthe point 
oF death; in the last strugg le. In 
autre droit. Fr.-ln right of another. 


370 





























IK B/\h(CO. L.-ln the bench; sitting 0/ 
*he judges. In capita. L.-By the heads, 
or polls. In capite. L.-ln chief. Imci- 
dit in Seyl lam cupie+ts vitare Cha- 
rybdin. L.-He falls into Scy lla while 
seeking to avoid Chary bdis.Incipitur. 
L.-lt is begun. In ccelo quies. L - In 
heaven there is rest. Incognito. It. 
-Unknown; in privacy.In collo- 

3 uio. L.-ln a discourse. In cotnntett- 
am. L.-ln trust. In cu.mu.lo.L.-ln 
a heap or rnass; at once.In curia. 
L.-ln the court. In custodia legis. 
L.-ln the custody ofthe Jaw.lndeb- 
itas assumpsit. L.-An action in which 
the plaintiff first alleges a debt, and 
then a promise in consideration of 
the debt. 

It^D^F^SlJS . L.~A person sued who 
refuses to answer. In delicto.L.-In 
an offense or default. Indivisitm.L.- 
That which is held in common,with¬ 
out partition. Index expurgatori- 
us.L.-A list of books prohibited to 
be read, ora list of passages to be ex 

r iged or altered. In diem vivere. 

To live from hand to mouth.In 
dominio sue. L.-ln his demesne 
or lords^hip.ln dorso. L.-On the back. 
In dubiis. L.-ln doubtful natters. 
Induciae. L.-An agreement; ora 
truce. , , 

l(vfDUC(/€. L^G^LlS. L.-The days 
between the citation of the defend 
ant, and the day of appearance. In 
eadem conditione.L.-In the sane 
condition.ln equal! Jure.L.-ln e- 
qual right. In equilibrio.L.-ln e- 
quilibrium. In esse. L.-ln being; 
in actual existence. In esse and in 
posse. L.-Actual and possible. In ex- 
tetiso. L.-At large; in the extended 
form. In extremis. L.-At the very 
end; at the point of death. In fa- 
vorem libertatis. L.-ln favor of lib¬ 
erty. In -favorem vitae. L.-ln favor 
of life. 

IKFElJD/\HE.L. -To grant in fee; 
to enfeoff. In-ficiatio .L.-Denial 
of a fact alleged by a plaintiff. In 
fieri . L.- It being done. Iti flagrante 
crimine. L.-ln the very commission 
of the crime. In f lagrante delicto. 
L.-The same meaning as preceding. 
In forma pauperis. L.-ln the char 
acter of a poor man. In form at us 
non sum.L.-l am not informed. 
In foro conscientise.L.- Before the 
tribunal of conscience. In foro le¬ 
gis. L.- In a court of law. In foro 
divino. L.-Before the tribunalof 
God. 

IK FORO ^l/MA,NO.L.- Before a 
human tribunal. Infra. L.-Under; 
below. Infra aetatem. L.-Wfth in, 
or under age. Infra annum luc- 
tus. L.- Within the year of mourn 
ing. Infra brachia. L.-Within her 
arms. Infra corpus comitatus.L. 
-Within the body of the county. In¬ 
fra dignitatem. L.-Derogatory to 
one’s dignity. Infra dignitatem 
curiae. L.-Below the dignity of the 
court. Infra hospitium.L.-Within 
the inti. Infra presidia.L.-With¬ 
in the walls. 


IK fha^o^m L^gis • L.-ln fraud 
of the law. In futuro. L.-ln f uture; 
henceforth. In futurum. L.-Forthe 
future. In genere. L.-ln kind; of 
the same kind. Ingetis telum ne- 
cessitas.L.-Necessity is a-most pow¬ 
erful incitement to exertion. In 
gremio legis. L.-Jn the bosom of 
the law. In hocsigno vinces.L.- 
ln this sign, or under this standard 
(the cross) thou shalt conquer.The 
motto assumed by the Roman Em 
peror Constantine, after having 
seen, as a I leged, a miraculous cross 
in the air with those words.ln hoc 
statu.L.-ln this state or condition. 

■ K .HOFRS. L.-Every hour. In in- 
itialibus. L.-ln the preliminaries. 
In infinitum .L.- Forever;to itifin- 
ity.Jn initio.L.-ln the beginning. 
In integrum. L.-The original con¬ 
dition. In invitum. L.-Unwill¬ 
ingly; against an unwilling party 
In itinere. L.-On the way. Initi- 
um.sapient!ae timor Domini. L.- 
The fear of the Lord is the begin- 
^ ning of wisdom. In judicio.L. 
^ -In court, or by a judicial 
proceeding. In jure.L.- 
ln law. Injuria abs- 
\aue damno. L. - 
^\VVrong without 
^ damage.In 

limine. 
L.- 



the en- 
trance;on 
the threshold, 
as of an enter 
prise. In litem.L 
For or to the suit. In 
literis Immatnioribus.L. 

In Latin or Greek literature? 
in loco. L.-ln the place, or on 
the spot. In loco parentis.L.-ln 
the place of a parent. 

IK MEDICS RES. L. r ln the midst 
of a subject. In medio tu-tlssimus 
ibis. L.-You will go most safely in 
the middle; a middle course is the 
safest. In memoriam.L.-ln mein 
ory of. In misericordia.L.-Inmer- 
cy. In mitiori setisu. L.-ln a mild¬ 
er acceptation. In tttora. L.-ln delay. 
In mortua manu. L.- In a dead 
hand; in 'WvorVwv'axw. 

IK KomiNe . L.- In the name of. 
In nomine Domini. L.—In the 
name of the Lord. In nubibus.L. 
-In the clouds; in the region of 
theory. Innuendo. L.-To nod,or 
hint at; meaning; an explanatory 
word or clause. In obscura.L.-ln 
obscurity. I-h oculis civium. L.- 
ln or before the eyes of the public. 
In odium spoliatoris. L.-Injiatred 
of a despoiler. Inops cotisilii.L.— 
Without counsel. In pace.L.—In 
peace. In pais. Fr.-ln the country. 
In pari causa. L.— In an equal 
cause. 


IK pari deLicto. L.-ln e q ual 

fault or guilt. In pari materia.L 
-Of a similar character or subject. 
In pari passu : L.-ln an equal de¬ 
gree. In patribus infidelium.L.- 
(n the parts of the unfaithful; 
in the countries that are not o- 
bedient to the faith. In perpet- 
uum. L.-Forever. In perpetu- 
am rei memoriam. L.-As a per¬ 
petual memorial of a thing. In • 
personam. L.- To or against the 
persgn. In petto. It.-In the breast; 
Held in reserve. 

IK PtEKo . L.-ln full. In pletio 
comitatu. L.-In full assembly. 
In pontificalibus. L.-ln pontifi- 
cial robes. In posse. L.-Not in 
actual existence.In praesenti. 
L.-At the present time. In pro¬ 
pria persona. L.-ln one’s own 
person,as in attendance.l-n pros- 

f iectu. L.-ln prospect or view, 
n pur is naturalibus. L.— In a 
purely natural state; completely 
•naked. In -re. L.-ln the matter 
of. In rem . L.-To or against the 
property or thing. In rcruiti tia- 
tur a. L.-ln the nature of things. 
IK SAPRIS. L.-ln sacred things.In 
saecula saeculorun. L.-Forages 
on ages. Inscriptiones. L.-Writ¬ 
ten instruments by which^ any¬ 
thing was granted.lnsidiator- 
es viarum. L.-Persons who lie 
in wait to commit some crime. 
Insimul computassent. L.-They 
had accounted together. In situ. 
L.-ln its natural or original s it-- 
uation. Inspeximus. L.-We have 
inspected. In spiritualibu-s.L.- 
ln spiritual matters. Instanter. 
L.-Instantly; at once. In situ 
esse. L.-To be upon one’s guard. 
IK ST/yr\j G(llO. L.-ln the same 
condition in which it was. In 
statu quo ante bellum-L.—In 
the same condition as before the 
war. In stirpes. L.- According to 
lineage. In suo jure. L.-ln his 
own right. In suo proprio loco. 
L.-ln its own proper place.lntel- 
lec-tus Communis. L.-Common 
sense. Inter alia. L.-Among oth¬ 
er things. Inter alioc.L.-Among 
or between other parties.Inter 
camem et lupum . L.-Between 
the dog and the wojf; twiIight. - 
Interesse termini. L.-An inter¬ 
est in the term. 

IKt^rim- L.-ln the meanwhile. 
Inter moenia. L.-Within the 
walls or domicile. Inter nos. L.- 
Between ourselves; to keep secret. 
Inter pocula.L.-ln the midst of 
the cups; engaged in drinking. In 
terrorem.L.-In terror; as a war- 
ning.lnter se.L.-Among our¬ 
selves. Inter spem et me turn. 
L.-Between hope and fear. Inter¬ 
regnum. L.-The time between 
two reigns. Inter vivos. L.— Be¬ 
tween living persons. Intimaprae- 
cordia. L.-The very dearest affec 
tions. In totidem verbis.L.-ln 
just so many words; unmistakably. 


371 






















I{4 TOTO. L.- Entirely; wholly.Intra 
ecclesiaw Anglicana-m. L.-Within 
the pale of the Church of En9 land. 
Intra niuros. L.-Within the walls. 
I'M transitu. L.-During the transit 
or voyape.In usitm Delphini.L-For 
the use of the Dauphin. In us urn vul- 
91". L.-For the use of the multitude, 
or the public. In u-trumque para- 
tus.L.-Prepared for either event. 
In vacuo. L.-ln empty space; free, 
or nearly free from air.in wad so. 
L.- In gage; in pledge.Invecta et 
illata. L.-Things subjeetto certain 
Iiens or services. 

Ifc/VEtfTIOfJES. L. - Treas ure trove.] 
In ventre sa mere. L.-ln his%io- 
ther’s womb. In verba wagistri 
jurare. L.-To swear to, or by, the 
words of another; to adopt opin¬ 
ions^ on the authority of another. 
In vino veritas. L.-There is truth 
in wine; an intoxicated man being 
off his guard, is likely to speak thetruth. 
Invita Minerva. L.-Against the 
win of Minerva; without genius. 
Invitio domino. L.-Without the 
consent of the owner. Ipse. L.— I; 
thou; the very one. Ipse dixit.L.- 
He himself said it - said of a do9- 
matical assertion. 

IPJSSIIVI/V VERBA -L.-The same 
or very words.lpissimis verbis.L.- 
ln the identical words. Ipso facto.. 
L.-By the very act or fact itself; 
positively. Ipso jure. L.-B y the 
law itself. Irafuror brevis est.L.- 
Anger is a short madness. Ire ad 
larguw. L.-To 90 at larye, or escape. 
Irrevocabile verbum.L.-A word 
that cannot be recalled. Ista cot- 
luvies vitiorum. L.-That sink of 
vices. Ita est. L.-So it is> f Ita lex 
scripta est. L.-So or thus the law 
fs written. Item. L.-Also; in like 
manner. Iteruni. L.-Further; be¬ 
sides; again. 

WACT/V £ST Al-EA,. L.-The die is 
cast. Jactus mercium.L.-The 
# throwing away of goods. Jam¬ 
ais arriere. Fr.-Never behind. Ja- 
nuae mentis. L.-The gates of the 
mind ; the sources of knowledge . 
Januis clausis. L.-With closed doors. 
Jardin des plantes. Fr.-A botan¬ 
ical garden. Je ne sais quoi.Fr.-l 
know not what; something indef¬ 
inite. Je suis pret. Fr.-I aw ready. 
J>st d ’eau. Fr.- A jet of water, or 
fountain. Jeu demots. Fr.-A pun, 
or play on words. 

jEli D’^SPRIT. Fr.-A witticism. 
Jeu de theatre. Fr.- A dumb show; 
gesture. Jour de fete. Fr.-Day of 
destiny; a saint’s day; a festival. 
Jubilate Deo. L.-Be joyful inGod. 
Jucundi acti labores. L.-Labors 
past are pleasant. Judex. L.-Ajudge 
who conducts atrial from begin¬ 
ning to end. Judices pedaneos.L. 
-Judges chosen by the parties. Ju¬ 
dicium Dei. L.-The judgmentof 
God. Jugulare mortuos.L.-Tostab 
the dead; guilty of superfluouscru¬ 
elty. Jupiter totiatis. L.-Jupi¬ 
ter the thunderer. 


JURA AD REM- L.-Right s to a mat 
ter or thing. Jura in re. L.- # Rights 
in a thing or matter. Jura in per- 
sotiamw. L.-The rights of persons 
in their different characters. Jura 
rerum. L.-The rights of things. 
Jurat. L.- The memorandum of 
the time, place, and person before 
whom an affidavit was sworn. 
Jure devoluto. L.- by the r i g ht 
lapsing. Jure divino . L.-By divine 
law. Jure gentium. L.-By the law 
of nations. Jure humano.L.-By 
human law. Jure mari-ti. L.-ln 
right of the husband. Jure mat¬ 
rimonii . L.-By right of marriage. 
Jure -naturae. L.-By the law of 
nature. Jure represe-ntationis. 
L.-By the right of -representation. 

Jure bXo.RiS. L.-By right of a 
wife. Jurisconsultus. L-Ski 11 - 
ed in the law. Ju-ris etde jure. 
L.-Of right and by Jaw. Jus. L,- 
Right. Jus abutenai. L.-The right 
to abuse. Jus accrescendi.L.-The 
right of survivorship. Jus ad rem. 

choate and inperfect 
Jus canonicum.L.- 



The 
right de¬ 
volved-said 
w hen a r i g h 
lapses from fai I- 
ing to exercise it. 

Jus dicere. L.-To declare 
the law. Jus disponendi. L.T 
The right to dispose of a thing? - 

JbS DJVIf*tlj|Vl< L.-The divine law. 
Jus duplicatum. L.-Double right. 
Jus et norma loquetidi. L.-The 
law and rule of speech. Jus /i- 
duciarum. L.-A right to some¬ 
thing held in trust. Jus genti¬ 
um.L.- The law of nations. Jus 
gladii.L.- The right of the swoTd- 
Jus habendi. L.-The rightto have 
a thing. Jus i-n re. L.-The full 
right in a thing, which belongs 
to a person. Jus wariti. L.-The 
right of the husband in his wife’s 
movable estates. Jus merutn.L. 
- A simple right. 

Jbs PERSO^RbM- L.-The right 
of persons. Jus postlitninii. L.- 
The right to claim property af¬ 
ter capture. Jusqu’au revoir. Fr. 
-Good-bye. Jus quaesitum.L.— A 
right to ask or recover. Ju$ relic- 
tae. L.-A wife’s right in her deceas¬ 
ed hu.sband’s movables. Juste mi¬ 
lieu. Fr. - The # golden mean. Jits- 
titiac propositique te-nax. L.- 
Tenacious of justice and of 
purpose 


RoffoRE. L.-By la 
bor ahd honor. Labor ipse vo- 
luptas. L.-Labor jtseif is a pleas¬ 
ure. Labor omnia vincit. L.— 
Labor conquers all things. La 
carriere des armes, Ft.-T h e ca 
reer of arms. Lacunae. L.-Gaps 
left where anything may be want 
ing in the writings of an author. 
Laesa majestas. L.-Injured -maj¬ 
esty; high treason. La Tleur des 
pois. Fr.—The flower of the peas; 
the very pink of fashion.Lafleur 
des troupes. Fr.-The flourofthe 
„ troops; picked men. 

LA&ES SCRIPTA.L. -pnwrit 

ten laws. La grande nation.Fr. 
-The great nation—applied by 
Frenchmen to France. Laisser- 
aller. Fr.- Jo let matters go on 
as they will. Laissez-faire. Fr.- 
Let things have their own course. 
Laissez passer.Fr.-Allowthat 
matter to pass. La maladiesans 
maladie. Fr.-The disease without 
disease; hypochondria. Langage 
des halles. Fr.- Language of the 
. markets; profane language. 
LAPSbs CAl-AMI.. L.-A slip of 
the pen. Lapsus linguae.L.— A 
slip of the tongue. Lapsus mejtto- 
riae. L.-A slip of the memory. 
Lares et penates. L.-The domes¬ 
tic and household gods of aticietit 
Rome; all our household gods, 
our loved hornet and home treas¬ 
ures. Las Partidas.Sp.-A Span¬ 
ish code of laws. Lateat scintil- 
lula forsan. L.-A.small spark 
may perchance lie hid.Latet a-n- 
guis i-n Herba. L.- A snake lies 
Hid in the grass; there Is a lurk¬ 
ing danger in the way. Latifun- 
dium. L.-A great estate made up 
of smaller ones. 

LATINA^lbS. L.-An interpret¬ 
er of Latin. Latitat. L..-He lies 
h id. Laudator temporis acti. 
L.-A praiser of times gone by. 
Laudum.L.-A reward or arbit¬ 
rament. Laus Deo. L.-Praise to 
God. L’avensr. Fr.-The future. 
Le beau monde. Fr.-The fash¬ 
ionable world. Le bon.te-mps vi- 
endra. Fr. -The good time will 
come. Le diable boiteux. Fr.-The 
lame devil. Legalis homo.L.- A 
lawful man; one possessing all 
his civil rights. Legatum. L.-A 
. legacy given to the church. 

FAC^RE. L.-To make law 
upon oath. Legetn habere. L.- 
To be capable of giving evidence 
upon oath. Legitim. L.-The chil¬ 
dren’s claim out of the movable 
estate of their father. Le grand 
monarqu-e. Fr.-.The great mon¬ 
arch-i.e., Louis XIV. of France. 
Le grand oeuvre. Fr.-The great 
work ;^the phi losopher’s stone. 
L’empire des lettres. F-r.-The em¬ 
pire of letters; the learned world. 
Le -moiide savant. Fr.-The liter¬ 
ary or learned world. Le mot 
d’ettigme. Fr.-The hey of the 
r iddles. 


37? 













lE^E TOHME^T\j(Vl.L.-&eii*le 


torture; 'mild violence. Le pas. Fr. 
The step; precedence in Tank or 
pface.Le petit caporal. Fr.-The lit¬ 
tle corporal-Napoleon I. Le petit 
THotide. Fr.-The little world; low¬ 
er classes. Le roi et Pe'tat. Fr.-The 
kim9 and state. Le roi le veu.t.Fr.- 
The kina wills it. Le roi s’en a- 
visera.Fr.-The king will consider 
or think oF it. Le roi veut e-n de¬ 
li berer. Fr.-The king will delib¬ 
erate upon it. Les absents o-nt 
toujours tort. Fr.-The absent are 
always wrong. 

LE SAVblF; FAIRE. Fr.-The knowl¬ 
edge how to act; industry. Le sa- 
voir vivre. Fr.-The knowledge 
how-to live; good breeding. Lesc 
maieste'. Fr.-High treason. L’e- 
toile du nord. Fr.-The star oFthe 
north.\VKoWci ok VNXrwAeso'va.'y Le 
tout ensemble. Fr.-AII together: 
general eFFect. Lettre de cachet. 
Fr.-A sealed letter, or warrant oF 
imprisonment or banishment, 
Formerly issued by the kings oF 
France. 

LRTTRE Fr.-A let 

ter oF marque. Levandae -navis 
causa. L.-For the sake oF I ig ht- 
ening the ship. Levari Facias.L.- 
That you cause to be levied.Levir. 
L.-A husband’s brother. Lex. L.- 
The law. Lex apostata. L.-A thing 
contrary to law. Lex dubia non 
obligat. L.-A dubious law has 
no binding Force. Lex et consu¬ 
etude Parliament!*. L.-The law 
and usage oF Parliament. Lex Fo¬ 
ri. _L.- Trie law oF the Forum. Lex 
loci. L.-The law oF the place.Lex 
loci contractus. L.-The law of 
the.place oFthe contract.Lex non 
. scripta. L.-The unwritten law. 
Le\ rei sit/e.. L.-The law oFthe 
place oFthe situation oFthe thing. 
Lex scripta. L.-The^written orstat 
ute law. Lex talionis. L.-The law 
oF retaliation. Lex terrae.L.-The 
law oFthe land. L’homme propose, 
et Dieu- dispose. Fr.-Man proposes, 
and G-od disposes. Liaison.Fr.-An 
alliance; illicit connection.Libel- 
lus. L.-A little book. Libellus Fa- 
mosus.L.-A slanderous writing. 
.Libellus rerum. L.-An inventory. 
LlBElLUS Slfil SCRIPTIS.L.—An 
unwritten libel. Libellussupplex. 
L.^-A petition. Liber. L.—A book. 
Liberan* Facias. L.-That you cause 
to be delivered.. Liber et legalis ho¬ 
mo. L.-A Free and lawFul man. Li¬ 
ber Feudo-rum. L.-A code oFthe Feu¬ 
dal law. Liber homo. L.— A Free 
man. Liber Judiciarum. L.-The book 
oF judgment, or doom book. Liberum 
arbitrium. L.-Free will or choice. 
Liberum servitium. L.-Free service. 
Liberum tenement urn. L.— A 
Frank tenement or Freehold. Li- 
centia concordandi.L.-Leave to 
agree. Licentia loque-ndi.L.-hnparlaTice. 


V(C^T. L.-lt is lawFul. Licet sae 

pius requisites. L.- Although oFten 
requested. Lima?, labor et mora. 
L.-The slow process oF improving 
a literary production. Lirtea rec¬ 
ta. L.-The perpendicular line.Lin- 
gua Franca.lt.-The Frank tongue; 
themived_ language spoken by Eu¬ 
ropeans in the East. Lingua vol- 
gare. It.-The vulgar or common 
tongue. Lis mota. L.-A contro¬ 
versy begun, or dispute prforto 
the commencement of legal 
proceedings. Lis pendens.L.-A 
pending suit. Lis sub judice.L.- 
A suit beFore the judge, or not 
. yet decided. 

PE,ND£NT%L.-During the 
trial. Litera scripta manat. L.- 
The written Jetter remains. Li¬ 
tis pendencia. L.-The condition 
oFa suit whije pending. Litus 
mai is. L.- Beach or shore. Loca- 
tio. L.- Letting For hire. Locatio 
operis Faciendi. L.-Hire oF servi¬ 
ces to be perFormed. Locatio 
" parentis.L.-In place of 

the parent. Locatio 
rei. L.-The hiring 
oF a thing. Loco 
citato. L.-ln 
the place 
cited. 



Loc. 
um ten-' 

cns.L.-One 
holding a placed 
as a deputy orsubsti' 
tute. Locus delicti.L.^ 

The place oF committing the' 
crime. Locus in quo.L.-The 
pjace in which. Locus poenite-n- 
tiae. L.-A place For repentance; an 
.institution For reForming. 
LOCUS SIG-ILU. L.-The place oF 
the seal.VNVo.V.S.y Locus stan¬ 
di. L.-Right to interFere or take a 
part. Longojntervallo.L.-By or 
with a long interval; at a great 
distance. Loquela.L.-An impar¬ 
lance. Lucid us ordo.L.-A clear ar¬ 
rangement. Lu.cri causa. L.—A 
term descriptive oF the intent with 
which property is taken incases 
F larceny. 

JC HU M. CESSANS .L.-A cessa 
tion oF gain. Lucus a non Lu- 
cendo. L.- A grove from n ot 
shining; a grove is so called 
From its not shining. (Accord¬ 
ing to Servius, \wcms, is derived 
From \wc/ere, to shine,From the Fact 
that a grove is gloomy, and doesnot 
shinej. Lusus naturae. L.-A sport 
or Freak oF nature. Lux lucet in 
te-nebn*s. L.— Light shines in 
darkness. 




|v)A c ^T^ VirtUt^. L.- Proceed 
in virtue. Ma chere. Fr.—M y 
dear. Macte virtute.-Same as 
^AaoeveN\rXw.Ve. Ma Foi .Fr.-Up- 
on my Faith. Magasin de-nouve- 
autes. Fr.- A magazine oF novelties; 
a repository For the sale oF Fancy 
goods. Magna Charta.L.— The 
great charteroF English liberty, 
granted by King John on Friday, 
June 19 , 1215 . Magna est veri- 
tas,et praevalebit. L.-G-reat is 
truth, and it will prevail. Magnas 
inter opes i-nops. L.-Poor in the 
midst oF great wealth. Magni Dei 
datum. L.-The gi Ft oFthe great God. 

MA&Kl KoMJtM 1 sUI^BRA-L The 

shadow oF a great name. Magnum 
bonum.L.-A great good. Mag¬ 
num opus. L.-A great work. 
Magnus Apollo. L.-Great Apol¬ 
lo; one oF high authority. Maitt- 
tien, Fr.- Deportment; carriage 
Maison d’arret. Fr.-House oFcas- 
tody; a prison. Maison de deten¬ 
tion . Fr.-House oF detention; a 

iv|Ais’off SAN'TE. Fr. Private 
hospital. Maison de ville.Fr.-The 
town-house. Maitre d’hotel.Fr,- 
A house-steward. Majora dan- 
erc. L.-To sing higher strains; 
to enter on matters oF greater 
importance. Majores. L.-The-male 
ascendants beyond the sixth cfe- 
gree. Mala animo.L.-WitPi bad 
intentions. Malades itnaginaires. 
Fr.-Hypochondriacs; persons who 
Fancy themselves ill. Maladiedu. 
pays. Fr.-Home-sIckness. 

rviALADR^ss^. Fr.-Want oFtact! 
or management. Mala Fide. L.- 
With bad Faith; with intentions 
oF deceiving. Mala prohibita.L. 
-Wrongs prohibited by law.Mal- 
a praxis. L.-Unskilled ornegli- 
gent practice oFa physician or 
proFessional person, whereby the 
health oFthe patient is injured. 
Mai a propos. Fr.-III-timed'im- 
pertinently. Malgre nous.Fr.— 
In spite oF us. Malum in se. L.- 
A thing evil in itselF. Malus pu- 
dor. L*.-False shame.Mancipatio 
L.-An imaginary sale oF a son 
among the Romans. 

IVlA^ClPRJM* L.-The poweroF 
the -vnanck^aVva over a Free man. 
Mandamus. L.-Wecommand; 
a writ or order issued by acourt, 
and directed to any person^or- 
poration, oFFicer, or an InFerior 
court, requiring them to do a. 
certain thing. Mandavi balIi— 
vo. L.—I have commanded the 
sheriFF. Mange-tout. Fr.-A spend 
thriFt. Mania a potu. L.- Del ir- 
ium tremens; a disease caused 
by the intemperate use oF spir¬ 
ituous liquors. Manibus pedi- 
busque. L.-With hands and Feet; 
with all one’s might. Matiie-re 
d’etre. Fr.-Manner; bearing. 


373 





























NMNKOPbS. L. -Goods taken i-n the 
hands of an apprehended thief. Matiu. 
forti. L.-Wifli a strong hand.Manu 
opera. L.-Same as VK-awwo^wS). Ma- 
m propria. L.-With one’s own hand. 
Mare clausum. L.-A closed sea;a 
bay.Mare magnum. L.- The vast 
ocean. Maretum. L.-Marshy ground, 
overflowed, by great rivers or the sea. 
Marinarius. L.-A seaman or-mar¬ 
iner. Maritagiutti. L.-A portion 
given with a.daughter in marriage. 
Mater familias. L.-The mother of 
a family; aehaste woman. 

Materna iv\/\tei\nis . L.- From 
the -mother to the mother’s. M a- 
teViel. Fr.-Materials or instmments 
employed (opposed to ^eYsowneXV 
Matter in pais. Fr.-Matter of 
fact, as distinguished from matter 
of law or of record. Mauvais gout. 
Fr.-Bad taste. Mauvais honte.Fr.- 
False modesty; bashfulness.Mau¬ 
vais langue..Fr.-A slanderous per¬ 
son. Mauvais pas. Fr.-A bad step; 
an awkward position; a dilemma. 
Mauvais sujet. Fr.-A bad subject; 
a worthless fellow. Mauvais ton. 
Fr.-Bad tone; ill manners. 

MAXIMUS >N MINIMIS. L.-Very 
great.in very little things. Me a 
maxima culpa. L.-Through my 
very great fault. Mechant ecri- 
vain. Fr.-A mere scribbler. Medi- 
anus Homo. L.- A -man of middle 
fortune. Medica manus.L.-A cu¬ 
rative hand; corrective skill. Me¬ 
dio tutissimus ibis. L.-You w i ll 
succeed most successfully inamid- 
dle course; avoid extremes. Mega 
biblion, mega kakoti. Gr.-A great 
book is a great evil. Me judice. L. 

I being judge. Melange. Fr.-A med¬ 
ley. Melee. Fr.-A riot. 

MEMBIWvl/V.L.-A skin of parch¬ 
ment.' Memento mori. L.-Remem¬ 
ber death. Memorabile nomen.. L.- 
A remarkable person. Memorabilia. 
L.- Things to be remembered. Me- 
moria in aeter-na. L.-ln eternal 
remembrance. Mens*. L.-All goods 
necessary for a livelihood. Mens 
ayitat molem. L.-Mind moves 
matter. Mens sana in corpore 
sano. L.- A sound mind in a sound 
body. Mens sibi cotiscia recti. L.- 
A mind conscious of rectjtu.de.Meo 
periculo. L.- At mw own risk. Mer- 
catum. L.-A market; a contract 
of sale. Mercen-lage. L.-The law 
of the Mercians. 

MEHO rvtOTU SlJO.L.-Purely of 
his own accord. Messalliatice.Fr. 
Improper association; marriage 
uth one of lower station.Meum 


wi 


et tuum. L.- Mine and thine 
Mezzo ter-mi-Ho. It.-A middle 
term; assort of compromise. Mi- 
rabile d/ctu. L. Wonderful to be 
told. Mirabile visa. L.-Wonder- 
ful to be seen. Mise eti scene.Fr. 
-The getting up for, or putting 
in preparation for the stage. Mis¬ 
erere. L.-To Havemercy. Miseri¬ 
cord ia. L.-An arbitrary agreement 
imposed upon a person for an offense. 


IHlTTlIVlljS.L. -We send; a writ 
for removing records from one 
court to another. Moderado.Sp.- 
A moderate or conservative man. 
Modus in rebus. L.- A measure in 
things; a wedium in all things. 
Modus operandsL.-The.manner 
of operation. Mol itu/ra libera.L. 
-Free grinding at a mill without 
toll. Mollia tempora fandi. L.— 
Occasions favorable for speaking. 
Molliter -ma-nus imposuit. L.-He 
laid his hands on gently. Mori a- 
mi.Fr.-My friend. Mon cher. Fr. 
-My dear. Monomania. L.- In¬ 
sanity only upon a special subject. 

MONSTFWNS DJ\OIT. Fr. — 
Manifestation of plea or right. 
Monstrans de fait. Fr.- S bow¬ 
ing of a deed. Monstraverunt.L. 
-A writ which lay for tenants 
in ancient demesne,who held by 
free charter. Montani semper 
liberi. L.-Mountaineers are always 
freemen. (YAoVYo ok WlesV M'vvqvma'). 
Monumentum aere perenni- 
us. L.-A monument more en¬ 
during than brass. Mora- 
“ tur in lege. L.-He de¬ 
murs in law. More 
m a jo rum. L.- A f- 
ter the man- 
. \ner of our 

^ P.w * >F" 


ances 
tors. 








More 
phibsoph 
ico. L.— A f- 
ter a philosoph¬ 
ical manner.More 
probato. L.-After an 
approved manner. More 
suo. L.-After his own way 
Mors omnibus communis.L 
Death is common to all. Mortis 
causa.L.-The occasion of death. 
IVlGfVrtMJIVl V/U>l\jrs/|. L.-A mort¬ 
gage. Mortuus. L.-Dead. Mos Ma- 
jorum. L.-The manner of an¬ 
cestors. Mos pro lege. L.-Custom 
for law. Mot a’ordre. Fr.-Watch 
word. Mot pour rire. Fr.-A jest 
or joke. Mots a double entente. 
Fr.-Words with a double mean 
ing, usually bad. Mots d’argot. 
Fr.-Slang. Mulier. L.-A woman 
in general; a virgin; a wife. 

IS/IULTA. DOCET F7\NIES. L.-Hun 
ger teaches many things.Muitutn 
in parvo. L.-Much in little; very 
much in.a small com pass. Man- 
dus edibilis. L.-AII things in the 
world that are good for food.Mun- 
dus vult decipi.L.-The world 
wishes to be deceived.Murdrum. 
L.— Secret murder. Mutatio elen- 
chi. L.- A changing of the argu 
rue-lit. Mutatis mutandis. L.-The 
necessary changes. Mutato nom¬ 
ine. L.-The name changed. Mutus 
ct surdus. L.- Deaf and dumb. 


V)A*^E. Fr.-Having native orun 
affected simplicity. Na’iyette.Fr. 
-Native simplicity. Namium.L.- 
Attaching or distraining one’s mov¬ 
able goods. Narratio. L.- A declara¬ 
tion in an action; a count. Natale 
solum . L.- Natal soil; one’s, native 
country. Naturae vis maxima.L. 
-The force of nature is greatest. 
Naufrage. L.-Shipwreck.Waulum. 
L.-Freight or passage money.Ne 
ad mitt as. L.- That you admit not. 
Ne baila pas. L.-He did not deliver. 
Nec belta nec puella. L.-Neither 
beautiful nor a girl. 

He disturb a pa.s. l. -The gen¬ 
eral issue in <\\va-Ye Ne 

dona pas,non dedit. L.-The gen¬ 
eral issue in formedon. Nc exe¬ 
at. L.-Let him not depart. Ne 
exeat republics. L.-A writ com¬ 
manding a sheriff to restrain a 
person from leaving the State. 
Ne fronti crede. L.-Trust .n ot 
to appearance. Ne luminibus 
officstur. L.- A restraint upon 
the owner of a house from mak¬ 
ing such erections as obstruct 
the light of an adjoining house. 

NenuNe coNTi\as)ICeNte.l.- 

No one opposing; without op¬ 
position; abb. nem. con.Neitiine 
dissetitiente. L.-No one dissent¬ 
ing ; abb. nem. dis. Nemo me itn- 
pune lacessit. L.-No one assaults 
me with impunity.\WvoVVo ok 
vV\e CW&ex ok v\\eTVv\s.v\e^.Ne plus 
supra. L.-Nothing higher than 
it. Ne plus ultra.L.-Nothingsu¬ 
perior to it. Ne quid ni-m is. L.- 
Pursue nothing too much or 
too far; too much of one thing 
Is good for nothing. Ne recipia- 
tur. L.-That it be not received. 

Ne sUtoa IiLtha ci\epidani.l. 

-Let the shoemaker Stic k to 

his last. Ne u-nques accouple 

L.- A plea by which the partyde 
nies that he was ever lawfully-mar¬ 
ried to the person to whom it refers. 
Ne varietur.L.-That it be not 
changed; change it not. Ni¬ 
hil. L.-No thing ; a sheriff’s re¬ 
turn. Nihil ad rem. L.-No th¬ 
ing to the thing; without pur 
pose. Nihil capiat per breve. L.- 
That he take nothing by.the writ. 
Nihil debit. L.-He is not indebted. 
Nihil dic.it. L.-He says nothing.Ni¬ 
hil habuit._L.-He has nothing.Ni¬ 
hil Habu.it in tetiementis. L.- A 
plea to be pleaded in an action 
of debt only. 

NIL ADNU^AfN. l .-To wonder 
at nothing. Nal debit. L.-He is 
not indebted; a general issuein 
an action for debt. Nil debit 
in assumpsit. L.-He is.not in¬ 
debted in assumpsit. Nil desper- 
andu-m. L.-Nothing to be des¬ 
paired of; never despair.Nil di- 
cet. L.-He says noth ing.Nil si- 
tic Numine. L. -Nothing with¬ 
out God. VWVoVVo ok CoNoxaAoVNi 
I’u-n ni rautre. Fr.-Neither th€ 
one nor the other. 


374 





















t^lh/VIS PO^T/^.L.-Too -much a 
Poet. Nimiutn tie crede colon'. L.- 

Trust -not too much to appearan 
ces. N’importe.Fr.-It matters 
not. Nisi Dominusfrustra.L.- 
Un less the Lord be with us, all our 
toil is in vain. Nisi prius.L.-Un- 
less before,—applied to courts for 
the purpose of holding trials by 
jury. Nitor in adversum. L.— 1 
strive against opposition. Nobis 
iudicibus. L.—In our opinion. 
Noblesse oblige. Fr.-Rank has its 
obligations; much isrightly ex¬ 
pected of one of high birth or station. 

^OtE^S VOLE(sfS. L.-Whether 
he will or not. Noli me tangere. 
L.-Do not touch me.Nolle pro¬ 
sequi . L.-To be unwilling to pro¬ 
ceed; discontinuance of further 
proceedings, as in criminal cases. 
Now de guerre. Fr.-Na'me of war; 
an assumed name on enterino the 
army.Now de plume, Fr.-Name 
of pen; an assumed title, as by a 
Jiterary person. Nomen getieral- 
issimuw. L.--A most universal 
term, as land. Noniinatim. L.-By 
name; expressly. Nomine poeuae.L. 
In the nature of a penalty. 

UMB^. L.-The shad- 
ow of a name. Non assumpsit.L.- 
He did not undertake; he has not 
promised. Non assumpsit infra 
sex annos. L.-He has not promis¬ 
ed within six years. Non cepit. 
L.-He did not take; a plea rising 
in the general issue in an action 
of replevin. Non cowpos mentis. 
L.-Not sound of wind, memory, or 
understanding. Non concessit.L.- 
He did not grant.Non constat.L- 
It does not appear; it is not plain. 
Non culpalibu. L.-Not guilty. 

Kotf DAMNIFIC/VTbS.L.-Not 
jnjured or damnified. Non dew- 
isit. L.-He did not demise.Non de¬ 
tin et. L.-He does not detain ; a 
plea by way of traverse. Non est 
factum. L.-Not his deed; a p lea 
by way of traverse. Non est in- 
yentus. L.-He has not been found, 
— a sheriff’s return.Non est 
tanti. L.-lt is not of so much val¬ 
ue, or is not worth while.Non ex 
quovis lingo Mercurius fit. L.- 
Not out of every log a Mercuri- 
us is made; not every one can 
be trained to be a scholar. 

L|BS^T. L.-lt does not please. 
Non liquet, L.-lt is not clear, or 
does not appear. Non mi ricor- 
do. It.-I do not remember. Non 
multa,sed rnultum. L.— Not 
many, but much. Non nobis. 
L.-Not to us; the first words of 
the Latin version of the M 5 th 
Psalm. Non obstante. L.-Notwith¬ 
standing. Non obstante veredicto. 
L.-Notwithstanding the verdict. 
Non omnia possumu-s ownes. 
L.-We are not all able to do everything. 

OIVlKlS MOF\l AK-L.-lshall 
not wholly die. Non prosequit¬ 
ur. L.-He does not pursue; abb. 
Ucm '{xos. Non quo,sed quomo- 
do. L.-Not by whom,but in what 
manner. Non sequifur.L.— It 
does not follow; an unwarrant- 
ed conclusion. Non sibi sed pa¬ 
triae. L.-Not for him self but for 
his country. Non sum inform- 
atus.L.-l aw not informed.Non 
tenuit. L.-He did not hold or 
occupy. Nosce teipsum.L.-Know 
thyself. Noscitur e sociis.L.-He 
is known by his corn pan ions.Nos 
tro periculo. L.-At our own risk. 
^JOT/\ BEJvlE. L.- Note well;take 
notice; afrb. N.B. Notanda.L.- 
Matters requiring notice. No- 
t-re-Dawe. Fr.-Our Lady.N’ou- 
bliez pas. Fr.-Oo notforcet.Nous 
avons change' tout cela. Fr.- 
We have changed all that.Nous 
■\Verrons. Fr.-We shall see. No* 
\va custom a. L.-An impo- 
^\sition or duty.Novissi- 
EH verba.L.-The 

^vjast word s, as of 
person just 

L.- ||f 

new w awX* 

one having ris^x^ |=d 

en from the ranksj\. 
the first one o f a^\^ 1^11 

family that has beerm^^ 
ennobled.Novi howinesN, 
L.-Ncw men. Nuance.Fr.-&ra>x 
dation; shade; tint.Nudum pac¬ 
tum. L.-A contract made with¬ 
out consideration,and therefore void. 
NUG-/E. C/\NOf\/E.. L.-Mere sing 
song without meaning. Nulla 
bona. L.-No goods. Nulla dies.L.- 
No day.Nulli secundus.L.-Second 
to none. Nullius filius. L.—The 
son of nobody; a bastard. Nul¬ 
lius in bonis. L.- In the goods 
of no one; the property of no 

aVt nIingJUam* l.— 

Now or never. Nunc pro tunc. 
L.-Now for then. Nunquam 
ad liquidum fama perducitur. 
L.-Fame never reports things 
in their true light. Nutiquam 
indebitatus. L.-Never indebted. 
Nunquaw non paratus. L.- 
Never unprepared^ always 
ready. N uper obiif. L.-He, or 
she, lately died. 

/|\BIIT. L.-He or she died.Obiter 
dictum. L.- A thing said by the 
way, or incidentally. Oblatio.L.- 
Money tendered by a debtor to 
a creditor in payment of a debt. 
Obsta principiis.L.-Resist the 
first beginnings. Occupavit. L.- 
A.writ that lay for him who was 
ejected from his freehold in time 
of war. Octo tales. L.-Eight such; 
a writ issued by the sheriff. Ode- 
rint modo metuant. L — Let 
them hate so long as they fear. 

Odi profanum vulgus.L.-l hate 
the vulgar throng. 

ODlllNl THE0L00 ICIjNI.L.-A 
theological hatred or rancor, as 
between divines of different o- 
pin ions. CEil de boeuf. Fr.— A 
bull’s eye. Off icier d’ordonatice. 
Fr.-An orderly officer.Offici- 
na L.-The workshop 

of the nations^or of the world. 
Officina justitiae. L.-The work¬ 
shop or office of justice. OHe! 
jam satis est. L.-Holloa! there 
is now enough of this. O imi- 
tatores, servum pecus! L.- 0 
imitators,, a servile herd! 

Ot ITOKhOl (Hoi polloi).Gr.-The 
many; the rabble. 0 lepidum 
Caput! L.-O you charming fel¬ 
low ! Gmne ignotum pro mag- 
nifico. L.-Everything^nknown 
is thought to be magnir icent.Om 
ne solum forti patria.L;-To a 
brave man, every land is his coun¬ 
try. Omnia bona bonis.L.-To 
the good al 1 things are good. Om¬ 
nia performavit. L.-lte has done 
well,-a plea in bar. Omnia vin- 
cit amor. L.-Love conquers all 
things. Omnia vincit labor. 
L.-Labor overcomes all things. 

OlS^NlUlVl- L.-A term signify¬ 
ing the aggregate value_ of the 
different stocks^ in which a loan 
is funded. Omnium gatherum. 

L.-Of all things a collection^ 
heterogeneous collection of ar¬ 
ticles. On dit. Fr.-They say; a 
flying rumor. OnerarT tioti.L.- 
Ought not to be burdened. On- 
cris ferersdi. L.-Of bearing a 
burden. Onus probandi.L.-The 
burden of proving. Operae pre- 
tium est. L.-lt is worth one’s 
while. Opera omnia. L.—- A 11 
the works. 

OPPHOBF\ll)Nl IVIED ICO HbM L.- 

The reproach of medical men- 
said of a disease for which they 
have failed to find a remedy or 
remedies. Opum furiatacupi- 
do. L.-An irresisti ble craving af¬ 
ter wealth. Ora e sempre. It.- 
Now and always. Ora et labo- 
ra. L.-Pray and work.Ora pro 
nobis. L.- Prayfor us.Orator 
fit, poeta nascitur. L.-The or¬ 
ator is made, but the poet is so 
from nature,oris born. 



375 
































Of\E F\ 9 T\jKD 0 . L.-With a round] 
fu.ll voice. Ore letius .L.-Ora 11 y, 
verbally. Origo mail. L.— The 
source of the evil. Origo malor- 
um. L.-The source of the evils. Os 
a ronger. Fr.-A bone to pick or 
9iiaw; something to do. Os dur- 
utti. L.-A brazen-faced or impu¬ 
dent fellow. O si sic omnia. L.-O 
that; He had always done or spoken 
so! Os sublime. L.-A countenance 
sublime; a lofty aspect. O tempo¬ 
ral O -mores ! L.- O the times! 

0 the manners!-Refers to the 
changed times,and the laxity 
of men’s manners. 

0TIIMV\ CbNl DIGtfIT/tfE. L.-Ease 
with dignity; dignified I e is u re; 
the pleasures of freedom from 
business, with dignity of social 
position. Otium sine dignitate. 
L.-Ease without dignity; thepleas- 
ures of retirement from business 
without any dignity. Oubliette. 
Ft.- Dungeon of a castle.Oui dire. 
Fr.-Hearsay. Ouster le main. 
Fr.-To take out of the hand. Ou¬ 
tre. Fr.-Out of the common course, 
or extravagant. Ouvrier. Fr. 4 A 
workman; an artisan. 

cSj/VCE* T\J/V- L. -With thy leave 

JJT or permission. Pacta conventa. 

L.-Conditions agreed upon.Pac- 
te defamille.Fr.-A family agree¬ 
ment or compact. Pactum illsci- 
tu-m.L.-An unlawful agreement 
or compact. Pais. Fr.-Countrw. 
Pallida -mors. L.-Pale death. Pal- 
mam qui meruit ferat. L.—Let 
him wmo has won the palm bear 
it. Papier machee. Fr.-Chewed or 
mashed paper; a hard substance 
made of a pulp from rags or paper. 
Par. Fr.- State of equality; equal. 

P A.H/VPHEFtN/^.Gr.-G-oo<fs bought 
by a wife over and above her dower. 
Paratum habeo. L.-l have ready. 
Par ci par la. Fr.-Here and there; 
now and then. Parens patriae. 
L.-Father of his country. Pares. 
L.-A man’s equals. Par excell¬ 
ence. Fr.-By way of eminence; 
pre-eminently. Par exemple.Fr.- 
For example. Par hasard. Fr.— By 
chan ce. Pari delicto. LIn a sim- 
ilar offense or crime. Pari mate¬ 
ria. L.-Of the same matter. Pari 
passu. L.-ln the same degree or 
proportion. 

PAHi HAtioKe. L. - By parity of 
reasoning. Par le droit du plus 
■fort. Fr.-By the right of the strong 
est. Par maniere d’acquit. Fr.-By 
way of discharge; carelessly.Parne- 
QOtiiq neque supra. L.-Neither a 
bove nor below his business; the 
right man in the right place.Par 
nobile fratruw.LA noble pair 
of brothers. Parole d’honneur.Fr. 
-Word of honor. Pai^ magna.L.- 
A great part; the mainspring orstay. 
Pars pro toto.L.- A part for the 
whole. 


Paas aatioKabilis. L.- Reason: 

able part. Partes finis nil habu- 
erunt. L.-The parties to the fine 
had nothing. Particeps crimi- 
nis. L.-A^partner in crime. Par- 
tie carre'e. Fr.-A party square- 
two ladies and two gentlemen.Par- 
turiunt montes nasceturridic- 
ulus mus. L.-The mountains are 
in labor and will only produce 
a laughter-exciting mouse. Par¬ 
tus. L.-A child just born. Parva 
cotnpotim magnis. L.-To com¬ 
pare small things with great. 
Parvenu. Fr.-An upstart; one 
newly risen into notice. 

PA& A PAS* Fr.-Step by step.Pas- 
se. Fr.-Past; out of use.Passe-par¬ 
tout. Fr.-A master-key. Passe- 
port de wet. Fr.-A sea-passport. 
Passim. L.-Every where. Pater 
familias. L.-Father of a fami I y. 
Pater-na paternis. L.-The fath¬ 
er’s to the father’s. Pater noster. 
L.-Our Father; the Lord’s prayer. 
Pater patriae. L.-Father of 
his country.Patois. Fr.- 
Dialect of the lower 
classes. Patres con¬ 
script!. L.-Con- 
script fath¬ 
ers; Ro¬ 
man 



sena-\ • 

tors. Pa- 
tria. L.-The 
country.Pat ria 
potestas.L.-The pa 
ternal power.Patris est 
filius. L.-He is the son of 
his father; a chip of the o I d 
block. Patruus. L.- A father’s 
brother. 

PAllCIS VeABIS . L.-In few words. 
Pax in bello . L.-Peace in w ar. 
Pax re a is. L.-The peace of the king. 
Pax vobiscum. L.-Peace be with 
you. Pays Latin. Fr.- The Latin 
territory or district. Peccavi.L.- 
I have sinned. Pecunia nuwera- 
ta. L.-Money given to pay a debt. 
Pedagiutti. L.- Money paid for the 
passing of foot or horse through 
a country. Pedis posito. L.-T he 
placing of the foot. 

P^DIS fOSS^SSlO . L.-An actual 
possession. Peine forte et dure. 
Fr.-A punishment called "press¬ 
ing to death.’’ Penchant.Fr.-ln- 
clination; I iking. Penates. L.-The 
househojd godsoftheRotnans.Pen- 
dente lite. L.-While the suit is 
pending. Pensee. Fr.-Thought.Per 
aetatem. L.- By reason of one’s age. 
Per aevutn. L.-For ever. Per an¬ 
num . L.-By the year. Per autre 
vie.Fr.-For the life of another. 


P£A CAPITA. L. -By the head or 
polls. Per centum. L.-By the hun 
dred. Per conto. lt.-Upon account. 
Per contra. L.-Contrariwise.Per 
curiam. L.-By the court.Per di¬ 
em. L.-By the day. Per far ef- 
fetto. It.-To do anything in style. 
Per fas et nefas. L.-Through right 
and wrong. Perferviduw ingetii- 
urn. L.-The very ardent disposi¬ 
tion. Per formam doni. L.-By 
the form of the gift. Pergradus. 
L.-Step by step. Periculum in 
mora. L.- Danger in delay. 

P^A iffCUAiAM* L. -Through care 
lessness. Per infortuniuw.L.-By 
misadventure. Per legem ter-rae. 
L.-By the law of the land.Per mi* 
as. L.-By threats. Per my et per 
tout. Fr.-Bythe moiety (Half) 
and by the whole. Pernicibus a- 
iis. L.-With swift wings.Per pa¬ 
is. Fr.-By the country. Perpet- 
uum mobile. L.-Perpetual mo¬ 
tion. Per plures. L.-By the ma¬ 
jority. Per quod. L ; -Where by. 
Per quod consortium amisit. 
L.-By which he lost her company. 

PE^A SAl-TUM-L.-By a leap or 
jump. Perse. L.-By or of itself. 
Per se aut per alium. L.-By him¬ 
self or by another. Persona in¬ 
grata. L.-A disagreeable person. 
Personnel. Fr.-Body of persons 
employed in some public service. 
Per stirpes. L.-Trunk or root; by 
the right of ancestry.Pertotam 
curiam. L.-By the whole court. 
Per varios casus. L.-Through va¬ 
rious misfortunes. Per verba de 
futuro.L.-By words of futureac- 
ceptation. Petit bourgeois. Fr.-A 
little (second-rate) citizen. 

P^TIT^S AFF|CH^S. Fr. _Adver 
tisements. Petitio principle L.-A 
begging of the question.Petit lit¬ 
terateur. Fr.-A.dabbler in liter¬ 
ature. Petit mait-re. Fr.-A fop 
or dandy. Petits soins. Fr.-Little 
cares or attentions. Peu-a-peu.Fr. 
-Little by little. Peu dec hose. Fr. 
- A trifle. Phoenix literarum. L.- 
A Phoenix of literature.Picce de 
position. Fr.-Heavy gu-n.Piece de 
resistance. Fr.-Solid joint; strong 
point. Pied-a-terre.Fr.-A tempo¬ 
rary abode. Pignus. L.- A pawn. 

P(NXIT. l. -He painted it.Pjrou- 
ette. Fr.-A dancing whirLPis al¬ 
ter. Fr.-A last shift.Placita com- 
wutiia. L.-Common pleas.Placita 
coronae. L.-Pleas of the crown. 
Placita juris, L.-Arbitrary laws. 
Placitum. L.-Agreement; acourt. 
Plebs. L.-Common people. PJena 
f/des. L.-Full credit.Plena jure.L. 
-With full authority.Plene ad¬ 
min istravit. L.-He has fully ad¬ 
ministered. Plene computavit. 
L.-He has fully accounted.Plex- 
us.L.-A network. Poco apoco. 
It.-Little by little. Poco curante. 
It.-Little caring; negligent. 


376 




























POCO Dl IN/\ATTO.It. A slight tinge 
°f madness. Poeta Mascitur, -tioti 
fit. L.-A poet is born, not made. — 
Point d’appui. Fr.-A prop or poi nt 
of support. Pondere,r»on wumero 
L.-By weight, not by number, Poriit 
se. L.-Puts himself. Pons asino- 
rum. L.- Bridge of asses,-a name 
yiven to the fifth proposition of 
the first book of Euclid. Pontife* 
waxitMus. L.- The chief priest,* a ti 
tie of the pope, Popularis au.ra.l_. 
Popular favor. Populus vu.lt deci- 
pi. L.-People wish to be deceived. 
-Posse . L.-A possibility. 

ross^ corv\n7vrUs. L.-The P o W 

er of the country. Possessio fra- 
tris . L.-The brother’s possession. 
Post be! I urn auxilium. L He 1 p 
after the danger or difficu-lty 
Has been passed. Post diem.L.- 
After the day. Postea. L. - After- 
wards; an indorsement on a -y\V 
sa^Vwvs record. Poste restatite.Fr 
-A post office department where 
letters lie until called for. Post 
hoc. L.- After this (circumstance) 
Post hoc ergo propter hoc. L.- Af¬ 
ter this, therefore on account of 
this,-applied to a line of aryument. 
POSTLjT^rvi r^OTAM- L - After 
the commencement of the suit. 
Post meridiem. L.- Ater noon 
or mid-day. Post mortem. L. Af 
ter death. Post nati . L. Born af 
ter, as the second, etc., birth. Post 
obituw. L.- After death. Post ptati- 
diurti. L.- After a meal. Post te- 
tiebras lux. L.- After darkness 
(comes) light. Postulatio. L.-The 
first act in a criminal proceediny. 
Pot peurri. Fr. - A med ley. Pour 
e-ncourager les autres. Fr.— B y 
way of encourayement to others. 
Poll* F/\JRE Di? L’^SPRIT.Fr.- 
To show off one’s wit. Pour Zaire 
rire. Fr.-To excite laughter. Pour¬ 
parler. Fr.-An oral treaty; a con¬ 
sultation. Pour passer letemps. 
Fr.-To pass away the time. Pour 
Prendre conge'. Fr. To take leave. 
Pour toujours. Fr.-For always, 
or ever. Praecipe. L.-A slip of pa 
per containing the particulars of 
a writ. Praecipe quod reddat.L.- 
Command him to return. Prae¬ 
tor. L.-An officer at Rome. 
PR/E.rVUAyilVrtrriS.L. The re¬ 
ward of virtue. Praemomitus prae 
munitus. L.- Fore warned (is) 
forearmed. Precieuse. Fr.-A con 
ceited or affected woman. Pre¬ 
set. Fr.-A French superior may 
istrate. Premier pas. Fr.-First 
step; beginning. Prescripturti.L.- 
(A thing) prescribed. Pretiosa sup- 
ellex. L.-Costly furniture. P reti - 
um affectionis.L. -An imaginary 
value put upon a thing by the fan¬ 
cy of the owner. Preu* chevalier. 
Fr.- A brave knight.Priwa donna. 
It.-The first lady; the chief female 
singer of the Italian opera. 

Pf\IIV(A F/^CIE^. L.-On t he first 

view (of the matter). Prima -ma¬ 
teria. L.-The first material. P-ri- 
ma tonsun. L.-The right to the 
first crop. Primi pensieri. It.-The 
first thoughts. Primurti mobile. 
L.- The first movement; the main 
spring. Primus inter pares. L ; - 
Chief or firsts among equals.Priti- 
cipia,non homines. L.-Principles, 
not men. Principiisobsta.L.-Re 
sist the first beginnings. Pro 
amita. L.- A great-grandfather’s 
sister ; a great aunt. Pro aris 
et focis. L.-For our alters and 
firesides. 

PF\OAVlA L.-A great-grandmoth 
er. Proavunculus. L.- A great¬ 
grandmother’s brother. Proa- 
vus. L.-A great grand father. Pro- 
batuw est. L.-lt is proved. Probi- 
tas laudatur et alget. L.-Honesty 
is praised and is uncherished. Pro 
bono publico. L.-For the public 
good. Procedendo. L.-A kind 
of writ. Proces verbal. Fr. 
Sp A written statement. 

v ^\Pro con/esso.L.- As 
r ^\Confessed. Procu- 

tg 

rics 

another a suit?\. ' 

Pro eo quod L.->\ ^ 

For this,that; an af-^s. ail 

firmation. Pro etcon-Lx^” 3 
For and against.Pro/anuni^^ 
vuigus. L.-The rude multitude. 
PROFERT IfJf Cl)RI/\. L.-He pro 
duces in court. Pro Torma. L.- 
For form’s sake. Pro forma 
tantum. L.-For form’s sake on¬ 
ly. Pro hac vice.^L.- On this occa 
sion. Pro indiviso. L.-For an 
undivided part. Pro interest© 
suo. L.-According to his interest. 
Proh pudor! L.-Oh, for shame! 
Prolibertate patriae. L.-For the 
liberty of one’s country. 

PRO IV(EIVlOf\l/\. L.-For a memo¬ 
rial. Pronepos.L. -Great-grand son. 
Protieptis. L.- A great-grand daugh 
ter; a niece’s dauyhter.Protiu.rus. 
L.-The wife of a great grandson 
Propaganda Tide. L.-For propa¬ 
gating the faith. Pro patria. L.- 
For our country. Propria perso¬ 
na. L.- In his own person. Pro- 
pria quae maribus. L.-Things 
appropriate or peculiar to males 
or men, or to husbands. Proprio 
motu. L.- Of his own free-will; 
spontaneously . 

PROPTER DRF^CTUlVl L.-On 

account of or for some defect. 
Propter hoc. L.-On account of 
this (circumstance).Propterquod. 
L.-On account of which(circum- 
stance).Pro querente. L.-For 
the plaintiff. Pro rata. L.— In 
proportion. Pro rege ©t patria. 
L.-For king and country. Pro 
rege, greye, lege. L.-For the king, 
the people, and the law. Pro re 
nata. L.-For the existing oc¬ 
casion; special. Pro salute an- 
i-mae. L.-For the health of the 
sou 1 or mind. 

PROSOC^RllS. L.-A wife’s grand¬ 
mother. Pro tanto. L.-For so 
much. Pro tempore. L.—For 
the time ( being). Front patet 
per recordum. L.- 1 t appears 
by the record,- used in plead¬ 
ing. Puis darrien continu¬ 
ance. L.-Since the last adjourn¬ 
ment. Puisne. L.-Younger; jun¬ 
ior-applied to inferior judges. 
Punica Tides. L.-Punic faith; 
treachery. Pur autre vie.Fr.- 
For another’s life. 

/fvllA* L.-So far as. © v uadratis. 

TOJ L.— Fourth part of the whole. 

Q^uae est eadem. L.- Which 
is the same. G^uaere. L.-Inquiry 
ought to be made about a doubt 
ful thing. €(uaeretis non in - 
venit plegium. L.- The plain¬ 
tiff has not found pledge,-a sher 
iff’s return. G^ualis ab incep- 
to. L.-The same as at the begin¬ 
ning. (\uatndiu se bene ges- 
serit. L.-During good behavior, 
©yuando acciderint. L.-When 
they fall in. Quantum damtii- 
ficatus. L.- As much as the dam- 
age. 

©^ANTiirvi Libet. l.- a s 

much as you please.Quantum 
meruit. L.-As much as he de 
serves. Quantum mutatus ab 
alio! L.- How changed from wjiat 
he was! ©uantum sufficit. L.- 
As much as is sufficient.Ruan- 
tum valeat. L.-As much as it 
is worth. G(uare clausum Tre- 
git. L.-Wherefore he_ broke the 
close. G(uare impedit. L.-Why 
he hinders. ©,uare obstruxit. 
L.-Why he obstructs. ©Quarto 
die post. L.-Fourth day after 
(the return of a writ). 

©i\i/\SI. L.- As if; in a manner. 
Qurelque chose. Fr.- A tr i f le; 
something. 0 v uid pro quo. L.- 
One thing for another; equiv¬ 
alents. ©^u.id rides ? L.-Why do 
you laugh? ©quietus. L.-Freed 
or acquitted. G(u.i Tacit peral- 
ium, Tacit per se. L.-He who does 
a thing by the agency o>f anoth¬ 
er, does it himself. Ruiscusto- 
diet ipcos custodes? L.—Who 
shall guard ^the keepers them¬ 
selves? C\u.i tam. L.-Who(su.es) 
as well. 


377 
















Qlll TIKAET. L.-Because he /ears. (*ui 
transtulit, sustinet. L.-He who trans¬ 
planted, still sustains. VYKoWo Qjow- 
wacVxcuX^. G^ui vive? Ft:-Who goes 
there ?^u.o ad. L.-As I0T19 as; as 
far or much as. Quoad civilia.L. 
-As far as regards civil rights and 
benefits. Quoad Hoc._L.-As Far 
as this. Quoad omnia. L.-As far 
as regards all things. Quoad sa¬ 
cra . L.- As far as regards s acred 
things. Quoad ultra.L.— As re¬ 
gards the rest; admitting a part 
and denying the rest. 

QUOQD VQLOREIv/l. L.-As re 
gards its real value.Quo animo. 
L.-With what intent. Quocun- 
que modo. L.-ln whatsoever 
way. Quod computet. L.-That 
he account. Quod cum. L.-For 
that whereas. Quod erat dem¬ 
onstrandum. L.-Which was to 
be demonstrated. Quod erat fa¬ 
ciendum . L.-Which was to be done. 
Quod_ vide. L.-Which see. Quod 
permittat. L.-That he perm it. 
Quod permittat prosternere. 
L.-That he give_ permission to 
demolish.Quod jure.L.-Bu what right. 

QUOD F\^C\JPQF\ET. L.-That he 
recover. Quorum . L.-Of whom; 
a sufficient number to transact 
business. Quorum pars.L.—Of 
whom apart; a part of whom, 
as of a nation. Quos Deus vu.lt 

perdere prius demenfat.L.- 

Whom God wishes to destroy He 
first deprives of their reason. 
Quot homines,tot sententiae. 
L.-As many men, so many opim 
ions. Quousque. L.-How long; 
how far.Quo warranto.L.— By 
what authority; a hind of writ. 

t .QBIDO O^E. L.-With rabid 
mouth,or railing invective. 
Raison d’etre.Fr.-Reason of 
its being or existing. F\ara avis.L. 
- A rare bird; a prodigy,or some¬ 
thing very unusual.Rechauffe. 
Fr.-Heated again, as food; stale. 
Recto.L.-A writ of right.Rectus 
in curia.L.-Right in court.Recu- 
eil. Fr.-Collection. Reddendum.L. 
- To pay; to yield; a clause in a 
deed. Reddidit se. L.-He has ren¬ 
dered himself. Redivivus.L.-That 
lives again; a likeness of any one 
who lived before. 

H^DOL^T LUcQqnq. L.-lt is red 
olentofa lamp;_it bears traces of 
a laborious finishing. Reductio 
ad absurdum. L.-Reduction to 
an absurdity (of a position).Regi- 
am majestatem.L.-A collection 
of the ancient laws of Scotland. 
Regina. L.-The queen. Regis ad 
cxemplum. L.-After the exam¬ 
ple of the king. Qegiurti domtm. 
L.-A royal gift. Regnant populi. 
L.-The people rule.\YkoVfco Kr- 
Vav\s,asA. Regulae generates.L-— 
General rules. 


F\^ ltfF£CT/\. L.-The. business 
being unfinished. Reipublicae sa- 
lus suprema lex. L.-The. imme- 
d ijate safety of the State is the 
h.ighest lavy. Religio loci. L.-The 
religious spirit of the place.Relig¬ 
io tern por is. L.-The religion of 
the time. Rem actu tetigisti.L. 
-You have touched the thing with 
the needle, i.e., hit the nai I on 
the head. Remis velisque. L . — 
With oars and sails; putting forth 
every exertion. Remi-ttit da+n- 
na . L.-He releases damages.Re¬ 
mittitur. L.-To restore or send 
back. 

QEf'fOFVtlVlEE. Fr.-Renown or 
fame. Rente viagere. Fr.-An an¬ 
nuity for life. Reparatione fa- 
cienda. L.-A writ which lay in 
for repairs. Reponse sans rep- 
lique. Fr.-An answer not ad¬ 
mitting of a reply. Requiescat 
in pace. L.-May he rest in peace. 
Res.L.-Things. Res adjudicata. 
" L.-Things decided. Res adver- 
" sae.L.-Adversity.Res alius 
modi. L.-A thing of an¬ 
other kind. Res an- 
gust a domi. L.- 
\Narrow cir¬ 


cumstan¬ 
ces at 



Home;' 
poverty. 

Res bonae.L. 

-Good fortune.^ 

Res caduca.L.—A 
thing escheated. Res 
communes.L.-l hings 
in common to all. Rescous 
L.-A rescue. Res est sacra miser. 
L.- A suffering person is a sacred 
object. 

QQs GQSTTE.. l. -Oeeds;exploits. 
Residuum . L.-The remainder.Res 
im mobiles. L.-Immovable things. 
Res incognitae. L.-Things unknown; 
-matters of which we can have no 
knowledge. Res integra. L.-An en¬ 
tire thing ; entirely new or un¬ 
touched matter. Res inter ali¬ 
os acta.L.-Acts or transactions 
between others. 

QE(S JUDICQTA.L.- A case t hat 
has been decided. Res magna.L. 
-A great or ample fortune. Res, 
non verba. L.-Deeds,not words. 
Res -nova. L.-Something new. Res 
nullius. L.-A thing haying no 
owner. Res periit domino. L.- 
The thing is. lost To the owner. 

'Respice, aspice, prqspice.L.-Look 
back, look at, look forwards; look 
into the past, look at the present, 
look into the future. 


FltfEM-L.-Looktothe 
end; consider well theconscquen 
ces. Respondeat. L.-Let him an 
swer. Respondeat ouster.L.-That 
he answer oyer. Respondentia. 
L.-A conditional loan.of money 
uponthecargo of a ship.Respon- 
dere non debit. L.-Ought not 
to reply,-a prayer in pleading 
Responsa prudentum.L.-Opin 
ions given by Roman lawyers.Re- 
sponsalis. L.-One who appears 
for another.Res privatac. L.— 
Things,the property of one o_r 
more individuals. Res publi- 
cae. L.-Things,the propertyof 
the State. 

RE*S QELlGlOS/E. L.-Things per 
taining to religion. Res sacrae. 
L.-Things publicly consecrated. 
Res sanctae. L.-Things protect¬ 
ed against injury of man. Res’- 
secundae.L.- Prosperity; pros¬ 
perous things. Res severae.L.-Se 
vere pursuit^; business.Restitu 
tio in integram. L.-The rescind¬ 
ing of a contract. Resume. Fr. 
-A summing up; recapitulation. 
Res universatis. L.-Things be 
longing to municipal corpora¬ 
tions. 

Q^SUQGQM.L.-lshall rise a- 
gain.Hetorna b-revium.L.-Re¬ 
turn of writs by sheriffs and 
bailiffs. Retorno habendo.L.- 
A writ to compel the return 
of property to the owner. Re¬ 
traxit. L.-He withdraws.Reus. 
L.-A party to a suit. Revenons 
a. nos moutons.Fr.-Let us 
return to our sheep (subject). 
Re vera. L.-ln the true mat¬ 
ter; in truth. Revocare gra- 
dum. L.-To retrace one’s steps. 

REVOCQTljQ. L.-Recall of a 
j udgment for an error in fact. 
Rex. L.-The king. Rex convivii. 
L.-The king of the banquet; the 
chairman at a feast. Rex re- 
gum. L.- king of kimos. Rex 
vini. L.-The king.of wine; mas¬ 
ter of the revels.Rien ne pese 
tatit qu’un secret.Fr.-Nothiny 
weighs so much as a. secret. R1- 
en passa par le fait. Fr.-Noth- 
ing passes by the deed,-a plea. 
Rifacimento. It.-Renewal; re¬ 
establishment. 

QIPQ.L .-The banks of a river. 
Rixat.L.-A dispute. Rjxatrix. 
L.- A common scold. Rixatur 
de lana caprina. L.-He wran 
gles about goats’ woo I (trifles). 
Robe de charribre. Fr.-A dress¬ 
ing or morning gown. Robur 
et corporis et animi. L.-The 
strength of both the body and 
the mind. Rota. L.— A court; 
a court of appeals at Rome. Ro- 
ture.Fr.-The commonalty .Ro- 
turier. Fr.-A commoner. Rou¬ 
leau. Fr.- A little roll. 


378 










































C(E\.\jb/l. L.-Let heaven fall 
down. Rubor efflorescens. L.-The 
efflorescence or crimson blush. 
Rudis indigestaque moles. L.-A 
-raw and indigested mass. Ruse 
contre ruse.Fr.-A stratagem against 
a stratagem. Ruse de guerre. Fr.- 
A stratagem of war. Ruse doub- 
lee de Force. Fr.-Fraud lined 
with violence. Rus in urbe. L.- 
The country in -the town. Rus- 
ticus abnormis sapiens. L.— A 
rustic wise without rule;a peas¬ 
ant who is a philosopher with 
out the principles derived from 
study. ) 

V/^T^S. L.—The sacred 
prophet or bard. Sacra itidig- 
natio . L.-Sacred _or excessive 
indignation. Saevitia.L.-Cruelty. 
Sain et sauf. Fr.-Safe and sound. 
Sal Atticum. L.- Attic salt; i.e., 
wit. Salle. Fr.-A hall. Salle a 
manger. Fr.-A room for eating; 
a dinin9-hall.Sal0n.Fr.-An a- 
partment for company ; a fash¬ 
ionable party or society. Salus 
popuii eupretna est lex. L. -The 
safety and welfare of the people 
is the highest law.\VNoVXiO o<t xVe. 
‘oX-aXe oS VN\v»o\vyV\ . 

S/VLVO jllF*E. L.-With uninjur¬ 
ed right; saving the right. Sanc- 
tum sanctorum. L. -The holy of 
holies. Sanctum .L.- Contracted 
form of preceding, signifying a 
“place for private use,”as the 
Study of a 1 iterary man, the 
private apartment of an edi¬ 
tor, etc. Sans ceVemonie. Fr.- 
Without ceremony; in a home¬ 
ly, friendly way. Sans doute.Fr. 
-Without doubt; undoubtedly. 
Sans Fagon. Fr.-Without cere¬ 
mony. Sans nombre. Fr.-With¬ 
out number. 

S/VKS P^lif*. Fr.-Without fear. 
Sans tecours. Fr.-Without re¬ 
course. Sans reproche.Fr.-With- 
out reproach. Sans rime et sans 
raison. Fr.-Without rhyme and 
reason. Sapere aude. L.-Dare to 
be wise; follow steadily' the pur 
suit of knowledge, however f or- 
midable the difficulties which 
may lie in your path. Sapien- 
tem pascere bar bam. L.— Tocul 
tivate a philosophic beard-long 
flowing beards having been sup 
posed to indicate \N\s&o-*n among 
the Romans. 

S/VPi^NTbls/l OCT/tyllS. L.-The 
eighth of the Wise Men (who 
were seven in number)-said 
ironically of an individual of 

-pretentious wisdom. Sardoni- 
us risue. L.-Sardonic laughter; 
unnatural or forced laughter. 
Sartor resartus. L.-The. tailor 
or cobbler mended. Sat cito, si 
sat bene. L.-Done quickly enough, 
if well done. Satis eloquentiae, 
sapientiae parum. L.-Eloquence 
enough, but 1 ittle wisdom or 
prudence. 

S/\JIS SVlPEKGCllE.L. -Enough and 
more (than enough). Satis ver- 
borum . L.-Enoug h of words. 
Sat pu.lchra,si sat bona.L.-Fair 
enough, if good enough. Sauces 
piquantes. Fr.-Piquant sauces. 
Sauve qui peut. Fr.-Save h im 
self who can. Savoir. # Fr.-Learn¬ 
ing; scholarship. Savoir-Faire. 
Fr.-Dexterity; abi 1 ity .Savoir-vi- 
vre. Fr.-G-ooa-breeding; manners. 
Sc and alum magnatuiti.L.-De 
famatory speech or writing to 
the injury of great men. Scien¬ 
ter. L.-Knovvingly; willing 1 u .- 
SCl.LlCE-T. L.-To wit; namely. 
Scintilla Juris.L.-A spark of 
law o-r right. Scire Facias.L.- 
Cause it to be known; a kind of 
writ. Scire Feci. L.-l have made 
known,-a sheriff’s re turn to 
preceding. Scire Fieri inquiry. 
L.-A writ formerly used to re¬ 
cover the amount of a j udg- 
ment from an executor. Se- 
^ance. Fr.-A sitting or session. 
^\Secretaire des c 0 tnm andc- 
.t\«ients. Ff.-A private sec- 
^\retary . Secret de la 
& Ju coined ie . Fr. — S e- 

r ^\cret of the com- 

V ■ ^\edy; every 

\bcdy’sse- 
T cret.Sec 

es or follow-^. * 

ers of a plaintiff/"''^ j j 

Secta ad futnuw/v % 

L.-Suit due a public^\^ § £ 
bake-house. Secta ad \J * 
molendrinum . L.-Service. 
arising from the usage,time^ 
out of wind, of carry in g corn 
to aparticular mill to be ground. 
SE^CT/\ G\JF\I/E. L.-Suit at court. 
Sectores. L.-Bidders at an auc¬ 
tion. Secundum. L.-According 
to; following. Secundum ar- 
tem. L.-According to art or rule; 
scientifically. Secundum na- 
turam. L.-According to nature; 
in a natural manner. Secund¬ 
um ordinem. L.-According to 
order; in an orderly manner. 
Secundum usum. L.-According 
to usage; in a manner estab¬ 
lished by custom. 

S^CXiS. L.-Otherwise. Se defen- 
dendo. L.-Defending himself; 
in self-defense. Sed per curiam. 
L.-But by the court. Selecti ju- 
dices . L.-Judges who were select¬ 
ed like our juries.Semel in an¬ 
no . L.-Once in the year. Sem¬ 
per avarus eget. L.-The miser 
always suffers want. Semper 
Felix. L.-Always fortunate. Sem¬ 
per F/delis. L.-Always faithful. 

SE(rviP^Ft L.- Al ways the 

same (person,character,or dis¬ 
position). Semper paratus.L.- 
Always ready; a plea. Senatus 
consultum. L.-A decree of the 
senate. Se non c vero, e ben 
trovato. It.- If not true, it is 
well feigned. Separaliter. L.— 
Separately. Separatim. L.-Sep¬ 
arately. Sequitur. L.-He, she,or 
it follows; a consequence. Seri¬ 
atim. L.- In a series; severally. 
Sero venientibus ossa. L.-The 
bones for those who come late. 

SO\VUlVl P^CUS. L.- A, s lavish 
herd; a servile body of imitators. 
Servus .L.-A slave. Sesquipen- 
dalia verba. L.-Words a f oot 
and a half long. Sic itur ad.as- 
tra. L.-Such is the way to im¬ 
mortality. Sic passim. L.-So in 
many places; here and there. 

Sic sedebat.L.-Thus he sat; In 
his ordinary sitting posture. 

Sic semper tyrantiis. L.-Ever 

so to tyran ts. V\AoXVo oX T\rq\w\a^. 

Sic transit gloria ttiundi. L. — 

Thus passes away the glory of 
the world; so earthly glory pass¬ 
es away. 

SIC VoU),SlC jbB^O.L.-Thus 

1 will, thus 1 order.Stc volumus. 
L.-Thus we will it. Sic vos non 
vobis. L.-Thus you do not la¬ 
bor for yourselves. Sicut ante. 
L.-.As before. Si Deus nobiscutn, 
quis contra nos? L.-lf God be 
with us, who can stand against 
us? Siecle d’or. Fr.-The age of 
gold; the gojden age. Sigillum. 
L.-A seal. S igtialewerit. Fr.-The 
written description of a person. 
Simile simili gaudet. L.—Like 
is pleased with like. 

SSMlLlA. SIMiblQUS C\ji\/xK- 
Tb2\. L.- Like things are cured 
by like things. Similiter. L.- 
Li.kewise.Si monuwentumquae 
ris,circumspice. L.-lf a mom- 
ment you seek, look around;if 
you seek a monument for him, 
look around you at his works. 
Simplex. L.-Simple or single. 
Simplex munditiis. L.-Simple 
in neatness; of unaffected el¬ 
egance. Simul cum. L.-Togeth¬ 
er with. Sine cura. L.-Without 
charge or care. Sine die. L.-With 
out naming a day for another 
meeting; postponing indefinitely. 

S.IfilE VlOC. L.-Without this.Sitie 
invidia. L.-Without envy. Sine 
odio. L.-Without hatred; with¬ 
out any feeling of animosity. 
Sine qua non . L.-Without which 
not; an indispensable condition; 
aching absolutely necessary. 

Si quaeris penin.sulam amae- 
nam, circumspice. L.-J f thou 
seekest a beautiful peninsula,be 
hold it here.oXVA\cV\\<*a\^. 
Siste, viator. L.-Stop,traveler. 

Si te fecerit securuw. L.-lf 
he make you secure. Sitienter. 

L.-Thirstily; greedily. 



379 
















Sit tibi t^haaLeVis.l.- May the 

earth lie lightly u-pon thee. Situs. 
L.-Location; situation. Si vis pa- 
cetti, para bellutti. L.- If you wish 
peace, prepare for war. Sobrietas. 
L.-Moderate in drinking; sobriety. 
Socer. L.-The father of one’s wife. 
Soeu-rs de charite. Fr.-Sisters of 
charity.Soit droit fait al partie. 
Fr.-Let right be done to the par¬ 
ty. Soi-disant. Fr.-Self-sty led. 
Sola-men. cu.raru.rn . L.-A solace 
or consoler of one’s cares. Sol- 
ares. Sp. - Lots of ground.Sola¬ 
tium . L. -Compensation. 

SoLi D^O gLof\i/\. l.- G-l ory to 
G-od only. Solvit ad diem.L.-He 
paid at the day. Solvit post di¬ 
em. L.-He paid after the day. 
Son assault demesne.-His own 
first assault. Sots. L.-A lot; for¬ 
tune, chance; principal. Soub- 
rette.Fr.-An intriguing wo¬ 
man. Spadones. L.-Unfruitful; 
those who are unable to procre¬ 
ate. Sparsiw . L.-Here and there; 
in a scattered manner. Spero 
meliora. L. 7 I hope for better 
times or things. Spes recuper- 
andi. L.-The hope of recovery. 
SPII\IT\JEL. Fr.-Witty; intellect¬ 
ual. Splendide mendax. LNo¬ 
bly false; untruthful for a good 
object; ironically, egotistically 
false. Spolia opima. L.-In an¬ 
cient Rome,the spoils ofa van¬ 
quished general takenby the 
victorious general; a rich booty. 
Sponte sua.L._-Of one’s own ac¬ 
cord or free-will. Stans pede in 
uno. L.-Standing on,one foot; 
tottering. Stare decisis. L.-To 
abide by, or adhere to, decided or 
determined cases. Stare in judic- 
io. L.-To appear in court,either 
as defendant or plaintiff. 

STAHE SbPEH Vl/^S ANTIS^AS. 

L.-To stand upon the ancient 
paths; not readily to yield to 
bold innovations.Stat wagni 
nominis umbra. L.—He stands 
the shadow of a mighty name. 
Status . L.-The condition of per¬ 
sons. Status in quo. L. —The 
state in which; the condition 
of affairs formerly existing. 
Status quo. L.-Same in meaning 
as preceding. Status quo ante 
beilum. L.-ln the state which 
was before the war. 

ST/\T\JTI. L. -Advocates in Ro¬ 
man law, whose names were in¬ 
scribed in the registers of-matric¬ 
ulation, and formed a part of the 
coljege of advocates. Stemmata 
quid faciunt ? L.-What do pedi¬ 
grees avail? Stet. L.-Let it stand. 
Stet processus. L.-An order of 
the court to stay proceed ings . 
Stipes. L -Stock ; source of title 
or descent. Stirpes. L.-The root; 
stem; stock; lineage. Stouthir- 
ef. Scotch.- Forcible depredations 
in,or, near a dwelling,-hotise.Strie- 
ti Juris. L.-The most strict right. 


STliPf\lMs/V.L.-Pollution by lust; 
criminal sexual intercourse. Sua 
cuique voluptas. L. Every one has 
his own peculiar pleasure. Suav* 
iter in modo.fortiter in re.L.- 
Gentle in manners, but resolute 
in deed. Sub judice. L.-Before the 
judge; under consideration.Sub 
modo. L.-Under measure or con 
dition. Sub poena. L.-Under a 
penalty; a writ commanding 
attendance in court under a 
penalty. Subpoena ad testifi¬ 
candum. L.-A subpoena serv¬ 
ed upon a person to appear in 
court and give evidence. Sub¬ 
poena duces tecum. L.-ln addi¬ 
tion to preceding, it requires 
a witness to bring with him 
certain books'or papers which 
relate to the case. 

SUB POTENTATE*. L.-Under the 
authority of another. Sub rosa. 
L.-Under the rose; privately or 
secretly.Sub silentio.L.-ln si 
lence. Suygestio falsi. L.—The 
suggestion or statement of 
a falsehood. Sui generis- 
L.-Of its own kind; of 
a kind peculiar to it- 
‘ " “ ’ ‘uris.L.- 
’s own 
it. Sum- 
mum bo 
rtutn. 

i. 



The' 
highest' 
good; t 
thing most 
desirab' 

Marte. L.-By his 
own strength.Super" 
altaw mare. L.-Upon the' 
high sea. Superficies.L.-The 
top; whatever has been erected 
on the soil. Supersedeas. L.—A 
„wrft to stay proceedings. 
SbP^A Vising COf\POF\E.L.-Up- 
on view of the body.Supplica- 
tio. L.- A petition for .pardon of 
a first ofrense. Supplicavit. L.- 
He has besought. Suppressio verL 
L.-The suppression of bruth.Su- 
pra protest.-Under protestjac- 
ceptance of a bill after protest. 
Suspendatur per colluw. L.— 1 
Let hirn hang by the neck.Su- 
um cuique. L.- Let each have 
his own. Suus. L.-H is own;one’s 
own. Suits h^sres. L.-Proper heir. 

t ABULA A®^A* L.-A smooth or 
blank tablet,-referring to 
the wax-covered tablets of 
the ancients. Taedium vitse.L.- 
The weariness of life;the burden 
of existence. Tales. L.-Jurors ad¬ 
ded to a deficient lisb.Talesdecir- 
cum stantibus. L.-A like number 
of bystanders; a jury selecedfrom 
the by-standers.Talis. L.-Something 
similar; such. 


Ta^t mieUX- Fr.-So much the 
better. Tant pis. Fr.-Somuchthe 
worse.Tantum vedit Vitgihu-tn. 
L.- He merely saw Virgil(i.e., the 
great man). Tapis. Fr.-A carpet; 
cover of a counci I table; hence, 
Vo Y>e or\ vVve vaxjxs is to be under 
consideration. Tarde yen it. L.-lt 
came too late,- a sheriff’s return 
to a writ when it reached him 
too late to be executed .Tel itiai- 
tre, tel valet. Fr.-Like master, 
like man.Ternpora tjiutantur, 
et nos mutamur in ill is. L.-The 
times change, and we change with 
them. 

T^fv^pUS. L.-Time m general; a 
season. Tempus contmuum.L. 
-A continuous period of time. 
Tempus edax rerum. L.-Time 
is the consumer ofall things. - 
Tempus -fugit*L.-Tendencutti. 
L.-A clause in a deed vyHerein 
the tenure of the land is lim it- 
ed and created. Tenuit. L.-The 
tenure in an action for waste. 
Teres atque rotundus.L.-Roend 
and smooth. (* Time flies). 

L.-A day set for a 
defendant.Terminus ad quern. 
L.-The boundary to which; the 
end of one’s journey .Terminus 
a quo. L.-The boundary from 
which; the starting point. Ter- 
rae filius.L.-A son of the earth; 
snobbishly, a man of obscure or 
humble birth.Terraemotus.L.- 
mobion of the earth; an earth¬ 
quake; a commotion .Terra fir- 
ma.L.-Solid earth; a safe footing. 
Terra incognita.L.-An unknown 
country. Tertium quid. L.-Third 
something; a nondescript. 

T^STATUtVl. L.-lt is testified.Test- 
m oigne.- Evidence. Tiers-etat.Fr. 
-The third estate; commons or 
commonalty. Timeo Danaos et 
dona ferentes. L.-I,fear Greeks 
even when they bring gifts.- 
To kalom. G-r.-The beautiful; the 
chief good. Toga virilis.L.—The 
man I y ro be— a garment assum¬ 
ed by the Roman youth when 
they reached the age, of fourteen 
Tot idem verbis. L.-ln jiust so many 
words. Tobies quoties. L.-As oft¬ 
en as; as many times as.Totis 
viribus. L.-With the whole power 
or strength. 

TOTO CCEl.0. L.-By the whole 
heavens; as opposite as the poles. 
To turn. L.-The whole.TouJou.rs 
et uncore prist. Fr.-Always and 
still ready.TouJours pret. Fr.-Al¬ 
ways, ready. Tour d’adresse.Fr.- 
A sleight-of-hand trick.Tour de 
force. Fr.- A feat of strength or 
skill. Tours de page.Fr.-School¬ 
boys’ tricks. Tous frais faits.Fr. 
-Clear of all expenses; all expen¬ 
ses paid. Tout-a-/ait. Fr.-Entire- 
!y; wholly; exactly.Tout aucon- 
traire. Fr.-On the contrary. 
Tout ensemble. Fr.-All together} 
the whole taken together. 


380 








































TOUT bE IV\OflD^. Ft.-A ll the world; 
every one; everybody. Tout temps 
prist. Fr.-Always ready. Ttaditio 
brevis rtiatius. L.-The delivery of 
the thing by the mere consent of 
the parties. Trespass de bonis as- 
portatis. L.-For goods which have 
been carried away. Trespass quare 
clausum fregit. L.-Because he has 
broken the close. Trespass vi et 
armfe. L.-With force and arms. 
Tna juacta in u-no. L.-Three 
united in one-V^oWo VVe 
&ex oi xY\e . 

FlllT. L.—Troy has been. 
Trottoir. Ft. — A side-walk; pave¬ 
ment or Footpath. Trousseau.Fr. 
-A^ lady’s marriage outfit.Trou- 
vatlle. Fr.- A god-send.Truditur 
dies die. L.-One day passes on the 
heels of another. Tu quoque.L.- 
Thou also; you are as bad your- 
self-aterm in mutual recrim- 
inations.Tu qu-oque, Brute! !_.- 
And thou,too, Brutus ! Tu-rpe 
est laudari ab iilaudatis. L.- 
It is degrading to be commended 
by those who themselves are un 
worthy of praise. Tutor et ttl- 
tor. L.-The protector and avenger. 

fyB^RRUVlA FADE'S. L.-Bound 
less faith or trust. Ubi -me!,ibi 
apes. L- Where there is honey, 
there will be found bees.Ubi su¬ 
pra. L.-Where above; it will be 
found mentioned above.Ultima 
ratio.L.-The last resource.Ultima 
ratio r« 9 uni. L.-The last resource 
of kings, i.e., war.Ultima Thule. 
L.-The utmost boundary or limit. 
Ultimatum. L.-The last > propo¬ 
sition or cond itlon.liStimuin 
remedium. L.-A last resource, 
expedient, shift. Ultimum sup- 
plieium . L.-The last or extreme 
punishment. Ultimus haeres.L. 
-The last or remote heir.Ultitmts 
Romano-rum.L.-The last of the 
Romans. 

ULTRA. . L.-Bey ond the sea. 

Ultra vires. L.-Acts beyond the 
scope of-the powers of corpora¬ 
tions. Una atii-tno. L.-With one 
mind. Un air-noble. Fr.-A noble, 
distinguished, air or appearance. 
Una voce.L.-With one voice. 
Un fait accompli. L.-An accom¬ 
plished fact. Unguibus ef ore.L.- 
With talons andmouth ; with 
might and main. Unguibus et 
rostro. L.-With nails and beak; 

*with our whole powers. 

VlKlO Pf\OU\lM-L.-Unity of off¬ 
spring.Uno avulso,non deficit 
alter. L.-When one is removed, 
another will not be wanting.- 
Uno setu. L^.-With one stroke or 
blow. Uno impetu.L.-With one 
onset or effort. Usque ad aras.L. 
-To thevery altars; to the last 
extremity.Usque ad -nauseam. L. 
-Even to sickness; to dfsgust.Us- 
que ad satietatem . L.-Even to sa 
tiety; to disgust. Usus loquendi. 
L.- The usage in speech. 

bltile dulci. L.-The useful with the 
sweet; the useful combined with the 
pleasant. JJt infra. L.-As below. 
Uti possidetis. L.-As you now pos¬ 
sess;.state of present possess ion. 
Ut pictura,poesis.L-As in Paint¬ 
ing, so in Poetry.Ut supra.L.-As 
above. Utrum horuw mavis ac- 
cipe.L.-Take whichever you prefer. 
A conclusion generally made in 
argument,after having offered 
your opponent a choice of diffi¬ 
culties. Uxor. L.-A woman law¬ 
fully married. 

fefr./VC/VNTIA BOf//\.L.-Goodswith 
out an owner. Vade meeuw. 
L.-&0 with me; an indispens¬ 
able handbook or pocket corn- 
pan ion. Vadiu-m mortuaw. L. —A 
mortgage,or &eaA \jWiqe.Vadiit-tti 
vivum. L.- A^vlf gage, or living 
pledge. Vae victis.L.-\A/oe to the 
vanq uished. Vale. L.- Fare we 11. 
Valeat quantum . L.-This may be 
taken for what it is worth.Valet 
\de chamber. Fr.-An attendant; 
^\a footman.Valor beneficio- 
B . L.-The value ofanec- 

fl ^^clesiastical. benefice.Val- 

’ UlSa \or maritagii.L.-Val- 
1 \ue of marriage. 

\ NVatiae lectio- 

j 

«M»ri . 

rious authors jj 

Vastus a«it«us.L.-\. ^ l 

An jnsatiable dispositions^. Hi 
Veils et remis.L.-With the^\^ 
sails and oars; utmost speedf'v 
Venditioni exponas.L.—That 
you expose to sale; a kind ofwrit. 
V^Kl,V|Dl,V|Cl.L.-lcame, 1 
Saw, 1 conquered. Verire faci¬ 
as. L.-That you cause to come; 
a kind of writ. Venire facias 
denovo. L.-To come anew; a 
second writ to summon a-noth 
er jury. Venter. L.-The belly. 
Ventis secundis. L.-With pros¬ 
perous winds;.uniformly suc¬ 
cessful. Verbatim et literatim. 
L.- Word for word and letter for 
letter. 

SAT S/VPI^NTf.L.-A 

word is enough for a wise man. 
Veritas vincit. L.-Truth conquers. 
Ver non semper wiret. L.-The 
spring is not always green. Ver¬ 
sus. L.-Against. Vestigia nulla 
retrorsum. L.-No going back.Ve¬ 
tera statuta. L.-Ancient statutes. 
Vetturo. It.-A hack. Vetturino. 
It.-A hackman.Vexata quaestio. 
L.-A vexed or mooted question. 
Via. L.-By the way of. 

Vl/V fVlEjDIA.. L.-A m idd le course. 

Vi autclam. L.-By force or cov¬ 
ertly. Vi bonorum raptorum.L. 

Of goods taken by force. Vice.L.- 
In the place of. Vice versa.L.—On 
the contrary.Vide. L.-See.Vide 
et crede. L.-See and believe.Vi- 
delicet. L.-To wit; namely.Vide 
ut supra. L.-See as above.Vi et 
armis. L.-With force and arms. 
Vieux routier. Fr.- A.shrewd ojd 
man; an old stager.Vigi 1 anti- 
bus, non dormientibus, ser- 
vit lex. L.- The law regards those 
only who watch, and not those 
who sleep. 

VltvTC|T f\M[OS\ PATRI/E..L.— 

Love of country prevails. Vincit 
omnia veritas . # L.~ Truth conquers 
all things. Vincit, qui se vincit. 
L.-He conquers, who himself con 
quers; self-conquest is the.true 
victory. Vinculum tnafrinto- 
nji. L.-The bond of matrimony. 

Vir bonus diccttdi peritus.L.- 
A good man skilled in the art 
of speaking, or oratory. Vi-res 
acquirit eundo . L.-She acquires 
strength in her progress. 

VlRTbs l|v| RRDU8S.L.-Valor in 
difficulties.Virtus semper vir- 
idis. # L.-Virtue always green;vir¬ 
tue is ever green and b looming. 
Vis. L.-Force, power; strength. 

Vis a vis. Fr.-Opposite; facing. 

Vis atergo.L.-A propelling f>ow 
er or force from behind.Vis itn- 
pressa. L.-Immediate or original 
force.Vis inertiae. L.-The power 
of inertia. Vis major. L.-.A supe¬ 
rior force.Vis medicatrix-natu¬ 
rae. L.-The healing or curative 
power of nature. 

VlS IVlOTR3.\. L.-The motive 
power. Vis vitae. L.-The vigor of 
Iffe.Vitam impendere vero.L.- 
To stake one’s life for the truth. 
Vivat regina. L.-Long live the 
queen ! Vivat respublica! L.-Long 
live the republic! Vivat rex!L.-Long 
live the kingIViva voce. L.-With 
living voice; verbally.Vive la re- 
pubiique. Fr.-Lon9 live the re¬ 
public! Vive la bagatelle! Fr.-Suc- 
cess to trifling.Vive I’empereur! 
Fr.-Long live the emperor! Vive 
le.roi ! Fr.-Long live the king! 
Vive ut vivas.L.-Live uprightly, 
that you may live long and happily. 

VlVlD/\VlS /VtsfllSAI .L.-The vigor¬ 
ous force of mind. Voila. Fr.-Be 
hold there. Volcns et potens.L. 
-Willing and able.VMVoWo o^We^a- 
kaYVolventibus annis.L.-ln the 
course of years. Vox et praeterea 
nihil. L.-Voice and.nothing besides. 
Vox Dei. L.-The voice of God.Vox 
populi vox Dei. L.-The voice of the 
people is the voice of God.Voxstel- 
larum. L.-Voice of the stars. Vul- 
go. L.-Among the people;commonly. 
Vultus est index animi. L.—The 
countenance is the index of t he 
mind.Zollverein.Ger.-A union 
among the German States. 



381 


















NAMES OF MEN. 

Aar 'on (Heb.) LoFty, very High. 

Ab diel (Hcb.) The servant oFGod. 
A'bel (Heb.) Vanity, breath. 
Abi'athar (Heb.) Father oF plenty. 
Abi'cl (Heb.) Father of strength. 
Abi 'jail (Heb.) Jehovah is a Father. 
Ab ner (Heb.) Father of light. 

A' brail aw (Heb.) Father oF a multitude. 
A brant (Heb.) Father oFelevation. 
Absalom (Heb.) Father oF peace. 
Ad'am (Heb.) Man,earth-wan. 
A'di+i (Heb.) Tender, delicate,soFt. 
Adolphus (Sax.) SuccessFul helper. 
Adoni'ram (Heb.) Lord oF height. 
Alan (Slav.) Harmony, a hound. 
Al'aric (Sax.) A11-powerful, all-rich. 
Al' bert (Sax.) All-bright, illustrious. 
Alexander (Gr.) A helper oF wen. 
Al Fred (Sax.) Protecting all, all peace. 
Allan) (Slav.) The sawe as Alan, 
Allen! which see. 

Aloti'zo (Ger.) Same as Alphonso. 
Al'pheus IHeb.) Exchange. 
Alphon'so (Ger.) Willing,all ready. 
Al'vah (Heb.) Iniquity. 

Al'van (Heb.) Unrighteous. 
AI'viti,AI'ww (Sax.) Conquering all. 
A-ttiari'ah (Heb.) Jehovah promised. 
Aw'asa(Heb.) A burden. 
Ani'brose (Gr.) Divine,immortal. 
Atw'mi (Heb.) My people. 


Amos (Heb.) Courageous, strong. 

An 'drew (Cr.) Manly, courageous. 
Andnwi 'cus (Gr.) A conqueror oF men. 
An selw (Ger.) An heroic deFender. 

An'thony l Lat) Praiseworthy. 
Archela'us (Gr.) Ruler oF the people. 
Archibald (Ger.) Boldness. 

A'riel (Heb.) Lion oFGod, valiant. 
Ar'neld (Sax.) Strong as an eagle. 

Ar 'tetnas (Gr.) GiFt oF Minerva or Artemis. 
Ar'thur(Brit.) Noble, high. 
A'sa(Heb.) Physician,healer. 

A'saph (Heb.) A collector. 

Ash'bel (Heb.) Fire oF Bel. 

Ash'er (Heb.) Fortunate, happy. 

Ash 'ur (Heb.) Black, blackness. 
Augus 'tits (Lat.) Majestic, exalted. 
Augus'tine) (Lat.) Belonging to Au- 
Aus'tin 3 gustus. 

Bald'win (Sax.) Courageous, bold. 
Bar'nabas) (Heb.) Son oF prophecy, or 
Bar 'naby 3 e x h ortati on. 

Barthol omew (Heb.) A warlike son. 
Bas'il (Gr.) Royal, kingly. 

Ben'edict (Lat.) Blessed- 
Benjamin (Heb.)Son oFthe right. 
Beri'ah (Heb.) In calamity. 
Ber'nard (Sax.) A brave wan. 
Ber'traw (Ger.) Bright raven. 
Bethu'el (Heb.) Man oF God. 
Bon'iface (Lat.) A beneFactor. 

Bri 'an (Celt.) Strong. 
Cadwal'lader( Brit.) Valiant in war. 


Cee'sar (Lat.) Hairy,or blue-eyed. 
Ca'leb (Heb.) A dog. 

Cal'vin (Lat.) Bald. 

Ce'cil (Lat).Dim-sighted. 

Charles (Sax.) Noble-spirited, wanly. 
Chris'topher (Gr.) Bearing Christ. 
Clar'ence (Lat.) Illustrious. 

Clew'ent (Lat.) Mi Id-tempered. 

Con 'rad (Sax.) Bold in counsel. 

Con 'stantine ( Lat.) Firm, tesol ute. 
Cornelius ( Lat.) Signification uncertain. 
Cuth'bert(Sax-) Renowned. 

Cy 'rus (Pers.) The sun. 

Dan iel (Heb.) A judge From God. 

Dari 'us (Pers.) Preserver. 

Da'vid (Heb.) Beloved. 

Den'is )(Gr.) Belonging to Dionysos 
Den'nis) or Bacchus,god oF wine. 
Dex'ter ( Lat.) The right hand. 
Dionys'ius(Gt.) The sawe as Denis. 
Doti aid (Celt.) Proud chieF. 

Dun'can (Celt.) Brown chief. 

Eb'en (Heb.) A stone. 

Ebene' zer (Heb.) The stone oF help. 
Ed'gar (Sax.) SuccessFul warrior. 
Ed'wund (Sax.) SuccessFul protector. 
Ed 'ward (Sax.) Guardian oF property. 
Ed 'win (Sax.) SuccessFul in war. 
Eg'bert(Sax.) Brighteye. 

El'bert( Sax.) All-bright, illustrious. 
El'dred (Sax.) Terrible. 

Elea'zer (Heb.) Whom God helps. 
E'li (Heb.) A Foster son. 


















































Eli 'ab (Hcb.) God is Tiis father. 

Eli as (Heb.) Jehovah is my God. 

Eli'hu (Heb.) God the Lord. 

Eli'jah (Heb.) Strength of-the Lord. 
Eli'sha(Heb.) God my salvation. 
Eli'zur (Heb.) God is my rock. 
Emmanuel (Heb.) God with as. 
Ene'as (Gr.)Commended, praised. 
Enoch (Heb.) Instructed,initiated. 
E'nos (Heb.) Man. 

E phraim (Heb.) Very fruitful. 
Eras'mus (Gr.) Worthy to be loved. 
Eras'tus (Gr.) Amiable,lovely. 
Er'nest (Ger.) Earnest. 

E sau( Heb.) Covered with hair. 
E'than (Heb.)Strength,firmness. 
Eugene^Gr.) Noble, well-born. 
Eustace (Gr.) Standing firm. 
Ev'an (Brit.) Gracioas a ift of God. 
Ezekiel (Heb.) Strength of God. 
Ez'ra (Heb.) Help. 

Felix (Lab.) Happy, prosperoas. 
Fer'dinand (Ger.) Brave,valiant. 
Fernan do (Span.)Same as Ferdinand. 
Fran cis (Fr.) Free. 

Frank,Franklin (Fr.) Free. 
Frederick (Ger.) Peaceful ruler. 
Gabriel (Heb.) Man of God. 

Gama liel (Heb.) Recompense of God. 
Geof frey (Sax.) Good protector. 
George (Gr.) A husbandman. 

Ger'aid (Ger.) Strong with the spear. 
Gid'eon (Heb.) A destroyer. 
Gil'bert (Sax.) Bright as gold. 
Giles (Gr.) A little goat. 

God'dard (Ger.) Virtuous, pious. 
God'-frey(Sax.)Good protector. 
God'win (Sax.) Good in war. 
Greg'ory (Ger.) Watchful. 

Grit fith ( Brit.) Havinggreatfaith. 
Gusta'vus (Sw.) A warrior, hero. 
Guy ( Fr.) A leader. 

Han nibal ( Punic) A gracious lord. 
He'wan (Heb.) Faithful. 

Hen'ry (Ger.) Rich lord. 

Her'bert (Ger.) Glory of the army. 
Her'man (Ger.) A warrior. 
Hezeki'aH (Heb.) Strength of God. 
Hil ary (Lat.) Cheerful,merry. 

Hi'raw (Heb.) Most noble. 

Hor'ace (Lat.)Signification uncertain. 
Hora'tio(Lat) Signification uncertain. 
Hose a (Heb.) Salvation. 

How'ell (Brit) Sound, whole. 
Hu'bert (Sax.) Bright, handsome. 
Hugh (Dutch) High, lofty. 

Humph'rey (Sax.) Protector of Home. 
Ich'abod (Heb.)Glory has departed. 
Igna'tius (Gr.) Ardent, fiery. 
Imman'uel (Heb.)God with us. 

In'gram (Ger.) A stalwart youth. 
I'ra (Heb.) Watchful. 


l'saac(Heb.) Laughter. 

Isa'iah (Heb.) Salvation of the Lord. 
ls'rael(Heb.) A soldier of God. 

Ith'iel (Heb.) God is with me. 
Ja'bez(Heb.) He will cause pain. 
Ja'cob(Heb.) He will supplant. 
Janies (Heb.) He will supplant. 
Ja'red( Heb.) Descent. 

Ja'son (Gr.) A healer. 

Jas'per( Pers.) Signification uncertain. 
Jeffrey (Sax.) At peace with God. 
Jerewi 'ah (Heb.) Exalted of the Lord. 
Jerome'(Gr.) Having a holy name. 
Jes'se( Heb.) Wealth. 

Jo'ab (Heb.) Jehovah is his father. 
Job (Heb.) Afflicted, persecuted. 

Jo'el (Heb.) The Lord is God. 

John (Heb.) Gracious gift of God. 
Jo'nah (Heb.) A dove. 

Jonathan (Heb.) Gift of Jehovah. 
Jo'seph (Heb.) He shall add. 

Josh'ua( Heb.) Lord of salvation. 
Ju'dah (Heb.) Praised. 

Jul'ian (Lat) Belonging to Julius* 
Jul ius (Gr.) Soft-Haired. 

Jus'tin (Lat.) Just. 

Keti'elm (Sax.) Defender of kindred. 

Ken'neth (Gael.) Leader, commander. 
La ban (Heb.) White. 

Lam 'bert (Sax.) A keeper of lambs. 
Law'rence (Lat.) Crowned with laurel. 
Lem uel (Heb.) Created by God. 
Leon'ard (Sax.) Brave as a lion, 
Le'opold (Ger.) Bold as a lion. 

Le'vi (Heb.) Adhesion. 

Lew/is(Fr.) Defender of the people. 

Li 'nus (Gr.) Flaxen-haired. 

Li 'one! (Lat.) A little lion. 

Loren'zo (Ital.) Crowned with laurel. 
Lot (Heb.) A veil, covering. 

Lu'bin (Sax.) Beloved friend. 
Lu'cius(Lat.) Born at break of day. 
Luke (Lat.) Contraction of Lucanus. 
Lu'ther (Ger.)Illustrious warrior. 
Lycur'gus (Gr.) Wolf-driver. 
Mal'achi (Heb.) Message of the Lord. 
Marcel 'lus (Lat.) Dimin. of Marcus. 
Mar'cius (Lat.) Same as Marcus. 
Mar'cits, Mark (Lat.) A hammer. 
Mar'maduke(Sax.) A mighty noble. 
Mar'tin (Lat.) Martial, warlike. 
Mat'thew(Heb.) Gift of Jehovah. 
Ma«hi'as(Heb.)Giftof the Lord. 
Mau'rice(Lat.) Sprung of a Moor. 
Mer'edith (Celt.) Sea-protector. 

Mi 'cah (Heb.) Who is like the Lord ? 
Mi 'chael (Heb.) Who is like God ? 
Miles (Lat.) A soldier. 

Mor'gan (Brit.) Born on the sea. 
Mo'ses (Egypt.) Drawn out of water. 
Na hum (Heb.)Consolation. 

Na'than (Heb.) A gift, given. 
Nathan Tel (Heb.) The gift of God. 
Neal (Lat.)Dark, swarthy. 
Nich'olas (Gr.) Victory of the people. 
No 'ah (He b.) Rest, com fort. 

No'cl (Heb.) Born on Christmas day. 
Ncr'man (Get.) Native of Normandy. 
Obads'ah (Heb.) Servant of the Lord. 


0 'bed (Heb.) Serving God. 
Octa'vius(Lafe) The eighth born. 

Ol ' i ver (Lat.) An o I i ve tree. 

Orlan 'do (Ital.)Counsel for the land. 
Os'car(Celt.) Bounding warrior. 
Os'mund (Ger.) Protection of God. 
Os'wald (Ger.) Power of God. 

Ow'en (Celt.) Young warrior. 

Ozi'as (Heb.) Strength of the Lord. 
Pat'rick(Lat.) Noble, a patrician. 
Paul (Lat.)Small, little. 

Peleg(Heb.) Division. 

Pe'*er(Gr.) A rock. 

Philatt'der(Gr.) A lover of men. 
Phile'mon (Gr.) Loving, friendly. 
Phil'ip (Gr.) A lover of horses. 
Phin'eas(Heb.) Mouth of brass. 
Pcl'ycarp(Gr.) Much fruit. 

Ptol emy (Gr.) Mighty in war. 

Quin'tin (Lat.) The fifth. 

Ralph (Sax.) Helpful in counsel. 

Raph 'ael (Heb.) The healing of God. 
Ray'mond (Ger.) Strong protector. 
Reu'ben (Heb.) Behold - a son! 

Reyn'old (Sax.) Strong ruler. 
RicH'ard (Sax.) Rich-hearted. 

Rob'crt (Ger.) Bright in fame. 

Rod'erick (Ger.)Rich in fame. 

Ro dolph (Sax.) Aiding in counsel. 
Roa'er (Ger.) Famous with the spear. 
Roland,Rowland (Get.) Fame of the land. 
Ru'dolph (Sax.) Famous hero. 

Ru'fus ( Lat.) Reddish, red-haired. 
Ru'pert(Sax.) Bright in fame. 
Sam'soti (Heb.) Splendid sun. 
Sam'uel (Heb.) Heard of God. 

Saul (Heb.) Asked for. 

Sebas'tian (Gr.) Venerable, reverend. 
Si'las (Lat.) Contraction of Silvanus. 
Silvanus,Sylva'nus (Lat.) Living in a wood. 
Silves'ter( Lat.) Living in the woods. 
Sim 'eon,Si'mon (Heb.) Hearing with accept ce. 
Sol'omon (Heb.) Peaceable. 
Ste'phen(Gr.)Acrown orgarland. 
Thad 'deus (Syr.) The wise. 
The'obald (Sax.) Bold for the people 
The'odore(Gr.) The gift of God. 
Theoph'ilus(Gr.) A lover of God. 
Thom'as (Heb.) A twin. 

Tim'othy (Gr.) One who honors God. 
Tobi 'as (He b.) Pleasing to Jehovah. 
Tris 'tram (Lat.) Grave, pensive,sad. 
Ulys'ses(Gr.) A hater. 

Ur'ban (Lat.) Courteous,polished. 
Uri'ah (Heb.) Light of the Lord. 
U'rian (Dan.)A husbandman. 
Val'etititie(Lat.) Strong, powerful. 
Vic'tor( Lat.) A conqueror. 

Vjn'cent(Lat.) Conquering. 
Viv'ian (Lat.)Lively,living. 
Wal'ter (G-er.) Ruling the host. 

Wil liam (Ger.) Resolute helmet. 
Win'fred (Sax.) Win peace. 
Zab'diel (Heb.) Gift of God. 
Zacche'us (Heb.) Innocent, pure. 
Zachari'ah) (Heb.) Remembered of 
Zach'ary ) the Lord. 
Zedeki'ah (Heb.) Justice of the Lord 
Zcpham'ah(Heb.)Hid oftheLord. 


383 

























NAMES OF WOMEN. 

Abigail (Heb.)M 

A da “ ' 




Ad cla(frcr.) The sa-me as Adaline. 

Ad elaide (Ger.)The same as Adaline. 
Ade'lia (Ger.) The same as Adaline. 
Ay'atha (Gr.) Good, kind. 

Ag nes (Gr.) Chaste, pure. 
Alber'ta(Ger.) Feminine of Albert. 
Alethe'a(Gr.) Truth. 

Al 'ice (G-er.) Noble birth, a princess. 
Alwi'ra( Ar.) Lofty, noble. 
Althe'a(Gr.) A Healer. 

A-m'abel (Lat.) Lovely, amiable. 

Amati'da (Lat.) Worthy to be loved. 
Amelia (Ger.) Bu.su, energetic. 

Amy (Lat.) Beloved. 

A-tigeli na(Gr.) Angelic, lovely. 
^■^^llHeb.jG-race, also the same as 
Anne } Hannah. 

Annette ( Heb.) French form of Atme. 
A«*oinette'(Gr.) Oimin. of Antonia. 
Ante '-*iia( Lat.) inestimable. 
A-rabelTa(Lat.) A fair altar. 
Aupus'-tafLat.) Feminine of Augustus. 
Au-re'lia(Lat.) Feminine of Aurelius. 
AuroVaf Lat.) Morning, brightness. 
Azu'ba(Heb.) Deserted. 

Bar'bara (Gr.) Foreign, strange. 
Be'atrice (Lat.) Making happy. 
Ber'tha(Sax.) Bright, beautiful. 
Blanche(T6ut.) White, fair. 

Bridg'et f Celt.) Strength. 

Camilla (Lat.) Attendant at sacrifice. 
Car'©iine(Ger.) Feminine of Carolus. 

sscsssh"-) 

Ceci('»a(Lat.) Feminine of Cecil. 
Ce'lia(Lat.) Feminine ofCoelius. 
Celes'tine(Lat.) Heavenly. 

Chariot te (Fr.) Feminine of Charles. 
Chlo'e (Gr.) A green herb, blooming. 
Clar 'a (Lat.) Bri g h t. i 11 us tri ous. 
Cla-ris'sa (Lat.) A variation of Clara. 

Con'stance (Lat.) Constant, firm. 
Co'ra(Gr.) Maiden, daughter. 

Corde' lia( Lat.) Warm-hearted. 
Corin'na(Gr.) Maiden. 

Cornelia (Lat.) Feminine of Cornelius. 
Cun'thia(Gr.) Belonging to Cynthus. 
Deborah (Heb.) A bee. 

De'lia(&r.) Belonging to Delos. 

Dian'a (Lat.) Goddess. 

Dian'thal&r.) Flower of Jove, a pink. 

Di'tiah(Heb.) Judged. 

Do'ra(Gr.) A gift. 

Dor'cas(Gr.) A gazelle. 

Corin' da(Gr.) Same as Dorothea. 

Dorothy 1 } ( &T -> The 9'H &«d. 

Dmsil'la(Gr.) Dewy eyes. 

E'dith (Sax.) Happiness. 

Ed na(Heb.) Pleasure. 

E!'eanor(Sax.) All-fruitful. 
EI'inor(Sax.) Same as Eleanor. 

Eli'za (Heb.)Contraction of Elizabeth. 
Eli*'abeth (Heb.) Worshiper of God. 
Ella (Gr.) Contraction of Eleanor. 
Ellen (Gr.) Diminutive of Eleanor. 

El 'sie (Sax.) Diminutive of Alice. 

Elvi'ra(Lat.) White. 

Em'eline ) (Ger.) Energetic, indus- 
Em'melinej trious. 

Em'iiy (Lat.) The same as Emeline. 
Etn'-»na( G-er.) The same as Emeline, 
Ernes 'tine (Ger.) Fern. dim. of Ernest 
Es'thcr(Pers.) A star, good fortune. 


Eth'el (Sax.) Noble. 

ErtdiSda} Noble » wel, ' b0 ^* 

Eitdo'ra(&r.) Good gift. 
Euge'nia(&r.) Well-born, noble. 
Eu'niee (Gr.) Happy victory. 
Euphe'mia(&r.) Of good report. 

Eva, Eve (Heb.) Life. 

Evan'gelinetGr.) Bringing glad news. 

Ev'elitie}^ Hcb -) Diminutive of Eva. 

Fan 'ny (Ger.) Diminutive of Frances. 
Faust,i'na(Lat.) Lucky. . 

Felic'ia(Lat-) Happy, happiness. 
Fide'lia(Lat.) Faithful. 

Flo 'ra(Lat-) The goddess of f lowers. 
Flor'ence(Lat.)B!ooming,f|ourishing. 
Fran'ces(Ger.) Feminine of Francis. 
Frcds-ri 'ca (Ger.) Feminine of Frederick. 
Georgian'a(Gr.) Feminine of George. 

Ger aldine (Ger.) Feminine of Gerald. 
Cer'trude(&er.) All truth. 

Grace (Lat.) Grace, favor. 

Grised 'da( leut.) Stone heroine. 
Hati'nah (Heb.) The same as Arina- 
Har'riet(Ger.) Fern, diminutive of Henry. 
Hel'en(Gr.) Light, alluring. _ 

Hen-net'ta(Ger) Fern, diminutive of Henry. 
HepH'*ibali(Heb.) My delight in her. 
Hes'ter (Pers.) A star, good fortune. 
Hila'ria(Lat.) Feminine of Hilary. 
Hono'ra(Lat.) Honorable. 
Morten'sia(Lat.) A lady goddess. 
Hul'dah(Heb.) A weasel. 
rda(Sax.) Happy, happiness. 

I'riex (Gr.)Chaste, pure. 

Ire'ne(&r.) Peace, peaceful. 

Isabella} (S P;> WoTshi P CT of God. 
Jane (Fr.) Feminine of John. 
Janet'(Fr.) Diminutive of Jane. 
Jaq'ueline(Fr.) French feminine of James. 
Jeantiette'(Fr.) French diminutive of Jane. 
Jemi'nta(Heb.) A dove. 

Jem'shafHeb.) Possessed, -married. 
Jessie (Scotch) Diminutive and fem. of Jesse. 

joan'na}^ 4 ^ Fc ' M1,t, '' Me °f John. 

Jo / sephine(Fr.) Feminine of Joseph 


Joyce (Lat.) Sportive. 
Ju/dith(Heb.) Praised. 

f|i/% t I At) ^. 


Julia (Cat.) Feminine of Julius. 
Julia-H'a (Lat.) Feminine of Julian. 
Juliet (Fr.) Diminutive of Ju lia. 
Justi'na(Lat.) Feminine of Justin. 
Kate (Gr.) Diminutive of Cath arine. 
Hath 'arinel (Ger.) Pure,—the same as 
Kath'eritieJ Catharine. 

Ketu'rah (Heb.) Incense. 

Kezi'ah (Heb.)Cassia. 

L&u'ra(Lat.)A laurel or bay-tree. 
Lau-mi'da(Lat.) Variation of Laura. 
LavinlalLat.) Of Latium. 

LeonoVa (Gr.) The same as Eleanor. 
Let!'tia(Lat.) Happiness. 

Lilian, Lilly (Lat.) Lily. 

Lo'is JGr.) Good, desirable. 

Louise*}l^ 1 *) feminine of Louis. 
Lu'cia fLat.) Feminine of Lucius 
Lucin da,Luci'na(Lat.)Shinina,brilliant. 
Luere'*ia(Lat.)Gain. 

Lu.'ey ( Lat.) Feminine of Lucius. 
Lyd'iajGr.) A native of Lydia in Asia. 
Ma'bel(Lat.) Contraction of Amabel. 
Mad'clitic (Fr.) Same as Magdalene, 
Map'daietie (Heb.) BelongingtoMagdala. 


Mar'cia(Lat.)Fem.of Matcius. 
Mar'paret|Gr.) A pearl. 
Mari 'a(Lat.) A form of Mary. 
Mahanne'lf t.) From Mary and Arne. 
Mar'ion (Ft.) Familiar form of Mary. 
Mar'tha(Heb.) Sorrowful. 
Ma'ry (Heb.) Bitter, star of the sea. 
Matil da (Ger.) A Heroine. 

Maud (Ger.)Contraction of Matilda. 

Mel 'ice-tit (Lat.) A sweet singer. 
Melis'sal&r.) A bee. 

Miran'da(Lat.) Admirable. 
Mir'iam(Heb.)The same as Mary. 
My'ra(Gr.)She who weeps or laments. 
Nan 'ey (Eng.) A familiar form of Anne. 

No'ra( Ital.) Contraction of Hongra. 
Octa.'via(Lat.) Feminine of Octavius. 

Oliv y fa}( La ^ Al1 0,ive> 

Olym'pia(Gr.) Heavenly. 

^Pauline'} Eeminine of Paulinus. 

PeticTope (&r.) A weaver. 

Per'sis(Gr.) A Persian woman. 

Phoelfe } Pu/re >radiant. 

Philip'pa(Gr.) Feminine of Philip* 

Phyllis} (kr-) A d r een bough. 

Pol 'ly (Eng.) Variation of Molly,from Mary. 
Priscil'la(Lat.) Somewhat old. 

Pru'dfe lCe h Lat * ) Fo ' res '9 ht > prudence. 
Ra'chel ( Heb.) A ewe. 

Rebcc'ca( Heb.) Of enchanting beauty. 

S;ii*j(Ut.)A-ro Se . 

So S , atl'l»[ |U ' ,A ' aiTr ““- 
Ros alie (Fr.) Little blooming rose. 
Ros'aii-rtd (Lat.) Beautiful as a rose. 
Ros'awotid (Ger.) Rosy lips. 
Roxa«'-na(Pers.) Dawn of day. 

Ruth (Heb.) Beauty. 

Sabi'na( Lat.) A Sabine woman. " 
Salome'(Heb.) Peaceful. 

Sal'va (Lat.) Safe. 

Sa'rah J ( Hcb ) A princess. 

Seli'na(Gr.) Parsley. 

Serena (Lat.) Feminine of Serenus. 

sibu^'la } a P T of>hetess. 

lo ? pliie } ( &T -1 Wisdom. 

Sophro'«ia(&r.) Of a sound mi-nJ. 

Susa-ti'na} A ll,y * 

Tab'itha (Syr.) A gazelle. 

Theodo'ra(Gr.) The gift of God. 
Theodo'sia(Gr.) The gift of God. 
There'sa (Gr.) Carrying ears of corn. 
Tryphe'na(Gr.) Delicate, Iuxurious. 
Trypho'sa(Gr.) Luxurious.daintu. 
Ul'rica(Ger.) Rich. 

Ura'tiia(&r.) Heavenly. 

Ur'sula (Lat.) A she-bear. 

Vale'ria(Lat.) Feminine of Valerius. 
Victo'ria (Lat.) Victory. 

Vi'da (Erse.) Feminine of David. 

Vi 'oletj l La ^-) A wotet. 

Virpin'ia ( Lat.) Virgin, pure. 

Viv 'ian (Lat.) Lively. 

' William. 


Wilhelmi'na(sax.) Feminineof 
Wits'ifred (Sax.) A lover of p 
Zeno'bia (Gr.) Life from Jupi 


peace. 
Jupiter. 



384 






























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